L`ARBORICOLTURA NELLA FILIERA DEL LEGNO PREGIATO

A07
47
Comitato organizzatore:
Prof. Daniele Bassi
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
Dott.ssa. Maria Claudia Piagnani
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
Dott.ssa Manuela Baietto
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
Dott. Remo Chiozzotto
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
Dott. Enrico Calvo
ERSAF Regione Lombardia
Dott. Gianni Facciotto
CRA - Istituto di sperimentazione per la Pioppicoltura, Casale Monferrato
Dott. Paolo Lassini
Direzione Generale Agricoltura della Regione Lombardia
Comitato scientifico:
Dott. Massimo Bianchi
CRA - Istituto sperimentale per l’assestamento forestale e l’alpicoltura, Trento
Dott. Stefano Bisoffi
Direttore scientifico CRA - Roma
Dott. Enrico Buresti
CRA - Istituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, Arezzo
Dott. Fulvio Ducci
CRA - Istituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura, Arezzo
Prof. Gianfranco Minotta
Dip. Agroselviter, Università di Torino
Supporto tecnico:
Sig. Angelo Galluzzi
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
Sig. Marco Gibin
Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano
DIPROVE - Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale dell’Università degli Studi di Milano
Atti del convegno:
L’ARBORICOLTURA NELLA FILIERA
DEL LEGNO PREGIATO
a cura di
Maria Claudia Piagnani
Organizzato in collaborazione con:
Regione Lombardia - Agricoltura
ERSAF - Regione Lombardia
Con il patrocinio di:
Facoltà di Agraria dell’Università degli Studi di Milano
Regione Lombardia - Agricoltura
ERSAF - Regione Lombardia
SOI - Società Orticola Italiana
Con il contributo di:
Università degli Studi di Milano
Comune di Cornaredo
Bellotti S.p.a., Cermenate (CO)
5 - 6 OTTOBRE 2006
CORNAREDO - MILANO
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I edizione: gennaio 2008
indice
Indice:
Presentazione
1
G. Minotta
Alcune Immagini dal convegno
3
EU strategies with regard to the noble-hardwood chain and an overview of the french experience and ongoing research programmes.
7
E. T. du Cros
Risultati finali provvisori sull’imboschimento dei terreni agricoli in
lombardia (programma di sviluppo rurale 2000 – 2006 )
27
R. Carovigno e R. Tonetti
Prospettive economiche delle filiere per l’arboricoltura da legno
in italia
45
D. Pettenella
L’arboricoltura con latifoglie a legno pregiato nel contesto agroambientale
64
G. Minotta
Tecniche di selezione di materiali di base di latifoglie nobili
F. Ducci
76
indice
Come si e’ evoluta la progettazione degli impianti di arboricoltura
da legno negli ultimi trenta anni
110
E. Buresti e S. Ravagni
Effetto di differenti sistemi di impianto sullo sviluppo e produttivitá
del noce da legno in Sicilia
123
E. Barone, M. La Mantia, D.S. La Mela Veca e T. La Mantia
Produttività di impianti di noce da legno realizzati in Sicilia
141
T. La Mantia, C. Maggiore, I. Cutino, G. Giardina, G. Scalzo, G. Tricarichi e G. Callegari
La filiera del legno pregiato per l’arredo: prospettive e punti critici
per l’industria
165
E. Bellotti
Certificazione forestale e arboricoltura da legno: il caso della pioppicoltura italiana
171
L. Secco e L. Guerci
Procedimenti industriali per la valorizzazione del legno di pioppo
186
G. Fragnelli, G. Castro, R. Alga, e R. Zanuttini
Il legno nel settore enologico: vantaggi e limiti di una tecnologia
secolare
208
L. Matricardi
Influenza delle pratiche colturali sulla qualità del legno
M. Brunetti e M. Nocetti
I legni pregiati in uso nel settore degli strumenti musicali
F. Perrone
233
250
indice
L’esperienza dell’ERSAF con il ciavardello e il perastro in impianti
di arboricoltura da legno
278
E. Calvo e F. Mantovani
Primi risultati sul reperimento e la caratterizzazione di accessioni di
pero per la produzione di legname
287
G. Bartolini, C. Benelli, M. Lambardi, S. Berti e A. Crivellaro
Caratteristiche fisico-meccaniche del legname proveniente da impianti di arboricoltura da legno
M. Brunetti, C. Cremonini e F. Ruffinatto
300
Modelli colturali per l’arboricoltura da legno in pianura
G. Facciotto e S. Bergante
312
Possibili utilizzazioni del materiale proveniente da diradamenti
S. Berti e R. Zanuttini
324
Sorbus domestica e S. torminalis: materiale sperimentale
presso il DIPROVE (foto MC Piagnani)
presentazione
Presentazione
di Gianfranco Minotta
L’arboricoltura realizzata con latifoglie a legname pregiato ha cominciato
a diffondersi nelle campagne italiane dai primi anni “80 del secolo scorso,
con le note ed alterne vicende legate al mutare dei finanziamenti pubblici e
delle conoscenze tecniche disponibili. Oggi, dopo circa 25 anni dagli inizi,
il ruolo di questo tipo d’arboricoltura da legno nella gestione agroambientale
del territorio rurale si è certamente consolidato. D’altra parte però, il suo
futuro appare sempre più legato alla capacità di soddisfare gli elevati standard
qualitativi e quantitativi richiesti dall’industria utilizzatrice riducendo, nel
contempo, la dipendenza dal finanziamento pubblico. Proprio questo è lo
spirito che ha animato il Convegno “L’arboricoltura nella filiera del legno
pregiato” organizzato dal DiProVe dell’Università di Milano nell’ottobre
2006, il quale ha perseguito due principali obiettivi: a) fare il punto sulle più
recenti attività sperimentali promosse a livello internazionale, nazionale e
locale per ottimizzare gli output produttivi ed ambientali di questi impianti;
presentazione
b) confrontarsi con le esigenze dell’industria nell’intento di individuare le
sinergie di filiera più utili e costruttive per dare sbocchi di mercato al legno
di pregio di produzione nazionale. In quest’ottica le presentazioni proposte
al convegno e raccolte nel presente volume rendono conto sia del qualificato
lavoro di studio e di ricerca compiuto in Italia su questo argomento anche
nell’ambito di progetti internazionali, sia dei diversi comparti industriali
ed artigianali, di ampia diffusione o di “nicchia”, interessati all’utilizzo di
questa materia prima. Tra le tendenze innovative si cita la diversificazione
dell’offerta produttiva con l’impiego di nuove specie e/o la valorizzazione di
assortimenti non tradizionali, il che può ben corrispondere ad una domanda
potenzialmente molteplice e differenziata. Si cita, ancora, l’opportunità di
pervenire all’ecocertificazione del legname derivato dagli impianti di latifoglie
nobili per favorirne la penetrazione sui mercati, nonché la sperimentazione
di modelli colturali multifunzionali, sempre più coerenti con i principi di
salvaguardia ambientale. Il quadro complessivo delineato dal presente volume
è quindi assai dinamico ed in deciso progresso rispetto ad un pur recente
passato. Pertanto, al fine di cogliere le opportunità che si prospettano, è oggi
prioritario ed urgente proseguire le attività di ricerca e sviluppo in maniera
sempre più mirata e coinvolgendo tutti gli attori della filiera.
alcune immagini dal convegno
Alcune immagini dal convegno
In alto: primo giorno del convegno nella Sala
Congressi del Palazzo della Filanda a Cornaredo.
Qui sopra: apertura dei lavori della seconda giornata
nell’ Aula Magna della Facoltà di Agraria, Milano
alcune immagini dal convegno
Interventi della seconda giornata del Convegno
nell’ Aula Magna della Facoltà di Agraria, Milano
alcune immagini dal convegno
Visita al campo di selezione-collezione dell’dell’Azienda Sperimentale
‘Cascina Baiocca’ dell’Università degli Studi di Milano (Cornaredo).
alcune immagini dal convegno
Visita ai campi sperimentali dell’ERSAF,
situati nelle adiacenze dell’Abbazia di Chiaravalle (Milano).
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EU strategies with regard to the noble-hardwood chain
and an overview of the french experience and ongoing
research programmes
Eric Teissier du Cros
Former INRA Forest Geneticist, 11 rue du Dr René Dayot, 22430 Erquy, France
eric.teissier-du-cros@wanadoo.fr
Abstract
Management and conservation of genetic resources of noble hardwoods
were initiated in France when wood shortage of high-value species
resulted in planting forest reproductive material of unknown or
mistaken origin. The French programme started in the late 1970s and
was essentially focused on wild cherry, ash and walnut for genetic
improvement, and wild cherry, elms, service tree and wild service
tree for conservation. On the one hand, forest reproductive material
is now available and more is expected to arrive. On the other, threats
and means of protecting genetic resources have been identified and, in
most cases, implemented. Thanks to this rather important technical and
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practical programme, a large amount of scientific results related to these
species have been made available: distribution of genetic diversity, mating
systems, incompatibility processes and propagation by tissue culture. The
corresponding research was made possible thanks to national and EU
projects and also thanks to excellent cooperation among research teams,
both nationally and in the EU. Among the latter, Italian colleagues have
played a remarkable role.
Keywords: noble hardwoods, genetic resources, breeding strategy,
conservation, international cooperation
1. Short history
France initiated the genetic improvement of forest trees in the early 1950s.
Because of a lack of all types of wood, emphasis was first put, together
with incentives for reforestation, on fast growing conifers: Scots pine,
Norway Spruce, silver fir, Douglas fir, larch and maritime pine. Interest in
broadleaves started in the early 1950s and focused first on aspen following
the Scandinavian example and then on poplar, as in northern Italy, because
of its intensive management, high yield, short rotation and essential role
in the French wood chain. In the mid 1970s, attention was put on longlived broadleaves, beech and oak, because they represent a major part of
French forests and because their genetic resources needed more careful
management. In the late 1970s, as a result of a forecasted shortage in highquality wood, reforestation with noble hardwoods was initiated. During
that period, forest managers either had very little knowledge of the best
reforestation resources (example of common ash), or they were using the
wrong resource (wild cherry), or the genetic pool of seed sources was too
narrow (hybrid walnut). These three examples will be developed in this
paper.
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In the mid 1990s, due to a lack of sufficient funding to maintain such a
massive amount of breeding populations (a total of over 50 species with
at least provenance testing, 15 species with intensive breeding and 2,000
hectares of field tests, IDF 1994), a decision was made to focus on three
major species applying all possible scientific and technical means including
biotechnology (maritime pine, Douglas fir and poplar). Efforts concerning
other species were focused on the rapid release of varieties, on information
related to the best seed sources and on preparing varieties to be released
during the next 20-30 years. This trend has recently been formalised by
a group consisting of forest research scientists, developers, managers
and policy-makers, as well as representatives of forest owners and seed
merchants under the leadership of the Direction générale de la Forêt et des
Affaires Rurales, French Ministry of Agriculture (Teissier du Cros 2001a).
Several noble hardwoods are listed in this 20-30 year outlook.
2. Noble hardwoods
This term first needs to be defined because it includes species considered
common in certain parts of Europe and noble in others. EUFORGEN,
the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (coordinated by
Biodiversity International, a CGIAR Institute with headquarters in Italy),
has worked on this definition and made other efforts on noble hardwoods.
One of EUFORGEN’s current Networks deals with the conservation of
scattered broadleaves. The work of this Network includes noble hardwoods
like Acer, Alnus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Tilia
and Ulmus, as well as chestnut, which is considered a noble hardwood in
Nordic countries.
To supplement the definition of noble hardwoods, their timber “is in many
cases of high quality and subsequently the species are sought after for
various purposes whereas they have a minor role in traditional forestry.
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In addition, some of these species have significant other types of uses.
[…] Many scattered broadleaves are also important for landscaping and
environmental purposes.” (http://www.biodiversityinternational.org).
3. Genetics and breeding of noble hardwoods
3.1. Seed orchards
In Europe, three main strategies for producing improved seed in seed
orchards are applied.
The first, described as “plus tree clonal seed orchards”, is essentially
developed in Germany, more precisely in Lower Saxony, and in Belgium.
Plus trees are phenotypically selected in forest stands, grafted and mixed
in small seed orchards. Such a strategy is used for wild cherry, maple,
ash (Teissier du Cros 1980) and most likely for a couple of other noble
hardwoods. Clonal seed orchards may be followed by seedling seed
orchards when progeny tests of clones included in clonal seed orchards are
established with single tree plots (Bart De Cuyper, pers. comm.).
The second is described as “elite tree clonal seed orchards”. It is used in
France on wild cherry. Like in the previous strategy, plus trees are first
phenotypically selected in forest stands. Their vegetatively propagated
self-rooted copies are tested in clonal tests. The best clones are then
established in seed orchards. This strategy and its scientific background
will be developed further in this paper.
The third strategy, essentially used in France for walnut, consists of
establishing seed orchards with individuals of one species (Juglans nigra
or J. major) that, when surrounded by individuals of the other species (J.
regia), tend to produce a high percentage of hybrid seed.
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3.2. Selected seed stands (http://www.agriculture.gouv.fr/)
As for other forest tree species, a major percentage of noble hardwood
seed used for reforestation in France is harvested in selected seed stands
following EU regulations (Green Label). Such stands exist for sycamore
(Acer pseudoplatanus L., 6 Regions of Provenance), Norway maple (Acer
platanoides L., 2 Regions), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L., 9 Regions),
wild cherry (Prunus avium L., 1 Region), broad-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos
Scop., 1 Region) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill., 3 Regions).
3.3. Clones
France has a long history of clonal propagation of genetically selected
individuals to increase the release of genetic gain in varieties. This has of
course been easy with most poplars but it has also been developed in wild
cherry and hybrid walnut using horticultural or in vitro methods.
Three examples illustrating French efforts on noble hardwood genetics and
breeding are now given.
3.4. Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)
Forest reproductive material essentially originates from phenotypically
selected seed stands (Dufour 2001a). However, genetic studies using
morphological and molecular markers have shown that in contact zones
between Fraxinus excelsior and F. angustifolia Vahl. respective distribution
ranges, hybrid populations are found. As trading hybrids in Green Label
forest reproductive material is against EU and French regulations, ways
and means of testing and sorting seed stands and nursery seedlings need to
be generalised using morphological and molecular markers.
Added to selected seed stands, a one-hectare regional “plus tree clonal
seed orchard” established by a private nursery in northwest France is now
11
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producing seed (Dufour 2001a). Its genetic composition (32 clones) has
been certified with molecular markers. Studies on pollen flow and other
genetic features involved in seed genetic quality are underway. Progeny
testing for possible genetic thinning will start soon.
In Germany, seed is harvested in selected seed stands and in “plus tree
clonal seed orchards”. Vegetative propagation using cuttings and tissue
culture is being studied for outstanding individuals. In Ireland, the clonal
avenue is also followed. In the U.K., efforts concentrate on provenance
testing. Finally, Belgium aims to select genetically superior clones in clonal
tests for future “elite tree clonal seed orchards” (Dufour 2001a).
3.5. Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.)
In the 1970s, reforestation was found to essentially rely on seed from jam
factories, not always of Prunus avium but most likely from cultivated fruit
cherry. Proposing wild cherry reproductive material to help the industry
face the increasing demand for high-quality wood became urgent. At that
time forest management, particularly in state-managed forests, was not
adapted to a high light demanding species like wild cherry. Wild cherry is
the first noble hardwood considered by French forest tree geneticists for
improvement in order to release varieties in a rather short time lapse. In
the beginning, the strategy was entirely clonal: selection of 400 plus trees
in stands over most of the territory (figure 1), vegetative propagation using
the species’ natural ability to produce root suckers, and the establishment
of several clone banks and of 41 clone tests in most regions (figure 2). In
1994 this resulted in a first series of 8 clones for reforestation. The current
number of clones on the market has increased to 10, each with a description
of growth potential, resistance to leaf spot and of branching habit (http://
www.agriculture.gouv.fr/).
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Fig. 1. Location of the 400 wild cherry ortets representing the genetic pool of the
French breeding programme (Dufour, pers. comm.)
Fig. 2. Thirty-seven wild cherry clonal tests were planted in France from 1982 to
1996. Since then, 4 more tests have been planted. Altogether they include 310 of the
original ortets (Dufour, pers. comm.)
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Unfortunately, the use of clones for reforestation seems hindered by their
price. A plant obtained from vegetative propagation (softwood cutting)
costs more than a seedling! Perhaps more should have been done by
scientists and extension people to convince foresters that this material
was much more adequate, particularly in the long term, than seedlings
from jam factories or from foreign clonal seed orchards not tested on the
French territory. It is also apparent that the rapid release of the first 8 clones
resulted in too limited information on some of the clones’ branching habit
or leaf-spot resistance.
Recent EU regulations on forest reproductive material do not allow for
the use of jam factory seed but open the French market to foreign sources,
although the latter have not yet been tested under French conditions. To
make France self-sufficient in wild cherry seed, the establishment of a
series of seed orchards was decided on using sets of clones selected in
clone tests. This breeding shortcut was possible because INRA (Institut
National de la Recherche Agronomique, equivalent to CRA in Italy)
research scientists had shown that the general combining ability of parent
clones (genetic value transmitted to their progeny) was highly connected
to their own value estimated in clone tests. Two clonal seed orchards have
now been established, and others are planned (Dufour 2001b). They are all
laid out to allow genetic thinning when progeny tests will start providing
genetic information.
Germany has established several “plus tree clonal seed orchards”. In vitro
propagation is under study to expand clonal forestry. The Italian strategy
applied by CRA’s Centro di Ricerca per la Selvicoltura in Arezzo is very
similar to the French clonal one. Ten clones are soon to be included on
the national list. A similar approach is used in the U.K. (East Malling). In
Belgium, the “plus tree clonal seed orchard” strategy has been developed as
well as the clonal one. Breeding programmes also exist in the Netherlands,
Spain and Greece.
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