of soil - University of Florida

Bionematicides: What we
know and what we don’t know
William T. Crow
Professor of Nematology
University of Florida
Bacillus firmus strain I-1582
• Minrav, Israel
• Agro-Green, BioNem WP
– Preplant nematode control on vegetables
• Mode-of-action
–
–
–
–
Egg hatch
Paralysis
Mortality
Bioactive metabolites
Nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
Effects of Bacillus firmus on sting and
lance nematodes in soil in the lab
160
700
140
0.4g = 32 lb/1000 ft2
0.8g = 64 lb/1000 ft2
600
120
500
100
400
80
300
60
200
40
100
20
***
***
0.4 g
0.8 g
***
***
0.4 g
0.8 g
0
Untreated
Sting Nematode
Untreated
Lance Nematode
Early studies (2003-2006)
B. longicaudatus
Helicotylenchus sp.
10
8
6
4
2
0
*
***
**
*
**
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Nemas/100 cm3
Nemas/100 cm3
12
*
***
***
***
*** ***
4 WAT
*,**,***
P ≤ 0.1, 0.05, 0.01
Effects of B. firmus on
B. longicaudatus in a putting green
2006
***Different from untreated (P ≤ 0.01)
2 weeks before treatment
2 weeks after treatment
Nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
300
250
200
150
100
50
***
0
Untreated
B. firmus
Treatment X
Effects of B. firmus on
H. galeatus in a putting green 2006
Nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
600
***Different from untreated (P ≤ 0.01)
2 weeks before treatment
2 weeks after treatment
500
400
300
***
200
100
0
Untreated
B. firmus
Treatment X
Effects of B. firmus on Turf Density
2006
100
*Different from untreated (P ≤ 0.1)
*** Different from untreated (P ≤ 0.01)
80
70
60
***
50
0
Density 2-week
Treatment X
10
B. firmus
20
Unt.
30
B. firmus
40
Treatment X
*
Untreated
Turf Density (0 - 100%)
90
Density 4-week
Bacillus firmus, strain I-1582
(Nortica)
• Purchased by Bayer CropScience in 2009
• Product launch as a seed treatment VoTiVo
in 2011
• Turf registration approved, product launch
for Nortica in 2011
• Mode of action - Protectent
Root length (mm) or tips/200 cc of soil
Celebration tee, roots
10000
***
***
9000
8000
*
*
*
7000
6000
Untreated
Nemacur
5000
A High 1x
4000
A Low 2X
3000
2000
1000
0
Length
Tips
*,**,***
P ≤ 0.1, 0.05, 0.01
Celebration tee, B. longicaudatus
B. longicaudatus/100 cm3 of soil
70
60
50
40
30
*
**
Untreated
Nemacur
A High 1x
A Low 2X
20
10
***
0
*,**,***
P ≤ 0.1, 0.05, 0.01
2011, N. Florida
Root length (cm/173 cm3 of soil)
1200
1000
**
800
*
600
400
200
0
April
June
Untreated
February
March
Nortica on St. Augustine
Percent green cover (0-100%)
90
80
*
*
**
***
*
70
***
*
60
**
**
*
**
**
**
50
Untreated
Nortica
40
30
20
***
***
10
0
Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov
Effect of Nortica on root-knot
nematodes
Nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
250
200
150
Untreated
Nortica A
Nortica B
100
50
0
September
February
May
Effect of Nortica on green
cover
Percent green cover (0-100%)
100
**
90
**
80
**
70
60
Untreated
Nortica A
Nortica B
50
40
30
20
***
*
**
*
10
0
10/1/2012
11/1/2012 12/1/2012
1/1/2013
2/1/2013
3/1/2013
4/1/2013
5/1/2013
6/1/2013
Bacillus firmus, what we know
• Typically some degree of root improvement
and turf improvement
• Not as directly effective as conventional
nematicide
• Better used early to prevent problem from
developing, timing is important
• Two applications in the fall and spring are
better than one
Bacillus firmus, what we don’t
know
• How long does B. fimus persist?
• What are the long-term effects from repeat
application?
• Can product efficacy be improved?
Paecilomyces lilacinus strain
251
• Readily cultured and formulated
• Nematode egg parasite
• Patented strain 251approved as
biopesticide by EPA
• Two US products to date; Melocon WG
and NemOut
• Prophyta bought by Bayer in 2013
Sting nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
S. Florida - P. lilacinus, 2005
100
90
Untreated
Melocon 1g
80
Melocon 2g
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Before treatment
1 application
2 applications
N. Florida - P. lilacinus, 2005
Sting nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
350
Untreated
Melocon 1g
300
Melocon 2g
250
Melocon 4g
200
150
100
50
0
Before treat
1 app
2 app
3 app
Field trials with P. lilacinus, 2006
• 2 trials in Central Florida
• RCBD with 5 replications
• Two rates (1, and 2 g/m2) and untreated,
Melocon applied 3 times at six week
intervals
• Trials initiated in February
Sting nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
P. lilacinus, 2006
Trial 1
100
90
80
70
60
50
*
40
30
20
10
Untreated
Melocon 1g
Melocon 2g
*Different from untreated P ≤ 0.1
0
Before treatment
1 application
2 applications
Sting nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
P. lilacinus, 2006
Trial 2
60
50
40
Untreated
Melocon 1g
30
Melocon 2g
20
*
10
*Different from untreated P ≤ 0.1
0
Before treatment
1 application
2 applications
Sting nematodes/100 cm3 of soil
P. lilacinus on fairways, 2007
400
350
300
250
*
Untreated
P. lilacinus
200
150
*
100
50
0
Palatka
Homosassa
P. lilacinus
• When applied early, consistent reduction
in sting nematode
• Generally not as effective as a
conventional nematicide
Materials and Methods
Treatment rates:
Kontos (x1 Spring 3oz/A, x2 Fall, 5 oz/A),
Multiguard Protect ( x3 in Spring, x3 in
fall; 8 gallons/A);
MeloCon ( x2 in Spring, x2 in fall; 4lb/A).
Objectives
Evaluate treatment effects on root-knot
nematodes in soil and roots
Treatment effects on root growth
Evaluate treatment effects on yield
Evaluate treatment effects on vase life
Results
45
Number of J2 per gram of root
40
35
30
CONTROL
25
MELOCON
20
KONTOS
15
MULTGD
10
5
0
Feb.
May
August
Nov.
Months
Fig.1: Effects of treatments on the number of
root-knot nematodes/g of roots
Results
Number of J2 per 100cc of soil
350
300
250
CONTROL
200
MELOCON
150
KONTOS
100
MULTGD
50
0
Feb.
May
August
Nov.
Months
Fig.2: Effects of treatments on the number of
root-knot nematodes per 100cc of soil.
P. lilacinus; What we know
• Can reduce population density of
nematodes on plants with a shallow root
system
• Is fairly consistent
• Best when applied during reproductive
periods
• Soil penetrants help
P. lilacinus; What we don’t
know
• Can we “fix” a sick plant?
• How persistent is it?
• Can we reduce nematode numbers
below damaging levels?
• Can it work better?
Mustard bran
• Derived from Brassica juncea (oriental
mustard)
• Glucosinolates  allyl isothiocyanate
• Nematicidal fumigant
MustGrow Invest
• Processed Mustard Plant
Material
• Produced by MPT
• Distributed by Direct
Solutions and The
Andersons
• Applied topically
• Activated by water
Sting nematodes / 100 cm3 of soil
Effects of treatments on sting
nematode after 2 weeks
250
200
**
150
**
**
**
**
L/H
H/L
100
50
0
Untreated
L/L
L/M
**(P  0.05)
H /M
H/H
Effects of treatments on turf
density after 2 weeks
Turf density (0 to 100%)
70
60
***
***
L/M
L/H
***
50
***
***
***
40
30
20
10
0
Untreated
L/L
***(P  0.01)
H/L
H/M
H/H
Treated
Treated
Untreated
MustGrow Invest; What we
know
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can reduce nematode numbers
Consistent turf response
On turf it needs a lot of water very quickly
On turf, needs good infiltration
An application adds about 0.75 lb N/1000 ft2
Misapplication can cause phytotoxicity
MustGrow Invest; What we
don’t know
• Is it an effective as a stand-alone
treatment?
• How does it fit into an IPM program?
Don’t wait until it gets too bad
Timing is critical
Keep at it
Questions?