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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 4(WSC’16), pp. 007-010, 2016
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk
ISSN: 2322-4541; ©2016; Conference organizer retains the copyright of this article
Short Communications
Monitoring of Dissolved Oxygen by Using Cascade Aerator for Removing Iron and
Manganese
Rhahimi Jamil*, Mohd Remy Rozainy M.A.Z, Mohd Nordin Adlan
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: Email: nu_eiman82@yahoo.com
Received 18 April 2016; Accepted 20 May 2016
Abstract. This paper reports the monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) from the prototype cascade aerator constructed at
Rumah Nur Kasih, Taiping. DO is important for removing iron and manganese in groundwater. The percentage and
concentration of DO were monitored separately. YSI Multiparameter was installed in three tanks, labeled as A, B and C to
collect data and this was compared with the standard as well as the laboratory scaled model. Results collected from the 3 tanks
gave a reading in order of 69%, 76% and 66% and 5.5 mg/l, 6.0 mg/l and 5.3 mg/l respectively. Based on the DOE Water
Quality Index Classification, the results were satisfactory and rendered safe for daily use by the orphanage home. Data from
the laboratory model and prototype were found to be within the same range 5.1 – 7.9 mg/L. Results indicated that iron and
manganese were successfully removed using the cascade aerator.
Keyword: Dissolved oxygen (DO), Iron, Manganese, Cascade Aerator
long period (Munter et al., 2005). Roughing filters are
primarily used to separate fine solids from the water
that are only partly or not retained at all by stilling
basin or sedimentation tanks. The large filter surface
area available for sedimentation and relatively small
filtration rates also supports absorption as well as
chemical and biological processes (Nkwonta and
Ochieng, 2009). USM has provided a tube well of 15
meter depth and 150 mm diameter for the orphanage
home called Rumah Nur Kasih, Taiping. The
objective of this study is to determine the percentages
and concentration of DO in removing of iron and
manganese.
1. INTRODUCTION
Contamination of groundwater is currently a major
concern by the society and its sources in the urban
area are often caused by rapid industrialization
process and the pollution it generates. Dissolved
oxygen (DO) concentration is an important parameter
to measure water quality and is considered a crucial
indicator to monitor water pollution such as organic
pollution that can affect organisms. Groundwater is an
essential water source to supply daily human needs
such as bathing, cooking and washing (Lopez-Gunn
and Jarvis, 2009). It represents 97% out of the total
freshwater available on earth. Inorganic minerals such
as iron and manganese are found to be present in
traceable amounts in drinking water which are not
health threatening but could still pose a problem in
sources where bacteria exists in soil aquifers and
surface water (Rathinakumar et al., 2014).
Conventionally, iron is removed from groundwater
via processes aeration and rapid filtration. Different
mechanisms may contribute to the iron removal in
filters such as flock filtration, adsorptive iron removal
and biological iron removal. Iron that contain in water
can be divided into two main groups: Waters which
separate iron just after aeration and waters where iron
remains in the solution after aeration for endlessly
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Area
Our study was conducted in an orphanage home,
Rumah Nur Kasih located in Taiping, Perak Darul
Ridzuan. This home together with a mosque was built
by the local community for orphans and the poor. On
1st June 2010 the organization was initially named
Nur Kasih Welfare Organisation, Taiping. This was
later changed to Rumah Nur Kasih, Taiping. This
location was selected to collect water samples for
7
Jamil et al.
Monitoring of Dissolved Oxygen by Using Cascade Aerator for Removing Iron and Manganese
analysis purposes at the Rumah Anak-Anak Yatim
dan Miskin Nur Kasih, Taiping, Perak.
the and percentages and concentration of DO (Figure
1). The reading indicated from the YSI was compared
with the analysis taken from the laboratory model.
2.3. Measuring Technique
The DO measurement was taken at Rumah AnakAnak Yatim dan Miskin Nur Kasih, Taiping, Perak. A
pilot study was conducted to make the most
representative sample that was possible for the study
obtained by the laboratory model. The water reading
was taken 2 months after the prototype setup. The YSI
Multiparameter was calibrated before each
measurement was taken. Three tanks labeled A, B and
C respectively was setup and monitored throughout
the study. The YSI Multiparameter was installed into
Tank A, Tank B and Tank C to measure the
percentages and concentration of dissolved oxygen in
each tanks. Water was pumped from the well into tank
A, then from tank A the water was channeled down
the steps to fill up tank B. Water from tank B was
filtered at the roughing filter and then stored in tank
C. Figure 2 shows the plan of the water cascade that
were built at the Rumah Anak-Anak Yatim dan
Miskin Nur Kasih, Taiping, Perak.
Fig. 1: Cascade Aerator Prototype
2.2. Description of Instruments
Samples for analysis were collected from the
prototype cascade aerator that was built at the Rumah
Anak-Anak Yatim dan Miskin Nur Kasih, Taiping,
Perak. Water samples were taken 2 month after the
prototype was built to ensure the operation of the
cascade aerator was smooth and gave accurate
reading. The YSI Multiparameter Probe Plus was
installed into the prototype cascade aerator to measure
Tank A
Tank C
Tank B
Fig. 2: Schematic Design of Water Cascade
The roughing filtration was built to filter the water
from tank B before it was stored in tank C, which will
be, utilize by the occupants in the orphange home. In
this study, the roughing filter served as a major pretreatment process for water, since it could efficiently
separate fine solid particles over prolonged periods
without any addition of chemicals.
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International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 4(WSC’16), pp. 007-010, 2016
and manganese and thus elevates the concentration of
DO. The DO values obtained were compared to two
national standards; DOE Water Quality Index
Classification (Table 1) and Water Classes and Uses
(Table 2) and were found to fall into category Level
II. Theoretically, DO is an indicator of the degree of
contamination of water. The lower the DO, the more
organic matter is present in the water and indicates
higher pollution.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The DO percentage and concentration recorded data
for tanks A, B and C is provided in both Figure 3 and
4, respectively. Result show that both the DO
percentage and concentration increases concurrently.
This could be due to the splashing effect that directly
transfers the oxygen from air to water. The continuous
splashing action mixes the combination of water, iron
Fig. 3: Average percentages of DO (%) tanks A, B and C
Fig. 4: Average concentration of DO (mg/l) tanks A, B and C
All the results are found satisfactory and achieved
the standards for water that is deemed suitable and
safe for daily use by the orphanage home according to
the DOE Water Quality Index Classification. The
comparison between the data from the laboratory
model and the results from the prototype are between
range 5.1- 7.9 mg/L. From here we can conclude that
the pre-treatment successfully removed iron and
manganese from the groundwater source.
9
Jamil et al.
Monitoring of Dissolved Oxygen by Using Cascade Aerator for Removing Iron and Manganese
Table 1: DOE Water Quality Index Classification (sources; http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/law/malaysia/eq_surface.htm)
PARAMETER
UNIT
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Total Suspended Solids
Water Quality Index (WQI)
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
-
CLASS
I
< 0.1
<1
< 10
>7
>7
< 25
< 92.7
II
0.1 - 0.3
1-3
10 - 25
5-7
6-7
25 - 50
76.5 - 92.7
III
0.3 - 0.9
3-6
25 - 50
3-5
5-6
50 - 150
51.9 - 76.5
IV
0.9 - 2.7
6 - 12
50 - 100
1-3
<5
150 - 300
31.0 - 51.9
V
> 2.7
> 12
> 100
<1
>5
> 300
> 31.0
Table 2: Water Classes and Uses (sources; http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/law/malaysia/eq_surface.htm)
CLASS
Class I
Class IIA
Class IIB
Class III
Class IV
Class V
USES
Conservation
of
natural
environment.
Water Supply I - Practically no treatment necessary.
Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species.
Water
Supply
II
Conventional
treatment.
Fishery II - Sensitive aquatic species.
Recreational use body contact.
Water Supply III - Extensive treatment required.
Fishery III - Common, of economic value and tolerant species;
livestock drinking.
Irrigation
None of the above.
Developing
Countries:
A
Review,”
International Journal of Physical Sciences,
4(9): 455-463.
Elena Lopez-Gun, W. Todd Jarvis (2009).
Groundwater Governance and the Low of The
Hidden Sea. Water Policy II, 742-762.
Rathinakumar V, Dhinakaran G, Suribabu CR (2014).
Assessment of Aeration Capacity of Stepped
Cascade System for Selected Geometry.
International Journal of ChemTech Research,
6(1): 254-262.
Rein Munter, Heldi Ojaste and Johannes Sutt (2005)
Complexed Iron Removal from Groundwater,”
Journal of Environmental Engineering ©ASCE,
131:1014-1020.
Interim National Water Quality Standards for
Malaysia,
(2010).
<http://www.wepadb.net/policies/law/malaysia/eq_surface.htm>.[
Revised December 2010]
Aziz HA, Smith PG (1992). The Influence of pH and
Coarse Media on Manganese Precipitation from
Water. Water Res., 26: 853-5.
Aziz HA, Smith PG (1996). Removal of Manganese
from Water using Crushed Dolomite Filtration
Technique. Water Res., 2: 489-9.
4. CONCLUSION
This study was conducted to monitor the DO in the
water that is treated via the cascade aerator in order to
remove iron and manganese. The water tested was in
a site that was intended for the community and for
domestic purposes. Based on the results, the
percentage and concentration of DO reading were
according to the standard of DOE Water Quality
Index Classification (Table 1). The proposed system
can be also being extended to perform an instant
control and surveillance system for organic farming.
Results show that all the data taken are satisfactory
and achieve the standard requirement based on the
DOE Water Quality Index Classification.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Ministry of
Education Malaysia for providing LRGS grant No.
203/PKT/6726001 – Riverbank Filtration for
Drinking water Source Abstraction to fund this
research.
REFERENCES
Onyeka Nkwonta, George Ochieng (2009). Roughing
Filter for Water Pre-Treatment Technology in
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