TUE08 MacKenzie Layton Doris and Armstrong Styve Gaylene

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The Future of Criminology II: Prevention and public policy
Day: Tuesday Time: 11.00–12.30 , The Auditorium
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Public policy perspective
International outlook
Psychology training
Mentoring
Research
criminal careers, life course
criminology, longitudinal,
prevention, etc
• Intervention and
Treatment
• Recognizing inequities in society
Civil rights
Women’s rights
• Questioned mores of the times
Sexual freedom
Choice in clothes and hairstyles
Drug use
• Conflicts over war in Vietnam
Anti-war marches
Draft dodging
• Questioned - legitimacy of social institutions
• Major transformations in social institutions
• Prison riots
• Discretion and disparity in sentencing
• Increases in crime and drug use
• Martinson Report (Lipton, Martinson and
Wilks 1975)
• Martinson and colleagues report
• Substandard research designs
• Poorly implemented programs
• Mantra: “Nothing Works”
• Liberals and Conservatives
• Shift away from rehabilitation
• Philosophies of
Retribution
Deterrence
Incapacitation
• New Policies
Sentencing guidelines
Mandatory minimums
“War on drugs”
• 1970s move
away from
rehabilitation,
• Use of
incapacitation
and
deterrence
Rate (per 100,000 in population)
• “Nothing
Works”
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1989
1985
1990
1995
2000
Years
• Law and order
philosophy
U.S. Incarceration Rate in
State and Federal Institutions
2005
2010
Sweden’s population: 9.45 million.
Pennsylvania’s population: 12.76 million.
Population
14
12
Millions
10
8
Total
Population
6
4
2
0
Sweden
PA
Sweden’s incarceration rate: 70
Pennsylvania’s incarceration rate: 405
• Control oriented
• Urine testing
• Intensive supervision
• Electronic monitoring
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Punishment/deterrence
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Boot camp prisons
• Incapacitation
• Longer prison sentences
• More sent to prison
• Policing mentality of correctional staff
• Called for:
• More rigorous research of
• Better implemented programs
• In order to understand
• What was effective in preventing or reducing
• The criminal behavior of delinquents and offenders
• Awareness of & advocate for evaluation
research
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Journal of Experimental Criminology
Academy of Experimental Criminology
ASC Division on Experimental Criminology
Campbell Collaboration
• Increase in randomized experiments in
criminology:
• 35, 1957-1981 (Farrington 1983)
• 83 since then (Farrington and Welsh 2005)
• Incapacitation and deterrence interventions
examined
• Improved statistical techniques
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Strategies for reducing
crime
Rehabilitation/human
service programs
Types of offenders
Substance abusers
Sex offender
Control and discipline
Management strategies
Maryland Scoring Method
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Favors Comparison
Favors Bootcamp
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Martin Co.), 1997
Farrington, et al., 2000
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Polk Co., Boys), 1997
Jones (FY97), 1998
Jones (FY94-95), 1998
Mackenzie & Souryal (Illinois), 1994
Mackenzie & Souryal (Louisiana), 1994
Jones (FY91-93), 1998
Mackenzie & Souryal (Florida), 1994
Jones (FY96), 1998
Marcus-Mendoza (Men), 1995
Flowers, Carr, & Ruback 1991
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Leon Co.), 1996
Mackenzie & Souryal (Oklahoma), 1994
T3 Associates, 2000
Mackenzie & Souryal (New York), 1994
Peters (Mobile, AL), 1996b
Camp & Sandhu, 1995
Zhang, 2000
Mackenzie & Souryal (S.C., New), 1994
Jones, 1996
Zhang, 2000
NY DCS (88-96 Releases), 2000
Marcus-Mendoza (Women), 1995
Farrington, et al., 2000
Harer & Klein-Saffran, 1996
Kempinem & Kurlychek, 2001
Austin, Jones, & Bolyard, 1993
Burns & Vito, 1995
Peters (Denver, CO), 1996a
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Bay Co.), 1997
Mackenzie, et al. 1997
CA Dept. of the Youth Authority, 1997
NY DCS (96-97 Releases), 2000
NY DCS (97-98 Releases), 2000
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Pinellas Co.), 1996
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Manatee Co.), 1996
Boyles, Bokenkamp, & Madura, 1996
Mackenzie & Souryal (S.C., Old), 1994
Fl. Dept. of JJ (Polk Co., Girls), 1997
Jones, 1997
Thomas & Peters, 1996
Wright & Mays, 1998
Mackenzie & Souryal (Georgia), 1994
Overall Mean Odds-Ratio
.1
.25
.50
.75
1
Odds-Ratio
2
5
10
Author and Year
PRENDERGAST ET AL 1996
HARTMANN ET AL 1997
TUNIS ET AL (DEUCE) 1995
TUNIS ET AL (JET) 1995
INCIARDI ET AL (CREST) 1997
TUNIS ET AL (REACH) 1995
WEXLER ET AL (MALES) 1990
WEXLER ET AL 1999
TAXMAN & SPINNER 1996
PETERS ET AL 1993
KNIGHT ET AL (ITC) 1999
SMITH 1996
HUGHEY & KLEMKE 1996
WEXLER ET AL (FEMALES) 1990
WA STATE DOC 1998
LITTLE ET AL 1991
EISENBERG & FABELO 1996
ZHANG ('97 COHORT) 2000
PELISSIER ET AL (MALES) 2000
PELISSIER ET AL (FEMALES) 2000
TUNIS ET AL (SAID) 1995
ZHANG ('92-93 COHORT) 2000
OREGON DOC 1994
GRANSKY & JONES 1997
EISENBERG 2001
TUNIS ET AL (NEW BEGIN) 1995
SEALOCK ET AL 1997
DUGAN & EVERETT 1998
MAGURA ET AL (MALES) 1993
SHAW & MACKENZIE 1992
SIEGAL ET AL 1997
MAGURA ET AL (FEMALES) 1993
N
64
244
264
150
359
159
594
715
528
420
396
495
394
285
676
152
1067
200
1842
473
374
854
240
415
5746
166
520
117
149
256
726
100
Favors Comparison
Favors Treatment
Overall Mean Odds-Ratio
.1
.25
.50 .75 1
2
Odds-Ratio
5
10
25
• Ineffective
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Boot camp prisons
Intensive probation and parole supervision
Drug testing
Scared Straight
Long prison sentences
• Unintended consequences of existing policies
• Effective correctional programs
Academic Education
Vocation education
Cognitive skills programs
Cognitive and behavioral treatment for sex
offenders
• Multi-Systemic treatment for juveniles
• Drug Courts
• Drug Treatment
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Programs for batterers/domestic violence
Employment and work programs
Prison sentences
Residential placement for juveniles
Offenders must be changed before they are prepared to
take advantage of opportunities in the environment
Individual
Differences
•Attitudes
•Thoughts
•Feelings,
Social
Conditions
Behavior
•Available
housing
•Criminal
activities
•Employment
opportunities
•Prosocial
activities
•Poverty
• Offering services such as:
• Work
• Housing
• Are NOT effective unless preceded by
transformation in
• Attitudes
• Cognitions
• Evidence-based corrections
• Use of science
• Rigorous research designs
• Advanced statistical techniques
• Smart on Crime
• More effective interventions to change offenders and
delinquents
• Cost-effective
• Reduce threat to public safety
• Downturn in economy
• Revolving Door” for offenders and delinquents
• Impact of deinstitutionalization of mentally ill
• Specialized needs of subpopulations
• Challenges of sentencing guidelines
• Inflexibility
• Failure to address risk and needs
• Research evidence on recidivism
• Deterrence and incapacitation not effective
• Rehabilitation and services to create cognitive change are effective
Rate (per 100,000 in population)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1989
1985
1990
1995
2000
Years
U.S. Incarceration Rate in
State and Federal Institutions
2005
2010
• The old paradigm has failed and changes are
on the way
• We must address the problems created by the
old philosophy as we move into the future
• David Farrington has help shape the focus on
evidence-based corrections and “smart on
crime” decision making
dorismac@gmail.com