File - Lakȟól`iyapi Wahóȟpi WótakuyeFamilies of the

Transcription

LDL 121
Intensive L/Dakota For Beginners
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed for second language learners of Lakota/Dakota who
are at a beginner to elementary level. It is part one of a three course continuum. It will give an
overview of Lakota/Dakota pronunciation and how to use a Lakota/Dakota dictionary for selflearning. The course will focus on demonstratives, pronunciation, numbers, kinship terms, body
parts, verbs of possession and coming and going, and time in Lakota/Dakota (past, present, future
and seasonal). Students will be exposed to various self-learning skills and strategies in order to
become active self-learners of the language.
LDL 121: Intensive Lakota/Dakota for Beginners
Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Department of Education
Lakota/Dakota Language Revitalization Program
ADDRESS
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
Tribal Department of Education
P.O. Box D
Fort Yates, ND 58538
Phone: 701-854-8545 Fax: 701-854-2175
Sunshine Carlow
Education Manager
scarlow@standingrock.org
Nacole Walker
Education Coordinator
nwalker@standingrock.org Page 1 of 63
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
2
Basic Kinship Terms
4
Basic Greetings
4
Basic Introductions
6
Some Lakota / Dakota Place Names
7
Question Enclitics: he? hwo?
8
Classification: héčha
9
Animal & Insect Vocabulary
9
Demonstratives: lé, hé, ká (Singular)
11
Identification: é
12
Everyday Vocabulary
12
Demonstratives: lenáos, henáos, kanáos (Dual)
13
Demonstratives: lená, hená, kaná (Plural)
14
Counting
15
Everyday Vocabulary
18
To have something: yuhá
18
Singular Indefinite Articles “waŋží,” “waŋ,” & “waŋžíni” Comparison
20
Ownership: tȟáwa
20
Numbers with yuhá
22
To see something - waŋyáŋkA
23
Ablaut
24
Asking how to say something in Lakota
24
Kinship - Extended
25
Coming & Arriving Here - ú & hí
28
Going & Arriving There - yÁ & í
32
Coming and Going Verbs
36
Time and Tense in Lakota
37
Seasons
37
Talking about the Past: k’uŋ héhaŋ
38
Talking about the Future: kiŋháŋ
39
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Other Time Words
40
New Lakota Dictionary
41
Lakota Conjugation
44
Conjugation Practice
49
Fruit & Food Vocabulary
51
To like smth - waštélakA
52
To have/see plural things: yuhá & waŋyáŋkA
53
Plural Indefinite Articles “etáŋ,” “eyá,” & “tákuni” Comparison
54
Animacy - Inanimate Things VS Animate Things
55
Plural Animate Object: wičha-
55
Eating & Drinking Verbs: yútA & yatkÁŋ
58
Putting it all together…
60
I can…
61
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Basic Kinship Terms
Male Friend
Female Speaker
Male Speaker
Female Friend
Male Cousin
Female Cousin
X
mašké
šič’éši
čépȟaŋši
kȟolá
X
tȟaháŋši
haŋkáši
Basic Greetings
Talking to ONE Person
Talking to MULTIPLE people
It is good to see you.
It is good to see you all
Taŋyáŋ waŋčhíyaŋke.
Taŋyáŋ waŋčhíyaŋkapi.
I am happy to see you.
I am happy to see you all
Iyúškiŋyaŋ waŋčhíyaŋke.
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Iyúškiŋyaŋ waŋčhíyaŋkapi.
Page 5 of 63
Basic Introductions
What are you called? - Personal Response
Pattern
What are you called?
I am called _____.
Táku eníčiyapi he?
_____ emáčiyapi.
Táku eníčiyapi he? Nacole Walker emáčiyapi.
Examples
Táku eníčiyapi he? Sunshine Carlow emáčiyapi.
Practice
What are they called? - Talking About Somebody Else
Pattern
What is he/she called?
He/she is called _____.
Táku ečíyapi he?
_____ ečíyapi.
Táku ečíyapi he? Christi ečíyapi.
Examples
Táku ečíyapi he? Kevin ečíyapi.
Practice
Where do you live? - Personal Response
Pattern
Where do you live?
I live in _____.
Tuktél yathí he?
Examples
_____ ektá wathí.
Tuktél yathí he? Fort Yates ektá wathí.
Tuktél yathí he? Akíčhita Háŋska ektá wathí.
Practice
Where does he/she live? - Talking About Somebody Else
Pattern
Where does he/she live?
He/she lives in _____.
Tuktél thí he?
Examples
Tuktél thí he? Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe ektá thí.
Tuktél thí he? Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe ektá thí.
Practice
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_____ ektá thí.
NOTE: Instead of “ektá,” which usually references a place away from the speaker, you can use “él”
which is a little more general – “Akíčhita Háŋska él wathí.”
Some Lakota / Dakota Place Names
Standing Rock Specific
English
Standing Rock
Lakota & Dakota
Íŋyaŋ Woslál Háŋ
Dakota Variation
Íŋyaŋ Bosdád Háŋ
Akíčhita Háŋska
Matȟó Akíčhita
Íŋyaŋ Čhúŋkaške
Other Areas
English
Lakota & Dakota
Pine Ridge
Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke
Cheyenne River
Wake Wašté Oyáŋke
Dakota Variation
Cities
English
Lakota & Dakota
Rapid City
Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe
Denver
Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe
New York
Tȟaspáŋ Tȟáŋka
Dakota Variation
Mnidúzahaŋ
Otȟúŋwahe
Page 7 of 63
Other Countries
English
Lakota & Dakota
Canada
Uŋčíyapi Makȟóčhe
Spain
Eháŋni Spayóla
Makȟóčhe
Mexica
Spayóla Makȟóčhe
Germany
Iyášiča Makȟóčhe
United States
Mílaháŋska
Tȟamákȟočhe
United Kingdom
Šagláša Makȟóčȟe
France
Wašíču Ikčéka Makóčhe
China
Pȟečhókaŋ Háŋska
Makȟóčhe
Japan
Kisúŋla Makȟóčhe
Dakota Variation
Question Enclitics: he? hwo?
Lakota/Dakota questions are asked differently than English. When asking a question in English the
pitch at the end of the question raises, this does not happen in Lakota or Dakota, instead questions
end with a question enclitic. The two most common question enclitics are he and hwo/huwó which
are somewhat gender specific.
hwo?
he?
only male speakers can use this question
enclitic, usually in formal situations
both female and male speakers can use this
Page 8 of 63
Classification: héčha
What is that?
Pattern
Examples
What is that?
That is a _______
Hé táku he?
Hé _____ é.
Hé táku he?
Hé maštíŋčala héčha.
Hé táku he?
Hé wíčazo héčha.
Hé táku he?
Hé wičháša héčha.
Hé táku he?
Hé wíŋyaŋ héčha.
Practice
Animal & Insect Vocabulary
English
Lakota & Dakota
Dakota Variation
frog
gnašká
red fox
šuŋǧíla
coyote
šuŋgmánitu
wolf
šuŋgmánitu tȟáŋka
raccoon
wičhítegleǧa
otter
ptáŋ
snake
zuzéča
deer
tȟáȟča
bald eagle
anúŋkȟasaŋ
anúŋkpȟaska
eagle
waŋblí
waŋbdí
mallard duck
pȟaǧúŋta
duck
maǧáksiča beaver
čhápa
prairie dog
pispíza
buffalo
tȟatȟáŋka
šuŋǧína
wičhítegdeǧa
zuzúeča
piŋspíŋza
Page 9 of 63
bear
matȟó
turtle
khéya
fish
hoǧáŋ
bobcat
igmúgleza
mountain lion
igmú tȟáŋka / mnáža
rabbit
maštíŋčala
owl
hiŋháŋ
dog
šúŋka
cat
igmú
porcupine
pȟahíŋ
pig
khukhúše
horse
šúŋkawakȟáŋ
pelican
blóza
skunk
maká
elk
heȟáka
badger
ȟoká
antelope
ikpísaŋla / niǧésaŋla
tȟatȟókana / niǧésaŋ
cow
ptegléška
ptewániyaŋpi
squirrel
zičá
bird
ziŋtkála
ziŋtkána
chicken
kȟokȟóyaȟʼaŋla
áŋpaohotȟuŋna
mouse
itȟúŋkala
itȟúŋkana
housefly
thiȟmúŋǧa/ theȟmúŋǧa
grasshopper
gnugnúška
bee
wičháyažipa
butterfly
kimímela/ kimímila
kimímina
spider
iktómi
uŋktómi
ant
tȟažúška
dragonfly
thuswéčha/ suswéčha
igmúgdeza
maštíŋčana
pusína
bdóza
psipsíčana
susbéčha /
thusbéčha
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Demonstratives: lé, hé, ká (Singular)
lé
this (by speaker)
hé
that (by listener)
ká
that (over there, away from both speaker and listener)
Page 107, LAKȞÓTIYA
WÓGLAKA PO! SPEAK
LAKOTA LEVEL 3
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Identification: é
Who is that?
Pattern
Examples
Who is that?
That is _______
Hé tuwé he?
Hé _____ é.
Hé tuwé he?
Hé Sunshine é.
Hé tuwé he?
Hé Walter é.
Practice
NOTE: “é” is used when identifying a specific individual, compared to “héčha” which is used when classifying
something.
Everyday Vocabulary
English
Lakota & Dakota
cup
wíyatke
spoon
čhiŋšká
fork
wíčhapȟe
knife
míla
plate
wakšíča
bowl
wakšíškokpa
pencil
wíčazo
book
wówapi
rock
íŋyaŋ
Dakota Variation
mína
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Demonstratives: lenáos, henáos, kanáos (Dual)
lenáos
these two things (by speaker)
henáos
those two things (by listener)
kanáosthose two things (over there, away from both speaker and listener)
WÓGLAKA PO! SPEAK
LAKOTA LEVEL 3
Page 13 of 63
Demonstratives: lená, hená, kaná (Plural)
lená
these (by speaker)
hená
those (by listener)
kaná
those (over there, away from both speaker and listener)
WÓGLAKA PO! SPEAK
LAKOTA LEVEL 3
Page 14 of 63
Counting
One Through Ten
wáŋči
1
núŋpa (núŋm)
2
yámni
3
tópa (tóp)
4
žáptaŋ
5
šákpe
6
šakówiŋ
7
šaglóǧaŋ
8
napčíyuŋka
9
wikčémna
10
Tens – Higher Number
Numbers 11-19 are created by adding a “aké-“ to the front of the numbers 1-9. Notice that the stress
shifts! Some speakers might add a “wikčémna” before these numbers (i.e. 11: akéwaŋží or wikčémna
akéwaŋži).
akéwaŋží
11
akénuŋpa
12
akéyamni
13
akétopa
14
akézaptaŋ
15
akéšakpe
16
akéšakowiŋ
17
akéšagloǧaŋ
18
akénapčiyuŋka
19
Tens
It is very simple to make numbers in tens. First, use wikčémna (10) followed by the number you want like
núŋpa (2), so wikčémna núŋpa is twenty (lit: two tens).
Practice on the extra lines:
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wikčémna
10
wikčémna núŋpa
20
wikčémna yámni
30
wikčémna tópa
40
50
60
70
80
90
Twenty +
To add more numbers to this pattern aké is added before the last digit (notice, this is now its own word,
not attached to the number, this could also be replaced with the word sáŋm).
If, for example, you want to say 36: first, start out with wikčémna yámni (30), then, add aké and finally the
last digit šákpe (6).
Practice on the extra lines:
wikčémna yámni aké šákpe
VARIANT: wikčémna yámni sáŋm šákpe
wikčémna núŋpa aké záptaŋ
VARIANT: wikčémna núŋpa sáŋm záptaŋ
36
25
wikčémna záptaŋ aké šakówiŋ 57
wikčémna napčíyuka aké napčíyuŋka 99
23
74
87
31
45
One Hundred and Something
If you want to say one hundred and something, first use the word for a hundred opáwiŋǧe (100), then add
sáŋm and the number you’d like to use from the patterns above. Practice on the following empty lines:
opáwiŋǧe
100
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm záptaŋ 105
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna 110
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opáwiŋǧe sáŋm akézaptaŋ 115
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna núŋpa 120
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna núŋpa aké záptaŋ 125
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna yámni 130
opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna yámni aké záptaŋ 135
140
145
opáwiŋǧe núŋpa
200
238
300
opáwiŋǧe yámni sáŋm wikčémna záptaŋ 350
400
455
831
opáwiŋǧe napčíyuŋka sáŋm wikčémna napčíyuŋka sáŋm napčíyuŋka 999
One Hundred and Something
If you want to say one thousand and something, you use the same pattern as one hundred and
something: add sáŋm and the number from the patterns above. Practice on the following empty lines:
kȟoktá or khektópawiŋǧe
1000
kȟoktá sáŋm tópa 1004
kȟoktá sáŋm akéyamni 1013
1020
kȟoktá sáŋm opáwiŋǧe núŋpa sáŋm wičkémna yámni aké tópa 1234
1456
kȟoktá núŋpa sáŋm akéyámni 2013
2014
kȟoktá yámni sáŋm opáwiŋǧe yámni sáŋm wikčémna yámni aké yámni 3333
7896
Page 17 of 63
Everyday Vocabulary
English
Lakota & Dakota
shirt
ógle
pants
uŋzóǧe
shoe
háŋpa
jacket
ógle šóka
hat
wapȟóštaŋ
belt
iphíyaka
skirt
nitéhepi
sock
huŋyákȟuŋ
dress
čhuwígnaka
Dakota Variation
ógde
To have something: yuhá
Positive Personal Response
Pattern
Do you have a _____?
Yes, I have a _____.
_______ waŋží luhá he?
Háŋ, ________ waŋ bluhá.
Wíyatke waŋží luhá he?
Háŋ, wíyatke waŋ bluhá.
Examples Iphíyaka waŋží luhá he?
Háŋ, iphíyaka waŋ bluhá.
Ógle waŋží luhá he?
Háŋ, ógle waŋ bluhá.
Practice
Negative Personal Response
Pattern
Do you have a _____?
No, I do not have a _____.
_______ waŋží luhá he?
Hiyá, ________ waŋ bluhá šni.
Wakšíča waŋží luhá he?
Hiyá, wakšíča waŋžíni bluhá šni.
Examples Ógle šóka waŋží luhá he?
Hiyá, ógle šóka waŋžíni bluhá šni.
Míla waŋží luhá he?
Hiyá, míla waŋžíni bluhá šni.
Practice
Page 18 of 63
Talking About Somebody Else - Positive Response
Does (NAME) have a _____? Yes, (NAME) has a _____.
Pattern
Examples
(ČHAŽÉ) _______ waŋží yuhá he?
Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ waŋ yuhá.
Sunshine háŋpa waŋží yuhá he?
Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa waŋ yuhá.
Nacole wíčazo waŋží yuhá he?
Háŋ, Nacole wíčazo waŋ yuhá.
Practice
Talking About Somebody Else - Negative Response
Does (NAME) have a _____?
Pattern
Examples
No, (NAME) does not have a _____.
(ČHAŽÉ) _______ waŋží yuhá he?
Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ waŋžíni yuhá šni.
Michael uŋzóǧe waŋží yuhá he?
Hiyá, Michael uŋzóǧe waŋžíni yuhá šni.
Gabe čhiŋšká waŋží yuhá he?
Hiyá, Gabe čhiŋšká waŋžíni yuhá šni.
Practice
Conjugation of yuhá
yuhá
to have smth
Singular
1st Person
bluhá
2nd Person
luhá
3rd Person
yuhá
Dual
Plural
NOTE: this verb is an example of a new type of conjugation - Class II “Y-stem” Conjugation. Notice how verb
“yuhá” changes to “bluhá” and “luhá.” At this point, we are only working on the Singular column in this
conjugation chart.
Page 19 of 63
Singular Indefinite Articles “waŋží,” “waŋ,” & “waŋžíni”
Comparison
Usage
Word
Example
“a”
hypothetical: used in questions or
talking about things we want
waŋží
Sunshine háŋpa waŋží yuhá he?
waŋ
Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa waŋ yuhá.
“a”
real: used when talking about things
that are real, things that we have, see,
etc..
“a”
unreal: used when talking about things
that do not exist, things we do not have,
see, etc..
waŋžíni … šni
Hiyá, Sunshine háŋpa waŋžíni yuhá šni
Ownership: tȟáwa
Pattern
Examples
Does that ____ belong to you?
Yes, this _____ belongs to me.
_______ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Háŋ, ________ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.
Nitéhepi kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Háŋ, nitéhepi kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.
Wakšíškokpa kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Háŋ, wakšíškokpa kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.
Practice
Pattern
Examples
Does that ____ belong to you?
No, this ______ does not belong to me.
_______ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Hiyá, ________ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.
Wapȟóštaŋ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Hiyá, wapȟóštaŋ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.
Íŋyaŋ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he?
Hiyá, íŋyaŋ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.
Practice
Page 20 of 63
Pattern
Does that _____ belong to (NAME)?
Yes, this ______ does not belong to
(NAME).
_______ kiŋ hé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa he?
Háŋ, ______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.
Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.
Examples
Huŋyákȟuŋ kiŋ hé Bob tȟáwa he?
Háŋ, huŋyákȟuŋ kiŋ lé Bob tȟáwa.
Háŋ, Bob tȟáwa.
Practice
Does that _____ belong to (NAME)?
Pattern
_______ kiŋ hé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa he?
No, this ______ does not belong to
(NAME).
Hiyá, ______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa šni.
Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa šni.
Examples
Čhiŋšká kiŋ hé Susan tȟáwa he?
Hiyá, čhiŋšká kiŋ lé Susan tȟáwa šni.
Hiyá, Susan tȟáwa šni.
Practice
Talking about somebody else - WHO does it belong to?
Who does this ______ belong to?
Pattern _______ kiŋ hé tuwá tȟáwa he?
This ______ belong to (NAME).
______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.
(ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.
Examples
Wówapi kiŋ hé tuwá tȟáwa he?
Wówapi kiŋ lé Bob tȟáwa.
Bob tȟáwa.
Practice
Page 21 of 63
Conjugation of tȟáwa
tȟáwa
to belong to
Singular
1st Person
mitȟáwa
2nd Person
nitȟáwa
3rd Person
tȟáwa
Dual
Plural
Numbers with yuhá
How many _____ do you have? - Personal Response
Pattern
How many _____ do you have?
I have ### _____.
______ tóna luhá he?
_____ ### bluhá.
Pšitȟó tóna luhá he?
Pšitȟó záptaŋ bluhá.
Examples Ógle tóna luhá he?
Ógle wikčémna bluhá.
Míla tóna luhá he?
Míla yámni bluhá
Practice
How many _____ does he/she have? - Talking About Somebody Else
Pattern
How many _____ does (NAME) have?
(NAME) has ### ______.
(ČHAŽÉ) _______ tóna yuhá he?
(ČHAŽÉ) _____ ### yuhá.
Sunshine pšitȟó tóna yuhá he?
Sunshine pšitȟó šaglóǧaŋ yuhá.
Examples James wówapi tóna yuhá he?
James wówapi akéwaŋži yuhá.
Thípiziwiŋ wícazo tóna yuhá he?
Practice
Page 22 of 63
Thípiziwiŋ wíčazo núŋpa yuhá.
To see something - waŋyáŋkA
Do you see? - Positive Personal Response
Pattern
Examples
Do you see ### _____?
Yes, I see ### _____.
______ ### waŋláka he?
Háŋ, ______ ### waŋbláke.
Háŋpa tópa waŋláka he?
Háŋ, háŋpa tópa waŋbláke.
Wíyatke šákpe waŋláka he?
Háŋ, wíyatke šákpe waŋbláke.
Practice
Do you see? - Negative Personal Response
Pattern
Examples
Do you see ### _____?
No, I do not see ### _____.
______ ### waŋláka he?
Hiyá, ______ ### waŋbláke šni.
Oákaŋke núŋpa waŋláka he?
Hiyá, oákaŋke núŋpa waŋbláke šni.
Huŋyákȟuŋ šakówiŋ waŋláka he?
Hiyá, huŋyákȟuŋ šakówiŋ waŋbláke šni.
Practice
Conjugation of waŋyáŋkA
waŋyáŋkA
to see smth
Singular
Dual
1st Person
waŋbláka / waŋbláke
2nd Person
waŋláka / waŋláke
3rd Person
waŋyáŋka / waŋyáŋke
Plural
NOTE: this the last vowel of the verb sometimes changes. This is a very common sound change in Lakota that
occurs with a large portion of Lakota verbs. These verbs can be identified in the dictionary through the word
final capital A.
Page 23 of 63
Ablaut
When does this change happen?
Type
Change
Trigger Words
A-Ablaut
No change
Majority
Šúŋka sápa waŋ waŋbláke.
E-ablaut occurs when the ablaut word is the last word in a
sentence.
E-Ablaut
Šúŋka kiŋ hé sápe.
A / Aŋ to e
a) various enclitics: ȟča, ȟčiŋ, iŋčhéye, kačháš, kiló, kštó,
któk, lakȟa, -la, láȟ, láȟčaka, ló, séčA, sékse, s’eléčheča,
so, s’a, s’e, šaŋ, šni, uŋštó
b) some conjunctions & articles: kiŋ, kiŋháŋ, k’éyaš, k’uŋ,
eháŋtaŋš
Šúŋka sápe kiŋ waŋbláke.
c) some auxiliary verbs: kapíŋ, kiníča(kaníl), lakA (la),
kúŋzA, phiča, ší, wačhíŋ, -yA, -khiyA
Iŋ-ablaut
Šúŋka kiŋ hé sápiŋ na
tȟáŋka.
A / Aŋ to iŋ
ktA (kte), na, naháŋ, naíŋš, yetȟó, yé
Asking how to say something in Lakota
How do you say?
Pattern
Examples
How do they say “_____” in Lakota?
They say ______ in Lakota.
Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya “_____” eyápi he?
Lakȟótiya _____ eyápi.
Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "dog" eyápi he?
Lakȟótiya "šúŋka" eyápi.
Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "computer" eyápi he?
Lakȟótiya "wóuŋspe omnáye" eyápi.
Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "horse" eyápi he?
Lakȟótiya "šúŋkawakȟáŋ" eyápi.
Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "fork" eyápi he?
Lakȟótiya "wíčhapȟe" eyápi.
Practice
Page 24 of 63
Kinship - Extended
English
My
Your
His/Her
Both MALE and FEMALE
Mother
iná
nihúŋ
húŋku
Father
até
niyáte
atkúku
Grandmother
uŋčí
nikȟúŋši
kȟúŋšitku
Grandfather
lalá/kaká
nitȟúŋkašila
tȟuŋkášitku
Aunt
tȟuŋwíŋ
nitȟúŋwiŋ
tȟuŋwíŋču
Uncle
lekší
nilékši
lekšítku
Daughter
čhuŋkší
ničhúŋkši
čhuŋkšítku
Son
čhiŋkší
ničhíŋkši
čhiŋkšítku
Only FEMALE
Older Sister
čhuwé
ničhúwe
čhuwéku
Younger Sister
mitȟáŋ/mitȟáŋka
nitȟáŋkala
tȟaŋkáku
Older Brother
thibló
nithíblo
thiblóku
Younger Brother
misúŋka
nisúŋka
suŋkáku
Female Cousin
čépȟaŋši
ničépȟaŋši
čépȟaŋšitku
Male Cousin
šič’éši
nišíč’eši
šič’éšitku
Only MALE
Older Sister
tȟaŋké
nitȟáŋke
tȟaŋkéku
Younger Sister
tȟaŋkší
nitȟáŋkši
tȟaŋkšítku
Older Brother
čhiyé
ničhíye
čhiyéku
Younger Brother
misúŋka
nisúŋka
suŋkáku
Female Cousin
haŋkáši
niháŋkaši
haŋkášitku
Male cousin
tȟaháŋši
nitȟáŋhaŋši
tȟaŋháŋšitku
Page 25 of 63
Nacole’s Family Tree
What is your mom’s name? - Personal Response
Pattern
Examples
What is (your family member) called?
(My family member) is called (NAME).
(Your Family Member) takú ečíyapi he?
(My Family Member) (ČHAŽÉ) ečíyapi.
Nihúŋ táku ečíyapi he?
Nacole: “Iná Mary Beth ečíyapi”
Niyáte táku ečíyapi he?
Nacole: “Até Arnold ečíyapi”
Practice
NOTE: No where in this pattern are we using the verb tȟáwa (mitȟáwa, nitȟáwa, tȟáwa). When we talk about
family members we do not talk about ownership; the idea of “my”, “yours”, “his/hers” is already built into the
term!
Page 26 of 63
What is his/her mom’s name? - Talking about someone else
Pattern
Examples
What is (NAME)’s (his/her family
member) called?
(NAME) (his/her family member) is
called (NAME).
(ČHAŽÉ) (His/Her Family Member) takú
ečíyapi he?
(ČHAŽÉ) (His/Her Family Member) (ČHAŽÉ)
ečíyapi.
Sunshine húŋku kiŋ táku ečíyapi he?
Sunshine húŋku kiŋ Betty ečíyapi.
Sunshine čhuwéku kiŋ táku ečíyapi he?
Sunshine čhuwéku kiŋ Jodi ečíyapi.
Practice
My Family Tree
Page 27 of 63
Coming & Arriving Here - ú & hí
Will you be coming?
McLaughlin
Sunshine ú kte.
Oháŋ, waú kte!
Okay, I will come!
Ú we! / Ú wo!
Come here!
COMING
1
Fort Yates
Pattern
Talking to the people in Fort Yates
Will you be coming?
Yes, I will be coming.
Yaú kta he?
Háŋ, waú kte!
Come here!
Okay, I will come!
Pattern Ú we! (Female command)
Oháŋ, waú kte!
Ú wo! (Male command)
Page 28 of 63
Are you coming?
McLaughlin
Sunshine ú.
Waŋná waú!
I am coming!
Yaú he?
Are you coming?
COMING
2
Fort Yates
Pattern
Are you (on your way) coming?
Yes, I am (on my way) coming.
Yaú he?
Háŋ, waú!
Page 29 of 63
Have you arrived?
McLaughlin
Sunshine hí.
Waŋná wahí!
I have arrived here!
Taŋyáŋ yahí!
Welcome!
COMING
3
Fort
FortYates
Yates
Pattern
Pattern
Have you arrived here?
Yes, I have arrived here!
YahÍ he?
Háŋ, wahí!
Welcome!
I have arrived!
Taŋyáŋ yahí!
Waŋná wahí.
Page 30 of 63
Conjugation of ú
ú
to be coming here
Singular
1st Person
waú
2nd Person
yaú
3rd Person
ú
Dual
Plural
NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes unfinished action, hence ref. to ongoing event in the
present or past, and to hypothetical events (such as future or imperative); compare to hí”
Conjugation of hí
hí
to arrive here
Singular
1st Person
wahí
2nd Person
yahí
3rd Person
hí
Dual
Plural
NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes a finished action, hence usually ref. to events in the past,
ú is used in ref. to ongoing and hypothetical events (future and imperative).”
Page 31 of 63
Going & Arriving There - yÁ & í
Where will you be going?
Bismarck
Sunshine Bismarck-ta yíŋ kte.
Bismarck-ta
mníŋ kte!
I will be going to Bismarck!
Tókhiya níŋ kta he?
GOING
1
Fort Yates
Pattern
Examples
I will be going to PLACE.
PLACE-ta mníŋ kte.
Bismarck-ta mníŋ kte.
Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe-ta mníŋ kte.
Practice
Page 32 of 63
Where are you going?
Bismarck
Sunshine Bismarck-ta yé.
Bismarck-ta blé!
I am on my way to Bismarck!
Tókhiya lá he?
GOING
2
Fort Yates
Pattern
Examples
I am going to PLACE.
Tókhiya lá he?
PLACE-ta blé.
Tókhiya lá he?
Bismarck-ta blé.
Tókhiya lá he?
Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe-ta blé.
Practice
Page 33 of 63
Where did you go?
Bismarck
Sunshine Bismarck ektá í.
Bismarck ektá waí!
I arrived (there) in Bismarck!
Tuktél yaí he?
Where did you go? / Where did you arrive?
GOING
3
Fort Yates
Where did you go? Where did you
Pattern arrive?
Examples
I arrived at PLACE.
Tuktél yaí he?
PLACE ektá waí.
Tuktél yaí he?
Bismarck ektá waí.
Tuktél yaí he?
Billings ektá waí.
Practice
Page 34 of 63
Conjugation of yÁ
yÁ
to go there
Singular
Dual
1st Person
blá / blé / mníŋ kte
2nd Person
lá / lé / níŋ kte
3rd Person
yá / yé / yíŋ kte
Plural
NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “note the irregular conjugation before kte”
Conjugation of í
í
to arrive at a place away
from here
Singular
1st Person
waí
2nd Person
yaí
3rd Person
í
Dual
Plural
NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes a finished action, hence usually ref. to events in the past,
see yÁ - used in ref. to ongoing and hypothetical events (future and imperative); compare to hí ‘to arrive here’” Page 35 of 63
Coming and Going Verbs
Four Coming and Going Stems
away from
here
toward here
movement in progress
(imperfective)
arrive
(perfective)
yÁ - to be on the way away from here
í - to have arrived there
ú - to be on the way toward here, be
coming
hí - to have arrived / come here
Six Basic Coming and Going Verbs
depart
movement in progress
away from iyáyA - to depart from here yÁ - to be on the way away
here
to go there
from here
toward here
arrive
í - to have arrived there
hiyú - to depart from there
ú - to be on the way toward
hí - to have arrived / come
in order to come here
here, be coming
here
Page 36 of 63
Time and Tense in Lakota
Tense
Compare the following sentences and translations:
Past
Present
Lakota
English Translation
Ȟtálehaŋ mawáni
Yesterday I walked.
Híŋhaŋni mawáni.
This morning I walked.
Aŋpétu kiŋ lé mawáni.
Today I walked.
Waŋná mawáni.
Now I am walking.
Híŋhaŋni kiŋ mawáni kte.
Tomorrow I will walk.
Mawáni kte.
I will walk.
Future
What does this mean?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Seasons
Lakota Seasons
Lakota
English Translation
wétu
spring / to be spring
blokétu
summer / to be summer
ptaŋyétu
fall / to be fall
waníyetu
winter / to be winter
Page 37 of 63
Talking about the Past: k’uŋ héhaŋ
Where did you go last summer? - Personal Response
Pattern
Examples
What will you go PAST SEASON?
PAST SEASON I went to PLACE.
LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he?
LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ PLACE ektá waí.
Blokétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he?
Blokétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Denver ektá waí.
Ptaŋyétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he?
Ptaŋyétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Mandan ektá waí.
Practice
Where did he/she go last summer? - Talking About Someone Else
Where did (NAME) go PAST SEASON?
PAST SEASON (NAME) went to
PLACE.
(NAME) LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í
he?
LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ (NAME) PLACE
ektá í.
Emma wétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í he?
Wétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Emma New York ektá í.
Chris waníyetu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í he?
Waníyetu k’uŋ héhaŋ Chris Portland ektá í.
Pattern
Examples
Practice
Page 38 of 63
Talking about the Future: kiŋháŋ
Where will you go next summer? - Personal Response
Pattern
Examples
Where will you go NEXT SEASON?
NEXT SEASON I will go to PLACE.
NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he?
NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ PLACE-ta mníŋ kte.
Wétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he?
Wétu kiŋháŋ Florida-ta mníŋ kte.
Ptaŋyétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he?
Ptaŋyétu kiŋháŋ Omaha-ta mníŋ kte.
Practice
Where will he/she go next summer? - Talking About Someone Else
Where will (NAME) go NEXT SEASON?
NEXT SEASON (NAME) will go to
PLACE.
(NAME) NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ
kta he?
NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ (NAME) PLACE-ya
yíŋ kte.
Emma waníyetu kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ kta he?
Waníyetu kiŋháŋ Emma Mandan-tá yíŋ kte.
Joe blokétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ kta he?
Blokétu kiŋháŋ Joe Wakpála-ta yíŋ kte.
Pattern
Examples
Practice
Page 39 of 63
Other Time Words
Some words are not used with k’uŋ héhaŋ or kiŋháŋ:
Examples
Lakota
English Translation
híŋhaŋni kiŋ
tomorrow
híŋhaŋni/híŋhaŋna
morning
ȟtayétu
evening
ȟtálehaŋ
yesterday
aŋpétu kiŋ lé
today
Híŋhaŋni kiŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he?
Híŋhaŋni kiŋ Bismarck-ta mníŋ kte.
Híŋhaŋni tuktél yaí he?
Híŋhaŋni Bismack ektá waí.
Ȟtayétu kiŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he?
Ȟtayétu kiŋ Denver-ta mníŋ kte.
Ȟtayétu tuktél yaí he?
Ȟtayétu Denver ektá waí.
Practice
Page 40 of 63
New Lakota Dictionary
How to use the New Lakota Dictionary
1. Go to the “English-Lakȟól’iyapi” section of the Dictionary (back section, after the blue strip in
the middle).
2. Find the word you want to learn.
•
For example, say you want to learn “I am cold” in L/Dakota. First, search for the word
“cold.”
3. Read through the entire definition of the word.
Sometimes there are various L/Dakota words
available, find the one that words best.
•
Once you have found “cold,” notice that
there are 10 ways to say “cold” in L/Dakota!
These might all be used in different
situations!
•
If we want to say “I am cold,” the third
definition (3) čhuwíta will work best!
4. Now go to the “Lakȟól’iyapi-English” section of the Dictionary (in front of the blue strip).
5. Find the L/Dakota word that you looked up in English.
Page 41 of 63
•
Now that you have found čhuwíta, read through the example sentences to make sure it
is the correct definition for what you want to say.
6. Find the ▶ symbol within the definition, which is followed by 1s & 1p
•
•
1s: First Singular conjugation, “I” form
o Mačhúwita – I am cold.
1p: First Plural conjugation, “we” form
o Uŋčhúwitapi – We are cold.
Page 42 of 63
Dakota in the New Lakota Dictionary
LYS
L – Lakota
Northern
Southern
Y - Yankton/Yanktonai
Yn. Yankton
Yi. Yanktonai
S - Santee/Sisseton
Sa. Santee
Si. Sisseton
Page 43 of 63
Lakota Conjugation
Lakota Verb Classes
There are two main types of Lakota Verbs: Active and Stative. Stative verbs are always conjugated
the same (there is only one pattern) but there are different classes of Active verbs:
Active Verb Classes
Class I
(wa/ya verbs)
Class I is probably the largest inflectional class of active verbs. It is inflected with
personal affixe wa- and ya- for 1s and 2s respectively.
EXAMPLES on page 765 NLD.2
Class II
(y-stem verbs)
Class II is also a very large group of verbs, all characterized by having the
consonant y in their stem or prefix. Not all Lakota verbs with y, however, are Class
II verbs. Therefore, students should refer to the dictionary entry of a verb in order
to determine its inflection type.
Class II verbs are inflected with affixes bl and l for 1s and 2s. These affixes
always replace consonant y.
Class III
Group A
(nasal stem verbs)
Class III
Group B
(nasal stem verbs)
Class II is the smallest group of Lakota verbs, but contains very frequent and
important verbs. These verbs are also sometimes called nasal stem verbs
because they are all inflected before a nasal vowel. Class III verbs fall into two
groups.
All verbs in Group A involve the syllable yaŋ or yuŋ, while verbs in Group B
contain a syllable consisting of nasal vowel uŋ or iŋ. It is before these syllables
that Class III verbs are inflected.
Personal affixes used with Class III verbs are m and n for 1s and 2s.
In Group A these affixes replace consonant y, and in Group B they are placed in
front of the nasal vowel uŋ or iŋ.
Irregular Verbs
Unlike English, Lakota has very few irregular verbs:
eyÁ - to say smh
yútA - to eat
wótA - to eat things
íŋyaŋkA - to run
íŋ - to wear around the shoulders
Page 44 of 63
čhíŋ%–%to%want%
%
_________________%waŋží%yačhíŋ%he/hwo?%%%
%
(Do%you%want%a%______?)%
Hau/Haŋ,%_________________%waŋží%wačhíŋ.%%% %
(Yes,%I%want%a%______.)%
Hiyá,%_________________%waŋžíni%wačhíŋ%šni.%%% %
(No,%I%do%not%want%a%______.)%
%
EJ%_________________%waŋží%čhíŋ.%%
%
%
%
(EJ%wants%a%______.)%
EJ%_________________%waŋžíni%čhíŋ%šni.%%% %
%
(EJ%does%not%want%a%______.)%
%
čhíŋ%
%
%
%
%
%%%wačhíŋ% %
%%%% %
%
%yačhíŋ%
he/she%or%it%wants%%
%
I%want%%
%
you%want%%
3rd%Person%Singular%
%
1st%Person%Singular%
%
2nd%Person%Singular
%
%
Conjugation of čhíŋ
čhíŋ
to want smth
Singular
1st Person
wačhíŋ
2nd Person
yačhíŋ
3rd Person
čhíŋ
Dual
Page 45 of 63
Plural
ečíyapi(–(to(be(called(
(
Táku(eníčiyapi(he/hwo?(( (
(
(
(What(do(they(call(you?)(
____________(emáčiyapi.(((
(
(
(They(call(me((__________.)(
(
(
(They(call(her(Emma(Jean.)(
(
Emma(Jean(ečíyapi.( (
(
(
ečíyapi((
(
(
he/she(or(it(is(called((
rd
3 (Person(Singular(
(
(
(((emáčiyapi( (
(
(
I(am(called((
st
1 (Person(Singular(
(((( (eníčiyapi(
(
you(are(called((
(
2nd(Person(Singular
(
Conjugation of ečíyapi
ečíyapi
to be called smth
Singular
1st Person
emáčiyapi
2nd Person
eníčiyapi
3rd Person
ečíyapi
Dual
Page 46 of 63
Plural
yuhá%–%to%have%
%
_________________%waŋží%luhá/duhá%he/hwo?%%%
%
(Do%you%have%a%______?)%
Hau/Haŋ,%_________________%waŋ%bluhá/bduhá.%%% %
(Yes,%I%have%a%______.)%
Hiyá,%_________________%waŋžíni%bluhá/bduhá%šni.%%%
(No,%I%do%not%have%a%______.)%
%
EJ%_________________%waŋží%yuhá.%
%
%
%
%
(EJ%has%a%______.)%
EJ%_________________%waŋžíni%yuhá%šni.%%% %
%
%
(EJ%does%not%have%a%______.)%
%
%%%%luhá/duhá%
%
yuhá% %
%
%
%
%%%bluhá/bduhá%%
he/she%or%it%has%%
%
I%have%%
%
you%have%%
3rd%Person%Singular%
%
1st%Person%Singular%
%
2nd%Person%Singular
%
%
Conjugation of úŋ
úŋ
to wear smh
Singular
1st Person
múŋ
2nd Person
núŋ
3rd Person
úŋ
Dual
Page 47 of 63
Plural
úŋ – to wear
Táku núŋ he/hwo?
(What are you wearing?)
____________ múŋ.
(I am wearing __________.)
Sunshine uŋzóǧe úŋ.
(Sunshine is wearing pants.)
úŋ
múŋ
núŋ
he/she or it is called
I am called
you are called
3rd Person Singular
1st Person Singular
2nd Person Singular
Conjugation of yuhá
yuhá
to have smth
Singular
1st Person
bluhá
2nd Person
luhá
3rd Person
yuhá
Dual
Page 48 of 63
Plural
Conjugation Practice
Lakota Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st Person
I
you and I
we
2nd Person
you
you all
3rd Person
he/she/it
they
Definition
máni
to walk
1st Person
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
mawáni
2nd Person
3rd Person
to play
máni
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to jump
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
Page 49 of 63
to dance
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to sing
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to sleep
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to eat
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
to drink
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
Page 50 of 63
Fruit & Food Vocabulary
English
Lakota & Dakota
onion
pšíŋ
grapes
čhuŋwíyapehe tȟóša
eggplant
wagmú tȟóša
plum
kȟáŋta
blackberry
wažúštečasapa
cucumber
kuŋkúŋ
green apple
tȟaspáŋ tȟózi
green pepper
yamnúmnuǧapi tȟózi
lime
tȟaspáŋpȟa tȟózi
pumpkin
wagmúzi
orange
tȟaspáŋzi
carrot
pȟaŋǧí zizí
peach
tȟaspáŋhiŋšma
orange pepper
yamnúmnuǧapi zíša
lemon
tȟaspáŋpȟa /
tȟaspáŋškumna
corn
wagmíza / wagméza
yellow pepper
yamnúmnuǧapi zí
yellow apple
tȟaspáŋ zí
banana
zíškopela
red grapes
čhuŋwíyapehe šašá
raspberry
tȟakȟáŋyeča
strawberry
wažúšteča / wazíškeča
tomatoe
uŋžíŋžiŋtka
apple
tȟaspáŋ
Dakota Variation
hastáŋhaŋkȟa
wagmáheza /
wahúwapa
zíškopa
Page 51 of 63
To like smth - waštélakA
Do you like strawberries? - Personal Response
Pattern
Do you like (FRUIT)?
Yes, I like (FRUIT).
(FRUIT) waštéyalaka he?
Háŋ, (FRUIT) waštéwalake.
Wagmúšpaŋšni waštéyalaka he?
Háŋ, wagmúšpaŋšni waštéwalake.
Examples Wažúšteča waštéyalaka he?
Hiyá, wažúšteča waštéwalake šni.
Tȟaspáŋ waštéyalaka he?
Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ waštéwalake.
Practice
Conjugation of waštélakA
waštélakA
to like smh
Singular
Dual
1st Person
waštéwalaka /
waštéwalake
2nd Person
waštéyalaka /
waštéyalake
3rd Person
waštélaka /
waštélake
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Plural
waštéuŋlakapi
To have/see plural things: yuhá & waŋyáŋkA
Pattern
Do you have some _____?
Yes, I have some _____.
_______ etáŋ luhá he?
Háŋ, ________ eyá bluhá.
Wíyatke eyá luhá he?
Háŋ, wíyatke eyá bluhá.
Examples Iphíyaka eyá luhá he?
Háŋ, iphíyaka eyá bluhá.
Ógle eyá luhá he?
Háŋ, ógle eyá bluhá.
Practice
Pattern
Do you have some _____?
No, I do not have any _____.
_______ etáŋ luhá he?
Hiyá, ________ tákuni bluhá šni.
Wakšíča etáŋ luhá he?
Hiyá, wakšíča tákuni bluhá šni.
Examples Ógle šóka etáŋ luhá he?
Hiyá, ógle šóka tákuni bluhá šni.
Míla etáŋ luhá he?
Hiyá, míla tákuni bluhá šni.
Practice
Pattern
Examples
Does (NAME) see some _____?
Yes, (NAME) sees some _____.
(ČHAŽÉ) _______ etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ eyá waŋyáŋke.
Sunshine háŋpa etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa eyá waŋyáŋke.
Nacole wíčazo etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Háŋ, Nacole wíčazo eyá waŋyáŋke.
Practice
Page 53 of 63
Does (NAME) see some _____?
No, (NAME) does not see any _____.
(ČHAŽÉ) _______ etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ tákuni waŋyáŋke
šni.
Michael uŋzóǧe etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Hiyá, Michael uŋzóǧe tákuni waŋyáŋke šni.
Gabe čhiŋšká etáŋ waŋyáŋka he?
Hiyá, Gabe čhiŋšká tákuni waŋyáŋke šni.
Pattern
Examples
Practice
NOTE: at this point we are only talking about plural INANIMATE things. When we talk about plural ANIMATE
things the pattern will change slightly!
Plural Indefinite Articles “etáŋ,” “eyá,” & “tákuni”
Comparison
Usage
Word
Example
“some/any”
hypothetical: used in questions or
talking about things we want
etáŋ
Sunshine tȟaspáŋ etáŋ yuhá he?
eyá
Háŋ, Sunshine tȟaspáŋ eyá yuhá.
“some”
real: used when talking about things
that are real, things that we have, see,
etc..
“some/any”
unreal: used when talking about things
that do not exist, things we do not have,
see, etc..
tákuni … šni
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Hiyá, Sunshine tȟaspáŋ tákuni yuhá šni
Animacy - Inanimate Things VS Animate Things
Inanimate Things
Example of inanimate things: silverware, fruit, food, trees, etc..
These are things that do not move/are not alive.
Animate Things
Examples of animate things: people, animals, insects, etc..
These are things that are alive and can move.
Plural Animate Object: wičhaCompare the follow excerpts from the Lakota Level 3 Textbook:
The statements in the excerpt above should be familiar to you. Here, they are talking about both
singular and plural INANIMATE things.
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Page 56 of 63
The statements in the excerpt above show the use of the WIČHA in the sentences. Here, they are
talking about both singular and plural ANIMATE things.
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Eating & Drinking Verbs: yútA & yatkÁŋ
What are you eating?
Pattern
Examples
What are you eating?
I am eating a/some _______.
Táku čha yáta he?
_________ waŋ/eyá wáte.
Zíškopela waŋ wáte.
Čhuŋwíyapehe eyá wáte.
Practice
Are you eating some ______?
Pattern
Examples
Are you eating a/some (FOOD)?
Yes, I am eating a/some (FOOD).
_____ waŋží/etáŋ yáta he?
Háŋ, _____ waŋ/eyá wáte.
Tȟaspáŋ waŋží yáta he?
Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ waŋ wáte.
wažúšteča etáŋ yáta he?
Háŋ, wažúšteča eyá wáte.
Practice
What are you drinking?
Pattern
Examples
What are you drinking?
I am drinking some _______.
Táku čha latkáŋ he?
_________ eyá blatké.
Zíškopela eyá blatké.
Čhuŋwíyapehe eyá blatké.
Practice
Are you drinking some ______?
Pattern
Examples
Are you drinking some (DRINK)?
Yes, I am drinking some (DRINK).
_____ etáŋ latkáŋ he?
Háŋ, _____ eyá blatké.
Mní etáŋ latkáŋ he?
Háŋ, mní eyá blatké.
Tȟaspáŋ haŋpí etáŋ latkáŋ he?
Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ haŋpí eyá blatké.
Practice
Page 59 of 63
Putting it all together…
Your sentences:
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Page 61 of 63
Page 62 of 63
I can…
Strongly
Agree
I can talk about my family using Lakota kinship
terms.
I can introduce myself in Lakota.
I can use properly use Lakota demonstratives (lé,
hé, ká, lenáos, henáos, kanáos, lená, hená, kaná).
I can use various vocabulary items for clothing,
food, every day items, and animals.
I can count in Lakota.
I can conjugate basic Lakota verbs.
I can demonstrate the standard Lakota word order.
I can make sentences with coming and going
verbs.
I can talk about seasons in Lakota.
I can use various indefinite articles (waŋ, waŋží,
waŋžíni .. šni, eyá, etáŋ, tákuni.. šni) in sentences.
I can conjugate sentences using wičhá properly.
I can talk about eating and drinking in Lakota.
I can use the New Lakota Dictionary to keep
learning.
Page 63 of 63
Agree
Neutral
Disagree Strongly
Disagree

File - Lakȟól`iyapi Wahóȟpi WótakuyeFamilies of the

Transcription

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