Release Notes for PSpice Student Version Release 9.1

PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name :
MOHAMAD AMIRUDIN BIN NGAH
Date of Birth
:
12 JUNE 1991
:
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) SMART DETECTOR
:
2013/2014
Title
Academic Session
I declare that this thesis is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL
(Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act
1972)*
RESTRICTED
(Contains restricted information as specified by the
organization where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access
(full text)
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:
1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the
purpose of research only.
3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
Certified by:
NOTES:
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
910612-11-5777
(NEW IC NO/PASSPORT)
DR. ANITA BINTI AHMAD
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date:
Date:
*
19th JUNE 2014
19th JUNE 2014
If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from
the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in
my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical-Instrumentation and Control)-SEI”
Signature
:
…………………………………..
Name of Supervisor :
DR. ANITA BINTI AHMAD
Date
…………………………………..
:
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) SMART DETECTOR
MOHAMAD AMIRUDIN BIN NGAH
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical-Instrumentation and Control)-SEI
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2014
ii
“I declare that this report entitled “Carbon Monoxide (CO) Smart Detector” is the
results of my own effort with the exception of excerpts cited in the references. This
thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not currently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.”
Signature
:
…………………………………………
Name
:
MOHAMAD AMIRUDIN BIN NGAH
Date
:
19th JUNE 2014
iii
Dedicated to my beloved dad and mom, Ngah Bin Embong and Limah Binti Omar
and my siblings. A special thanks for all your support, encouragement and
understandings.
Thank you for everything.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful”
In preparing this thesis, I dealt with many people who have a major contributed
significantly to the understanding of these project.
Firstly, I would like to acknowledge and thank my supervisor, Dr. Anita Binti
Ahmad for her encouragement, guidance and inspiration throughout my project. My
appreciation also goes to my family who has sacrificed so much and supported me
over the years.
Furthermore, I also wish to extend my appreciation and thanks to my friends.
Especially my classmates who are willing to spend their precious time to give me ideas
and suggestions in completing this project.
Last but not least, my great appreciation dedicated to those who engage directly
or indirectly in completing this project. Indeed all views, support and assistance in
completing this project are very beneficial.
v
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design and development of a Carbon Monoxide (CO)
gas alarm based on gas detector in vehicles. If any CO gas leakage in the vehicles it
will be detected by MQ7 that are used as gas sensor for this project. To make CO Smart
Detector operate systematically, Arduino Uno are used as microcontroller to control
the whole system for this project. It will automatically alerts user inside vehicles by
triggering warning to the user using LED, buzzer and LCD display as an indicators.
Furthermore, exhaust fan is used to extract the air inside a vehicle. Green, yellow and
red LED will be turn on automatically at certain level of CO concentration. Green LED
will be turn on at safe condition. Meanwhile, yellow LED and buzzer with beep sound
will be turn on automatically at alert condition. If dangerous level of CO concentration
is sensed by the MQ7 sensor, red LED will be turn on and alert the user by using buzzer
with continuous sound and the fan can be turn on manually by switch or automatically
if the need arises to extract the air inside the vehicle.
vi
ABSTRAK
Kertas ini membentangkan reka bentuk dan pembangunan pengera gas Karbon
Monoksida (CO) untuk mengesan gas di dalam kenderaan. Jika terdapat kebocoran
gas Karbon Monoksida di dalam kenderaan ia akan dikesan oleh MQ7 yang digunakan
sebagai sensor gas untuk projek ini. Untuk membuat CO Pengesan Pintar beroperasi
secara sistematik, Arduino Uno digunakan sebagai pengawal mikro untuk mengawal
keseluruhan sistem dalam projek ini. Ianya secara automatik akan mengingatkan
pengguna di dalam kenderaan dengan memberi amaran kepada pengguna dengan
menggunakan LED, buzzer dan paparan LCD sebagai penunjuk. Tambahan pula, kipas
ekzos digunakan untuk mengeluarkan udara di dalam kenderaan. LED hijau, kuning
dan merah akan dihidupkan secara automatik pada tahap kepekatan CO yang tertentu
seperti yang diprogramkan. LED hijau akan dihidupkan pada keadaan selamat.
Sementara itu, LED kuning dan buzzer dengan bunyi bip akan dihidupkan secara
automatik pada keadaan berjaga-jaga. Jika tahap merbahaya kepekatan Karbon
Monoksida dikesan oleh sensor MQ7, LED merah akan dihidupkan dan memberi
amaran kepada pengguna dengan menggunakan buzzer secara bunyi yang berterusan
dan kipas boleh dihidupkan secara manual meggunakan suis dan secara automatik jika
diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan udara di dalam kenderaan.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
2
PAGE
vii-ix
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1-2
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives of Project
2
1.4
Scope of the Project
3
1.5
Thesis Outlines
3-4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
5
2.2.1
Definition
5-7
viii
2.2.2
Symptoms of Poisoning from CO
2.2.3
The Initial Steps of CO Poisoning
CO Sensor (sensing system)
9
2.4
Microcontroller (Arduino Uno)
10
2.5
Output System
11
2.5.1 LED
12
2.5.2
12
2.6
2.7
Exhaust Fan
13
Previous Related Projects
14
2.6.1
Project 1
14
2.6.2
Project 2
14-15
2.6.3
Project 3
15
Summary of Previous Related Projects
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Hardware Development
17
17-20
21
Gas Sensor Circuit
21-22
3.2.2
Output Circuit
22-23
3.2.3
PCB development
Software development
3.3.1
Arduino Uno Programming
3.3.2
Calculation of Gas Concentration
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Project Description
4.3
Result
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
16
3.2.1
Process
5
12-13
2.5.4 LCD
METHODOLOGY
3.3
4
8-9
2.3
2.5.3 Buzzer
3
8
Conclusion
23
24
24-25
26-28
29
29-30
30
31-34
35
35-36
ix
5.2
6
Recommendation
36
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
37
6.1
Introduction
37-38
6.2
Project Schedule
38-40
6.3
Cost Estimation
40-41
REFERENCES
42-44
APPENDICES
45-50
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
1
TITLE
The symptoms faced by patients with
PAGE
6
percentages of Carboxyhemoglobin (COHB)
2
The symptoms faced by patients with levels of
7
gas carbon monoxide (CO)
3
Concentration level on three colour of LED
23
4
Input and output voltage range for MQ7
26
5
Testing results
31
6
Project Gantt Chart (Semester One)
39
7
Project Gantt Chart (Semester Two)
40
8
Project price list
41
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Basic structure and configuration of MQ7
9
2
Arduino Uno board
10
3
LED images
11
4
Fan image
12
5
Buzzer image
13
6
LCD image
13
7
Flowchart for methodology of project
19
8
Block diagram for the system
20
9
Circuit diagram for CO Smart Detector
20
10
Images of MQ7
21
11
Connection of MQ7 with Arduino Uno board
22
12
Flow chart programming for Arduino Uno
25
13
Graph output voltage versus concentration of CO
26
14
Graph sensor resistance ratio (Rs/Ro) versus CO
27
Concentration (ppm)
15
CO Smart Detector
30
16
CO Smart detector test in a room with normal air
33
condition
17
CO Smart detector test in a room with cigarette
33
smoke
18
CO Smart detector test with car fumes
34
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADC
-
Analog to Digital Converter
C
-
Carbon
CO
-
Carbon Monoxide
𝐶𝑂2
-
Carbon Dioxide
COHb
-
Carboxyhemoglobin
DC
-
Direct Current
LCD
-
Liquid Crystal Display
LED
-
Light Emitting Diode
GUI
-
Graphic Using Interface
GSM
-
Global System for Mobile Communication
MQ3
-
Alcohol Gas Sensor
MQ7
-
Carbon Monoxide Sensor Gas
MQ9
-
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensor
NO
-
Nitrogen Oxide
PIC
-
Peripherals Interface Controller
PPM
-
Part Per Million
O
-
Oxygen
SMS
-
Short Message Service
SnO2
-
Tin Oxide
V
-
Volt
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
MQ7 Manual sheet
45-46
B
Coding for Arduino programming
47-50
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Nowadays, safety become a most important aspect in our life. For vehicles, a
security system is necessary to protect the user vehicle from buying stolen. While the
alarm protect the vehicle, this project is designed to protect the people. The project is
designed to implement a gas detector alarm that serve the needs as a safety equipment
that can detect the leakage of carbon monoxide gas. Besides it also can control the air
inside a vehicle by extracting the polluted air from vehicle using exhaust fan. With
that, it can assist to overcome the problem of gas leaks involving carbon monoxide
inside a vehicles. As an example, a case involving the effects of carbon monoxide gas
leaks have occurred and resulted in the loss of many lives when exposed to prolonged
periods of time [14]. For example, the cases that have been published in New Straits
Times about the couple death due inhaling carbon monoxide (CO) gas. Carbon
monoxide (CO) is caused by a leak in the exhaust system and get into the car through
the air conditioning system [1]. Another cases are reported is an involving a family
with three children inside a car. These cases occur because the leakage of carbon
monoxide get into car ventilation system during parking with engine still running
condition for 3 hours [2]. Prevention is better than cure. Thus, this smart alarm gas
detector in vehicles is to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas. Besides, it also can extract
2
out the air inside a vehicle using an exhaust fan while give alerting the people if the
pollution in a vehicle is dangerous to user.
1.2
Problem Statement
Over time, there are chances of damage to vehicle. One of the risk is leakage
at the exhaust system. If damage involve exhaust system, hazardous gas may leak into
a vehicle. There are many types of hazardous gas handle by the exhaust system such
as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NO). Carbon
monoxide (CO) is a very harmful gas that can cause death if continuously inhaled with
concentration of 400 ppm. As a solution, a system of gas detector needs to be
developed. This system should monitor and alert user if carbon monoxide (CO) reach
at dangerous level.
1.3
Objective of Project
The objectives of this project are:
i.
To indicate the concentration level of CO.
ii.
To alert people inside a car when level of CO reaches dangerous level
iii.
To reduce a concentration level of CO inside a vehicle by extracting the
air.
3
1.4
Scope of Project
This project are divided into two parts, hardware and software programming.
For the hardware part, it can be separated into three systems:
i.
PCB development
ii.
Sensing system
iii.
Output system
Besides, the software design are categorized into two parts that are:
1.5
i.
Circuitry design
ii.
Microcontroller programming by using Arduino Uno
Thesis Outlines
This part will describe the overall summary for each chapter that is, from
chapter one to chapter six. For chapter one will explain about the introduction of the
project, the background and the studies that have been conducted. Followed by a
definition of the purpose of the objective study.
Chapter two focused more on the descriptions of carbon monoxide which
include negative effects on humans. It also reviews the characteristics of carbon
monoxide and precautions that can be done to control the use of this detector. For the
part on this chapter are discusses about previous related projects that have been done
by another person or group and summary all related project with compare to this CO
Smart Detector.
4
Chapter three describes the methodology that have been used to complete this
project. Explanations include diagrams and specific models to explain the expected
results of this research.
Besides, in chapter four explain about result and discussion from the project.
Result are collected during experiment. Experiments are conduct in three different
condition of air such as normal air without any leakage of CO, cigarette smoke and car
exhaust fumes.
Furthermore, in chapter five only focus for conclusion and recommendation
from this project for the future work.
In chapter six describes about the project management for this project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter will discuss in detail about components that are used in hardware
and software development and its functions. Besides, this chapter also discuss the
sensing system and the output system of the project. Furthermore, a related paper work
and project also will be explain towards the end of this chapter.
2.2
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2.2.1
Definition
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that has no taste, odor and colour. As a result,
if gas is too difficult to detect by the human senses. This gas is combination of the
carbon (C) elements and oxygen (O) element. This combination form an unstable
6
chemical bond. Where in this bond, it requires oxygen ions to form a more stable
element such as carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2). The effects of carbon monoxide can be seen in
the human circulatory system. We know that human blood is capable of absorbing
oxygen. When a person inhales carbon monoxide (CO), it will combine with
hemoglobin blood. It is known that between carbon monoxide and oxygen gas, carbon
monoxide gas has more charm than with oxygen to combine with hemoglobin blood
[3].
Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with the hemoglobin of blood is better than
oxygen. Thus, hemoglobin is no longer capable of carrying oxygen to the body and
cause the body tissues, including organs like the heart and brain of oxygen deficiency.
To compensate for the lack of oxygen in the body, heart rate accelerating dramatically,
breathing will be more difficult and in a more serious traumatic cardiac arrest may
occur and the brain can be damaged. Coma and death may occur if someone is
exposure with too serious of carbon monoxide gas. When carbon monoxide replaces
oxygen in the blood, the condition is known as carboxyhemoglobin (C0Hb). How fast
COHb formed depends on how much carbon monoxide was inhaled by a person
measured in per part millions, PPM (see Table 1 and Table 2). The tables showed the
harmful effects of CO gas. Benchmark COHb does not take into account the duration
of exposure. More and more carbon monoxide accumulated in the blood stream, the
percentage of COHb was higher and patients are increasingly indicates serious
symptoms [4].
Table 1: The symptoms faced by patients with percentages of
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHB)
%COHB
10%
20%
25%
30%
45%
>50%
Symptoms
No effect
Dizziness at moderate level
Dizziness at dangerous level
Long-term effects
Fainting
Death
7
Table 2: The symptoms faced by patients with levels of gas carbon monoxide (CO)
PPM of CO
Time
Symptoms
35
8 hours
Maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the
workplace
200
2-3 hours
Mild headache, fatigue, nausea and dizziness
400
1-2 hours
Serious headache and life threating after 3
hours
800
45 minutes
Dizziness, nausea and convulsions.
Unconscious within 2 hours. Death within 2-3
hours
1600
20 minutes
Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within
1 hour
3200
5-10 minutes
Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within
1 hour
6400
1-2 minutes
Headache, dizziness and nausea. Death within
25-30 minutes
12800
2.2.2
1-3 minutes
Death
Symptoms of Poisoning from Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Poisoning of carbon monoxide (CO) is very hard to diagnosed. Typically,
patient that are affected by carbon monoxide poisoning showed the same symptoms as
patients suffering from a cold, fever or food poisoning. Only preliminary indication of
patient characteristics showed that inhaling carbon monoxide gas, namely: i.
Headache
ii.
Nausea
iii.
Giddiness
iv.
Fatigue
8
Continuous exposure to CO may cause symptoms including severe headaches,
mental disorders, vomiting, vision is blurred, hearing problem and anxiety. At this
point patient may suffer memory loss, permanent brain damage, potential death and
coma.
2.2.3
The Initial Steps of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
Early treatment is important to prevent from more serious symptoms such as
death from happening. Therefore, it is very important to be aware of the early
symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. Especially if more than one person suffering
from the same symptoms in a region or locality. Fast action is important to prevent
further problems. Among the measures that can be taken are as follows: i.
Take fresh air immediately, open all the doors and windows of car. Turn
off the car engine if applicable and leave the car as soon as possible.
ii.
Getting treatment at a clinic or hospital. Be sure to tell the nurse that you
have carbon monoxide poisoning.
iii.
Obtain gas cylinder oxygen after getting instructions or advice from
physicians.
2.3
Carbon Monoxide Sensor (The Sensing System)
There are many carbon monoxide (CO) sensors to choose from the market and
for this project, MQ7 Semiconductor Sensor is used. MQ7 gas sensor are made of
sensitive material that is tin dioxide (SnO2), with lower conductivity in clean air.
9
Besides, it can detect CO at high cycle and low temperature. At low temperature,
output voltage was detected at low voltage. It will give are output signal of gas
concentration at low level and vice versa. MQ7 gas sensor are sensitive to carbon
monoxide (CO). It is capable to detect other gases that contains carbon monoxide
(CO). MQ7 is a low cost sensor and suitable for application such as domestic gas
detector, industrial CO detector and portable gas detector. Figure 1 shows the basic
structure and configuration for MQ7 gas sensor [5].
Figure 1: Basic structure and configuration of MQ7
2.4
Microcontroller (Arduino Uno)
The Arduino Uno are used as microcontroller to control the whole system for
this project. Arduino Uno is a single-board microcontroller that can be used for
multidisciplinary electronics project. Software used for Arduino Uno is standard
programming language compiler and a boot leader that executes on the
microcontroller. An Arduino Uno board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR
microcontroller with complete set to ease user for programming and incorporation with
other circuits. This Arduino Uno has 14 digital input and output. From 14 digital input
or output pins, 6 pins can use as PWM outputs. Besides, it also has 6 analog inputs
with 16 MHz crystal oscillator. This Arduino Uno can be powered by USB connection
or an external power supply [6]. The official board for Arduino Uno are shows in
Figure 2.
10
Figure 2: Arduino uno board
2.5
Output System
The output system for this project are important to ensure the objective of this
project are successfully met. The system should be capable to alert the user when
concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) achieve a dangerous level. Before that, output
system also importance to monitor the air inside a vehicle. For this project output
system consist of four main parts:
i.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
ii.
Exhaust fan
iii.
Buzzer
iv.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
11
2.5.1
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
L.E.D stands for Light Emitting Diode. Light emitting diode (LED) is a diode
that lights up when electricity flows through it. Its function to emit light and converts
electric current to light. LED have two legs, the anode (+) and cathode (-). LED widely
used as indicator lamps in many devices. A light emitting diode (LED) as shows in
Figure 3 is a semiconductor light source.
Figure 3: LED images
2.5.2
Exhaust Fan
Exhaust fan as shows in Figure 4 is a fan to throw out the polluted air inside a
vehicle through a vehicle window. This system are important to control the
concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) inside a vehicle from growing rapidly and
enter the dangerous level of concentration quickly. The extraction of air will create air
flow. This is expected to allow fresh air coming into the vehicle.
12
Figure 4: Exhaust fan
2.5.3
Buzzer
Buzzer is used to alert people. There are two types of buzzer, which is
piezoelectric buzzer and electromagnetic buzzer. For this project piezo buzzer are
selected as it produce high pitch ringing sound and have positive and negative polarity.
Buzzer will converts electrical waves into sound wave that give a warning signal to
user. The Figure 5 shows the piezoelectric buzzer.
13
Figure 5: Piezoelectric buzzer
2.5.4
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
LCD is used to display concentration value of carbon monoxide (CO). Figure
6 shows the LCD (8x2) display that used for this project.
Figure 6: LDC (8x2) display
14
2.6
Previous Related Projects
In order to achieve the objectives pf this project, the previous projects has been
used as a reference. The previous projects are reviewed as to learn and improve all
encountered problems. With those information, this project is expected to be better and
serve its purpose.
2.6.1
Toxic Gas Release Alarm System Using PIC Microcontroller by
ZARITH SOFIA SURAYA BT HJ BAKERI [7]
The project is initiated to resolve the problem by detecting carbon monoxide
gas, using gas sensor TGS 2442 thus generate a danger signal if the gas is detected
above the danger level. Based on embedded controllers from Microchip PIC18F2550,
this project will alert users when the gas is detected above the danger level. The user
will be informed of gas concentration level as displayed on the LCD system. Built
based on latest carbon monoxide sensor TGS 2442, the system can detect the level of
carbon monoxide until 1000 ppm. Alarm signal system are using LEDs, LCD and
buzzer that works on the level of gas detected by the sensor.
2.6.2 Wireless Gas Monitoring System of Gas Detector by ZULAIKA
BINTI HAMDON [6]
The purpose of this project is to develop a data monitoring system for gas
detector alarm system. Gas sensors used in this project is MQ3 and MQ9 that will
detect the presence of alcohol gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The sensor will
15
detect the concentration of gas in the output voltage of the sensor is shown. To make
the sensor operate in the alarm system and data monitoring system, Arduino Uno as a
microcontroller are used on whole system and connected together with gas sensor and
alarm system. The circuit also includes an LED, buzzer, exhaust fan and Zigbee.
Zigbee will send the data from the gas sensor monitoring system displays data in
LabVIEW by wireless. Graphical user interface (GUI) was created using LabVIEW
for purposes of monitoring by user.
2.6.3
Industrial Illegal Toxic Waste Disposal via Smart Detection System by
MUHAMMAD IZUAN BIN ABDULLAH [8]
This project was created to detect any attempt by the industry to dispose of
toxic or hazardous waste generated from the septic tank into the river. Built using
electrochemical gas sensors for detecting toxic waste off, it will detect toxic gases and
sends the location address industry who committed the offense to the authorities for
further action. The system uses GSM technology that is integrated with a
microcontroller to send and receive data wirelessly. GSM modem is used to send
location address industry through Short Message Service (SMS) when Toxic waste is
detected while GSM phones used to receive SMS. Programming Visual Basic is used
to develop a GUI for the system aims to display the received data on the monitoring
location. From this project, a system that is reliable and efficient can be achieved for
prevent illegal dumping of toxic waste by the industry.
16
2.7
Summary of Previous Related Projects
Every previous projects are related to the projects to be developed are reviewed
and taken into consideration. These previous related projects has their own advantages
and disadvantages that can be highlighted to make this project more successful and
effective. From, previous related projects have different objectives and goal to achieve,
but still have a similarity with all related projects used are gas sensor to detect harmful
gas. A similar input is used to detect harmful gas for the projects to be developed, but
with different applications of technology. For example, Arduino Uno and pic
microcontroller are used with different project to control the whole system of that
projects. GSM technology used by the previous project also learned and considered
carefully so that it can be applied more effectively in ensuring that illegal dumping of
toxic waste can be reported to the relevant authorities. But all related project just have
an alarm system but don’t have an extraction system to replace the air inside vehicle.
Thus, this Carbon Monoxide (CO) Smart Detector will be created with extra function
to replace the air inside vehicle from continuously polluted and harm the user.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
The project consists of two main parts, hardware and software parts. Almost
80% of the project consists of the hardware part and the remaining 20% is software
part. Basically, the function of this project is to detect and analyze the carbon
monoxide gas inside a vehicle. LED will turn ON at certain level of concentration and
give a warning to alert user inside vehicle upon reaching at the dangerous level of
concentration. Finally, the system will extract out the air form the vehicle to prevent
further pollution. To activate this device, the power supply at least 5V and greater than
12V is required. For a vehicle, it must be connected to the power supply from the
vehicle or battery. The potential difference generated by the sensors are sent to the
analog to digital converter (ADC) internal by Arduino Uno microcontroller. Analogue
to digital converter will convert the analog signals from the sensors and converts
carbon monoxide reading into digital form that can be processed and manipulated by
the microcontroller. Output system will be determined by the microcontroller
according to the program set by the program through the LED, LCD, fan and buzzer
[9].
18
For the hardware implementation, it includes the designing of circuit, PCB
development and designing the casing for the project. Besides, for software it involves
the designing flow chart and writing the programming for the Arduino Uno
microcontroller. After both software and hardware parts are completed, next process
are testing and debugging of the system [6]. Figure 7 shows the flow chart for
methodology. Each part will be discuss in details in this chapter.
19
Figure 7 shows the block diagram for the connection of the project. DC power
supply and gas detector as the input of Arduino Uno board. DC power supply can be
start
Writting
programming and
compiling the
program to arduino
Circuit design and
basic connection
PCB development
Testing and
debugging and
circuitry
yes
error
no
end
Figure 7: Flowchart for methodology of project
supplied from battery of vehicle and also can supplied from external battery from that
system. Analog output from the gas sensor become the input for the Arduino Uno
board. The output will trigger LED, LCD, fan and buzzer as programmed.
20
Furthermore, Figure 8 shows the circuit diagram for the whole system of CO
Smart Detector. This circuit diagram created by using eagle software.
Figure 8: Block diagram for the system
Furthermore, Figure 9 shows the circuit diagram for the whole system of CO
Smart Detector. This circuit diagram created by using eagle software.
Figure 9: Circuit diagram for CO Smart Detector
21
3.2
Hardware Development
This section will discuss in detail on the design, circuitry and function of each
component that are connected to the circuit with Arduino Uno microcontroller in order
to create this project.
3.2.1
Gas Sensor Circuit
In this project, MQ7 is used as gas sensor to detect the carbon monoxide (CO)
gas. Figure 10 shows the image for MQ7 and Figure 11 shows the connection of MQ7
with Arduino Uno board.
Figure 10: Images of MQ7
22
Figure 11: Connection of MQ7 with Arduino Uno board
3.2.2
Output Circuit
The output circuit for this project include of 3 type of components. This three
components have their own function for the project in order to alert user at certain level
of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. That three components such as:
i.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
ii.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
iii.
Fan
iv.
Buzzer
There are three colours of LED are used namely as yellow LED, red LED and
green LED. These three colours will indicate the three different level of carbon
monoxide (CO) concentration as shows in table 3. LED will turn ON according to the
level set in the programme.
23
Table 3: Concentration level on three colour of LED
Colour of LED
Concentration level of Carbon
Monoxide (CO) in Part Per Million
(PPM)
Green
<35 PPM
Yellow
35<X<100 PMM
Red
>100 PMM
Green LED will turn ON if concentration level of carbon monoxide (CO) is
lower than 35 ppm. It mean condition inside the vehicle is safe. Besides, yellow LED
and buzzer with beep sound will turn ON if concentration level of carbon monoxide
reach between 35 ppm to 100 ppm. Yellow LED is turn ON to alert user inside a
vehicle to beware of carbon monoxide gas. It mean that something must be done to
control the air surrounding inside a vehicle. But if concentration level of CO increase
further to greater than 100 ppm, red LED, buzzer with continuous sound and fan will
be turn ON to alert user because air inside the vehicle is very dangerous. Exhaust fan
will turn ON to extract out air inside the vehicle.
3.2.3
PCB development
Donut board is used for the PCB development. At the beginning, bread
board are used for circuit testing to make sure all components is functioning for this
project. Then all components are connected on the donut board and soldered. Besides,
female connectors are uses to connect the jumper wires from Arduino Uno to the donut
board circuit.
24
3.3
Software Development
3.3.1
Arduino Uno Programming
Arduino Uno board is one the key component in this project. The whole system
is controlled by program in Arduino Uno board. Arduino Uno programming the heart
of this project. Arduino Uno will receive output of gas sensor (MQ7) and interpret the
data to trigger system output that are LEDs, fan and buzzer. Figure 12 shows the flow
chart for whole programming of Arduino Uno microcontroller for the project.
25
Yes
No
No
Yes
Figure 12: Flow chart programming for Arduino Uno
26
3.3.2
Calculation of Gas Concentration Process
Concentration of carbon monoxide is directly proportional to output voltage of
MQ7. Figure 13 shows the graph concentration versus output voltage of MQ7. By
referring datasheet of MQ7 the input and output of voltage range shows in table 4.
Table 4: Input and output voltage range for MQ7
Specification
Gas sensor (MQ7)
Input voltage range (volt)
DC Supply 5.0±0.1 V
output voltage range (volt)
DC Supply 0-5.0 V
Figure 13: Graph output voltage versus concentration of carbon monoxide
(CO)
After V1 sampling process, the system will proceed with CO concentration
calculation process. The value of CO concentration can be obtained by calculating the
value of the sensor resistance (Rs) and from the Rs value we can compute the CO
concentration value. The value of Rs can be obtained from the following equation;
27
𝑅𝑠 =
5 − 𝑉1
𝑉1
-------------- (3.6)
Equation 3.6 is obtained from the MQ7 data sheet. The value 5 is the positive
reference voltage (Ref+) value of the system in volt. Figure 14 shows the graph of
sensor resistance ratio (Rs/Ro) versus CO concentration in ppm.
Figure 14: Sensor resistance ratio (Rs/Ro) versus CO Concentration (ppm) Graph
Ro is the sensor resistance (Rs) value at 100 ppm. Based on the graph Ro is
equal to 1. From the log-log graph we can get the relationship between Rs and CO
concentration in ppm. Equation 3.7 shows the relationship between Rs and the CO
concentration value. Alpha (α) is the graph slope value. 100 is the intersection value
between the graph linear line and the y-axis when x-axis equal to zero.
1
𝐶 = 100 × 𝑅𝑠 𝛼
-------------- (3.7)
28
The slope value can be obtained using the following equation,
𝛼=
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑌1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑌2
------------------- (3.8)
By taking two points (1st point at 100 ppm and 2nd point at 1000 ppm) from
the linear line graph we can calculate the slope,
𝛼=
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.1
𝑙𝑜𝑔100 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1000
-------------- (3.9)
With the slope value equal to -1, equation 3.7 can be simplified into,
𝐶=
100
𝑅𝑠
--------------- (3.10)
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
This chapter will describes the results of the project and discussing some of the
problem solving during the process of completing this project. Several tests on the
Smart Alarm Detector had been conducted to determine whether project is successful
or there is any problem in hardware or software implementation part in order to achieve
the objectives. Data collection was performed at three different environment
conditions. Then the data will be analyzed and compared with information gain from
reference sources. Figure 15 shown the project hardware after fully assembled.
30
Figure 15: CO Smart Detector
4.2
Project Description
CO Smart Detector is built based on the objectives of the project. These sensor
nodes will detect the concentration of gas exposure and convert it into an analog
voltage. This signal is directly transmitted to the Arduino Uno as a microcontroller
that serves as the controller for the whole system. After the data is transferred, the
Arduino Uno will convert the data into digital format. Within 10 bit, Arduino Uno will
processes analog to digital signal from 0-1024. The output voltage of the sensor gas
(0-5) V will be read as (0-1024) decimal output in the Arduino Uno. After the change,
all values will be displayed on the LCD concentration level will be processed by the
Arduino Uno to give further instructions to the output.
31
4.3
Result
After all software and hardware part was completed, CO Smart Detector tested
in three different situations in which each impending contain different amounts of CO
concentration:
i. Normal air.
ii. Cigarette smoke.
iii. Car fumes.
The results of the test compared with the information from several reference
source. The results of the test are shows in Table 5.
Table 5: Testing results
Test condition
Result
Fresh air  CO value: <35 ppm.
 Green LED lights up.
Reference
 In USA, average
concentration level of CO
between 0.5-5.0 PPM [10].
Cigarette  CO value: 35-100 ppm.
smoke
 A room polluted with CO
 Yellow LED lights up.
generated by cigarette is 25
 Buzzer automatically turn on
PPM [11].
with beep sound.
 CO generated by cigarette
smoke normally is 20 PPM
and above [12].
Car fumes  CO value: >100 ppm.
 CO value generated form car
 Red LED lights up.
fumes in Mexico city area
 Buzzer automatically turn on
between 100-200 PPM [13]
with continuous sound.
 Fan automatically turn on.
The results compared with information from several reference because no
proper equipment or CO meter available to check the correct value during the test was
32
carried out. The fresh air conditions tested in the normal room condition without the
presence of smoke or any source of incomplete combustion that can generate the CO.
The output results for this condition are shown on the LCD between 0.0 to 0.5 ppm
and the green LED lights up to indicate safe condition. The Figure 16 shows the CO
Smart Detector during test in a normal air.
Besides, the cigarette smoke condition had tested in a room where there are
some number of people smoking cigarettes. The results shown on the LCD between
35 ppm and 65 ppm. The yellow LED is lights up and buzzer automatically turn on
with beep sound. This sound is meant to tell that the air condition in the test room was
in a state of alert and precaution. The Figure 17 shows the CO Smart Detector during
test in room with cigarette smoke.
Figure 18 shows the CO Smart Detector was testing on the car exhaust. The
car smoke tested in the open place and the sensor was placed directly in the exhaust of
the car. The results shown on the LCD is between 100 ppm and 200 ppm. The red LED
is lights up and buzzer automatically turn on with continuous sound. Besides, fan also
automatically turn on. However that fan can be manually turn on if necessary condition
by turning on the fan switch.
33
Figure 16: CO Smart Detector during test in normal air condition
Figure 17: CO Smart Detector during test in room with cigarette smoke condition
34
Figure 18: CO Smart Detector during test using car fumes
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
With the growing awareness of Carbon Monoxide as the 'Silent Killer' and
along with the rapid development of science and technology, many of the toxic gas
alarm system were developed [15]. This demonstrates the importance of an effective
alarm system to detect the presence of CO. This project that using Arduino Uno as a
microcontroller to control the whole system meets the all objectives of the proposed
system based CO gas emissions alarm system. That can detect carbon monoxide in a
vehicle environment. This device is capable to warn the user for emergency evacuation
at CO level exceeding 400 ppm [16].
There are many advantages in building technology system based on Arduino
Uno microcontroller. Some of the advantages are:
i.
Various size and peripheral selection
ii.
A wide selection of languages and tools
iii.
Robust hardware
iv.
Set of simple instructions
36
These all advantages that make CO Smart Detector easy to program. The
output system can be programmed to meet all project objectives. Besides, the signal of
the alarm system is simple and easy to understand with the alarm signal easily
understand by all level of people.
In conclusion, carbon monoxide (CO) is a very harmful gas to humans, but is
very difficult to detect without the help of a machine [17]. So, this CO Smart Detector
system is capable to detect, measure, alert and assist to reduce the CO concentration.
The developed system also can be used for various applications such as inside vehicle,
warehouse, public area (i.e bus station) etc. Finally, Smart CO Detector have been
successful designed to meet all the desired objectives.
5.2
Recommendation
Security features for CO Smart Detector can also be improved by adding
another function to check the condition of the sensor in case the sensor does not work
properly or if the calibration of the sensor has been removed. This sensor can check
by monitoring the voltage across the sensor's heater.
A power-saving features and back-up power supply will also be an important
addition to the system in case the main power supply is cut off or have some problem.
The alarm system can also be connected to a timer and dial the phone directly to the
owner and the police station if dangerous levels of CO concentrations detected
continuously for more than one or two hours [18].
For the future works, it is advisable to use smaller size fan and use Arduino
Mini for a more compact and presentable model.
CHAPTER 6
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
6.1
Introduction
Definition of the project is a plan that is managed or administered involving
human, material and financial resources to assume or be responsible for implementing
the specifications and scope of work within the meaning of the constraints of time and
cost in order to achieve a beneficial change and quality assessed through. The project
is a mix between management and materials management, and associated with each
other [19].
Planning of this project is to make a selection that will be used in the project.
The method used and the ability to choose the most profitable option is key to
determine the success of a project. In addition, the success of this plan depends on the
decisions made, information gathering, resources management, travel itinerary of
projects and equipment.
38
Each project have specific objectives to achieve within specified duration. A
project usually divided into several stages to allow better control. Each stage of this
project called Project Life Cycle.
Normally projects that do need adjustment in term of time, cost and
performance. The time period for the completion of this project was set in accordance
to course programmed. This is because, the time to complete a project will affect the
total course. Thus, these three aspects are closely related to each other.
A project management require knowledge, skills, tools and techniques
practiced in order to complete the project within the time specified. Project managers
need to make a plan for the project to serve as a control guideline to ensure that the
projects meet the goals set.
To ensure the success of a project depends on the knowledge of existing
processes and the ability to choose the best option available.
6.2
Project Schedule
This project is carried out along two continuous semester period. Table 6 shows
the details of the work implemented in the first semester. During the first semester,
most of the work involves studying the microcontroller used for the project and
learning a programming language for Arduino Uno. Next is to identify the components
to be used for the project.
39
Table 6: Project Gantt Chart (Semester One)
Design Cover
In addition, Table 7 shows 5 work is done during the second semester. The
second semester is spent to complete the entire project, including all parts of software
programming and hardware completion. Last but not least, testing and analysis of the
complete system is also carried out before the thesis is done.
40
Table 7: Project Gantt Chart (Semester Two)
6.3
Cost Estimation
Table 8 shows the cost of the entire project. Based on the price list table, the
total cost of this project is RM 90.70. The cost can be reduced by buying the Arduino
Uno board and CO gas sensor using online.
41
Table 8: Project price list
No.
Item
Quantity
Price(RM)
1
Arduino Uno Board
1
40.00
2
CO gas sensor (MQ7)
1
30.00
3
Battery 10V
1
15.00
4
Transistor 2N2222
1
0.45
5
Resistor (330 ohm)
3
0.21
6
Resistor (1k ohm)
1
0.07
7
Resistor (220 ohm)
1
0.07
8
LED (Green, Yellow and Red)
3
0.45
9
Straight pin header(male) 1x40 ways
1
0.70
10
Right angle pin header(male) 1x40
1
0.70
ways
11
2561 PCB connector housing 2 ways
10
1.00
12
2561 PCB connector housing 3 ways
3
0.45
13
2561 PCB connector housing 8 ways
4
1.60
Total cost = RM 90.70
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3.
Ernst, A. and J. D. Zibrak (1998). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." New
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4.
Piantadosi, C. A. "Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen Transport, and Oxygen
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Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., L. "MQ-7 Semiconductor Sensor for Carbon
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Hamdon, Z. B. (2012). Wireless Gas Monitoring System Of Gas, Universiti
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Bakeri, Z. S. S. B. H. (2010). Toxic Gas Release Alarm System Using PIC
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Abdullah, M. I. B. (2012). Industrial Illegal Toxic Waste Disposal Via Smart
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Soh, A.C., M.K. Hassan, and A.J. Ishak. 2010. “Vehicle Gas Leakage
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Green W (2008). An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality: Carbon Monoxide
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Dr. D. Penney (2001). Indoor Pollutants and their Levels.
12.
Figaro Engineering Inc. (2007). Technical Information For TGS2442.
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Singer, Siegfried Fred. The Changing Global Environment. Dordrecht:
D.Reidel Publishing Company. 90.
14.
Charathip Chunkul, Khanchai Tunlasakun, and Ratchadawan Nimnual. 2008.
“PIC Implementation of Carbon Monoxide Alarm for Indoor Parking Car”.
International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems 2008: Oct. 1417, 2008 in COEX, Seoul, Korea.
15.
Khanchai Tunlasakun' and Ratchadawan Nimnuall. 2006. “MCS51 - Based
Carbon Monoxide Alarm”. SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference
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Recommendations for occupational safety and health. Compendium of policy
documents and statements [DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-100].
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Chu Heng He, Samir El-Kilani, and Milutin Stanacevic. 2010. “Mobile Gas
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18.
Health, E., & Elements, L. (2012). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Canada) Section
1 : Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier Section 2 :
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Hazard ( s ) Identification Section 3 : Composition / Information on Ingredients
Section 4 : First Aid Measures, 1-8
19.
Meredith
and
Mantel,
2006.
Project
Approach.Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.
Management:
A
Managerial
APPENDIX A
46
47
APPENDIX B
48
49
50