Systemic Insecticide Technology for Tree Care -...Systemic

Systemic Insecticide Technology for Tree Care -...Systemic

Systemic Insecticide Technology for
Tree Care
Dan Herms
Department of Entomology
The Ohio State University
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
Wooster
herms.2@osu.edu
Landscapes are diverse ecosystems
Advantages of systemics:
• Effective control of diversity of pests.
• Timing: fall or spring.
• Diverse application methods. Can be used
where spraying is undesirable.
• Very low use rates: low environmental risk.
• Very low vertebrate toxicity.
• Reduced impact on natural enemies.
Advantages of systemics:
• Effective control of diversity of pests.
• Timing: fall or spring.
• Diverse application methods. Can be used
where spraying is undesirable.
• Very low use rates: low environmental risk.
• Very low vertebrate toxicity.
• Reduced impact on natural enemies.
• But – they have to be applied preventively.
Questions:
Selectivity: which pests are controlled?
Patterns of uptake, translocation, and
accumulation in the plant?
Length of residual activity?
Timing: fall vs. spring vs. summer?
Application rate vs. tree size?
Placement?
Systemic Insecticides:
Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Translaminar
Soil Systemic Activity
Systemic Activity?
True Systemic Activity?
Translaminar Activity
Systemic Insecticides
Soil Drench / Injection:
• Acelepryn
• Acephate (Lepitect)
• Clothianidan (Arena)
• Dinotefuran (Safari, Transect)
• Imidacloprid (e.g. Merit, Xytect, Bayer Advanced Tree &
Shrub Insect Control)
Systemic Trunk Injections:
• Acephate (Acecap)
• Emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge)
• Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide, Pointer)
Systemic Trunk Sprays
• Dinotefuron (Safari)
Soil Treatments:
Drench / Injections
Trunk Injections
Systemic Basal Trunk Sprays
Selectivity: Imidacloprid is effective
against:
Sucking insects: plant bugs, lace bugs,
adelgids, aphids, soft scales, psyllids (but not
armored scales)
Defoliators: sawflies, leaf beetles, Japanese
beetle, (but not caterpillars)
Leafminers: sawflies, dipterans
Borers: flatheaded and roundheaded borers
(but not clearwing borers)
Selectivity: Acelepryn
Controlled:
Gypsy moth
Rhododendron lace bug
Birch leafminer
Magnolia scale (fall not spring)
Clearwing borers
Did not control:
Mimosa webworm
Bagworm
Holly leafminer
Emerald ash borer
Systemics for Control of Wood Borers
Bronze birch borer
Emerald Ash Borer
Host Impact:
Larvae feed under bark; disrupt
transport of water, nutrients,
carbohydrates.
All major ash species are
susceptible (white, green,
black, blue, pumpkin).
Healthy trees killed within 2-3
years of first symptoms.
Trees of all size are susceptible: 1/2 inch
saplings to the largest mature trees.
A Toledo street before and after EAB
June 2006
August 2009
Systemic Insecticide options for EAB:
Systemic Soil Injections / Drenches:
• Imidacloprid (e.g. Merit, Xytect, Bayer Advanced Tree &
Shrub Insect Control)
• Dinotefuran (Safari, Transect)
Systemic Trunk Injections:
• Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide)
• Emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge)
Systemic Trunk Sprays
• Dinotefuron (Safari, Transect)
Deb McCullough, MSU
Trees treated in 2007 & 2008
120
a
EAB larvae per m2
100
ab
80
abc
60
abc
bc
bc
40
c
20
0
Ctrl
Dino
Dino-PB
Em Ben
Imid
Imid-PB
Maug-imi
Deb McCullough, MSU
Emamectin benzoate (Tree-age): 2 years
control with a single injection.
Trees treated in 2007
EAB larvae per m2
120
a
100
80
a
a
a
a
a
60
40
b
20
0
Ctrl
Dino
Dino-PB Em Ben
Imid
Imid-PB Maug-imi
Objective: multi-year evaluation of systemic
insecticides for control of EAB on street trees
• Imidacloprid soil drenches
• Imidacloprid and Emamectin Benzoate trunk
injections
Trial 1: Imidacloprid Soil Drenches
1. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, spring
2. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall
3. Xytect 75WP, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall
4. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, spring
5. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, fall
Treatment evaluation:
• Canopy decline rating using photographic scale
(Smitley et al. 2008. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:1643-1650)
• Exit hole density in canopy
branches.
2008
2009
Four years of imidacloprid soil drenches
(D. Smitley, MSU)
Trial 2: Systemic trunk injections, product
comparison
Emamectin benzoate (Tree-äge)
Rate: 0.4 g ai / inch DBH
1. 2006
2. 2006 & 2008
Imidacloprid (Ima-jet),
Rate: 0.4 g ai / inch DBH
1. 2006 & 2007
2. 2006 & 2008
Systemic Trunk Injections for Control of EAB
% Canopy Decline
Treatment
2006 2007 2008 2009
Untreated
0
6
51 a
90 a
Tree-äge, 2006
0
0
0b
13 c
Tree-äge, 2006 & 2008
0
0
3b
6c
Ima-jet, 2006 & 2007
0
0
0b
33 b
Ima-jet, 2006 & 2008
0
0
9b
20 bc
Systemic Trunk Injections for Control of EAB
Exit holes / m2
Treatment
2008
2009
Untreated
15.3 a
34.7 a
Tree-äge, 2006
0.1 b
1.9 c
Tree-äge, 2006 & 2008
0.1 b
0.6 c
Ima-jet, 2006 & 2007
0.1 b
3.8 c
Ima-jet, 2006 & 2008
4.4 b
11.9 b
Trial 3: Systemic trunk injections, rate
comparison
Emamectin benzoate (Tree-äge)
0.1 g ai / inch DBH
0.2 g ai / inch DBH
0.4 g ai / inch DBH
0.8 g ai / inch DBH
Imidacloprid (Ima-jet)
0.4 g ai / inch DBH
Treat in 2006 and see how long they work.
Effect of Emamectin Benzoate Applied in 2006
for Control of EAB
% Canopy Decline
Treatment
Untreated
2006 2007 2008 2009
0
8
53 a
96 a
0.1 g ai / inch DBH
0
0
3b
13 bc
0.2 g ai / inch DBH
0
0
3b
38 b
0.4 g ai / inch DBH
0
0
10 b
38 b
0.8 g ai / inch DBH
0
0
0b
5c
0
0
8b
53 ab
Emamectin benzoate
Ima-jet, 0.4 g ai / inch DBH
Effect of Emamectin Benzoate Applied in 2006
for Control of EAB
Exit Holes / m2
Treatment
2008
2009
Untreated
19.2 a
24.6 a
0.1 g ai / inch DBH
0.2 b
2.9 c
0.2 g ai / inch DBH
0.5 b
10.1 ab
0.4 g ai / inch DBH
1.4 b
3.3 c
0.8 g ai / inch DBH
0.0 b
0.5 c
Emamectin benzoate
Trunk Injections vs. Soil Treatments
Soil treatments:
Non-invasive.
More uniform distribution in the tree.
Can be applied under diverse environmental conditions.
Can be applied during dormant season.
Slower uptake.
No way to know how much uptake.
Don’t require specialized equipment.
Trunk injections:
Less environmental exposure.
Faster uptake and distribution in tree.
May be more effective on larger trees.
Rate of uptake is weather dependent.
Invasive: wounding and compartmentalization.
Optimal Timing of Treatments
• Soil treatments: in spring allowing time for uptake
before adults begin feeding and eggs begin to hatch.
Fall treatments can also be effective.
• Trunk injections: in spring just after the canopy has fully
developed
EAB adult emergence begins when black locust blooms.
Black locust, Robinia
pseudoacacia
www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd
Google: “OSU degree-day website”
Banded Ash Clearwing
Borer
Banded Ash Clearwing Borer
Emamectin Benzoate Controls
Banded Ash Clearwing Borer
Soil Drenches: 8” DBH Street Trees
Treatment
Untreated control
Merit 2F
Bayer Advanced TSIC
Imidacloprid + Clothianidin
Acelepryn, fall
Acelepryn, spring
% Decline
41
5
12
14
37
52
Chief Conclusions:
1. Insecticides can control EAB on large caliper trees even
under intense pest pressure.
2. Imidacloprid soil drenches are most effective on large
trees when applied at the 2X (2.8 g ai / inch DBH) rate.
Xytect is the only product currently labeled at this rate.
3. Soil drenches must be applied annually.
4. A single application of Emamectin Benzoate can provide
three, and possibly four, years of control.
5. Emamectin benzoate also controls banded ash clearwing
borer.
Bark Beetles
Imid a c lo p rid So ilDre n c h e s
f r Co n tro l o f Pi n e Ba rk Be e tl e s
o
% Control
100
Ev a l u a te d J u l y 2 0 0 4
80
60
40
20
0
June
2003
Nov
2003
Mer it 75 WP
Apr il
2004
Nov
2003
Bayer
Advanced
Tr ee and Shr ub
Insecticides to not control blue stain fungi
White Pine Weevil
Soft Scales:
phloem sap
Magnolia Scale
Calico Scale
Imid a c lo p rid fo r Co n tro l o f
Ca l i c o Sc a l e
% Surv iv al
100
a
80
b
60
40
20
c
0
Cont r ol
Bayer
Advanced
Tr ee and Shr ub
I micide
Application: 14 June
Evaluation: 10 September
Calico scale nymphs on
untreated control (left) and
Imicide treated (below)
honeylocust trees
Armored scales:
• Oystershell scale
• Pine needle scale
• Euonymus scale
Euonymus scale
feeding sites:
Intracellular (palisade,
spongy mesophyll)
C.S. Sadof and J.J Neal. 1993.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86:614620 (Figs. 1-3).
Pine needle scale
Al l e c tu s fo r Co n tro l o f M o l te d
Pi n e Ne e d l e Sc a l e
% Control
100
80
60
40
20
0
Alect us
1% Oil
Alect us
+ 1% oil
Boxwood Psyllid
Imid a c lo p rid So ilDre n c h e s
fo r Bo x wo o d Ps y l l i d
100
% Control
80
60
40
20
0
May
2001
Dec
2001
Mer it 75 WP
Dec
2001
Bayer
Advanced
Tr ee and Shr ub
Evaluated May 2002
Lace Bugs
Acephate (Lepitect) as a systemic soil
treatment for spider mites
Defoliators
Imidacloprid controls sawflies but not caterpillars.
Bt controls caterpillars but not sawflies.
European pine sawfly
European pine sawfly survival in bioassays
one year post treatment (May 2001)
100
% s urv iv al
1 No v 1 9 9 9
80
1 Ap r 2 0 0 0
60
40
20
0
Cont r ol
Mer it 75WP
Flagship 25WG
Birch leafminer
No control of birch leafminer
one year post treatment (May 2001)
Gypsy moth
Acephate (Lepitect) soil drenches controlled
gypsy moth on small caliper but not large
caliper trees
Japanese Beetle
Acephate (Lepitect) soil drench provided
excellent control of Japanese Beetle
Soil applications for control of black vine weevil
larvae
Timing: fall vs. spring?
Uptake by “dormant” deciduous
trees
Honeylocust
plant bug
Im
id ac lo prid s
o iln je c tio ns
fo r
pl ant bugon la rg e c alip er(
honey l oc us t
24") trees
Insects / sample
25
20
a
15
10
5
b
0
Untreated
24October
Evaluated on 6 May
Length of residual activity?
Birch leafminer
No control of birch leafminer
one year post treatment (May 2001)
European pine sawfly
European pine sawfly survival in bioassays
one year post treatment (May 2001)
100
% s urv iv al
1 No v 1 9 9 9
80
1 Ap r 2 0 0 0
60
40
20
0
Cont r ol
Mer it 75WP
Flagship 25WG
Length of residual activity?
Residual toxicity?
or
Lack of recolonization?
Placement? Fine
root density is highest
adjacent to the trunk.
How much water to apply? Balancing the trade-off.
• Not enough water: poor distribution
• Too much water: dilutes the soil solution, which
may reduce uptake rate and concentration in the plant
www.ashalert.osu.edu
herms.2@osu.edu