Vicinity of Tsukuba and Tone River Improvement

Vicinity of Tsukuba and history of Tone river improvement
Kamoto
10 Nov. 2014
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Kinu R.
Kokai R.
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3
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The Kokai River is characterized by the large share of its paddy area in the basin. These paddy fields are supported by irrigation water from the Kinu River and water returned from the 10,000 ha of paddy fields. Over 300 water intakes for agriculture water supply are located on the main Kokai River and its tributaries. The area irrigated by these facilities totals some 24,000 ha. On the other hand, irrigation and drainage canals including Fukuoka, Oka and Toyota Weir known as the three major weirs in Kanto where constructed in the downstream reaches of the Kokai River. These three weirs are well known for using the pond method to pump river water to a high elevation and store a large amount of water in the channel as if it storing water in a pond.
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Tone River and Retarding Basin
Kinu R.
Watarase R.
Kokai R.
Tone R.
Kasumigaura L.
16,840 km2
Tokyo
322 km
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Sugao
Tone Canal
Inatoi
Tanaka
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TX
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Area and Volume ○Inatoi: 4.48km2 95.53 million m3
○Tanaka: 11.75km2 30.80 million m3
○Sugao: 5.92km2 28.50 million m3
○Watarase: 33.00km2 170.68 million m3
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The peak discharge from Watarase River is controlled by retarding basin
Peak Design
Flood :
22,000 m3/s
at Yattajima
The peak discharge from Kinu
and Kokai are controlled by retarding basin
Control by up stream dams: 5,500 m3/s
1/200 Basin average Precipitation:
319.0 mm/3‐days
Unit: m3/s 16
River System Name of dam
Year of Comp
letion
Catch‐
ment
area
(km2)
Reservo Dam ir area
height (km2)
(m)
Dam Effective Flood length Storage control (m)
capacity volume (mil. 3)
(mil. m3)
Up‐
stream Tone
Yagisawa
1967
167.4
5.67
131.0
352
Naramata
1991
95.4
2.00
158.0
Fujiwara
1959
207.2
1.69
95.0
Aimata
1959
110.8
0.98
Sonohara
1966
492.2
Shimo‐
kubo
1968
sum
175.80
22.10
85.00
13.00
23.0
35.89
21.20
67.0
80
20.00
9.40
0.91
76.5
128
14.14
14.14
322.9
3.27
129.0
303
120.0
35.00
1395.9
14.52
450.83
114.84
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River System Name of dam
Year of Compl
etion
Catch‐
ment
area
(km2)
Reservo Dam ir area
height (km2)
(m)
Dam Effective Flood length Storage control (m)
capacity volume (mil. m3) (mil. m3)
Watara‐
se
Kusaki
1976
254.0
1.70
140.0
405
50.50
20.00
Kinu
Ikari
1957
271.2
3.10
112.0
267
46.00
14.00
Kawa‐
mata
1966
179.2
2.59
117.0
131
73.10
24.50
Kawaji
1984
503.0
2.20
140.0
321
76.00
36.00
Yunishi‐
gawa
2012
102.0
1.98
119.0
320
70.00
30.00
1055.4
9.87
265.10
104.50
766.43
239.34
Sum
Total
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Locations of the Group of Dams on Kinugawa River
Kinunuma
(headwaters)
Kawamata Dam
Yunishigawa Dam (flooded water test)
Ikari Dam
Kawaji Dam
Kinugawa River
Yanba Dam
(under construction)
Tonegawa
River
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3
1. Old bank
2. M33 (1900) 3. S14 (1939)
4. S24 (1949)
5. S55 (1980)
6. Heisei (1989 ~)
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1783
Tenmei 3
Volcanic Eruption Mt. Asama
1786
Tenmei 6
Flood
1896
Meiji 29
Flood
1910
Meiji 43
Flood
1938
Showa 13
Flood in Kasumi‐ga‐uara
1947
Showa 22
Flood by typhoon Katharine 1986
Showa 61
Flood in Kokai River 21
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The Hakojima Retarding Basin The Hakojima Retarding Basin Oya River
Kokai River
Source: The Shimodate Office of River, Kanto Regional Development Bureau, 25
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, “Mitsuka” (or “Mizuka”) refers to a foundation that is
elevated in preparation for flooding, including
structures on such foundations, if any. Many of them
are still seen in low-lying areas in the Kanto region,
where people used to suffer from frequent floods.
The Yoshida-ke Mituska has
been confirmed to be the only
one left in downtown Kuki.
On June 26, 2008, Kurihashi
Town (former Kuki City)
designated it as a municipal
cultural asset, recognizing its
historical importance for
passing down local wisdom
and the history of old inn
town Kurihashi to the future
generations.
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Nobusima‐Shinden along Kinu River 2014.11.2
“Kasumi-tei,” or open levees, is built by placing multiple
levees to overlap each other’s upstream and downstream tips
so as to prevent floodwaters from overflowing. Kasumi-tei has
been commonly applied particularly to rapid-current streams,
such as ones running down through alluvial fans, since years
before renovation in modern times.
Each levee used for Kasumi-tei looks standing alone,
separate from each other, on a plan view. Functionally,
however, they are not apart from one another, extending
themselves upstream and downstream adequately enough to
partially overlap each other. The key is that river water will
not overflow because the river water level is lower towards
downstream according to the river bed slope, or the slope of
the alluvial fan in a broader sense.
from Nakao Tadahiko “河川工学の基礎と防災
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The following are some advantages of Kasumi-tei (1/2):
Kasumi-tei works like guide levees, which direct the stream towards the
center of the river because each kasumi-tei levee, particularly its downstream
part, is angled so as to lead the stream away from the residential and farming
area to the center of the river.
Because of its unique design, it is the downstream part of each levee that is
exposed to the dynamic flow of the rapid current. Thus, the upstream part
can avoid the direct hit by floodwaters. This helps us focus more on the
downstream part of the levee in terms of levee protection, instead of the
entire length of the river.
Even if the downstream part of a kasumi-tei levee breaches, the residential
and farming areas will still be protected from the direct hit by rapid
floodwaters, because the upstream part of the adjacent, downstream levee
works as a secondary levee.
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The following are some advantages of Kasumi-tei (2/2):
The gap between two kasumi-tei levees also works as a retarding basin.
Traditionally, however, the gap has been considered as extra room or buffer
zone rather than officially including it as part of design volume.
As the river water level continues rising, floodwaters will start overflowing
slowly from the openings of kasumi-tei. However, damage is expected to be
not so serious because the floodwaters are not the rapid current from the
main stream but the ones with almost no velocity.
Kasumi-tei does not require large structures, such as water gates, to lead
tributaries into the main stream. They can merge to the main stream
through the openings of kasumi-tei. Reversely, floodwaters from the main
stream can be led to tributaries through the openings.
Since early times, many communities have adopted kasumi-tei for rapidcurrent rivers because of these advantages. In recent years, however,
kasumi-tei has been turned into continuous levees by connecting adjacent
levees probably because its discontinuous design may not look safe enough.
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Kasumiga‐Ura
Koise R.
Sakura R.
Ono R.
Catchment area
1,915 km²
Surface area
220 km²
Average depth
4 m
Max. depth
7 m
Water volume
0.848 km³
Shore length1
252 km
Surface elevation
0.16 m
Kita‐ura lake Sin‐tone R.
Kasumiga‐Ura
lake
利根川水系霞ヶ浦圏域
河川整備計画
茨城県より
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Aoki Weir
Photos in 2013 Sep 10
Location
Name of river
Beneficial area
Height of the weir
Manager of Facility
Sakuragawa City, Ibaraki, Japan
Sakura
61 ha
5m
Yamato & Sakura Water Supply Association
Length of the weir
Style of the weir
Construction year
19 m
Semi Fixed Weir (Steel Slide Gate)
1998
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Hojo Weir
Photo in 2013 Sep 10 Location
Name of river
Beneficial area
Height of the weir
Manager of Facility
Length of the weir
Style of the weir
Construction year
2013 Oct. 19
Tsukuba City
Sakura
231.8 ha
3.1 m
Tsukuba
City
Land
Organization
36.3 m
Inflatable Rubber Weir
1999
Improvement
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Flexible water usage at the drought in 2001
From industry to irrigation 36
１ Town development along the TX line (Katsuragi Area)
Development along the TX line
＜Town development along TX in Ibaraki＞
8 locations about 1,700 ha (Town redemarcation project)
Planned population: about 100,000
Planned housing land: about 1,000 ha Katsuragi
（Kenkyugakuen）
Nakane & Kondadai
Kamikawarazaki
& Nakanishi
Tsukuba Sta.
Outline of 8 locations
Kenkyugakuen Sta.
Banpakukinen Sta.
Kayamaru
（Midorino）
Midorino Sta.
Location
Shimana & Fukudatsubo
（Banpakukinenkoen）
Miraidaira Sta.
Moriya
（Moriya）
Ina & Yawarakyuryobu
（Miraidaira）
Moriyahigashi
Shimana &
Fukudatsubo
Kamikawarazaki
& Nakanishi
Municipality
Tsukubamirai
Tsukuba
Tsukuba
Primary
contractor
Ibaraki Pref .
Ibaraki Pref .
Ibaraki Pref .
Dev elopment
area
275ha
243ha
168ha
Planned
population
16,000
15,000
11,000
Moriy a Sta.
Location
Nakane &
Moriy ahigashi
Kay amaru
Katsuragi
Area
Moriya Sta.
Chiba Pref.
Ina &
Y awaraky uury o
u
Kondadai
Municipality
Moriy a
Moriy a
Tsukuba
Tsukuba
Tsukuba
Primary
contractor
Moriy a
association
UR
UR
UR
Dev elopment
area
39 ha
40 ha
293 ha
485 ha
190 ha
Planned
population
3,800
2,400
21,000
25,000
8,000
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Aerial view of Katsuragi Area after project
１ Town development along the TX line (Katsuragi Area)
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２ Rainwater drainage measures
River improvement with town development along TX
Yata River
(Yata‐gawa)
Current
After improvement
Hasunuma River
(Hasunuma-gawa)
Current
After improvement
Nishiyata River
(Nishiyata‐gawa)
Current
After improvement
Takaoka River
(Takaoka‐gawa)
Current
After improvement
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２ Rainwater drainage measures
Rainwater drainage measures within the project area
Regulating pond
東光台研究団地
Katsuragi‐gawa regulating pond
Regulating pond
つくばエクスプレス
Hasunuma‐gawa regulating pond No.2 Hasunuma‐gawa regulating pond No.1
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２ Rainwater drainage measures
Rainfall detention/infiltration measures
Large parks
Private houses
Small parks
Roads
Schools
Commercial/industrial facilities
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Tone Canal
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The construction of the Tone Canal by private initiative began in 1889 to shorten the route of water transport connecting the Tone and Edo rivers when waterborne traffic was bustling. The inland canal stretching about 9 kilometers
was completed in 1890. The canal was designed by Dutch engineer Anthonie
Thomas Lubertus Rouwenhorst Mulder
and, unlike many other canals in Japan, it is curved to create beautiful scenery. The canal shortened the shipping route by some 40 kilometers, thereby increasing the speed of shipment from rice‐producing areas along the Tone River to Tokyo, a major consumption center. 1 outer ring steamboat and Takase ship, during the height, about 100 boats a day had been operated. The canal saw busy traffic through the first half of the 20th century . Over time, it has become the era of the automobile and railway.
In 1941, Its embankments were destroyed by a typhoon and it was acquired by the country in 1942, thus ending a half century of its history in waterway shipping.
Then, it had become the interim water channel to compensate for the water shortage in Tokyo temporary. It showed a quiet appearance after finishing also the role now, and it is also referred to as “Toneunga eco‐museum”. Noda city is famous for Shoyu (soy source) production. Kikoman Company originates here. 43
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