RAYTHEON BRINGS EO TECHNOLOGY To Defend Our Nation

technologytoday
H IGHLIGHTING R AYTHEON ’ S T ECHNOLOGY
2005 Issue 1
RAYTHEON BRINGS EO TECHNOLOGY
To Defend Our Nation
A Message from
Greg Shelton
Vice President of Engineering,
Technology, Manufacturing & Quality
This new year is quickly progressing, so I would like to take a few moments to reflect back on our
many successes in 2004.
Financially, we have reported a strong fourth quarter, a solid year and our fifth consecutive quarter of
predictable financial performance. We have continued to focus on the three pillars of Customer
Focused Marketing: Performance through predictability, Relationships by building trust, and Solutions
— the most fun for all of us — through creativity and innovation.
In Engineering, Technology, Manufacturing and Quality, predictability is something on which we have
focused strongly the past three years, with core processes and standards and invoking discipline in all we
do. We have made significant strides, and our success is measured and validated by CMMI®. In 2004,
we continued our journey for process excellence with successful CMMI appraisals in Indianapolis,
Tucson and the United Kingdom — just to name a few. These achievements resulted in Raytheon leading the industry with the most sites at CMMI Level 3 or above for systems and software engineering.
I often say that our people are our greatest asset. You are the ones who are building the relationships
with our customers — gaining and sustaining their trust. Our customers are actively participating in
our five Engineering and Technology Symposia, our Mission Assurance Forum, and our second
annual Raytheon Technology Day in Washington, D.C. These events are excellent vehicles for sharing
knowledge, experiences and successes, but they are also perfect opportunities to foster and build
those relationships.
Ask Greg on line
at: http://www.ray.com/rayeng/
Technology is in our roots, and we have sustained our technical leadership by focusing on our four
mission areas: Radio Frequency; Electro-optical (EO); Missiles; and Command, Control,
Communications, Computers and Intelligence. We have had several major DARPA wins, including
the Robust Integrated Power Electronics, Cognitive Engine Technologies and Future Combat System
Communications.
This issue of technology today focuses on EO technology, a core technology area for Raytheon. EO technology is found in spacecraft, unmanned airplanes, missiles, ground vehicles and in the hands of our
soldiers. EO technology allows our forces to “own the night.” I encourage you to read this issue that
focuses on current EO products and the enabling technologies on which they are based. Our next issue
will focus on emerging threats and the enabling technologies that we are developing to address them.
In 2005, let’s continue to focus on the fundamentals, but let’s also continue to drive Raytheon Six
Sigma™ to the next level — developing new, innovative solutions for our customers, partners and
teammates. We will also focus on Mission Assurance, Mission Systems Integration and Mission Support.
Lastly, I encourage you to be a continuous “world learner” and hope you learn to look “outside the box”
for solutions to meet our customers’ ever-changing needs, and if that means bringing in a partner to
provide a solution, then so be it. We are a total Mission Systems Integrator, and we have to continue to
do all we can to think like one.
Regards,
Greg
2
2005 ISSUE 1
TECHNOLOGY TODAY
technology today is published
quarterly by the Office of Engineering,
Technology, Manufacturing & Quality
Vice President Greg Shelton
Managing Editor Jean Scire
Editors Mardi Scalise, Lee Ann Sousa
Art Director Debra Graham
Photography
Mike McGravey, Charlie Riniker
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Raytheon’s Electro-optical Technology –
In the Defense of Our Nation
World Leadership in FLIR Systems
2nd-Generation FLIR
Precision Targeting on the Battlefield
Precision Guided Weapons
Electro-optical Missile Seekers
Enabling Technologies
Engineering Perspective – Alan Silver
Optics Technology
Leadership Perspective – Dr. Peter Pao
EO Test Systems
Cryogenics: Keeping It Cool
Eye on Technology
Architecture & Systems Integration
RF Systems
Materials & Structures
Processing
Design for Six Sigma
CMMI Accomplishments
The Future State of IPDS
Women’s Forum 2004
Mission Assurance & Quality Forum
Fall Symposia
First Joint Council Meeting
People: Raytheon’s Greatest Asset
Patent Recognition
Future Events
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5
7
8
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
25
25
26
28
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Publication Coordinator Carol Danner
Contributors
Steven Bailey
James Bangs
Stefan Baur
Scott Bloomfield
Paul Buelow
Marc Carson
Alan Hoffman
Todd Johnson
Richard Juergens
Frank Kearns
Donald Lewis
Kevin Marler
Heather McKenna
Brian Morgan
Daniel Murphy
Brian Perona
Marcilene Pribonic
Chuck Pruszynski
William Radford
Mike Sprung
Mike Stokes
Frank Sulzbach
Kevin Wheeler
Paul Wheelwright
EDITOR’S NOTE
I recently had to purchase a new dishwasher, so I went to the local appliance store
and bought the dishwasher that the salesperson recommended to meet my needs.
This was a quick and easy sale and also included a new stove (for decorative purposes only — to match the dishwasher — because my culinary skills and desires
are minimal at best). Someone asked me why I just went to the local store without
investigating the products on the market and shopping around for the best deal, and
the answer was simple: I trust the people because they have met their commitments with excellent
service and support.
Trusted partnerships are critical to our success. I was fortunate to hear Brigadier General Mike
Cannon, United States Army, Program Executive Officer, Missiles and Space, Redstone Arsenal speak
on a panel at the Program Leadership symposium this past February. He said, “We don’t trust
Raytheon, it’s a name… We might trust the products that are coming out of Raytheon, but it’s only
because we trust the people that are inside of that company. It’s the people who have earned our
trust. We’re not your customers, we’re your partners.”
Raytheon’s technology is a key discriminator, but when our technology is paired with customer
solutions and supported by the relationships that we build, we drive growth. We must continue to
foster and maintain relationships with our customers, partners, suppliers and teammates.
This issue focuses on EO technology, a key technology area for our company in which we have a
strong history of success. We are providing solutions to our customers, especially in the Global War
on Terror where our products enable our customers to “own the night.” The next issue will focus
on the future of EO technology and what Raytheon is doing to develop solutions to meet our
customers’ needs.
Enjoy the magazine. As always, your ideas, comments and feedback are most welcome.
Happy Spring!
We welcome your comments and suggestions; go to technology
today via www.ray.com/rayeng and visit the Interact section, or
email us at techtodayeditor@raytheon.com.
2005 ISSUE 1
3
Raytheon’s Electro-optical Technology
in the Defense of Our Nation
Part 1 of 2 Electro-optical Technology Features
T
his issue of technology
today is dedicated to
electro-optical (EO),
infrared (IR) and laser
technology in which
Raytheon has a long and
storied history in supporting
the defense of our nation.
As one of the world’s largest manufacturers
of EO/IR sensors and systems — having
delivered over 43,000 forward-looking
IR (FLIR) systems alone — we have a lot to
be proud of, but our greatest accomplishment is the difference we have made to
our warfighters.
While speaking at the 2002 DARPA Systems
and Technology Symposium, General
Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, stated that there are three technologies that have changed the nature of
modern warfare: night vision, precision
strike and global positioning systems.
Two of these capabilities are provided by
Raytheon’s EO technology and systems.
Figure 1. EO enabling technologies
Since there is so much to show and tell
about EO, we have split the information
into two issues of technology today. This
edition shows how Raytheon has and continues to bring EO technology to support
the defense of our nation. Here, we feature
EO technology, our current products, and
the enabling technologies on which they
are based.
from the ground, the air and space. Once
these targets have been detected, Raytheon
laser ranging technology helps locate
exacting target positions for our precision
strike weapons. Once launched, Raytheon
seekers guide our missiles accurately to
these targets through either passive sensor
tracking or semi-active or active illumination
by Raytheon laser designators.
The next issue of technology today will
review emerging threats and the programs
and enabling technologies that we are
developing to address them.
However, the nature of warfare is evolving.
In response, Raytheon continues to develop
capabilities to sustain our charter of bringing EO technology to protect the warfighters and defend our nation. •
In this issue, you’ll read
about EO products and
technologies. The next
issue of technology today
will focus on how we
Figure 1 captures the breadth and depth of
technologies that have given the warfighter
affordable night vision to detect targets
4 2005 ISSUE 1
Alan Silver
asilver@raytheon.com
apply these technologies
to emerging threats
against our nation.
World Leadership in FLIR Systems
Raytheon’s experience in designing, developing and integrating forward-looking
infrared (FLIR) systems and subsystems
spans space, airborne and ground combat
systems. Over the past 40 years, Raytheon
has successfully developed and fielded navigation, surveillance and targeting systems on
numerous domestic and international programs. During this period, we have produced and delivered more than 43,000 FLIR
systems. As one of the world’s largest manufacturers of electro-optical (EO) systems,
Raytheon is known for its expertise and
quality in this area.
Space and Airborne Sensors
Information gained from sensors in the air
and in space has become a fundamental
component in planning and forecasting a
wide range of civil, military and intelligence
activities. For years, advanced visible,
infrared (IR) and microwave sensors have
contributed to our ability to predict patterns
and effects of weather. Such data can be of
great value in planning anything from a picnic to a military campaign.
Information developed by sensors in space
allows forecasters to predict — among many
other things — soil moisture content and
weather patterns. This information might
affect the number of ants you could expect
at your picnic, but if you're a tank commander, it can also help you determine
whether the mud on the battlefield is going
to be too thick to plan a successful attack.
The ability to predict sandstorms and their
duration has already proven to be an important factor in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF).
Data from polar-orbiting and geostationary
platforms has been used for decades to
support battlefield operations. The next
10 years will see improved environmental
data from a new suite of National Polarorbiting Operational Environmental Satellite
System instruments, along with revolutionary improvements in Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite System
weather products, courtesy of the new
Advanced Baseline Imager and the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite of sensors.
Currently, threat sensors such as the
Defense Support Program provide missile
warning. Soon, however, these sensors will
be replaced by constellations of much more
acute sensors in the Space-Based Infrared
High and the Space Tracking Surveillance
Systems. These systems will provide the target
identification and tracking capabilities necessary to support the United States’ multilayered national missile defense program.
Of course, we don't have to travel as far as
space to encounter sensors operating with
great strategic effect above the earth.
Consider three recent stars of the sky: the
Predator and Global Hawk unmanned aerial
vehicles and Advanced Targeting FLIR (ATFLIR).
300 SAM canisters, 70 SAM transporters
and more than 300 Iraqi tanks.
• ATFLIR is providing the F/A-18 Super
Hornet with precision engagement with
excellent standoff range.
Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer
The Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the
NASA Terra and Aqua satellites provides daily
global information on atmospheric, land
and ocean environmental dynamics. Daily
Continued on page 6
• Predator, carrying organic sensors developed by
Raytheon, has been
conducting intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) operations in support of
Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF) in
Afghanistan. Raytheon’s
precision strike weapons
are then employed to
engage threats as soon
as possible.
• Global Hawk also carries
Raytheon EO and IR, and
performed extremely well
in ISR missions in OIF.
Although it flew only
three percent of
air-breathing imagery
intelligence missions and
five percent of high-altitude reconnaissance
sorties, it nonetheless
accounted for 55% of
the time-sensitive
targets generated to kill
air defense equipment.
Global Hawk’s sensors
located 13 surface-to-air
missile (SAM) batteries,
50 SAM launchers,
Figure 1. In this MODIS image taken March 28, 2003, dust is pooled in the
valleys closest to the coast, while a front stretches across hundreds of miles.
Into the waters of the Persian Gulf (center), bright blue swirls of sediment
pour in from rivers. In places the swirls appear tinged with green, which suggests some marine plant life could be present.
Orbit
705 km, 10:30 a.m. descending node or 1:30 p.m. ascending
node, sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular
Size
1.0 x 1.6 x 1.0 m
20.3 rpm, cross track
Scan Rate
Data Rate
11 Mbps (peak daytime)
Scan Dimensions 2,330 km (cross track) by 10 km (along track at nadir)
12 bits
Quantization
Telescope
17.78 cm diam. Off-axis, afocal (collimated), with intermediate
field stop
Spatial Resolution 250 m (bands 1-2), 500 m (bands 3-7), 1,000 m (bands 8-36)
240 kg
Weight
Design Life
5 years
150 W (orbital average)
Power
Table 1. MODIS Design Specifications
2005 ISSUE 1
5
FLIR SYSTEMS
Continued from page 5
MODIS sea-surface temperatures are
required to model air-sea temperature interactions that affect climate and weather and
correct radar tracking of incoming missiles
threatening our ships at sea. Its estimates of
aerosol levels and cloud cover contribute to
global weather and climate prediction. Its
vegetation assessments support global and
seasonal crop forecasting. Its dust storm
warnings support tactical military operations.
The spectral capability of MODIS is the key
to its ability to detect dust storms and provide key reports to military planners regarding the density, position, size, trajectory
and visibility of these sand blizzards. Special
spectral channels in the visible, nearinfrared and even longer wavelengths in
the infrared, sensitive to temperature, allow
MODIS to segregate land, ocean, clouds
and dust in the same picture.
MODIS has proven to be not only a successful tool to support scientific environmental
studies — the basic mission for which it
was originally designed — but also a necessary adjunct to civil weather forecasting and
military operations worldwide (see Figure 1
on page 5). In OEF and OIF conflicts that
continue to make headlines, desert dust
storms are the bane of infantry and airmen.
MODIS is a key combat ally as well as an
essential tool for continued NASA environmental research.
Global Hawk Integrated Sensor
Suite and Ground Segment
With its unmatched sensor technology and
sophisticated ground support systems, the
Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
offers a dramatic warfighting advantage.
Raytheon developed the electronic sensors,
radar and ground-based elements that
allow Global Hawk to excel at providing
critical ISR data to military field commands.
Day or night, on land or at sea, and in all
kinds of weather, the Raytheon Integrated
Sensor Suite (ISS) on the air vehicle (Figure 2)
pinpoints stationary or moving targets with
unparalleled accuracy. It transmits imagery
and position information instantaneously from
65,000 feet with dramatic clarity, empowering
warfighters to respond quickly and decisively.
6 2005 ISSUE 1
Figure 2. Global Hawk’s array of sensors
supports the UAV’s nearly 36 hours of
long-term surveillance.
Global Hawk’s EO Sensor Modes
EO/IR Characteristics
Performance Parameters
Focal Length
1.75 M
Wide Area Search Mode
138,000 sq km/day
Aperture
0.28 M (11”)
NIIRS
5.0 MWIR, 6.0 visible
3.7-5 µrad Visible
Spotlight Mode
1,900 spots/day
0.55-0.8 µm EO CCD Array
NIIRS
5.5 MWIR; 6.5 visible
Pixel IFOV
11.4 µrad MWIR; 5.1 µrad visible
Array FOV
5.5 x 7.3 mrad MWIR; 5.1 X 5.2 mrad visible
The Raytheon-built ISS enables Global
Hawk to scan large geographic areas and
produce outstanding high-resolution reconnaissance imagery. In just 24 hours, Global
Hawk’s wide-area search mode can cover
40,000-square nautical miles with 1-meter
resolution; while in spot target mode, the
sensors can search 1,900 2 km x 2 km
spots with 0.33-meter resolution.
AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral
Targeting System – Eyes of
the Predator
Raytheon’s multi-spectral targeting
system (MTS) (see Figure 3) is a multi-use
IR, EO and laser detecting/ranging/tracking
set, developed and produced for use in military systems. Using state-of-the-art digital
Continued on next page
To provide Global Hawk with its broad sensing, night vision and radar-detection capabilities, ISS combines a cloud-penetrating
synthetic aperture radar antenna with a
ground moving target indicator, a high-resolution EO digital camera and an IR sensor.
A common signal processor, acting as an
airborne supercomputer, ensures that all
elements work together.
Figure 3. The eyes of the Predator – a MultiSpectral Targeting System integrating Raytheon
infrared, EO and laser technologies
AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System
Parameters
Features
Fields of View, Degrees
Wide: 33 X 44, Medium-wide: 15 X 20, Medium: 5.7 X 7.6
Narrow: 1.2 X 1.6 (IR&TV)
Ultra-narrow: 0.6 X 0.8 (IR)
Ultra-narrow: 0.22 X 0.29 (TV)
Electronic Zoom, IR & TV
2:1 – 0.3 X 0.4 (IR), 0.11 X 0.14 (TV)
4:1 – 0.15 X 0.2 (IR), 0.06 X 0.07 (TV)
Gimbal Angular Coverage
Azimuth: 360 degrees, continuous
Elevation: 60 degrees up, 105 degrees down
Gimbal Slew Rate
Maximum Air Speed
Automatic Video Tracker
3 radians/sec elevation
>350 kts IAS
Multimode (centroid, area and feature)
Compliant with MIL-E-5400, MIL-STD-810
Environmental
Interface
Video Outputs
Cooling
Power (Nominal)
Weights and Dimensions (Approx.)
Options
1,553 data bus and/or discrete controls
RS-170 (525-line), digital, other formats available
Self contained
900 W nominal
WRA-1: 125 lb; 17.5 in. D X 18.7 in. H
WRA-2: 48 lb; 13.52 in. W X 12.50 in. L X 9.24 in. H
Multiple sensors such as EO-TV, illuminator, eye-safe rangefinder,
spot tracker, image fusion and other avionics
2nd-Generation FLIR
Moving Ground Forces’ Mission Operability
Beyond Traditional Boundaries
In the first Gulf War, “We own the night”
became the catch phrase of the day. That
war was fought with first-generation thermal sensors built circa 1980. Second-generation forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors
for ground combat made their large-number debut in Operation Enduring Freedom
(OEF) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi
Freedom (OIF) in Iraq. Both first- and second-generation systems have been credited
with being a “force multiplier” and were
enabled by Raytheon-developed technology.
The superior performance of the secondgeneration FLIR allowed our warfighters to
expand, and even improvise, on missions
with this powerful new capability.
Second-generation FLIR was born out of
lessons learned from the first Gulf War. Due
to the disparate performance of the earlier
systems, the stated goal was for all armored
vehicles to have a “common view” of the
battlefield. A second goal was to reduce system cost by standardizing components, thus
taking advantage of the economies of scale.
Today, Raytheon Network Centric Systems
(NCS) is the leader in second-generation
electro-optical (EO)-based gun and missile
fire control systems and surveillance systems,
having delivered thousands of systems to date.
NCS provides the EO sensor for the
Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS)
used by the 82nd and 101st Airborne
Divisions. The Scouts of the 3rd Infantry
Division (ID) have our Long-Range
Advanced Scout Surveillance System
(LRAS3). The M2A3 Bradley Fighting
Vehicles of the 4th ID have the Improved
Bradley Acquisition System at the gunner’s
station and the Commander’s Independent
Viewer in the vehicle command station. The
M1A2 SEP uses Raytheon’s Commander’s
Independent Thermal Viewer for
“hunter/killer” tactics. Raytheon Vision
Systems in Santa Barbara, Calif., is a key
supplier of our sensors’ detector, the
Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly
(SADA) II. The SADA is a 480 x 4 HgCdTe
focal plane array (FPA) integrated with a
one-watt linear cooler.
In addition, Raytheon provides thousands of
thermal weapon sights (TWS) mounted on
the weapons of individual soldiers. The TWS
family consists of three rugged sights providing long- (2.5 km), medium- (1.5 km)
and short-range (600 m) target recognition
matched to the capability of the individual
and crew-served weapons. The TWS sights
use two Raytheon detector technologies:
scanned medium-wave infrared detectors
are used in the medium- and long-range
sights, and uncooled staring long-wave
infrared 320 x 240 FPAs are used for the
short-range sight. Each TWS mounts directly
to the warfighter’s individual weapon, enabling
day and night thermal targeting without
affecting the soldier’s dismounted mobility.
The high-fidelity imagery of second-generation FLIRS takes our warfighters from the
days of “blob-ology” to reading facial
FLIR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)
AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR Pod
architecture, this advanced system provides
long-range surveillance, target acquisition,
tracking, rangefinding and laser designation for semi-active laser missiles and for all
tri-service and NATO laser-guided munitions. With proven combat experience, the
MTS and variants are available to support
domestic and international missions for
rotary-wing, UAV and fixed-wing platforms.
The AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR pod is the most
advanced infrared targeting system available for the F/A-18 aircraft. Combat-proven
in operations Southern Watch (Iraq),
Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom,
Raytheon’s AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR is the
Navy’s targeting pod program of record and
the most technologically advanced system
of its kind in the world. Its target detection
range shows a fourfold improvement over
previous systems, and laser designation is
Photo Courtesy of U.S. Army
ITAS 2nd-Generation FLIR – an integral
component of U.S. ground forces
expressions at greater than double the
range of first-generation systems. This new
level of performance has allowed traditionally anti-armor weapons systems, such as
ITAS, to perform surveillance missions in
OEF, and traditional surveillance sensors,
such as LRAS3, to call for fire in OIF.
Raytheon has received many accolades
about the performance of our systems in
OEF/OIF from all levels of the Army:
“LRAS3 gave us the edge over the Iraqis …
It allowed us to do our job better; it kept us
from getting killed.” – Scout, 3rd ID, OIF
“The FLIR and the TOW ITAS, in particular,
was the hero of the battlefield.”
– MG Petraeus, 101st Airborne, OIF
“Lives were saved with TWS.”
– BG J. Moran, PEO soldier
We continue to “own the night.” Our
warfighters are learning to use these
systems more effectively with greater
operability. Second-generation FLIR performance saves lives by providing standoff
capability that allows for calls for fire, thus
keeping our troops concealed.
The ability of our warfighters to improvise
new missions is a tribute to them and our
EO sensor systems. •
Hector Reyes
hreyes@raytheon.com
effective at altitudes up to 50,000 feet and
at a slant range of greater than 30 miles.
ATFLIR combines the mid-wave infrared
targeting and navigation FLIRS, electro-optical sensor, laser rangefinder and target designator, and laser spot tracker into a single
pod, freeing one air-to-air weapon station
for other mission requirements. Compared
to other targeting pods in production, the
ATFLIR’s EO/IR imagery has three to five
times greater clarity. •
Robert Schaefer
rdschaefer@raytheon.com
2005 ISSUE 1
7
Precision Targeting on the Battlefield
Raytheon Rangefinders Ensure Mission Success with Minimal Collateral Damage
Raytheon pioneered the development of
laser rangefinder technology, starting with
the first laser ever built — the flash-lamppumped Ruby laser — in the early 1960s.
Since then, Raytheon has remained the
dominant supplier/manufacturer of
rangefinder lasers for a variety of platforms
and missions. These include vehicle and manportable/rifle-mounted implementations.
The evolution of rangefinder technology
has been driven by two requirements:
robust eye safety (to prevent the accidental
blinding of friendly troops) and covertness
(to remain invisible to the naked eye). These
requirements led to the development of a
family of Nd:YAG – Raman shifted 1.5micron wavelength rangefinder lasers.
These lasers are widely used in today’s
military platforms:
ELITE Foreign LAVs
BELRF ODS
•
•
•
•
•
ELITE Foreign LAVs
BELRF ODS
BELRF IBAS
LRAS3 PM-NV/RSTA
TISS U.S. Navy
The successful legacy of
delivering battle-worthy
rangefinders has ensured the
U.S. military superiority on
battlefields all over the world.
Following the success
with Nd:YAG,
Raytheon once again
proved its leadership
BELRF IBAS
in cutting-edge laser technology by developing diode-pumped Er:glass lasers for
rangefinders. The unique direct diode-
pumped Er:glass lasers that
use passive saturable absorber
Q-switch technology proved a
robust solution to a compleLRAS3 PM-NV/RSTA
mentary set of rangefinder
applications. Among these are
the Land Warrior ELRF/DCA and
OCSW ATD TA/FCS. Raytheon
TISS U.S. Navy
owns numerous patents
related to this technology
and is poised to
further the
proliferation of
this technology
Land Warrior
for future military
ELRF/DCA
platforms. •
OCSW ATD TA/FCS
Kalin Spariosu
kalin_spariosu@raytheon.com
Precision Guided Weapons
Raytheon Designators Shine in the War on Terror
Raytheon’s long-standing legacy of delivering battle-hard designators to our troops
has been proven once again in Operation
Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi
Freedom. Raytheon has an extensive history
in Army designator development and production which includes:
• White Knight designator delivered to Army Electronics
Command (1969)
LTD AN/PAQ-1
• AC-130 Gunship Laser
Designator/Rangefinder
delivered starting in 1970
• G/VLLD & LTD development for
U.S. Army beginning in 1972
• MULE development for USMC
beginning in 1976
• Direction Ranging Set Laser
MULE AN/PAQ-3 Designator for Navy A6E jet
starting in 1976
• 1,500 G/VLLDs, 200 LTDs and
400 MULEs delivered (1980-88)
• AC-130 LTD/R design upgrade
and follow-on production
(1989-2002)
G/VLLD
AN/TVQ-2 • AESOP (SOF helicopter)
production (1992-96)
8 2005 ISSUE 1
• Next-generation man-portable
designator trade study for Communications
Electronics Command (1996-97)
• Next-generation F/A-18 designator
(ATFLIR) now in low-rate initial
production for U.S. Navy
The successful legacy of delivering designators has given Raytheon a distinctive edge
in delivering an
all-solid-state airborne designator/rangefinder
that is used by
LTD/R AC130 Gunship
autonomous
fighter aircraft such as
the F-18 Hornet. The
ATFLIR designator is
already combat-proven
with stellar results in
current conflicts. Our
DRS TRAM A6E
diode-pumped composbomber
ite cavity laser technology is providing the basis
for the robust designator
design that works in the
harshest airborne environments. The ATFLIR laser
AESOP various
features a convertible
helicopters
Lightweight Designator
Concept
cavity for an eye-safe (1,570 nm) pulsed
output for rangefinding, in addition to the
1,064 nm special waveform output for the
designator task.
Following success in the fielding of the
battle-proven designator and rangefinder
laser systems, Raytheon is now pursuing
next-generation lightweight designator
development. These next-generation designators will feature ultra compact efficient
diode pump technology, novel Q-switch
technology, improved conversion efficiency
laser diodes, and integrating cavity laser
pump geometries/architectures.
Raytheon is poised to remain the dominant
military laser supplier to our armed forces
and to lead technology developments that
will enable the next generation of precision
guided weapon deployment. •
Kalin Spariosu
kalin_spariosu@raytheon.com
Electro-optical Missile Seekers
Sensing, Detecting, Tracking –
All In One Small Package
E
lectro-optical (EO) seekers
are employed in missiles to
provide a means of
target sensing,
detection and selection and to provide updates of
target location for improved
pointing for guidance.
Fielded systems
have, historically,
been passive sensors using
either atmospheric windows of
the medium-wave infrared or long-wave
infrared bands for day and night operation
of the target’s emissive signature; or
semi-active laser (SAL) systems requiring
third-party illumination to provide a
reflected signal from the target with single
or few detector elements. EO missile seekers
have now evolved to cost-effective staring
arrays with tens of thousands of pixels.
The constraints that determine the EO
seeker design for a given application are
the target characteristics (signature, size,
range at acquisition, maneuverability, clutter environment); missile constraints (size,
power, maneuverability); and environmental
conditions (visibility, accelerations). The variety of EO seeker designs is reflective of the
vast differences in requirements ranging
from shoulder-launched applications, such as
Stinger, and a space intercept application,
such as Exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV).
The earliest EO missile seekers used the
signal of a target hot spot, such as jet
engine exhaust, combined with a free gyro
stabilized gimbal system. Evolution over the
decades added reticles for countermeasure
rejection, linear arrays for early imaging systems and, starting in the 1980s, a general
conversion to focal plane arrays of increasing size, with the anti-armor Javelin and
anti-aircraft AIM-9X being examples of
early fielded staring systems. Since the
mid-1990s, uncooled infrared (IR) systems
have been
maturing that
achieve an
even lower
cost by
leveraging
commercial silicon
processing for
lower sensitivity
applications.
Seeker control and stabilization approaches have
evolved from spinning mass
(free gyro) stabilization to a variety
of approaches ranging from free gyro
stabilized (Rolling Airframe Missile, Stinger,
Missile Homing Improvement Program,
Brilliant Anti-Tank submunition); instrument
stabilized (Javelin, Non Line Of Sight
(NLOS)), remotely stabilized (AIM-9X, Joint
Standoff Weapon (JSOW)) to fixed-post or
body stabilized (EKV, Standard Missile 3).
The absolute stability requirements for
cooled EO sensors have reduced over time
with the short integration
times of cooled sensors,
resulting in systems that
are forgiving to motions
in terms of smear.
over to a tracker to autonomous target
recognition (ATR) and autonomous target
acquisition (ATA) for both fixed and moving
targets. An example is JSOW Unitary, which
uses scene-matching techniques to correlate mission planning templates to the
seeker video to establish an aimpoint to
hand over to the tracker.
Looking toward the future, EO seekers will
continue to evolve to meet the individual
market needs: multimode products such as
NLOS (uncooled IR and SAL) to allow more
flexible use of the weapons; uncooled IR
for the most cost-sensitive applications;
active EO seekers to determine detailed
target characteristics; and, in general,
increasing autonomy of the missile by the
advances in ATA and ATR algorithms. •
Dan Brunton
dwbrunton@raytheon.com
Present-day optical systems use
fabrication and design techniques,
such as integral mounts, aspheres
and diffraction gratings, to achieve
system requirements of collection
efficiency, bandwidth and performance
over temperature
ranges within the
severe packaging
constraints of missile
systems.
Image processing has
progressed from the
designation by a manin-the-loop and hand
2005 ISSUE 1
9
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Focal Plane Arrays:
Detecting the Light
Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) in Santa
Barbara, Calif., has been developing
and manufacturing high-performance
infrared (IR) products for the Department of
Defense (DoD), civil space and astronomy
systems for 50 years. RVS is the leading
supplier of second-generation forwardlooking infrared and missile seekers, including Standard Advanced Detector Assembly
(SADA), Javelin, Advanced Short-Range
Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM), AIM-9X and
NLOS-PAM, with deliveries currently
totaling 12,000 units per year. Most of
these units are integrated Dewar cooler
assemblies (IDCA).
Since 1966, RVS has provided focal plane
arrays (FPA) for more than 70 space instruments for applications including weather
data collection, planetary exploration,
earth resources, star trackers and space
astronomy. RVS develops and fabricates high-
In recent history, photoconductive (firstgeneration) FPA technology has been overtaken by photovoltaic (second-generation)
technology that consists of detector arrays
hybridized to read-out integrated
circuits (ROIC) using indium bump technology. Growth to third-generation technology
includes large format, multicolor and avalanche photodiodes (APD).
Tactical Products
Tactical IDCAs are the largest volume product
being delivered by RVS. This includes over
25,000 Javelin (64 x 64 staring long-wave IR
(LWIR) HgCdTe); 3,500 SADA (scanning 480
x 4 LWIR HgCdTe); 20,000 thermal weapon
sights (TWS) (40 x 16 scanning mediumwave IR (MWIR) HgCdTe); and over 4,000
ASRAAM (staring 128 x 128 InSb) units.
L a rg e Fo r m a t
The development of large-format FPAs has
historically been driven by the needs of the
astronomy community, which is interested
in mapping the position,
intensity and wavelength
of radiation received from
objects in space. RVS has
developed a unique capability to produce FPAs for
astronomical applications
to achieve extremely
demanding specifications,
with array formats up to
2,048 x 2,048 for both
short-wave IR (SWIR)
HgCdTe and MWIR InSb,
in addition to 1,024 x
1,024 VLWIR Si:As (IBC)
FPAs. Figure 2 shows a
2,048 x 2,048 SWIR
HgCdTe module.
Figure 1. RVS FPA technology covers the visible and infrared spectrum.
performance infrared detectors and arrays
that cover the entire IR spectrum as shown
in Figure 1. This technology base is the broadest in the industry and includes hybrid visible
Si PIN, InSb, HgCdTe and Si impurity-band
conduction (IBC) FPAs along with monolithic
uncooled VOx microbolometer FPAs.
10 2005 ISSUE 1
For DoD applications, RVS supports numerous Raytheon programs that use 640 x 480
InSb staring FPAs for situational awareness
and targeting applications. More recently
RVS has developed a large-format
2,560 x 512 MWIR HgCdTe staring array
for Navy Shipboard Distributed Aperture
Sensor needs. This array uses HgCdTe
Figure 2. Photo of a 2,048 x 2,048 SWIR HgCdTe
FPA mounted on a module. The module consists of
a precision metal pedestal, an electrical interface
cable and a temperature sensor.
detector structures grown directly on
four-inch-diameter silicon substrates using
molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). MBE
HgCdTe/Si technology is currently being
scaled to six-inch wafer sizes and is continually becoming more important for these
third-generation FPA technologies.
Ve r y - L o n g - Wa v e l e n g t h
I n f ra re d
Very-long-wavelength infrared (VLWIR) FPAs
are being produced for astronomy, civil
space and low-background applications.
This technology consists primarily of
HgCdTe FPAs with cutoff wavelengths in
the 12-18 µm range, designed for highperformance, low-background operation,
and typically operate at temperatures of
40-70 K. Si:As IBC FPAs extend the cutoff
out to 28 µm, but need to operate at temperatures less than 10 K. A 1,024 x 1,024
Si:As IBC FPA is currently being developed
for the Mid-Infrared Instrument on the
James Webb Space Telescope.
Multicolor
Multicolor FPAs that are capable of sensing
in two or more spectral bands can provide
a significant advantage to sensor systems
through added information that is not available from traditional single-color systems.
RVS is currently developing 256 x 256 format MWIR/MWIR FPAs for Navy missile
warning applications and LWIR/LWIR FPAs
for Raytheon Missile Systems missile seeker
applications. Recently, RVS demonstrated the
Continued on next page
Engineering Perspective
first large staring MWIR/LWIR 640 x 480 twocolor FPA having a 20 µm unit cell for Army
NVESD, and is currently working to increase
this array size to 1,280 x 720 under the
dual band FPA manufacturing program for
use in future third-generation systems. All
of these two-color FPAs use MBE HgCdTe
technology.
Avalanche Photodiode
LADAR is continuing to become an important technology for Raytheon’s advanced
systems. RVS is developing HgCdTe APD
detector technology for this application. Most
of these applications desire eye-safe wavelengths at 1.5 µm, and formats have
increased in size from single element and 256
element linear arrays up to 256 x 256 arrays.
Uncooled VOx Microbolometers
RVS has achieved a significant technical
breakthrough in uncooled VOx microbolometer FPAs by reducing the pixel size by a factor of two, while maintaining state-of-theart sensitivity. RVS is producing and delivering high-quality 320 x 240 and 640 x 480
microbolometer FPAs with 25 µm pitch pixels for a variety of programs. These 25 µm
microbolometer detectors also have a relatively fast thermal time constant of approximately 10-15 msec. This state-of-the-art
performance has been achieved as a result
of an advanced monolithic micro-machining
fabrication process on six-inch ROIC wafers,
which allows maximization of both the
thermal isolation and the optical fill-factor.
Additionally, RVS has developed flexible
uncooled front end electronics that serve as
the basis for the camera engine systems
using 320 x 240 arrays, and also developed
a 640 x 480 common uncooled engine (CUE)
that is intended for small-pixel, high-performance applications. The CUE is the ideal
cornerstone for ground and airborne systems; multi-mode sensor; weapon sight or
seeker architectures; and commercial surveillance. As the performance of uncooled
VOx microbolometer technology continues
to improve, it will continue to displace
cooled FPAs for certain applications. •
Scott M. Johnson
sjohnson1@raytheon.com
ALAN SILVER
Senior Engineering Fellow
and Chairman of the
Electro-optical (EO) Systems
Technology Network
I have been with Raytheon and its legacy companies for the majority of my career since the
early 1970s. I tell you this not to impress you
with my advanced age, but to provide you with a
perspective of all the changes I have seen in the
EO industry and a glimpse of those still to come.
One of my first jobs was to develop an EO mortar locator. It fit in an equipment van. It used a
staring linear array of infrared (IR) detectors to
sense a mortar rising skyward. A laser was optically scanned over the array. The IR detectors
reported the azimuth position of the mortar and
a DEC computer in a 6-foot-high, 19-inch rack
computed when to fire the scanning laser so it
would hit the mortar to return a range point. The
computer then ordered a mirror to jump to a new
elevation, pointing the projection of the IR detector and the laser with it. The mortar would cross
at three elevation positions yielding three positions in space allowing us to compute a trajectory.
The improvements in components available
today for that system are a firsthand look at the
revolution in the industry.
Detector The detector was a linear array with a
wire connected to each one penetrating the
Dewar and going to a separate preamp. One
very large change in IR detectors has been the
incorporation of focal plane electronics. This
allows not just multiplexing, but also preamplification and processing to be put within the Dewar.
These internal electronics, along with improvements in detector processing, have enabled twodimensional arrays that might have eliminated our
need to step the array through space.
Cooling The system used a Leidenfrost liquid
nitrogen transfer cooling system. This system was
chosen for low vibration. However, it would have
never been reliable enough for field use. We
have seen a huge improvement in the reliability
and vibration characteristics of mechanical coolers. We have gone from rotary coolers with high
vibration and hundreds of hours of life, to linear
coolers with lower vibration and thousands of
hours of life, to pulse tube coolers with almost no
vibration and tens of thousands of hours of life.
Processing The computer for control and processing was a 6-foot-high, 19-inch rack. Of
course, I do not have to tell you the revolution
advances in processing technology have spawned.
I am sure that a modern microprocessor chip
could have provided all our computational power.
Laser Our ranging laser was a huge Nd:YAG
flash-lamp-pumped laser. Advances in diode
pumping and injection efficiency could have
reduced our laser considerably.
Mechanical Scanning The position of the laser
was mechanically scanned over the linear IR
array by a high-speed rotating prism and projection optics. A far simpler mechanism is now
available through the use of optical phased
arrays that could have positioned the laser with
no moving parts and no complex timing.
But there was the team. We faced many difficult
technical questions. Knowing who could help
find a solution was key. It was a small group so
the choices were limited, but, as smart as they
were, the answers were also limited. The
answers the team generated were almost always
“Our ability to manage
knowledge in Raytheon may
prove as important a lever to
solving our customer’s
problems as our
technology innovations.”
superior to the answers individuals could generate. But the key was knowing whom to ask the
right question. The bigger the team is, the harder
that question becomes. That is why I became
interested in the engineering networks when
Hughes acquired my group in 1996 and as it
continued under Raytheon. I feel passionately
that there are few problems the assembled
brainpower of Raytheon cannot answer.
However, to leverage that assembled brainpower,
we need to make every individual aware of the
resources they have available to them, not just in
terms of technical innovations, but also who the
experts are that they can turn to to answer their
specific technical questions. That is why we are
reaching out to our engineering community
through our symposia workshops and are currently assembling the experts list.
In the end, our ability to manage knowledge in
Raytheon may prove as important a lever to
solving our customer’s problems as our technology innovations. I look forward to working with
you to achieve this. Please visit our knowledge
management site at http://home.ray.com/rayeng/
technetworks/eostn/rteamware.htm.
2005 ISSUE 1
11
Optics Technology –
The “Eyes” of Electro-optic Systems
T
he requirement to achieve high
performance at affordable cost in extreme
environments has driven optical technologies to innovative solutions. Advances in
the areas of optical fabrication, assembly
and materials are combining to make
higher performance systems possible.
Precision Machining
The concept of “interlocking lenses” is a
more recent innovation made possible by
precision machining of not only optical surfaces, but also mechanical interfaces. The
Passive Missile Approach Warning System
and the Countermine programs both have
optical designs that call for lens centering
and tilt tolerances of a few ten thousandths of an inch. The standard technique
of manufacturing lenses to mount into lens
barrels makes it very difficult to cost effectively assemble these designs and meet the
system performance requirements. The
solution calls for diamond machining each
lens and its mechanical holding features
out of the same material and in one operation. Lens spacers are also diamond
machined, and in the case of Countermine,
the assemblies are manufactured totally
out of germanium (see Figure 1).
VQ Surface Finishing
Current electro-optical systems such as
MTS-B, Q2 and VIIRS often require high
performance in multiple-wavelength bands
across the spectrum — from visible to far
infrared. As-generated DPT optical surfaces
are sufficient for medium-wave infrared
and long-wave infrared, but suffer
12 2005 ISSUE 1
Figure 1. Precision machining of optical elements and mechanical
interface features permit assembly to extremely tight tolerances.
excessive scatter from tool marks at
shorter wavelengths.
To address this problem, engineers at
Raytheon’s ELCAN facility in Texas have
developed a finishing process to apply to
diamond-machined optical surfaces, known
as the VQ process. VQ makes it possible to
fabricate low-scatter DPT’d surfaces (surface roughness of less than 25 angstroms)
without adversely affecting the surface
figure (see Figure 2).
BRDF
(Average ‘Total’ Scatter (x 10-4))
Beginning in the 1980s, revolutionary
precision machining techniques known as
diamond point turning (DPT) were developed to address the need to cost-effectively fabricate high-performance optical components. DPT processes are used extensively today to generate flat, spherical and
complex aspheric optical surfaces in a host
of different optical materials ranging from
aluminum to visible and infrared glasses.
aligned using in-situ wavefront optimization. This alignment cannot be done with
standard lab equipment, as the large
entrance pupil diameters demand the use
of an 18-inch interferometer to visualize
the transmitted wavefront. Submicron
translators are used to adjust subassembly
components while monitoring the wavefront. Then, novel retention methods are
used to secure the sensitive components to
maintain performance under difficult environmental conditions.
BRDF (Average ‘Total’ Scatter) vs. Sample Type
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
VQ
VQ
Enhanced Enhanced
GE
Best
DPT 6061
GH
DPT 6061
Polished Alumiplate
#1
Alumiplate
#2
Flat
Figure 2. The VQ process improves surface scattering characteristics of DPT’d surfaces by an order
of magnitude.
Innovative Optical
Subassembly Alignment
The extremely tight tolerances required
in modern high-resolution, long-range
airborne applications, such as MTS-B and
Q2, require an innovative approach to
subassembly alignment. Along with the
precision attained with DPT manufacturing
of the optical components, the afocal subassemblies in these systems are accurately
Low-Cost Optics
The demand for high-volume infrared (IR)
optical assemblies for commercial applications (such as automotive night sights and
other thermal viewers) has driven the
development of low-cost IR glasses and less
expensive component fabrication processes. Raytheon is responsible for developing
IR glasses that perform well and can be
Continued on next page
Leadership Perspective
designed into systems in place of more
expensive crystalline materials, such as zinc
selenide, zinc sulfide and germanium. In
addition, commercial replicating processes
are applied to these IR glasses, generating
near-net lens blanks in less time and at
lower cost than by conventional means.
ALON, a substitute for more expensive sapphire, has been developed for use in medium-wave IR missile dome applications.
Future Trends in Optical
Technology
Two technology areas that Raytheon is
pursuing to address the stringent system
requirements of the future relate to material
development and optical surface figuring.
Engineers in El Segundo, Calif., are developing technologies to use silicon carbide
optical components for satellite system
applications demanding light weight, high
stiffness and the ability to withstand
cryogenic operating temperatures. Aspheric
mirror and coating development are complete;
mirror fabrication, coating and testing are
underway. The goal is to improve current
hardware by developing mirrors that are lower
in cost, result in better visible and short-wave
IR performance and permit reduced lead
times for space-based system telescopes.
Magneto-rheological finishing is a novel
technique of deterministic fabrication of
optical components for improved surface
finish and optical figure. It is being used at
Raytheon to enable high-performance aluminum system applications not previously
possible. The technique is applicable to offaxis section mirrors and other large aperture optics. Surface figures approaching
one-fifth wave peak to valley and one-thirtieth wave RMS surface figures have
already been demonstrated on VQ mirrors.
Other processes, such as ion beam figuring
and CNC polishing, are being investigated
for final surface figuring of critical optical
components, enabling Raytheon to achieve
extremely high-performance optical systems
using lower-cost aluminum mirrors. •
Craig Brooks
c-brooks1@raytheon.com
DR. PETER PAO
Vice President of
Technology
The Technologist’s
Role in Corporate
Decision Making
The decision-making process in large companies is a complex issue. It usually involves
many stakeholders with diverse views.
When the process is working correctly, it
produces optimum solutions for the customers, and companies grow. But it does
not always work this way and is sometimes
misunderstood. Often, stakeholders don’t
realize they play a part in making decisions,
leading to a lack of preparedness, responsibility and accountability.
Raytheon is a solutions-based company,
and technology is our foundation. Many of
our company strategies are based on our
technological strength and our ability to
innovate. We — engineers — are important stakeholders in many of the company’s
decisions. In this short note, I want to tell
you my view about this subject and talk
about our responsibilities.
How do decisions or strategies made in
Raytheon relate to our solutions: products
and services? The decisions are usually
made logically, based on information we
gather:
• Market requirements — including our
understanding of customers’ desires and
competitions
• Solution options — based on our technology assessments and readiness
• Schedule and resource constraints —
including finances, personnel and facilities
Good information is the foundation of
good decisions. We are responsible for the
solutions. We are important stakeholders in
the decision-making process. We need to
recognize that providing effective solution
options is our responsibility.
First, the ingenuity of our solutions is the
most important factor in retaining a com-
petitive edge. Not only must our solutions
meet the technical challenges, but they
must also meet the cost- and time-tomarket requirements. This requires
flexibility in our thinking and creativity in
our approaches.
Second, we need to choose our technology
investments carefully, and we must always
understand the technology being developed elsewhere. Competing products and
services often come from unexpected
sources. Being a lifetime learner is not
just a good thing; it is a requirement for
all of us.
This is a perfect opportunity to talk about
Technology Knowledge Sharing (TKS). You
can find it at http://oneRTN.ray.com. TKS is
developed to facilitate knowledge sharing
within Raytheon. There are links to several
outside sources of technology information,
such as SRIC, where technology information in 15 selected fields is provided from
SRI Consulting Business Intelligence. Use
this site to learn and share experience and
information with each other. I want to
thank our technology networks for building it for you. There are six sites: RF, electro-optical, processing, systems engineering, software, and mechanical and materials. There is room to improve this resource,
but the only way to improve it is by using
it. Remember, you are the owner. It is built
for your technology community.
Third, good ideas don’t get accepted easily.
Establishing a new technology and gaining
support require strong champions. If you
have good ideas, you need to have confidence in yourself; you need to be passionate about them; and you need to sell your
ideas to your colleagues and your bosses.
You are the one who understands the concept and its benefits. Nobody but you can
sell it.
Remember, each of us is a vital part of the
decision chain. It is up to us to provide
good solution options, and perform the
trade studies that lead to good decisions.
We are all responsible for the decisions we
make in this company.
2005 ISSUE 1
13
Profile
Lila Engle joined Missile
Systems in 1999 after earning
her bachelor’s degree in
mathematics, physics and
astronomy at Northern
Arizona University. “I was
encouraged to be active in
my development, to pursue technical challenges
and accountability to business goals, and to put
forward the causes and achievements of every colleague,” she recalls.
Engle served her first two years at Missile Systems
in an informal rotation program where she often
supported a dozen or more programs at a time. “I
was hands-on everything. I worked with every
colleague I could. At any time, I was defining system requirements, writing proposals, implementing solutions, developing secured labs, completing purchase requests or tracking lost shipments.
Though some of that didn’t seem to fit my training,
I was exposed to big-picture and operational
details across Raytheon.” This rapid immersion in all
parts of the business exposed her to the principles
of technical performance and program leadership.
In 2001, Engle proposed an MS Multi-Spectral/
Multi-Sensor Scene Simulation (MS3) Resource
Group, chartered to support bid and proposal,
technology demonstration and contract performance across tactical and strategic defense technologies. She continues to lead the MS3 project
in developing core expertise and resources for
synthetic scenes characteristic of long/medium/
short-wave infrared (IR), uncooled IR, laser detection
and ranging, semi-active laser/radar, real beam, multi/
hyper-spectral, multimode and other sensor technologies, and for coordinated subsystem- and
system-level simulation activities throughout
simulation life cycles. The MS3 project has been
honored multiple times as the “most innovative”
and “most interesting” technology at Raytheon
Electro-optical Systems Technology symposia.
As a champion of One Company strategy, Engle
credits the team’s progress to the direct involvement of numerous stakeholders and subject matter experts across Raytheon businesses and customer and vendor organizations. “While the technical challenges of synthetic scenes are significant, the most important part of this work deals
with breaking down barriers, increasing communications across user groups, and building consensus for common solutions to diverse problems.”
14 2005 ISSUE 1
EO TEST SYSTEMS
Enabling the Enablers
The early days of electro-optical (EO) test
systems generated solutions to aid in the
assembly and acceptance testing of EO systems. Forward-looking infrared test systems
and rugged, depot-level test systems —
developed for air-to-air and strike weapons
— have yielded legacy standard platforms
still in use today. Precision fixturing, optical
interferometry and optical performance
testing (such as Modulation Transfer
SM-3 target simulator, Raytheon Missile Systems
Function and Noise Equivalent Irradiance)
continue to be key in ensuring the high
performance of today’s EO systems from
the visible through the infrared. Raytheon
Technical Services Company LLC in Long
Beach, Calif., and Raytheon Missile
Systems (MS), in Tucson, Ariz., currently
offer several standard platform test systems,
as well as custom solutions for EO systems.
Raytheon continues to develop and improve
EO test systems for engineering development and military depot-level testing,
including test systems for the TOW, F/A-18
and F-117 weapon systems.
Scene simulation continues to be an important enabler for EO weapon systems.
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations of
tanks and other targets have evolved into
space simulations of ballistic missile targets.
These HIL simulators enable the development and test of software aimpoint algorithms that are critical to terminal guidance,
navigation and control. These simulators
also play an important role in missile
defense programs by validating hardware
models and testing system performance.
Automatic TOW 2 Field Test Set (AT2FTS),
Raytheon Technical Services Company LLC
Precise radiometric discrimination has
emerged as a significant capability of missile defense programs, and the role that
test systems plays in the radiometric characterization of these EO systems is as a valuable enabler in the system’s ability to distinguish the reentry vehicle from countermeasures. Space and Airborne Systems and MS
currently use cutting-edge space and vacuum chambers to radiometrically characterize such systems as the Exo-atmospheric
Kill Vehicle, Space Tracking and Surveillance
System, Near Field Infrared Experiment
and Standard Missile 3. Maintaining
traceability to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology is critical in
this enabling technology.
So what’s next for EO test systems?
Emerging technologies include the development of high-fidelity ballistic missile
endgame simulations, which are important
to refining lethal aimpoint algorithms, as
well as boosting target simulation, which is
critical to newly emerging boost phase kill
vehicles. In addition, electro-optical built-intest and reduce the cost of test initiatives
are in place to enable overall cost reduction
early in the development cycle of weapons
systems. And finally, the EO test community
of practice is in its early stages of development to answer the question, “What do
technology information groups do the rest
of the year?” •
Jeff Wolske
jswolske@raytheon.com
Profile
Cryogenics: Keeping It Cool
Cryogenics is defined as the production
and use of very low temperatures (below
-200° F/144 K). Until the advent of
uncooled technology, all of our infrared
products required cryogenic cooling. Even
now, the most sensitive of these products
still require cryogenic cooling.
Cryogenics cuts across many of Raytheon’s
products, from small tactical missiles
(Javelin), air- and ship-defense missiles
(Stinger, AIM-9X, Standard Missile, Rolling
Airframe Missile), missile defense systems
(EKV, SM-3, STSS) and ground-based systems (ITAS, IBAS, LRAS). In each of these
products, cryogenic coolers are used to cool
an infrared focal plane and associated optical elements. Without cryogenic cooling,
each of these systems would fail to function.
For small, short-time-of-flight missiles, the
cryogenic system typically requires storage
for a long period (many years), quick
cooldown times (a few seconds) and operation for a short time (a couple of minutes).
For these applications, the Joule-Thomson (J-T)
cooler (see Figure 1) is an ideal solution. In
a J-T cooler, a quantity of compressed gas is
expanded to provide cooling for a short
period. The coolers are simple, consisting of
a supply line, a finned-tube heat exchanger, and a very-small-diameter expansion
tube. The RAM cooler shown below (in Xray) consists of two J-T stages cascaded
together to provide very fast cooldown in
Figure 1. Joule-Thomson (J-T) cooler
Figure 2. Two-stage hybrid cooler
a critical ship-defense application. The X-ray
emphasizes the relative simplicity of the
RAM cooler. Because of the small dimensions of the cooler parts, however, J-T coolers require careful assembly and exquisite
cleanliness.
For space-based applications (such as STSS),
the cooler must operate properly for many
years without failure or significant degradation. There are additional requirements for
low power draw and low vibration. In this
application, a resonant piston compressor
with flexure bearings is coupled with a
Stirling or Pulse Tube cooler to provide years
of consistent and stable performance. The
cooler shown in Figure 2 is a two-stage
hybrid with an upper (Stirling) stage and a
lower (Pulse Tube) stage. The lower stage has
no moving parts, ensuring a long lifetime.
David Rockwell has
always been fascinated with
light and optics. Since his
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology thesis on the
construction and use of a
narrow-band laser as a
probe of the properties of superfluid helium,
Rockwell received his doctorate degree and
established a career in laser research.
At the beginning of his career with the company
some 25 years ago, Rockwell was responsible
for building new laser system capabilities based
on Nd:YAG technology. His team was able to
convert the basic one µm wavelength to a range
of wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared
spectral range.
Based on this wavelength-conversion success, it
became critical to find ways to maintain beam
quality as laser power was scaled. “Our work
led to a sole-source contract with the Army in
the 1980s to build a phase-conjugate laser,
install it in a ground vehicle, and successfully
execute extended field trials,” Rockwell
explains. “Direct derivatives of our work performed 10 years ago were sustained and
improved by Raytheon to become principal elements of our successful bid on the ongoing Joint
High-Power Solid-State Laser (JHPSSL) program.
JHPSSL is the entry to the next-generation highenergy laser (HEL) business, and Raytheon
intends to be the leader.”
Figure 3. AIM-9X missile cooler
The requirements for
the AIM-9X missile cooler lie somewhere between tactical missile requirements and the missile defense or spacebased needs. The cooler (see Figure 3) must
survive years of storage, yet provide many
hours of reliable cooling under a wide
range of environmental conditions once the
missile is loaded on an airplane (since the
system may be powered but not always
launched). The cooler must be efficient,
small, lightweight, reliable and inexpensive.
The AIM-9X cooler meets these needs,
combining a resonant piston compressor
and a small Stirling cooler. The entire package fits gracefully within the envelope of
the missile and provides thousands of hours
of quiet, efficient cooling. •
Myron Calkins
myroncalkinsjr@raytheon.com
After a brief stint in the optical communications
industry, Rockwell was attracted back to
Raytheon by a new initiative to scale solid-state
lasers using Yb:YAG crystals to yield more power
than was contemplated in the early 1990s.
“The type of crystals used is not, by itself, what
sets Raytheon apart from its competitors. The
unique element of the Raytheon HEL program is
the technique we have developed to ensure that
the beam divergence of our high-power lasers is
maintained near the fundamental lower limits,
rather than increasing beyond the point where
the lasers cease to be useful.”
Now, as an Integrated Product Team leader on
JHPSSL, Rockwell says, “We have an exciting
opportunity to build a laser system that was
considered impossible not long ago.”
2005 ISSUE 1
15
ARCHITECTURE & SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
on Technology
consistency in interfaces and information
exchanges, and ensuring conformity to
customer policies, RAs and reference
models (RMs);
Reference
Architectures
for Information-Intensive
Net-Centric Systems
A
rchitecture has typically not been an
emphasis for Raytheon business in the past.
However, to become a Mission Systems
Integrator, architecture is necessary to integrate all system components. The corporate
Architecture Review Board (ARB) has been
tasked to come up with a reference architecture so we have a common understanding of the respective architectures that are
being developed.
Axis of Performance
• Shared system
attributes
• Categories may
include embedded
real-time, networked decision
support, etc.
• establish a consistent, state-of-the-practice architecture approach across multiple
programs and problem domains;
Transformation from Abstraction
to Physical
• Architecture-centric, model-based,
object-oriented system
engineering
• Tools and methodologies – REAP,
reference models, frameworks
System
Subsystem
Functional
Area (SubSubsystem)
Axis of Abstraction
• Zachman matrix
• M&S/executable architecture levels
Module
Component
• support customer dialogue to refine
requirements, communicate Raytheon
capabilities, and establish the foundation
for proposals and program plans; and
solution by adding and selecting detail pertaining to that mission. An RA can be
thought of as analogous to a class; a particular mission solution architecture can then
be viewed as an object instantiated from
that class. The benefits RAs offers are
that they:
Enterprise
Axis of Instantiation
• Organizational hierarchy
• Modular open system
approach
• Customer policies,
reference architectures
(NR KPP, NCOW RM,
NCES, etc.)
• facilitate the application of REAP;
Enterprise
Logical/
Functional
Process/
Workflow
Operational
Figure 1. Our architecture taxonomy categorizes architecture in three dimensions.
The ARB working group is coordinating the
development of an initial set of reference
architectures (RAs) as an element of a corporate architecture methodology governed
by the Raytheon Enterprise Architecture
Process (REAP). An RA is an abstraction
of a class of architectures with common
characteristics and quality attributes. It is
instantiated to address a particular mission
16
2005 ISSUE 1
• establish an advanced point of departure
that reduces risk, cost and schedule in
implementing specific mission solutions;
• embed best practices and lessons learned
in the architectural foundation of a system or enterprise;
• provide a framework for maximizing the
reuse of existing components, ensuring
• serve as a foundation for coherent product line development.
These RAs are instantiated through an
object-oriented system engineering (OOSE)
methodology to create mission solutions to
meet specific customer needs. An RA is
used in activities 3 and 4 of REAP (business
architecting and technical architecting) and
is therefore organized into a business reference model and technical reference model.
These, in turn, form the basis for the operational and logical views of an architecture.
The GIG Integrated Architecture, the
NCOW RM and the principles of service-oriented architecture as embodied in GIG NetCentric Enterprise Services, are also taken
into account, and the methodology generates the products of the DoD Architecture
Framework. This approach provides an
advanced point of departure in implementing a system or enterprise, and thereby
reduces risk, cost and schedule. It incorporates best practices of the Information
Technology community, promotes the use
of REAP, addresses customer needs in the
warfighter’s domain and promises significant advantages to a wide range of programs across the company. State-of-thepractice architecture methodology gives
Raytheon a significant advantage over
competing strategies that are rooted
in older architecture and system engineering paradigms.
An important aspect of the RA strategy is
the taxonomy summarized in Figure 1. The
axes represent three basic dimensions of
architecture and allow any given mission
solution or architecture issue to be consistently and unambiguously placed in an
overall context. We are developing an initial
set of RAs at the top (enterprise) level for
two basic system categories: embedded
Y E S T E R D AY … T O D AY … T O M O R R O W
Raytheon Diamond Wafer
Survives Drop Test
from Space
T
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
he mission of the NASA Genesis
program is to determine the elemental and
isotopic composition of the sun by collecting material in the solar wind. More than
99% of the mass of our solar system is
contained in the sun, so the results from
this mission will provide important information about the origin of our solar system.
One of the solar collector materials (see
Figure 1) provided by Raytheon Company is
made of diamond, containing only the rare
13 isotope of carbon. This type of diamond
does not exist in nature, but results in an
approximately 50:1 improvement in sensitivity to certain ions compared to natural diamond. Fabrication of the diamond components was a significant challenge for
Raytheon, but the product was delivered on
time and under budget, thanks to a dedicated group effort.
contamination that we will have to deal with,
but so far, so good.”
objective. “We had extremely high machining tolerances, surface polish and purity
requirements, all of which were met,” said
Dr. Burnett.
On August 8, 2001, the Genesis spacecraft
was launched aboard a Delta 7326 rocket
from Cape Canaveral, Fla. On the morning
of November 16, 2001, the spacecraft
entered orbit at a location described as the
first Lagrangian point (L1), nearly one million miles from earth in the direction of the
sun. At this location, the gravitational forces
of the sun and earth are equal, and the
spacecraft remained in that orbit approximately three years, bathing in the solar
wind. During this period, particles of the
solar wind implanted themselves into the
ultra-pure materials of the solar collectors.
The sample capsule returned to earth this
past summer and, due to a failed parachute
CVD diamond is grown by the scientists of
materials engineering at Raytheon’s
Integrated Air Defense Center in Andover,
Mass. Materials engineering has the capability to grow diamond wafers and films of
up to five inches in diameter, with thicknesses of up to one tenth of an inch.
Diamond is the hardest and most thermally
conductive material, with a thermal conductivity of over four times that of copper
(2,000 W/mK). It is the combination of
these extraordinary physical properties that
make it one of several materials that will
continue to provide operating and performance success for many of Raytheon’s key
programs and missions, such as the Genesis
collector. These events serve to showcase
the importance of materials engineering in
meeting or exceeding customer expectations. •
Rob Hallock
robert_b_hallock@rrfc.raytheon.com
Photo: NASA
Figure 2. A planned mid-air helicopter retrieval goes
bad due to a failed parachute deployment.
Photo: NASA
Photo: NASA
Figure 1. The diamond component was in the solar collector in the center of the Genesis spacecraft.
Dr. Don Burnett, the principal investigator
from the California Institute of Technology,
was pleased with Raytheon’s efforts, especially considering that fabrication of the
13C diamond components had not been
demonstrated previously. The Raytheon
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond
films addressed the highest priority science
18
2005 ISSUE 1
Figure 3. A Genesis sample canister is imbedded in
the desert floor after a 193-mile-per-hour impact.
deployment (see Figure 2), the landing was
rough and resulted in the capsule impacting
the desert floor at 311 kilometers per hour
(193 miles per hour) (see Figure 3).
Dr. Burnett noted, “The CVD diamond
came through intact, still in its target
holder. There will be some surface
Ralph Korenstein (ralph_korenstein@raytheon.com);
Erik Nordhausen (erik_f_nordhausen@raytheon.com);
and Tony Rafanelli (anthony_j_rafanelli@raytheon.com)
contributed to this article.
Y E S T E R D AY … T O D AY … T O M O R R O W
RF Technology in the Field
and at Home:
AESAs are
helping to protect soldiers
and opening doors
to new business
processing/real-time nodes and networked
decision support (soft or non-real-time)
nodes. Examples of these are, respectively,
a networked constellation of sensors,
weapons and command and control (C2)
nodes; a control system for a radar or missile; and an individual C2 system, such as
an operations center.
Our approach to RAs is based in the theory
of pattern-based design and embraces general solutions for operational artifacts, such
as use cases, and logical artifacts, such as
class collaborations in functional domains,
documented in unified modeling language
models and supported by executable models built in a variety of tools. We are constructing an online repository that will contain the RA artifacts, example applications,
rules for instantiating RAs and guidance.
We are also defining the governance mechanisms that are essential both to maintaining the RAs and to promoting consistent
use across Raytheon programs. Figure 2 is a
high-level flow diagram summarizing how
an RA is used in the OOSE methodology to
respond to a particular customer need.
These initial RAs will be refined and
expanded over time and will be tailored
with additional detail for use in particular
mission areas and product lines.
For more information, please feel free to
contact either the authors or a member of
the Architecture Review Board. (Please contact Kenneth Kung at kkung@raytheon.com
if you don’t know the board members in
your region). •
Mike Borky, David Kwak
michael_borky@raytheon.com
david.kwak@raytheon.com
A
ctively scanned arrays have historically
been the domain of high-performance
applications where cost was not an issue.
Occasionally, active electronically scanned
arrays (AESA) would replace dishes or
mechanically scanned electronically steered
arrays (ESA) where the increased performance was necessary (e.g., a high-performance fighter aircraft, missile defense, etc.).
The increasing importance and actual
achievement of low-cost, high-performance
radio frequency (RF) electronics is opening
opportunities to win new business — opportunities never before thought possible.
Successes on programs where low cost was
necessary to penetrate new business areas
— such as Low-Cost ESA for Missile
Systems (<$50 thousand for active, approx.
1,000 element missile front end) and
awards for applying this technology to programs such as the Army’s Future Combat
Systems MFRFS AESA (low-cost active
protection, radar and communications),
are winning the customers’ approval and
improving the success rate for Raytheon
technology to be used in more nextgeneration systems.
vehicles where space and money were
barriers before.
These low-cost technologies are the stepping stones to next-generation netted systems. They will allow for disposable nodes
(sensors, chemical and RF), handheld sensors (“see-through-the-wall” radar, communications, detectors) and the increased proliferation of portable or vehicular active
electronics. They will also benefit current
applications, such as mobile communications, active protection for troops and vehicles, and other areas that will benefit
tomorrow’s warfighters.
With persistent, all-weather, unmanned/
remote information assurance for situational
awareness, we are starting to see these
applications benefit urban warfare situations, which will make safer battle environments and lower collateral damage in
Homeland Security engagements. •
Scott Heston
s-heston@raytheon.com
These new architectures and technologies,
along with improved manufacturing tolerances similar to the aforementioned
examples, will allow AESAs to take over
businesses thought to be the domain of
dishes, X-band thru W-band. With the
increased functionality and the low cost of
these moduleless approaches, actively
scanned antennas are making their way
into missiles, protecting soldiers and onto
Y E S T E R D AY … T O D AY … T O M O R R O W
2005 ISSUE 1
17
RF SYSTEMS
Figure 2. An RA is instantiated through OOSE to
meet specific customer needs.
D E S I G N F O R S I X S I G M A - LESSONS LEARNED:
EMBEDDING DFSS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION’S CULTURE
This analysis is an excerpt from the book:
The Six Sigma Path to Leadership:
Observations from the Trenches, published
by Quality Press (Milwaukee: 2004), and
brings together research on the lessons
learned and challenges faced by several
major market leaders, such as GE, Delphi
Automotive, Pratt and Whitney, Allied
Signal and others, along with consultants
such as The Pendleton Group. The focus is
on their efforts to implement Design for Six
Sigma (DFSS) and embed it throughout the
entire corporate culture of a company with
ramifications far beyond the original limitations of Six Sigma/DFSS.
What is Design for Six Sigma?
According to one firm it is the change in
the product design organization from a
deterministic to a probabilistic culture. On
the other hand, probabilistic refers to a
change in the approach to product design
that incorporates statistical analysis of failure modes, both product and process, to
incorporate design changes that modify and
eliminate design features with a statistical
probability of failure within a predefined
range of operating environments and conditions. It reflects the change from a “factorof-safety” mentality to a quantitative
assessment of design risk. For this same
firm there are three elements of design that
are most critical to this effort:
• Design for Producibility (design for
manufacturing and assembly)
• Design for Reliability
• Design for Performance (technical
requirements)
• Design for Maintainability
When we examine the notion of a culture
change it is evident that we are not discussing a short-term process or rapid realization of remarkable results. Changing and
molding a company culture is a long-range,
visionary, top-management committed, evolutionary and revolutionary journey.
Most of the firms interviewed indicated that
DFSS is only in use in selected design
20 2005 ISSUE 1
groups. There are several notable exceptions
to this and those are the firms that report
the most substantial success from their
organization-wide adoption and utilization
on every project. It would appear from this
data that there is a critical level of utilization/application at which time the additive
effects become multiplicative.
• Core concepts were driven across the
entire company:
Leadership’s direct involvement in one
aerospace firm, which appears to be far
along in achieving true DFSS integration
and adoption across the entire organization,
encompassed the following:
The summary to follow may seem cryptic.
• Master Black Belts and Black Belts were
selected from only the very best people
within the organization.
• During the first year, all leadership teams
met weekly to discuss, review and adjust
the strategy and implementation of DFSS.
• The senior leadership conducted off-sites
quarterly to review, discuss and adjust the
strategy to accelerate results.
– Critical to Quality (CTQ) – what is a
defect and what is variation
– Processes used to make products
– Process capability
– DFSS (a process not a chart to report)
For a more complete explanation of each
lesson learned refer to The Six Sigma Path
to Leadership: Observations from the
Trenches.
The lessons learned are grouped into four
categories:
• DFSS: A Growth Strategy
• DFSS: A Way to Serve Customers
• DFSS: Product/Process Fusion
• The DFSS Engineering Organization
• Senior leadership reviewed all Black Belt
projects at all phases and publicly rewarded the results of these projects.
DFSS: A Growth Strategy
• Vice presidents of engineering personally
reviewed each DFSS Black Belt project
during the first year.
1. Achieving world-class performance
through whatever set of tools takes preparation and foundational change efforts
leading to capability.
• All Master Black Belts and Black Belts
were established as fulltime in their Six
Sigma positions; funding and resource
necessary to support annual Six Sigma
activity were planned, budgeted and
scheduled at the beginning of the year.
• Training was owned and provided locally.
This permitted site personnel to conduct
the training and use local examples in the
training exercises and projects conducted.
• Everyone who contributed to the
success of the efforts received
significant rewards both as members of
teams and individually.
• Raytheon Six SigmaTM was viewed and
openly discussed as a leadership development program, thus becoming a desired
career development path.
• Business practices and results were measured and compared to find opportunities
for immediate impact.
Design for Six Sigma is the result of an
evolution, not a singular event.
Invest and reward during paper and
electrons rather than tooling.
2. DFSS is an investment that grows into
program profits in direct proportion to the
size of the initial investment. The more the
initial investment to eliminate design issues
the greater the life cycle profits that will
be realized.
Leadership commitment and alignment
of rewards are essential.
3. A structured compensation system that
substantially rewards leadership cooperation
and co-ownership for successfully implementing cross-functional DFSS projects significantly improves the bottom line.
Direct involvement of leadership is the
only force that will establish the
momentum to embed DFSS into the
organization for the long term.
Continued on next page
10. Factory Six Sigma activity to reduce variability is a losing process if the new designs
introduced cause new variability.
Metrics must be publicly displayed in
every area.
11. Metrics must tell the story of the organization’s performance and they must be discussed regularly among the staff in each area.
Design and production must be balanced.
4. Leaders, especially middle managers,
need to be selected, prepared and trained
much earlier in the process to achieve
desired levels of commitment.
DFSS : A Way to Serve Customers
Customers should be involved from the
beginning and an integral part of all
activity throughout the product life cycle.
5. Continual customer feedback and ideas
are essential to achieve a partnership with
the customer.
DFSS should be managed like any other
project or program with plans, budgets
and schedules established in advance.
6. DFSS should be regarded as a part of
doing business and as such represents part
of reinvesting a portion of the profits back
in to the business to produce greater profits
in the long run.
Product development is an enterprise
activity.
7. DFSS must be inclusive and make a conscious effort to become embedded in the fabric of the entire organization. Everyone must
understand how it works and why it benefits
the customer, the business and themselves.
DFSS Product/Process Fusion
Drive design and process together.
8. Drive product and process compatibility
across the entire value chain and the product life cycle.
Partner with major suppliers during the
design process.
9. The value chain of your customer
includes everything that is incorporated in
the final product. Substantial elements often
come from suppliers and subcontractors. If
they are not integrated into the DFSS activity, then the final product is sub-optimized.
Design for Six Sigma reduces variability
introduction to the factory floor.
12. DFSS can have applicability in diverse
industries, including some nontraditional
industries like pharmaceuticals, if the design
and the production application are integrated and balanced.
The DFSS Engineering
Organization
Design team demographics slow change
and evolution.
13. Design organizations are struggling with
the loss of domain knowledge and lack of experience and skills among the teams themselves.
Managing a Six Sigma Enterprise
requires a change of philosophy and
conventional wisdom.
14. Enlarging the responsibility of design
engineering to follow the product from
start to finish creates ownership that
changes the approach to product design. It
accelerates the incorporation of lessons
learned outside the design studio.
The culture change requires a change in
the engineering hierarchy and composition of design teams.
15. The trend toward engineering efficiency
(matriced organizations that assign engineers from pools to cover assignments) has
made engineers a commodity at just the
point in time when the loss of domain
knowledge has made the need for longevity
in an organization essential.
Challenges to Successful
Implementation
1. Probabilistic design is not generally part
of the engineering curriculum or understood by regulatory bodies. The tools and
methods are not part of the standard package of new design engineers.
2. Implementation continues to be uneven.
Some companies have been much more
successful than others. Even within companies, some areas are further along.
3. Does everything have to be Six Sigma?
The answer is no.
4. Discipline. In nearly every engineering
organization the need is to respect datadriven decisions and to suspend opinions in
the face of facts. This drives to more discipline
in setting and flowing down requirements.
5. The Phased Implementation Approach. The
deployment of the methodology and the
training to establish it is a concurrent effort
that takes three to four years to complete.
6. Reliability. One firm discussed the difficulty
in obtaining valid data from the field. An
approach they instituted is to obtain direct
customer feedback through web-based scorecards that the customer is able to customize
and report data on. Thus, the field metrics are
those that are important to the customer. •
Dr. David H. Treichler
david_h_treichler@raytheon.com
The Six Sigma Path to Leadership:
Observations from the Trenches,
by Dr. David H. Treichler with
Ronald D. Carmichael (Quality Press:
Milwaukee 2004)
Many organizations have seen dramatic improvements by implementing a Six Sigma system, such
as better efficiency, reduced errors and increased
profits. But for the individuals charged with implementing this system, it can be a long and arduous
journey. This book serves as a support guide for
these individuals who may get lost or frustrated
on their journey toward Six Sigma improvement.
The authors have extensive field experience in
applying Six Sigma across a wide variety of value
chains, not only internally to the company, but
also externally with customers and suppliers in a
global context. They have also applied the tools
and methodologies from strategic planning and
business growth to fixing design, manufacturing
and fielded system maintenance and operations.
They have assembled a collection of stories showing how they and others handled Six Sigma
implementation with many how-to (and how-notto) examples. Each chapter recounts lessons
learned from hundreds of nontraditional applications and specific Six Sigma projects.
The Six Sigma Path to Leadership is written for
anyone from senior management to the curious
novice, with the intent to inspire and motivate
him/her to lead and teach others in the organization. The stories shared will spark the reader’s
imaginations and help them get the most out of
their own Six Sigma efforts.
2005 ISSUE 1
21
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Raytheon builds customer relationships
through joint focus on process improvement
CMMI® is about process excellence, and
Alice Parry became one
of only 350 authorized CMMI
lead appraisers in the world
and one of only four Raytheon
appraisers in August 2004. By
completing the requirements
to be authorized by the
Carnegie Mellon Software
Engineering Institute, she
joins fellow Raytheon employees Kent McClurg,
Jane Moon and Michael Campo in this significant
achievement. The path to this goal included
80 hours of training and participation in required
activities over the last 18 months, culminating in
a rigorous two-week observation.
Leading the Network Centric Systems (NCS)
common process architecture team, Parry contributed to developing a cross-site, cross-discipline process architecture. This architecture
defines the requirements and procedures that
will enable NCS North Texas, Fullerton and
Northeast participants to reach CMMI Level 5 in
2005 for systems, hardware and software engineering, which is critical to Mission Assurance.
Raytheon is committed to CMMI. That commitment was evident in the award-winning
papers presented at the 2004
Fourth
Annual National Defense
Industrial Association’s
(NDIA) CMMI Technology
Conference.
More than 400 users, adopters and developers of capability maturity models and
those involved in appraisal methods —
representing defense, aerospace and
commercial companies, the Department of
Defense (DoD), CMMI transition partners,
government agencies and companies specializing in engineering development tools
and processes — attended the four-day
event in Denver, Colo.
ence focused on CMMI implementation
strategies, return on investment and benefits, and transitioning from SW-CMM to
CMMI, while providing a forum for the free
exchange of ideas, lessons learned and
implementation and appraisal methodologies with the sponsors, developers and
stewards of CMMI. In the words of Gary
Wolf, Raytheon CMMI training lead, “This
is the place to be if you want to know
something about where CMMI is in the
industry and where the industry is going,
and even where some of our customers are
going with CMMI.”
Bob Rassa (see page 23), director of system
supportability at Raytheon and chair of the
systems engineering division of NDIA, provided the opening remarks for the conference, addressing the future of CMMI. He
commented that these events provide a
great opportunity for “bringing the suppliers
and customers together, bringing the
government and DoD industry together,
In 2003, providing leadership and guidance for
process development and deployment at NCS
North Texas, Parry participated on the appraisal
team that resulted in an impressive successful
CMMI Level 5 rating for software engineering
in September and CMMI Level 3 for systems
engineering in December.
With the help of her NCS North Texas team, she
developed a behavior change management
workshop, which helps Raytheon businesses
identify execution gaps in performance and
generates corrective action plans. The workshop
has been conducted in four Raytheon businesses
with positive results.
With Parry’s 25 years of technical engineering
and process improvement experience at Texas
Instruments and Raytheon, she has participated in
11 CMMI appraisals across Raytheon’s businesses.
As a member of the CMMI expert team, Parry
provides technical consulting and training on
documenting and deploying CMMI-compliant
processes throughout the Raytheon businesses.
For more information about Raytheon’s CMMI
activities and the CMMI expert team, please
visit http://cmmi.ray.com/cmmi.
22 2005 ISSUE 1
The CMMI Technology Conference brings
together managers and professionals
involved in systems engineering, program
management, software development,
process improvement, Six Sigma and related activities to advance state-of-the-art
process improvement and achieve a higher
state of maturity in engineering development
in order to reduce cost, schedule and risk, as
well as improve overall quality. The confer-
bringing together the practitioners of CMMI
so they can learn what everyone else is
doing — the synergism makes it better for
everybody because everyone learns from
everyone else.”
Keynote addresses were given by Major
General Paul Nielsen, USAF (retired), director of the Software Engineering Institute,
and by John Grimm, vice president of
® CMMI is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office by Carnegie Mellon University.
Overall Paper” by Donna Freed on
Raytheon ROI and Benefits for Achieving
CMMI Level 5. Freed also won “Best Paper”
for another presentation, as did fellow
employees Tom Lienhard, Timothy Davis
and Melissa Olson. For a complete list of
papers and tutorials presented at this year’s
event, go to http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004
cmmi/2004cmmi.html.
Engineering for Raytheon’s Intelligence and
Information Systems business. Major Nielsen
particularly enjoyed this year’s conference.
“As a newcomer to this community, I find
the level of energy really exciting. I think
this [conference] helps show the common
problems across the industry base, [and]
enables a company like Raytheon to understand the issues that other companies have
and how they may have solved them. No
one company has all the answers and good
companies understand that.” Grimm spoke
on the role of CMMI in Mission Assurance.
“We need to get out and talk to our customers to see what the requirements are in
each of the businesses and not just automatically jump over the horse. Mission
Assurance is associated with CMMI in that
it gives us a strong base. If we’re at maturity level 3 or 5 in CMMI, we’re getting very
close to having the kind of base we need to
have in Mission Assurance.” He also saw
the value in seeing people talk together
and discuss real issues. “The panel discussions are a catalyst to get ideas to the forefront of everybody’s minds. These kinds of
gatherings make people really start to
exchange ideas and solve real problems.”
More than 30 Raytheon employees from
across the company attended the conference, including 12 CMMI experts who presented more than 15 papers and tutorials.
Raytheon was well represented by earning
four “Best Paper” awards, including “Best
John Evers, Raytheon Engineering Common
Program, CMMI and Integrated Product
Development System project manager,
summed up his thoughts about the conference and on Mission Assurance by saying,
“The most valuable thing is seeing where
other companies are, including our competitors, [and] seeing where we’re at as a
company. We had a lot of presentations
here which is great. We got the word out
on what we’ve been doing, but we also
know we have more to do. We’ve got a lot
of sites at CMMI Level 3, but that’s just part
of it. We really want to get to where this is
part of what we’re doing, continuously
improving our processes: how we use them
and how we execute them on projects. One
of the key things in Mission Assurance is
that it’s strongly related to CMMI. By
improving how we stand against CMMI as
an appraisal model, we get better in executing our job and delivering products and
services that our customers need.”
The CMMI project is a cooperative effort
of the DoD, industry and the Software
Engineering Institute to develop an integrated Capability Maturity Model that
encompasses systems engineering, software
engineering, integrated product and
process development and supplier sourcing.
Its purpose is to provide for improvements
in cost, schedule and overall quality of programs in engineering development and production by causing integration of the various engineering and related disciplines.
For more information about CMMI at
Raytheon, visit http://cmmi.ray.com/cmmi.•
Bob Rassa is a
director of system
supportability for
Raytheon Space and
Airborne Systems in El
Segundo, Calif. During
the past 10 years he
has focused on working
with customers to make Raytheon products
easier to support through systems engineering.
Rassa founded and chaired the National
Defense Industrial Association’s (NDIA) systems
engineering (SE) division, partnering with Mark
Schaeffer from the Department of Defense (DoD),
who had recently established a new systems
engineering department within the office of the
Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition
Technology & Logistics.
This defense-industry partnership led to the
integration of significant capability maturity
models — specifically SW-CMM and SECM —
with IPD-CMM, which eventually became
known as Capability Maturity Model
Integration or CMMI, an idea borne from
napkin doodlings among Schaeffer, Dr. Art
Pyster (then with the Software Productivity
Consortium) and Roger Bate of the Software
Engineering Institute. With Rassa’s validation,
NDIA became the industry sponsor of CMMI,
with Schaeffer as the DoD counterpart.
“What CMMI promised, it has been delivering:
substantial adoption within the commercial
and defense industries, and outstanding return
on investment being reported in terms of
improved cost performance index and schedule
performance index, reduced delivered defects
and quicker development time,” explains
Rassa. The group also wrote the CMMI
Acquisition Module (CMMI-AM) to improve
government program offices’ performance
and facilitate their engagement as industry
adopts CMMI.
Continued on page 29
2005 ISSUE 1
23
The Future State of IPDS
For several years now, Raytheon’s
Piali De is a senior principal
engineer in Integrated
Defense Systems’ (IDS)
Mission Innovation (MI)
Cross Business Team (CBT).
De is responsible for
developing innovative
approaches to integrating
missions and analyzing mission performance.
“I was thinking about my seven years in Raytheon,
how I had left academia to join the defense
industry so that I could use my technical skills to
make a difference to the folks who give us their
all.” At her first meeting with IDS President Dan
Smith at his holiday party last year, De introduced herself and said she wanted to make a
greater difference.
In 2004, De started working in MI with Lee Silvestre,
director of the MI CBT. “John Rannenberg, manager of growth and outreach for the MI CBT, gave
me the opportunity to work on a Fires Working
Group Cooperative Research and Development
Agreement with the Marine Corps, whose charter
is to help the Marines take a holistic look at their
fire missions.” The charter came from a commitment that Raytheon made a year and a half ago
to Marine Corps Commandant General Hagee.
“Working with the Marines added new meaning
to creating solutions that help the warfighter,”
says De. “I learned a lot about how the Marines
[execute] their missions, and I have developed
some pretty nifty technologies to help them.”
One of these technologies is the Raytheon Adaptive
Mission Profiler (RAMP), an intelligent system for
designing, developing, testing, profiling and optimizing missions. “RAMP allows real or simulated
mission components — sensors, command and
control systems, people, weapons, etc. — to
interact. RAMP observes the mission and analyzes
its performance, whether it will meet its goals or
create an undesirable situation,” she explains.
De has briefed RAMP to customers, warfighters
and flag officers. “This fuels my excitement,
and I am having a blast. I am applying all the
intelligent system technologies that I have
worked on for over a decade into RAMP. It is
fun to see it all come together in something
that makes a difference.”
24
2005 ISSUE 1
Integrated Product Development System (IPDS)
has been in existence and used across
Raytheon. Version 2.0 was released in 1999
and has undergone several revisions since
then. Together with Raytheon Six SigmaTM
and our CMMI®-based process improvement
activities, it provides Raytheon with the
knowledge base to plan and execute programs successfully, with the highest assurance that our products and services will
meet our customer’s mission needs.
These processes contain valuable information that is based on experiences and best
practices from across Raytheon, and from
various national and international standards
and models. Program teams can use the
information in IPDS to plan and execute
their activities; IPDS Deployment Experts (DEs)
are available to help projects use IPDS. DEs
know where information is located in IPDS,
and have the skills and experience to help
projects effectively apply that information.
They can help the project team develop the
appropriate project architecture. This project
architecture is analogous to the system
architecture, and defines how the project’s
resources will be organized and function
together to perform the tasks needed to
develop and provide the products and services to meet the customer’s need.
The truth is that this “as documented”
state isn’t always reflected in the “as executed” state; the knowledge in IPDS isn’t
always put into practice. Evaluations of
troubled projects indicate that many of
them would be in better shape if they had
applied the right processes at the right
time; these processes nearly always were
available in IPDS. So why were these
processes not used? Why does this situation
exist? Is there a problem with the information in IPDS? Are there problems in how we
apply and use IPDS within Raytheon?
IPDS contains so much potentially useful
information that it’s hard to find what you
are looking for. If you know which rock to
turn over, you can usually find the desired
information, but it can be hard to find the
right rock in the entire quarry that is IPDS.
In addition, even once something is located,
it can be difficult to determine what is really
relevant — everything in IPDS is essentially
presented as equal in importance. Feedback
from users — evaluation of website hits,
inputs to the IPDS Help Desk, surveys of
various user groups, direct e-mails — confirm that while IPDS contains a lot of good
information, users encounter difficulties in
turning it into knowledge and then putting
that knowledge into practice. Across the
company, there exists a relative handful of
DEs that can help programs and personnel
find and use the information in IPDS. As a
result, people are not getting everything
from IPDS that is possible, and we need to
improve this situation.
In the spring of 2004, an IPDS steering
committee was established with representation from all of Raytheon’s businesses and
many key functions. That group has established a new vision for IPDS, along with a
roadmap for improving IPDS by the end of
2005. We are moving forward with developing the architecture for this future IPDS.
It will consist of an integrated process (IPDP)
and a process asset library (PAL) containing
supporting process materials. The future
IPDP will be similar in many ways to IPDP
today, but noticeably streamlined in the
number of tasks and with task descriptors
focusing on the essential “whats.” The PAL
will contain the “how tos,” such as work
instructions, templates, checklists, etc. —
both Raytheon-wide and local business
enablers. The future IPDS will be consistent
with CMMI through Level 5, as well as
Raytheon’s Mission Assurance initiative.
Beyond improving the content of IPDS, a
key objective is also to ensure the new
architecture makes it easier for users to
find, understand and use applicable information in IPDS to plan and execute their
work. Improved web interfaces and program planning aids are a key element of
this future state for IPDS, a state where
wizard-like aids help guide the generation
of a program’s integrated master plan/integrated master schedule, where tailoring is
simplified, and the DE’s role is more about
helping program teams determine how to
best plan and organize their work and their
resources to enable success for Raytheon
and our customers. •
John Evers
john-evers@raytheon.com
Welcoming more than 300 participants to
the third annual Women’s Forum, held
November 16-18 at the Wyndham Anatole
hotel in Dallas, Texas., Chairman and CEO
Bill Swanson, a lauded Diversity champion
both in the company and in the industry,
emphasized, “We all need to be equally
committed to inclusiveness at Raytheon.”
In support of this goal, Greg Shelton, vice
president of Engineering, Technology,
Manufacturing and Quality, added, “We’ve
said many times that people are our greatest asset. Having a diverse workforce that
The message is clear:
we are all responsible for
our customers’ success.
The 2004 Mission Assurance & Quality
Forum welcomed almost 350 attendees to
the Embassy Suites-Outdoor World October
25-27 in Dallas,Texas. Representatives from
Quality, Operations, Engineering, Supply
Chain, IT and other Raytheon professionals,
suppliers and customers came together to
collaborate on Mission Assurance and
Performance Excellence initiatives.
The days were packed with information
regarding Mission Assurance and Quality,
steeped with messages of expecting the
best from ourselves and our suppliers in
order to deliver the best solutions to our
includes women in key roles provides a balance in our thinking about leadership.”
With the introduction of outgoing Diversity
champion Jim Schuster, chairman and CEO
of Raytheon Aircraft Company, Swanson
applauded Schuster’s dedication and commitment to encouraging women to succeed. Schuster then passed the torch to the
new Diversity champion, Louise Francesconi,
president of Missile Systems, who said, “It
makes it so exciting to be in this role for the
next couple of years — with a boss who
encourages Diversity so widely and so
broadly. You have my commitment, my
focus and my passion.”
Attendees enjoyed numerous speakers and
presentations, including a Myers-Briggs
exercise designed to help professionals discover behavioral attributes. Additional presenters spoke about the challenge of
becoming successful leaders, while various
customers. Informative sessions and papers
were presented in four tracks: Leading
Customer Satisfaction, Leading Supplier
Management, Leading Change with Metrics
and Leading Professional Development.
Keynote speakers Dale Crownover, president and CEO of Texas Nameplate
Company (Dallas); John Guaspari of
Guaspari Associates; and Daniel Hanson,
vice president of sales and operations,
Branch-Smith Printing Division (Fort Worth),
spoke about customer commitment and
staying focused on customers’ success.
Greg Shelton, vice president of Engineering,
Technology, Manufacturing and Quality,
breakout sessions and panel discussions
focused on building an inclusive organization, communicating effectively, and personal and professional development. A realtime survey explored group responses to
myriad issues leaders face in our industry.
The survey revealed that if given the chance
to work in the aerospace/defense industry
again, 70% of attendees would not choose
a more gender-balanced industry.
For the full story, descriptions of the breakouts, presentations and photos, visit http://
www.ray.com/feature/w_forum_2004. •
spoke about looking at the big picture
when it comes to our customers’ needs
and what a customer’s vision requires.
“Wouldn’t it be interesting if our customers
came to us for solutions which may not
even be for Raytheon products, but they’ve
recognized that Raytheon’s going to bring
to them the best solutions possible?”
For full details about the forum, visit
http://home.ray.com/feature/maqf_2004. All
track presentations and webcasts will also
be available online in the Technology
Process Library at http://home.ray.com/
rayeng/technetworks/tab5/tab5.htm. •
2005 ISSUE 1
25
Fall is a time of change. The air gets cooler,
the leaves change color, we get back into
our busy routines and we resume our quest
for knowledge. Raytheon’s fall technology
symposia provided a valuable forum for
sharing key emerging and developing technologies through informative presentations,
as well as the chance to exchange ideas
and share knowledge with peers.
The seventh annual
Processing Systems
Technology Network (PSTN)
symposium, held in late September
at the historic Manning House in Tucson,
Ariz., was a huge success. Over 300 people
attended the three-day event themed
“Processing – The Transformational
Technology.” The event featured eight
tracks with over 100 presentations. Several
keynote speakers, including engineering
and technology vice presidents, technical
area directors and business partners, shared
their ideas about the future of processing
technology and how Raytheon can be successful in a rapidly changing environment.
“Cognitive computing and model-driven
architecture are key technologies to
Raytheon’s success in this highly competitive
market,” said Mike Vahey, PSTN chairman.
Employees from throughout Raytheon’s
businesses and technical communities
attended sessions that ranged from processing and software architecture and
26
2005 ISSUE 1
signal processing to model-driven development and intelligent systems and cognitive
computing. One of the days concluded with
a banquet held beneath vintage aircraft at
the Pima Air and Space Museum, where
Colonel Tod Wolters, Wing Commander,
Laughlin Air Force Base, shared his experiences in Iraq over the past year.
One of the best parts of the symposium for
many attendees was the chance to network
and share knowledge with peers from
around the company. Bruce Kinney, PSTN
facilitator, said, “Through networking, I can
broaden my exposure to new ideas, as well
as collaborate with people doing similar
work and reduce duplication. Both of these
contribute to being a technology and customer focused company.”
The fourth annual
Mechanical and Materials
Technology Network (MMTN)
symposium was held at the
Renaissance Hotel in Richardson, Texas, on
October 19–21, 2004. This year’s event,
themed “Performance, Relationships and
Solutions,” focused on technical performance to build strong relationships with
internal and external customers and peers,
as well as to provide solutions to technical
and logistical challenges.
The symposium exceeded expectations with
nearly 300 in attendance who gained valuable knowledge from more than 175 presentations in three parallel tracks. Keynote
addresses were given by Lynn Dugle, vice
president of Network Centric Systems
Engineering; Janne Ackerman, director for
the Precision Strike and Airborne
Surveillance Engineering Center; and Peter
Pao, vice president of Corporate
Technology, who spoke on “Investing in
Raytheon's Technology.” Additionally, Tony
Rafanelli, MMTN technical area director,
spoke about devising strategies for the
technologies of materials and structures.
Attendees participated in a variety of sessions ranging from electronic packaging and
interconnects to composite structures and
adhesives over the course of three days.
Guests enjoyed a lunchtime address by
Jason Smith, a principal software engineer
who spent five months supporting the
Raytheon First Responder System in Iraq.
Smith discussed the experiences, challenges
and rewards of working directly with the
U.S. military as a civilian during the war
Lynne Dugle, vice president, NCS Engineering; Walter Caughey, MMTN chairman; Peter
Pao, vice president of Corporate Technology; Janne Ackerman, director of the Precision
Strike and Airborne Surveillance Engineering Center in SAS; and Jeff Schierer, mechanical
engineering department manager, PSAS, share ideas at the symposium.
effort. The evening banquet featured Jack
Bunning, director of marketing and development for The Sixth Floor Museum at
Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. Bunning
enlightened guests with facts about John F.
Kennedy’s assassination and highlighted the
significance and impact this event had on
our nation’s history.
The highlight of the symposium, for many,
was the chance to network with peers. “It
is such a wonderful experience to have
many different people from around the
company get together and share the technology work their doing. Too often we
work in silos; we don’t know what each
other is doing and we reinvent the wheel,”
said Ron Carsten, chief engineer at Missile
Systems in Tucson, Ariz. Nicki Girouard,
MMTN facilitator, commented, “This was a
major opportunity for engineers to network
and expand that network to suppliers, to
learn about what each other does, become
more intimate with the kinds of things we
need from each other and make our whole
job more meaningful.”
The fourth annual Engineering
Process Group (EPG) Workshop
was held November 4–5, 2004 at the Don
Cesar Beach Resort in St. Petersburg, Fla.,
and was themed “Catch the Wave.” This
year’s workshop began with a warm welcome by Conference Chair Brenda Terry
from the NCS-McKinney Program Resource
Center. Terry introduced John Evers, the
Raytheon Engineering Common Program
IPDS and CMMI program manager, who
began the workshop with a keynote address
about “Evolving to the Future State of IPDS.”
Sixty-six employees enjoyed the two-day
workshop, co-chaired by Susan Bellucci,
senior technical support engineer at NCSSt. Pete. The workshop was divided into
two tracks packed with presentations, open
discussions, knowledge sharing and networking in all areas relative to process
improvement. It also provided the opportunity for Raytheon employees to renew contacts and establish new relationships with
people actively engaged in process improvement across Raytheon.
This year, not only did attendees “catch
the wave” on process improvement, but
they also caught some real waves at the
beach — and lots of sunshine. Continuing
with the Floridian theme, there was a tropical reception held in the evening with a few
rounds of “Flamingo Bingo.”
The PSTN and MMTN presentations and
webcasts are now available online in the
Technology Process Library at http://home.
ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/tab5/tab5.htm.
You can view the EPG agenda or contact
Susan Bellucci at
susan_r_bellucci@raytheon.com for more
details about the EPG workshop. •
2005 ISSUE 1
27
First Joint Council Meeting
a Success!
More than 100 business functional leaders from nine functional councils participated in the first annual joint council meeting,
October 19-21, 2004, in Tucson, Ariz.
During the two-day meeting, Raytheon
leaders focused on Mission Assurance and
enterprise systems integration — two areas
that are supported by the functions and are
critical to business growth.
Greg Shelton, vice president of Engineering,
Technology, Manufacturing and Quality, and
Rebecca Rhoads, chief information officer
and vice president of Information
Technology, co-sponsored the event.
Representatives from Integrated Business
Development, Contracts, Engineering and
Technology, Information Technology,
Operations, Program Leadership, Quality,
Raytheon Six SigmaTM and Technology
Leadership Councils participated in the event.
PEOPLE:
Raytheon’s council structure — which consists of leaders from each business, as well
as corporate staff — is a well-established
best practice developed to ensure knowledge sharing, best practices and solid business decisions for the enterprise. The joint
council meeting provided the opportunity
for the councils to learn what each council
is doing, as well as identify areas for collaboration and teaming.
“Engineering and IT held a joint meeting in
January 2004 and identified four key areas
where we could team to ensure success,”
said Rhoads. “We formed teams and
worked together to provide the best solutions over the past year. This meeting
brought all the functional councils together
to share successes, as well as identify areas
for improvement. We focused on two critical areas, Mission Assurance and Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP), and developed
action plans to ensure success.”
Y
that “people are our greatest
asset at Raytheon.” In an ongoing
effort to recognize outstanding achievements, we offer this new “People” column to highlight significant external technical and leadership accomplishments,
such as appointments to technical and/or
industry societies (e.g., IEEE, NDIA),
awards for technical achievements or
Wes Calhoun (St. Petersburg, Fla.) has
accepted the position of symposium cochair, and Dave Cleotelis (St.
Petersburg, Fla.) has accepted the position
of symposium technical program chair, for
the 16th International Symposium sponsored by the International Council on
Systems Engineering. For additional information about the symposium, contact
Calhoun at 727.302.7876 or visit
http://www.incose.org/index.aspx.
medals. These high honors deserve recognition, exposure and visibility in our
Raytheon community.
If you would like to submit an announcement, please send your information to
mardi_scalise@raytheon.com.
2005 ISSUE 1
Interactive breakout sessions were led by
Raytheon Six Sigma facilitators and focused
on teaming and defined actions
to move forward on Mission Assurance
process, communications and training, and
metrics. The councils will continue to work
together to engage the businesses and help
provide One Company solutions.
Kate Shaw, director of business intelligence
and systems integration, led the ERP panel,
which included presentations on PRISM,
APEX, Product Data Management, oneRTN,
ICMS, HRMS and Import/Export.
“The meeting was a great learning
experience — we identified ways to team
and move forward on several key issues,”
stated Shelton. “We learned what the
businesses are doing with Mission
Assurance and identified key areas where
the functions can work together to
improve execution.” •
Raytheon’s Greatest Asset
ou’ve heard it said many times
28
Greg Shelton welcomed all the attendees
and provided an overview of Mission
Assurance. He then moderated the panel at
which each business presented their respective Mission Assurance results to date, as
well as their forward plan.
This past spring, Johann (Hans) G.
Demmel, Missile Systems senior manager, systems engineering and Raytheon Six
SigmaTM Expert, was recognized as a
Fellow of the Institute of Industrial
Engineers (IIE), the highest classification of
membership in IIE. The award recognizes
outstanding leaders of the profession
that have made significant, nationally
recognized contributions to industrial
engineering.
James Schuster, Raytheon Aircraft
Company chairman and CEO, has been
elected to serve as 2005 chairman of the
board of directors of the General Aviation
Manufacturers Association (GAMA).
Schuster previously served as GAMA’s
vice chairman and chairman of GAMA’s
security issues committee. Schuster will
work closely with other industry members
who represent manufacturers of general
aviation aircraft, engines, avionics and
related equipment. For more information,
visit GAMA’s website at
http://www.gama.aero/home.php.
International Patents Issued to Raytheon
Congratulations to Raytheon technologists
from all over the world. We would like to
FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY
WILLIAM M. POZZO
1175669 Systems and methods for passive pressure
compensation and for acoustic transducers
acknowledge international patents issued
FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY/
NETHERLANDS
from July through December 2004. These
ROBERT B. CHIPPER
970400 Refractive/diffractive infrared imager and optics
inventors are responsible for keeping the
SPENCER W. WHITE
849941 Scene-based nonuniformity correction processor
incorporating motion triggering
company on the cutting edge, and we
salute their innovation and contributions.
Titles are those on the U.S. patents; actual titles on foreign
counterparts are sometimes modified and not recorded.
While we strive to list current international patents, many
foreign patents issue much later than the corresponding
U.S. patents and may not be reflected yet.
AUSTRALIA
ROBERT M. GILLIES
2002214642 New maintenance tolling camera housing (camera system)
AUSTRALIA/FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN
JAMES G. SMALL
2002249873 Pseudo-randomized infrared blurring array
AUSTRALIA/SINGAPORE
JOSEPH E. TEPERA
772423 Ramming brake for gun-launched projectiles
JAMES A. HENDERSON
15682/01 Mid-body obturator for a gun-launched
projectile
CANADA/FRANCE/GERMANY
CHUNGTE W. CHEN
2353465 Ultra-wide field of view concentric sensor
system
CANADA/FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/
ITALY/SPAIN
TIMOTHY D. KEESEY
2362965 Vertical interconnect between coaxial and
rectangular coaxial transmission line via compressible
center conductors
FRANCE
SHAUN L. CHAMPION
9713559 Adaptive feedforward vibration control system
and method
FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN
ROBERT D. STULTZ
1054487 Integrated lightweight optical bench for
miniaturized laser transmitter using same
DONALD R. VANRHEEDEN
820040 Passive range estimation using image size
measurements
CHUNGTE W. CHEN
1145065 Ultra-wide field of view concentric scanning
sensor system
JOHN S. ANDERSON
1208405 Broadband optical beam steering system and
method
MILES E. GOFF
1020989 Temperature compensated amplifier and
operating method
RAUL MENDOZA
1138093 High voltage power supply using thin metal film
batteries
TIMOTHY D. KEESEY
1166386 Vertical interconnect between coaxial or gcpw
circuits and airline via compressible center conductors
FRANCE/GREAT BRITAIN/SPAIN
TIMOTHY L. GALLAGHER
762746 Thermal imaging device
GARY R. NOYES
1019773 Displaced aperture beamsplitter for laser transmitter/receiver opto-mechanical system
FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY/
SPAIN/SWITZERLAND
KEITH P. ARNOLD
566358 Low noise frequency synthesizer using half integer
dividers and analog gain compensation
GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN
BILLY K. MILLER
946851 Lock-On-After launch missile guidance system using
three-dimensional scene reconstruction
ISRAEL
MICHAEL V. NOWAKOWSKI
140181 Autonomous precision weapon delivery using synthetic array radar
DOUGLAS O. KLEBE
140002 Flared notch radiator assembly and antenna
JAPAN
PAUL P. AUDI
357378 Sonar system
MICHAEL BRAND
3577041 Fixed frequency regulation circuit employing a
voltage variable dielectric capacitor
JOHN C. HUANG
3602150 High electron mobility transistor
NORWAY
BRUCE A. CAMERON
316945 Solid catadioptric lens
DAVID FINK
317175 Multi-pulse, multi-return, modal range processing
for clutter rejection
THOMAS H. BOOTES
317193 Improved missile warhead design
ROBERT M. BENTLEY
317319 Forced, resonant degaussing system and method
CHARLES E. NOURRCIER
317345 Temperature compensated apd detector bias and
transimpedance amplifier circuitry for laser range finders
RUSSIA
ROY P. MCMAHON
2233525 Arc-fault detecting circuit breaker system
Bob Rassa
Relationships Profile
Continued from page 23
To further align services and agencies, the
Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) SE
Forum — of which Rassa is the only designated industry member — was established to
strategize improvements to SE content on
DoD programs. “Regular interaction with the
lead SE focal points of the services and agencies has enabled me to build exceptionally
strong relationships between our industry and
the DoD,” says Rassa. With that in mind, the
NDIA SE division sponsors workshops and
conferences focusing on systems engineering,
CMMI, net-centric operations and related topics. In 2004, top-level summits focused on
topics such as development, test and evaluation’s role in the SE process; critical performance factors necessary for program success;
prognostics diagnostics and health management of electronic systems; and review of the
DoD modeling and simulation strategies, with
more planned for 2005.
Rassa’s strong relationships have helped build
greater interaction between businesses and
OSD and services, leading to collaboration and
mission integration. “It’s difficult to tie specific program awards to the activity, but significant Raytheon involvement aids company
credibility in terms of strong SE and integrated
process,” he says. “Senior business leaders are
continually brought into various OSD and
services forums to help strengthen the company relationship and credibility.”
For more information about NDIA, visit
www.ndia.org.
SINGAPORE
FINTON L. GIVENS
50919 Method for autonomous determination of tie points
in imagery
ROBERT D. STREETER
90823 Microelectromechanical micro-relay with liquid
metal contacts
TAIWAN
SHEA CHEN
200498 Membrane for micro-electro-mechanical switch, and
methods of making and using it (corrugated membrane
microelectromechanical switch)
TURKEY
NELSON COBLEIGH
1999 00669 Geographically limited missile
2005 ISSUE 1
29
U.S. Patents
Issued to Raytheon
At
Raytheon, we encourage people to
work on technological challenges that keep
America strong and develop innovative
commercial products. Part of that process is
identifying and protecting our intellectual
property. Once again, the United States
Patent Office has recognized our engineers
and technologists for their contributions in
their fields of interest. We compliment our
inventors who were awarded patents from
July through mid-December 2004.
TERESA R. ROBINSON
GORDON R. SCOTT
6759923B1 Device for directing energy, and a method
of making same
KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN
ROBERT A. ROSEN
6759981B1 Enhanced emitter location using adaptive
combination of time shared interferometer elements
PHILLIP I. ROSENGARD
6760345B1 Compressing cell headers for data
communication
RUDOLPH ADOLPH EISENTRAUT
MARTIN ALLEN KEBSCHULL
JOHN CHRISTOPHER PARINE
6761331B2 Missile having deployment mechanism for
stowable fins
MICHAEL ADLERSTEIN
JAMES W. MCCLYMONDS
6762653B2 Microwave power amplifier
ROBERT C. ALLISON
6762660B2 Compact edge coupled filter
HOWARD T. CHANG
LEONARD P. CHEN
EILEEN M. HERRIN
MARY J. HEWITT
JOHN L. VAMPOLA
6762795B1 Bi-directional capable bucket brigade circuit
RICHARD DRYER
GARY H. JOHNSON
JAMES L. MOORE
WILLIAM S. PETERSON
RAJESH H. SHAH
6764042B2 Precision guided extended range artillery
projectile tactical base
KENNETH W. BROWN
JAMES R. GALLIVAN
6765535B1 Monolithic millimeter wave reflect array system
30
2005 ISSUE 1
J. STEVE ANDERSON
MICHAEL Y. PINES
6765644B1 Broadband optical beam steering system
and method
EDWARD L. ARNN
ROBERT W. BYREN
6765663B2 Efficient multiple emitter boresight
reference source
LACY G. COOK
6767103B2 Compact four-mirror anastigmat telescope
WILLIAM W. CHEN
DON C. DEVENDORF
KENNETH A. ESSENWANGER
ERICK M. HIRATA
LLOYD F. LINDER
CLIFFORD W. MEYERS
6768442B2 Advanced digital antenna module
LEO GREEN
JOSEPH PREISS
6768458B1 Photonically controlled active array
radar system
DAVID D. CROUCH
WILLIAM E. DOLASH
6768468B2 Reflecting surfaces having geometries
independent of geometries of wavefronts reflected
therefrom
ROBERT B. CHIPPER
JAMES T. HOGGINS
JAMES J. HUDGENS
DANIEL J. MURPHY
DAVID H. RESTER
BRENT L. SISNEY
6768844B2 Method and apparatus for effecting
alignment in an optical apparatus
DAVID K. BARTON
BENJAMIN L. YOUNG
6771205B1 Shipboard point defense system and
elements therefor
DAVID D. HESTON
JOHN G. HESTON
6774701B1 Method and apparatus for electronic
switching with low insertion loss and high isolation
NORMAN C. LEE
MARK V. MARTIN
6774828B1 Auto correction algorithm for piece-wise
linear circuits
KENNETH ALAN ESSENWANGER
6774832B1 Multi-bit output DDS with real time delta
sigma modulation look up from memory
WILLIAM D. FARWELL
KENNETH E. PRAGE
MICAHEL D. VAHEY
JAMES T. WHITNEY
6775248B1 Programmable bandwidth allocation between
send and receive in a duplex communication path
GABOR DEVENYI
KEVIN B. WAGNER
6777666B1 Position sensor utilizing light emissions
from a lateral surface of a light-emitting structure and
two light collectors
HOWARD R. BERATAN
CHARLES M. HANSON
THOMAS R. SCHIMERT
KEVIN L. SOCH
JOHN H. TREGILGAS
6777681B1 Infrared detector with amorphous silicon
detector elements, and a method of making it
MARLIN C. SMITH, JR.
6777996B2 Radio frequency clamping circuit
KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN
ROBERT A. ROSEN
6778137B2 Efficient wideband waveform generation
and signal processing design for an active multi-beam
ESA digital radar system
JOSEPH M. ANDERSON
6778144B2 Antenna
JAMES M. FLORENCE
PAUL KLOCEK
6778722B1 Method and apparatus for switching
optical signals with a photon band gap device
RICHARD M. LLOYD
6779462B2 Kinetic energy rod warhead with optimal
penetrators
LAURA L. CARPENTER
KENNETH A. OSTROM
6781531B2 Statistically based cascaded analog-to-digital converter calibration technique
KWANG M. CHO
6781541B1 Estimation and correction of phase for
focusing search mode SAR images formed by range
migration algorithm
REINHARDT W. KRUEGER
KUAN M. LEE
FANGCHOU YANG
6781554B2 Compact wide scan periodically loaded
edge slot waveguide array
ALAN G. THIELE
RONALD L. WILLIAMS
6782479B1 Apparatus and method for inhibiting
analysis of a secure circuit
ROBERT C. ALLISON
RON K. NAKAHIRA
JEROLD K. ROWLAND
6784766B2 MEMS tunable filters
JAMES WILLIAM CASALEGNO
KIRK K. KOHNEN
FRANK PHILIP MONTE
ERIC KENT SLATER
6784820B1 High resolution, high dynamic range analog-to-digital converter system and related techniques
MICHAEL JOSEPH DELCHECCOLO
JOSEPH S. PLEVA
MARK E. RUSSELL
H. BARTELD VAN REES
WALTER GORDON WOODINGTON
6784828B2 Near object detection system
KRISTIN A. BLAIS
6788051B2 Method and system of spectroscopic
measurement of magnetic fields
DELMAR L. BARKER
HARRY A. SCHMITT
STEPHEN M. SCHULTZ
6788273B1 Radome compensation using matched
negative index or refraction materials
ALEXANDER L. KORMOS
6789901B1 System and method for providing images
for an operator of a vehicle
LARRY DALCONZO
DAVID J. DRAPEAU
RON K. NAKAHIRA
REZA TAYRANI
6791403B1 Miniature RF stripline linear phase filters
DAVID I. FOREHAND
BRANDON W. PILLANS
6791441B2 Micro-electro-mechanical switch, and methods of making and using it
SON K. DAO
JASON C. ERICKSON
BONG K. RYU
JAMES X. SMALLCOMB
6791949B1 Network protocol for wireless ad hoc
networks
LACY G. COOK
ROGER J. WITHRINGTON
6792028B2 Method and laser beam directing system
with rotatable diffraction gratings
LEE J. HUNIU
6792141B2 Infrared detection system and method with
histogram based manual level and gain control with
local gain clipping
PETER V. MESSINA
6792369B2 System and method for automatically
calibrating an alignment reference source
DAVID E. BOVEY
JOSEPH R. BROUILLARD
6792383B2 Passive ranging system and method
ROBERT J. SCHOLZ
6795054B1 Optical filter measurement system
GABOR DEVENYI
6795598B1 Liquid-level sensor having multiple solid
optical conductors with surface discontinuities
JOHN D. BRITIGAN
HANS L. HABEREDER
THOMAS L. MCKENDREE
6796213B1 Method for providing integrity bounding
of weapons
WILLIAM E. HOKE
KATERINA Y. HUR
6797994B1 Double recessed transistor
CLAY E. TOWERY
6798943B2 Method and apparatus for integrating
optical fibers with collimating lenses
NIKKI J. LAWRENCE
THOMAS K. LO
MARK S. MOELLENHOFF
JOSHUA A. WHORF
6799138B2 Breaklock detection system and method
GEORGE P. BORTNYK
6801867B2 Combining signal images in accordance
with signal-to-noise ratios
ROBERT SCHOLZ
JIANGANG XIA
6802131B1 Side-illuminated target structure having
uniform ring illumination
GARY B. HUGHES
LLOYD D. INGLE
JAMES P. MCDONALD
ARTHUR V. SCHWEIDLER
6802918B1 Fabrication method for adhesive pressure
bonding two components together with closed-loop
control
SHEA CHEN
JOHN C. EHMKE
BRANDON W. PILLANS
ZHIMIN JAMIE YAO
6803534B1 Membrane for micro-electro-mechanical
switch, and methods of making and using it
JAMES A. FINCH
KENNETH KOSAI
SCOTT M. TAYLOR
6803557B1 Photodiode voltage tunable spectral
response
RONALD R. BURNS
MICHAEL J. DAILY
MICHAEL D. HOWARD
CRAIG A. LEE
6804340B2 Teleconferencing system
JOHN J. DRAB
MARK V. MARTIN
6803794B2 Differential capacitance sense amplifier
GABOR DEVENYI
6806985B1 Optical system with shutter assembly
having an integral shutter-mounted actuator
ERIC NORMAN SILLMAN
6807884B2 Fastener removal and installation tool
TODD A. MENDEZ
AARON T. RAINES
6808274B2 Method and system for deploying a mirror
assembly from a recessed position
ROBERT W. BYREN
ALVIN F. TRAFTON
6809307B2 System and method for effecting highpower beam control with adaptive optics in low power
beam path
MARTIN L. COHEN
NAMIR W. HOBBOOSH
6809586B1 Digital switching power amplifier
ALEXANDER NIECHAYEV
6809681B1 Random-modulation radar signal-induced
interference cancellation method and apparatus
GILMORE J. DUNNING
DAVID M. PEPPER
DAVID S. SUMIDA
6809991B1 Method and apparatus for detecting hidden
features disposed in an opaque environment
TERRY A. DORSCHNER
LAWRENCE J. FRIEDMAN
DOUGLAS S. HOBBS
L. Q. LAMBERT, JR.
6810164B2 Optical beam steering system
LAWRENCE P. STRICKLAND
6812791B2 Method and system for linearizing an
amplified signal
DELMAR L. BARKER
HARRY A. SCHMITT
NITESH N. SHAH
6813330B1 High density storage of excited positronium
using photonic bandgap traps
GERALD L. EHLERS
THOMAS G. LAVEDAS
6814284B2 Enhancement antenna for article identification
RONNIE G. PETERSON
6814632B1 Electrical connector system having contact
body with integral nonmetallic sleeve
ALEXANDER L. KORMOS
6815680B2 Method and system for displaying an image
MICHAEL B. MCFARLAND
ARTHUR J. SCHNEIDER
WAYNE V. SPATE
6817568B2 Missile system with multiple submunitions
WILLIAM E. HOKE
PETER S. LYMAN
6818928B2 Quaternary-ternary semiconductor devices
GABOR DEVENYI
6819510B1 Mechanical device having cylindrical
components locked together by a retainer having an
organic plastic retainer outer surface
JERRY L. KNOSKI
6820846B2 Multiple ball joint gimbal
BRYAN W. CINDRICH
ROBERT E. MUNGER, JR.
6821159B2 Customizable connector keying system
REZA DIZAJI
TONY PONSFORD
6822606B2 System and method for spectral generation
in radar
ROBERT C. ALLISON
JAR J. LEE
BRIAN M. PIERCE
CLIFTON QUAN
6822615B2 Wideband 2-D electronically scanned array
with compact CTS feed and MEMS phase shifters
KURT S. KETOLA
ALAN L. KOVACS
JACQUES F. LINDER
MATTHEW H. PETER
6822880B2 Multilayer thin film hydrogen getter
and internal signal EMI shield for complex three
dimensional electronic package components
BARBARA E. PAUPLIS
6825742B1 Technique for non-coherent integration of
targets with ambiguous velocities
NORMAN A. LUQUE
6825817B2 Apparatus and methods for split-feed
coupled-ring resonator-pair elliptic-function filters
KURT S. KETOLA
ALAN L. KOVACS
JACQUES F. LINDER
MATTHEW H. PETER
6825817B2 Dielectric interconnect frame incorporating
EMI shield and hydrogen absorber for tile T/R modules
LEONARD P. CHEN
MARY J. HEWITT
JOHN L. VAMPOLA
6825877B1 Multiplex bucket brigade circuit
RONALD W. BERRY
ELI E. GORDON
WILLIAM J. HAMILTON, JR.
6828545B1 Hybrid microelectronic array structure
having electrically isolated supported islands, and its
fabrication
PETER F. BARBELLA
TAMARA L. FRANZ
BARBARA E. PAUPLIS
6828929B2 Technique for non-coherent integration of
targets with ambiguous velocities
MICHAEL JOSEPH DELCHECCOLO
JOSEPH S. PLEVA
MARK E. RUSSELL
H. BARTELD VAN REES
WALTER GORDON WOODINGTON
6816107B2 Technique for changing a range gate and
radar coverage
2005 ISSUE 1
31
Future Events
Raytheon’s Joint Systems,
Software and Processing
Systems Engineering
Symposium
Innovating Customer Solutions
Through Systems, Software
and Processing Technology
CALL FOR PAPERS
April 5–7, 2005
Raytheon’s Joint Electrooptical Systems and RF
Symposium
Technology Fusion —
Unbounded by Wavelength
CALL FOR PAPERS
Sheraton Gateway at LAX
Los Angeles, Calif.
The Raytheon Joint Systems, Software and
Processing Systems Engineering Symposium,
sponsored by the Raytheon Systems,
Software and Processing Systems
Engineering Technology Networks and the
Raytheon Systems, Software and Digital
Electronics Engineering Councils, will focus
on increased collaboration on current developments, capabilities and future directions
between the systems, software and
processing systems engineering disciplines.
For more information or to register visit
http://home.ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/
tab6/seswps2005/call.html.
For more information or to register visit
http://home.ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/
tab6/eo_rf2005/call.html.
Did you know
April 18–21, 2005
Salt Palace Convention Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
May 17–19, 2005
Raytheon’s first joint EO and RF Symposium,
sponsored by the RF Systems and Electrooptical Systems Technology Networks, will
be devoted to the exchange of information
about RF/microwave, millimeter wave and
EO, and laser-associated technology.
Authors are invited to submit abstracts on
topics focused on this year’s theme:
“Technology Fusion — Unbounded by
Wavelength.” Other activities will include
customer keynotes, breakout sessions, interactive poster sessions, workshops on various
EO and RF technology topics, and industry
and university displays.
Sheraton Ferncroft
Danvers, Mass.
17th Annual Systems &
Software Technology
Conference
In its 17th year, the Systems and Software
Technology Conference is a joint services
technology conference co-sponsored by the
U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force
and the Defense Information Systems
Agency. Over 2,500 attendees are expected
from the military services, government
agencies, defense contractors, industry
and academia. This is an excellent opportunity to strengthen existing relations or
forge new ones with the Department of
Defense (DoD), as well as showcase our
products and services to the decisionmaking software professionals within the
DoD and related industries.
For more information, visit
http://www.stc-online.org.
you have access to subject matter experts in real time? The Raytheon Engineering Common
Program (RECP) is proud to sponsor the Engineering
Process and Tools Noontime Seminar Series.
This bi-monthly series is part of an ongoing effort to enhance Engineering communications, foster awareness of enterprise
initiatives and promote knowledge sharing. These 45-minute online seminars are presented live via an interactive desktop
tool. The seminars are then posted in the archive for on-demand viewing. Go to http://www.ray.com/rayeng/news/ptsem.html.
To improve Engineering communications and collaboration on technology development across Raytheon, Engineering and
Technology hosts a
Noontime Technology Seminar Series. The seminars can be viewed at conference
room locations throughout Raytheon. Most briefings are Raytheon Proprietary/Competition Sensitive, so only Raytheon
employees have access. Many of the briefings are also ITAR-restricted, and require U.S. citizenship/green card certification
to attend. All seminars (except those containing ITAR-restricted content) can also be viewed from your desktop via live
webcast. For full details, visit http://www.ray.com/rayeng/news/techsem.html.
Do you have a great idea for an article?
We are always looking for ways to connect with you — our engineering, technology, manufacturing and quality professionals. If you have an article or an idea for an article regarding technical achievements, customer solutions, relationships, Mission Assurance, etc., send it along. If
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Copyright © 2005 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved.