Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia

Draft submitted to the
Steering Committee
10 December 2013
Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia
Doing Together what can’t be done in isolation
Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia
CANSEA
Annual Report 2013
CANSEA Regional Coordination
Conservation Agriculture & Land Development (CALD)
Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry
Department of Land Management & Development
Vong Vieng Kham village, Xaythany district, PO box 4195, Vientiane capital
www.cansea.org.vn
Mobile: +856 202330723 Email: legoupil@cirad.fr
1
Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia
CANSEA
Annual Report 2013
1. The Context for CANSEA in 2013
1.1. Changes at the institutional level
The creation and animation of a regional network of agro ecology was a clear objective of the Sector Based
Project in Agro ecology project (PROSA). The CANSEA network was created in September 2009. PROSA
hosted the regional coordination of the network from September 2009 to December 2011. At the end of
PROSA (December 2011), the National Conservation Agriculture Center (NCAC) of NAFRI offered to host
the network regional coordination. Since August 2012, the NCAC has been institutionally separated from
NAFRI, becoming the Conservation Agriculture and Land Development Unit (CALD) within a new
department of MAF (Department of Agricultural Land Management and Development (DALaM).
- Regional coordination network is presently hosted by the CALD unit and the Presidency is now provided
by the DALaM Department of the Ministry (Mr Anonh Khamhou,g, Director of DALaM).
- CANSEA network is considered by CIRAD as a Platform in Partnership for Research and Training (PPRT).
As such, it receives a specific scientific and financial support. Regarding the CIRAD Research Unit on
Agricultural Systems and Engineering (UR-SIA) CANSEA is the priority platform for South East Asia with
7 researchers posted in CANSEA zone. Since 2009, CIRAD is in charge of the network coordination.
CIRAD is financially supporting CANSEA to the tune of US$ 50.000 per year.
- The AFD (Agence Francaise de Developpement) has decided to support the regional promotion of Agro
ecology and Conservation Agriculture. A feasibility study has been recently carried out and CANSEA has
been identified as the organization to be strengthened for CA development and dissemination within the
South East Asia. Funding (1M€) might be available beginning of 2014.
1.2. Changes in terms of intervention sites
The sustainability of the CANSEA network as a platform in partnership is based both on strong CA national
programmes/projects, and on promotion of cross-cutting themes of regional interest for capitalization ad
dissemination of results.
Situation at national level:
- Two important national projects came to an end in 2013. This is the case of the PADAC project (Support
Programme for Agriculture Development in Cambodia) and the ADAM project in Vietnam (Support to
Agro ecology Development in the Mountains areas of Northern Vietnam). Remaining funds and new
funding commitments may allow these two projects extending their activities for two (2) additional years.
- Two new projects in Northern Lao were approved for funding. One by AFD and the other by EU (European
Union). They should start in early 2014. These projects are defined in the chapter 2.1
- A training programme on Conservation Agriculture (CA) techniques would be funded by TICA (Thailand
International Cooperation Agency) for and AFD and jointly implemented by KU (Katsetsart University)
Sakon Nakhon (Thailand) and CIRAD.
Situation at regional level:
- Regional initiative for CA development and dissemination within the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS)
sub-region was submitted to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for a funding on the Core Agriculture
Support Programme (CASP 2).
- The Lao Government has proposed a “Lao initiative” to develop and disseminate CA in all interested
ASEAN country Members. This initiative is complementary to the GMS-ADB-CASP2 project.
- A bilateral project on acidic soil fertility restoration and crops diversification both in the Savannakhet Plain
and the North East region of the Thailand has been prepared and submitted to TICA. This project is
presently under evaluation.
2
1.3. The CANSEA strategic work plan (2014-2017)
The objective of the CANSEA is to develop synergies in conducting research in the field of conservation
agriculture. A strategic work plan (2014-2017) has been prepared identifying regional priority issues and
corresponding R-D programmes and activities.
From former consultations with CANSEA members, the following regional challenges have been identified:
(i) Development of systems of conservation agriculture intensification and diversification of mountain
agriculture in South East Asia including the transfer and adaptation techniques Direct seeding on plant cover
for the development of agriculture , (ii) Enhancement or restoration of fertility of degraded soils ; Impacts of
conservation agriculture techniques on improving physical and chemical soil characteristics (organic matter
balance and monitoring carbon ) and relations between the direct seeding on plant cover and biological soil
quality , and iii) Human Resources Development in the definition and implementation of curriculum of
academic and technical training adapted to the needs and expectations of regional partners.
Fig 1: The CANSEA organisational structure
Steering Committee
CANSEA’s Strategic
Challenges
ASEAN
GMS
 Restoration of soils fertility in
degraded areas
 Alternative to Slash & Burn –
Intensification & Diversification
of existing Farming Systems
 Academic
and
Technical
Training







CANSEA Members
Cambodia (MAFF/GDA)
China (YAAS/AERI)
Indonesia (IAARD)
Laos (MAF/DALaM)
Thailand (KU)
Vietnam (NOMAFSI & SFRI)
CIRAD
Network Generic Activities
 Exchanges of results, experiences & resources
 Capitalization
 Web Site
CANSEA Programmes
 Knowledge Production
 Human Resources Development
 Communication
Specific Research Themes
 Development-Dissemination of new innovative
CA systems for solving economic or physical
problems
 Research on processes involved in CA and
cover crops for “ecosystem services”
 Develop or adapt “suitable agricultural
equipment for CA practices
 Define and implement at national and regional
levels training sessions to address the identified
needs for CA actors
2. Part I: Technical report activities of the CANSEA network in 2013
During last CANSEA Steering Committee meetings (January 15, 2012 at Vientiane, Laos and December 14,
2012 at Hanoi, Vietnam) , CANSEA members required the regional coordination to give a high priority
supporting and facilitating preparation, submission and negotiation of new Research & Development projects
having both national and regional interest. Then preparation and submission of new projects were an
important part of the 2013 activities.
In 2013, the network activities were articulated around on the following components: i) Support to develop
and submit new national and regional R-D projects; ii) Support to generic R-D activities for CA development
and dissemination; iii) Support to Research activities to strengthen national projects; and iv) CANSEA
institutional strengthening.
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2.1. Support to Develop New “National” Research and Development Projects
2.1.1. Landscape Management and Conservation Agriculture Development for Eco-Friendly and
Climate-Resilient Agriculture Intensification in Laos (called EU Global Climate Change)
Background
The EU delegation in Lao (Vientiane) launched in August 2012 a restricted “call for Proposals” in the
framework of Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA).The priorities of the GCCA programme in Lao PDR,
is to support areas of: i) capacity building on climate change adaptation and mitigation including pilot
activities in rural uplands; ii) reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation including land
use planning and sustainable use of natural resources.
The global objective of this Call for Proposals is: to mainstream climate change into Government of Lao
PDR’s poverty eradication efforts by promoting sustainable natural resources management and improved
land management.
The specific objectives of this Call for Proposals are:
1. To strengthen the climate change related institutional, policy and regulatory framework;
2. To pilot sustainable and climate resilient land use approaches and adapted farming systems at local level
to inform policy making and improve communities' livelihoods and resilience to climate change.
CIRAD & MAF-DALaM with CANSEA have submitted in September 2012 a Concept Note which was
selected. CIRAD was invited to prepare and submit a full proposal by the 25 March 2013. The 3rd July 2013
CIRAD was informed that the Contracting Authority (EU) selected the application for the award of a
contract.
The CIRAD-MAF (DALaM) Proposal
EU Global Climate Change Alliance Programme (called EU Global Climate Change)
Landscape Management and Conservation Agriculture Development for Eco-Friendly
Title of the Project
and Climate-Resilient Agriculture Intensification in Laos.
Lao PDR Northern Uplands
Location of the action
1) To engage local communities in designing low-carbon emission strategies at landscape
level through Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP);
2) To support villagers in developing and implementing their Community Agricultural
Development Plan (CADP), i.e. a strategic plan to manage the village resources, to
define priority activities to be developed for improving food security and developing
market oriented production;
Objectives
3) To develop Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems adapted to the biophysical
characteristics of land zones defined through PLUP and to the needs and expectations of
local communities;
4) To train district implementers, local leaders and village community members;
5) To disseminate results to national level policy makers and up to regional networks
(CANSEA: Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia).
CIRAD-NAFRI-CANSEA (for regional coordination)
Partnership
44 months
Period
€ 1,600,000 eligible for € 2,000,000 total budget
Requested Budget
The project was positively evaluated selected. Implementation should start end of 2013
Where are we?
or beginning of January 2014.
2.1.2. Implementation of a new component “Agro ecology & Conservation Agriculture” to support
sustainable agricultural development in the Northern Uplands of Laos (NUDP) (called AEAC, NUDP AFD)
Background
The NUDP project is geographically focused on three mountainous provinces of the northern region of Laos
(Houaphan, Phongsaly and Luang Prabang). In these remote areas conventional agriculture is subsistence
based: rain fed rice, with traditional techniques including slash & burn, shorter and shorter fallow, low
inputs… Small livestock is important and occupies a prominent place in production systems. Local dynamics
of intensification exist. It is based on tea exportation and maize mono cropping development. Commodities
4
chains are mostly controlled by traders from China or Vietnam. The use of herbicides to control weeding
allows farmers to expand their cropping areas and to increase considerably their incomes. Up to now the ToR
of the project NUDP did not clearly refer to the need to develop and diversify farming systems which will be
more intensive and more respectful of natural resources and the environment.
Objective
Funded by AFD, the objective of this new NUDP Research-Development component “agro ecology and
conservation agriculture” is to develop and disseminate diversified agricultural production systems that
contribute to the national food security while preserving natural resources and increasing incomes of small
agricultural farmers from the Northern Uplands region. The purpose of this new component is to promote all
activities which will facilitate the development and the dissemination of an integrated approach of rural
development with the objective to improve the national agriculture production and productivity while
preserving natural resources and environment.
A feasibility study was carried out in March-April 2013. The financing Agreement between AFD and the Lao
government for funding complementary support to NUDP was signed during the visit in France of H.E. Mr.
Choummaly Sayasone, President of the Lao PDR in October 2013. DALaM and CIRAD have prepared a
specific convention of partnership to jointly implement this new component.
2.1.3.
Consolidation of the component “Agro ecology & Conservation Agriculture”
funded by AFD with the Eco-Friendly and Climate-Resilient Agriculture Intensification in
Laos funded by EU (called AE-AC, NUDP)
Beyond their geographic complementarities, EU and AFD components are embedded in the same project
structure (NUDP). To favour synergies and economies of scale it was proposed to consolidate the two
projects within one project AE-AC-NUDP. One project, one team, one set of R-D sites but two funding
sources. Management structures and advisory committees will be shared between the two components. In
addition, institutional and scientific backstopping from CIRAD will be provided to the overall project.
Figure 1. Map of the location of the target districts of EFICAS Project in Luang Prabang, Huaphan, Phongsaly, Sayabouri
and Xieng Khouang Provinces
5
Figure 2. The organisational structure and the team proposed for the implementation of the action
2.2. Support to Develop New “Regional” Research and Development (R&D) Projects in
Area of Regional Interest
The CANSEA network operation required strong and active national CA programmes. CANSEA aims to
develop R-D projects, at national level, which meet the national priorities, have regional interest and are
consistent with its vision, mission and value proposition. CANSEA will interlink national projects to bring
regional dimension as added value. It does this by providing a strategic platform in order to provide national
projects with wider perspectives. The network's overarching function is to enable the different actors to apply
their comparative advantages to best effect by collaboratively addressing region-wide issues and
opportunities. Greater collaboration between national and regional partners helps create a critical mass to
collaborate on common as well as capture economies of scale. Several national and regional projects have
been prepared in 2012 and 2013. They are at different stage of elaboration. These projects are the following:
2.2.1.
Support to CANSEA to regionally promote Conservation Agriculture (AFD
regional project promoting agro-ecology and Conservation Agriculture in GMS)
Experience in the last decade has shown potential benefits expected from CA, however showing a low
adoption of Direct seeding techniques (DMC) by small-scale farmers, due to several constraints link with the
following issues: i) the limited time of intervention compared to the required time for innovation in complex
agrarian and farming systems; ii) the investment required; iii) the market frame and trends (limited economic
rewards for CA environmental friendly practices); iv) the lack of knowledge and understanding by
stakeholders; vi) unfavourable public policies…
After 4 years of operation CANSEA has proved its interest promoting CA in the region. CANSEA network
needs to be strengthened according to the three following areas:
- Strengthening its management capacity;
- Improving its role in facilitating the emergence of new partnerships and new programs/projects;
- Supporting national projects to sustain CA national program and promote regional synergies through a
Competitive Grant System (CGS) to fund research activities in priority areas. CGS is a performance
based, demand driven and competitive financing mechanism.
AFD
4 years CANSEA Strengthening
Total
Amount in
€
Autres
%
CIRAD
(1)
1.Strengthen CANSEA
Management capacity (2)
520,000
421,000
37.3%
88,000
10,500
2.Emergence of new Partnerships
and new Programmes
116,000
112,000
9.9%
2,000
2,000
6
3.Support to research activities
Total
594,000
594,000
52.8%
0
0
1,230,000
1,127,000
100%
90,000
12,500
(1) Without the fact that CIRAD would post a researcher as CANSEA Regional Coordinator in case of
agreement by the CANSEA Steering Committee
(2) Recruitment of an “Agronomist” from CANSEA partners to support the regional Coordinator in
daily management (regional call for application).
2.2.2. The Lao (LMD-CALD) - Thailand (KU-LDD) project submitted to TICA (Called TICA
project)
This proposal is reflecting the will of the Kasetsart University (KU) of Sakon Nakhon and of the Land
Department Development (LDD) of Khon Kaen as Thailand institutions of research, training, development in
the area of rural development and agriculture, to cooperate with Lao institutions to join their effort, and
expertise to support the agricultural development in two regions particularly affected by poverty, namely the
North East Region (NER) in Thailand and the Savannakhet plain in Laos.
In North East Region as well in Savannakhet plain, soils are very poor. They are very acid, sometime saline
and most of the time sandy with poor physical and chemical characteristics. Agricultural production and
productivity are low, incomes are less that 2 US$ per day and per family. New agricultural systems have to
increase both production and the quality of produce, boosting farmers’ incomes, while preserving natural
resources and the environment. Through their many positive impacts on both production and environment,
Conservation Agriculture & Ecological Intensification can effectively meet this substantial challenge.
The principal identified route1 is assisting smallholder farmers in agricultural development and especially
with the promotion of agro-ecological farming practices. CANSEA with KU-LDD Thailand and Lao
research (DALaM) and development institution have prepared and submitted a proposal which can be
summarize as follows:
The Lao (DALaM-CALD) - Thailand (KU-LDD) project submitted to TICA (Called TICA project)
Human resource Development
To Support to Conservation Agriculture Development & Dissemination
Title of the Project
In North East Region (Thailand) & Savannakhet plain (Laos
The Savannakhet plain (rain-fed rice) in Laos and the North East Region
Location of the action
(diversified rain-fed cropping systems) in Thailand
The overall objective of the action is to train scientists and technicians in:
i) the design and implementation of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
approaches; ii) the implementation of participatory research methods to coconstruct with farmers new CA innovations to improve soil fertility, enhance
Overall Objective
and sustain agricultural production, productivity and smallholders’
livelihoods while preserving natural resources and environment; and iii) the
monitoring & evaluation of CA projects to evaluate their impact and the
conditions of CA development, adoption and dissemination.
Kasetsart University (KU) and Land Development Department (LDD) as
actors for Thailand;
Savannakhet University (SKU-Agric Fac) and Conservation Agriculture &
Parnership
Land development (CALD-MAF) as actors for Laos;
CIRAD as technical adviser;
CANSEA as regional coordinator.
4 years (2013-2016)
Period
US$ 1,600,000
Requested Budget
The project was officially presented by MAF Laos to TICA (meeting TICALao Government in June 2012).
The proposal was edited and translated in Thai by KU before to be submitted
Where are we?
to TICA in October 2012.
TICA is presently (October 2013) examining the proposal.
1
O. De Schutter, rapporteur spécial des Nations Unies sur le droit à l’alimentation. GE.10-17850 (F) 280111 020211.
7
2.2.3. Eco-Friendly and Climate-Resilient Agriculture Intensification in Greater Mekong
Subregion (GMS-CASP2) (Called Regional GMS project)
The Context
“Greater Mekong Sub region (GMS) member countries have demonstrated their collective comparative
advantage through global market share for key food and agricultural products. The challenge for the sub
region is to pursue economic development without creating additional burdens on natural resources thereby
preserving ecosystems that are critical to maintaining the quality of life and providing environmental
services to society”. Building on Core Agriculture Support Program (CASP) (2006-2010), CASP phase 2
capitalizes on earlier investments to make cooperation among the GMS countries more relevant. CASP phase
2 proposes new strategic directions to address emerging challenges to agricultural development, specifically
“Climate change adaptation”.
To improve regional cooperation, CASP Phase 2 proposes a vision and strategy for GMS agriculture. The
foundation of the strategy includes agricultural research and technology that emphasizes climate-friendly
agricultural development, private sector involvement to ensure sustainability, and institutional mechanisms to
enhance regional cooperation with incentives to achieve the vision. The degradation of the agricultural
resource base is also a major concern to improve the global situation of the agriculture in GMS. Natural
resources upon which agricultural production depends are deteriorating due to land degradation, forest loss,
and poor agricultural practices.
CASP Phase 2 proposes to base agricultural development on three pillars. Each of the three pillars consists of
blocks aimed through regional cooperation to improve the GMS agriculture sector.
- Pillar 1: Building global competitiveness by promoting food safety and modernizing agricultural trade.
- Pillar 2: Promoting climate-friendly agriculture through market based strategy to ensure food-security
while rewarding farmers for their ecosystem services.
- Pillar 3: Promoting agriculture as a leader in providing clean, renewable energy and cross-border ecofriendly supply chains.
The CANSEA Regional proposal on new farming systems based on Agro ecology (Conservation
Agriculture)
The negative impacts of conventional agricultural practices are well known (land degradation, soil erosion,
decline in biodiversity, pollution, desertification, etc.), in addition to all of their dramatic social implications
(famine, poverty, out-migration, etc.). Global food needs are rising with population growth. Agricultural
production has to be increased to fulfill these pressing needs. Agricultural systems capable of meeting this
challenge must now be productive, profitable and sustainable. Production and Quality must be improved,
boosting farmers’ income, while preserving natural resources and the environment. Through their many
positive impacts in the field and to environment, Conservation Agriculture & Ecological Intensification can
effectively meet this substantial challenge in both developing and developed countries.
First priority appears to implement and maintain on a sufficiently long term basis experiment that could also
be used to train the staff and to show the potential of CA in order to convince. This is the only way to secure
the unambiguous impact analysis of CA practice on parameters such as soil fertility, carbon sequestration …
Such impacts are only measurable on the long term and the Research-Development approach need both
national commitment and support of donors to consolidate and adapt the experimental framework to an
evolving situation …
CANSEA organized the 6 and 7 June 2012 a regional workshop in Vientiane, Laos. Objectives of the
workshop were to gather all the potential actors of the project (5 countries – 7 institutions) to draft the
regional proposal to be presented during the 9th WGA (Working Group for Agriculture) of the GMS which
will be organized in Nanning (Guangxi, China) in early July 2012. Representatives from Cambodia (GDA),
Yunnan-China (YAAS-AERI), Laos (NAFRI-MAF), Thailand (KU & LDD) and Vietnam (NOMAFSI) were
participating to the workshop and brought their official support.
A CANSEA delegation was also participate at the 10th WGA of the GMS organized in Phonsavan (Xieng
Khouang, Laos) in 2-3 April 2013. During this meeting CANSEA was invited by ADB representative to
submit the project to the Secretariat of CASP2 in Bangkok. This was done (18 A)pril 2013).
The proposed sub regional programme is based on CA research & experimentation to be conducted in the
following location:
 Cambodia (Bos Khnor station in Kampong Cham),
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 China (Yunnan) Prefecture of Wenshan
 Laos (Sayaboury and Savannakhet provinces)
 Thailand in the North East region and
 Vietnam (Phu Tho, Son La and Yen Bai province).
The proposed regional GMS programme to develop & disseminate conservation agriculture will be
composed of:
The addition of the 5 national initiatives (Cambodia, China – Yunnan, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam)
previously harmonized to be complementary at the regional level and then presented to GMS-CASP Phase II
by each of the GMS national coordination;
A regional coordination implemented by the CANSEA Network with technical assistance of the
CIRAD (Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement).
The regional dimension to coordinate the programme is also necessary to organise R-D approach sharing
efficient methodology, information exchange and marketing issue. Most of the products such as Maize, Soya
beans, Cassava are dedicated to a regional market (the main buyers being China and Thailand) and there
could be interesting activities in documenting such trade issue, enhancing farmers capacity to deal with
traders on a more equilibrated basis. Exchange of data at the regional level, scientific conferences, study
tours, students visits should be part of this core and basic activity.
Activities
Generic
activities
Regional
activities
CANSEA
Specific
activities
National
Partnership
China (Yunnan)
Vietnam
Laos
Thailand
Cambodia
 Human resource development (Capacity Building)
 Adaptation – Development –Dissemination of appropriate CA equipment
 Regional Cooperation & Coordination
 Exchange of experiences, human resources and results
 Regional communication (Web site…)
 Agricultural Engineering to develop
 Fertility restoration of degraded soils (Erosion, acidity & salinity…)
small scale resilient Farming systems
 Diversification of cropping systems Intensification of Rice based cropping
for Mountainous areas(uplands and
systems
sloping lands)
 Developing sustainable cropping systems for uplands rain-fed areas
 Providing
 Adaptation &
 Methodological
 Development
of
CA
 Land degradation
national
development of
approach
for
CA
academic training (KU(Erosion)
expertise
on
suitable CA farming
development
a&
CSC)
CA
equipment
dissemination
YAAS-AERI
MAF-LMD
KU CSC
GDA-PADAC
Wenshan
NOMAFSI
Agric Fac Nabong
LDD Khon Kaen
URA
Government
& Savannakhet
International
Cooperation
CIRAD
1,235,000
Budget (US$)
CIRAD
1,470,000
1,345,000
1,080,000
1,254,000
6,384,000 ( Regional aspect & technical assistance are spread over national compoents)
83% (US$ 5,278,000) requested from Donors & 17% (US$ 1,106,000) as partners’ contributions
AFD mentioned interest for such a regional project. They would like project addressing broader scope than
only CA-SVC (agro ecology approach, SRI, landscape management…). The support of AFD to this project is
a very important issue as they could propose a co-founding partnership to ADB and this will give project
better chance.
2.2.4. Definition and implementation of sensitization and awareness training sessions on Agro
ecology and Conservation Agriculture in KU Sakon Nakhon (called Project KU/CIRAD –
AFD/TICA)
Background and justification
Training is a central issue for conservation agriculture and agro ecology as the development of technical
systems based on ecological processes requires the acquisition of new knowledge and skills of the actors
who have to drive these changes. The lack of resources on these issues and often mentioned as a key sticking
point as regards agro ecology and conservation agriculture development and dissemination.
9
"The French Development Agency (AFD)" has proposed to "Thailand International Cooperation Agency
(TICA)" the implementation a three-year program of sensitization and awareness training sessions to
principles and techniques of Agro Ecology and Conservation Agriculture. This program aims to raise
awareness and training of technicians and decision-makers from Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Burma
(Myanmar).
It is a "pilot project" aiming to demonstrate that the Kasetsart University of Sakon Nakhon in Thailand and
CIRAD in South East Asia (+ France) can get involved and work together to initiate regional cooperation on
the theme of Agro ecology and Conservation Agriculture.
Each of the two agencies (AFD TICA) has agreed to invest approximately € 300,000 for a three-year
program with multiple annual training sessions regrouping around 30 technicians coming from Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar and Thailand..
Project definition and implementation.
A meeting was organized in July 2012 in Bangkok between TICA, AFD, KU Sakon Nakhon and CIRAD to
discuss the principles of the project. Meetings were organized from August to November between KU Sakon
Nakhon and CIRAD to draft proposal including: i) the training content; ii) the organization of training
sessions; and iii) an estimation of budget and its partition between KU and CIRAD.
Finalized proposal was submitted to AFD/TICA. Implementation of this training might start in early 2014.
Two sessions of 3 weeks each are planned every year during 3 years during the rainy season (July-October).
Develop and implement training sessions on Agro ecology and Conservation Agriculture
KU Sakon Nakhon-CIRAD AFD-TICA
Definition and implementation of sensitization and awareness training
sessions on Agro ecology and Conservation Agriculture in KU Sakon
Title of the Project
Nakhon
Kasetsart University in Sakon-Nakhon
Location of the action
The overall objective of the action is to sensitize technicians and local
policy makers from the sub region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Thailand)
Overall Objective
about: i) principles of agro ecology and conservation agriculture; and ii)
conditions for CA development and dissemination.
Kasetsart University (KU) and CIRAD.
Partnership
Cooperation with UEPG-IRC-CIRAD
3 years (2013-2015) two training sessions per year
Period
US$ 780,000 (€600,000)
Requested Budget
The project proposal was submitted at the end of 2013. TICA and AFD are
still under discussion. The project could start in early 2014 and the training
Where are we?
sessions will be organized during the rainy season of 2014 (June-October).
2.3. CANSEA support to regional generic activities in 2011
The generic actions are conventional activities for all networks. Objective are facilitating exchange of: i)
results between members; ii) experiences with an objective to develop mechanisms of cooperation to develop
common regional projects. The network will play the role of a catalyst. This is all the more important in
South East Asia where national institutions of R-D do not have or have very few exchanges between them
and do not have really developed cooperation.
2.3.1. Web site and Database development management on CA
Since March 2011, the NOMAFSI agreed to take over the development and management of the CANSEA
web site and data base. The site was developed in September 2011 and it is now operational
http://www.cansea.org.vn. Partners are invited to provide materials (information, articles, results, and
events…) to feed the web site.
10
2.4. CANSEA support to research activities of regional interest.
2.4.1. On farm development of CA farming systems to improve fertility of acidic soils in the
Savannakhet plain in Laos. (Detailed report available on request)
The Lao national population under the poverty line was estimated in 2005 at 34.7% (from the geography of
Poverty and Inequality in the Lao PDR, 2008- IFPRI). In the central region of the Laos, the province of
Savannakhet is particularly affected by poverty with a rate of 43 %. The large rice plain of Savannakhet is
now largely degraded and paddy yields decrease permanently.
In the Savannakhet soils are sandy soils (derived from sandstone). They are highly degraded poor soils with
a pH of around 4-5, non-saturation of CE, a low exchange capacity and global deficiency in almost all
elements. Aluminium toxicity is frequent. These sandy soils have very low water retention capacity.
Sand%
84,7
Silt
%
Clay
%
Tab 1: Savannakhet soil analysis (E 105° 10’ 20’’ - N 16° 31’ 30’’)
P2O5
K20
PH
Al
Ca
Mg
K
Na
°/°°
°/°°
H2O
meq%
meq% meq% meq% meq%
C/N
9,32 6,00
Sandy soil
7,00
0,02 0,24
Very poor
5,3
Acid
4,2
Total
Bases
CEC
Tot
Satura
%
0,8
1,2
0,08 0,22 2,92 5.90
Very weak CEC and low saturation
50%
Tab2: Rainfall of Savannakhet (SENO site)
Years
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Average
37 years
3.6
17.2
32.9
54.7
167.8
230.2
260.3
343.8
244.4
92.6
7.4
1.9
1457
2010
9.6
7.3
0
64
245
213
224
494.9
249.3
212
0
0
1718.9
2011
20
3.5
5
28
88
139
240
588
492
15
0
0
1618
2012
0
0
51
44
282
325
299
110.3
133
30
0
0
1272.3
2013
0
1
5
38
156
242
149
92
313
44
0
0
1040
In 2013 rainfall was low (1040 mm) compared to the 1460 mm average. Rainfed rice was penalised by of
water shortage mainly in August
The overall objective of the action is to initiate a demonstration of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
techniques with few farmers to test that CA practices can restore soil fertility, enhance and sustain
agricultural production and productivity, improve smallholders’ livelihoods, and contribute to food security
in poorest districts of the Savannakhet province. The main purpose of demonstrations is to test with
producers alternative cropping systems to rice monoculture, which is expected to significantly increase and
diversify producers' incomes and contribute to restoring the fertility of acid soils of the plain of Savannakhet.
The CA farming system integrating Rice + Vigna radiata in rotation every 3 years with Stylosanthes
Guianensis and Brachiaria Humidicola received very warm welcome from farmers. Rice + Vigna radiata
is cropped during 3 years in rotation with 3 years of Stylosanthes g. and Brachiaria h. In 2010 the installation
of the forage crops were rather long due to excess of water (waterlogging), in 2011 and 2012 production of
green forage for animal feeding was considered as very promising by farmers. In 2013 rice took place on
forage plots and vice versa forage plots were installed on the former rice plots.
Rice production:
In 2013, low rainfall and poor rains distribution have penalized the rice and masked the possible back effect
of the previous three years of forage crop. Nevertheless the paddy rice yield in direct seeding of rice was of
4.3 t/ha compared to the yield of 2.2 t/ha of transplanted rice (with the same level of fertilization).
Direct seeding allowed to gain 10 days of vegetation (sowing date 1/06/13 compared to the transplantation
date 10/6/13).
11
Table 3: Impacts of No tillage + Direct Seeding on rice production
Rice Variety
Farming Systems
CA-DMC system N°1
Thassano 7
(TSN7)
Traditional system
Nursery
+ mudding
+ Transplanting
Rice yields recorded in Kg/ha of paddy
Fertilization
2010
F1= 60-30-30
+
300 kg limestone
powder
F0= 48-24-12
Farmers’ fertilization
2011
2012
2013
4.15
5.15
4.35
4.30
Not tested
2.25
2.75
2.20
2.80
2.25
2.50
2.10
With the same level of fertilization, rice yields under CA-DMC increased compared to conventional
agriculture. This is probably partly due to the correction of the soil acidity and also by the fact that no tillage
and direct seeding allow to save time compared to land preparation, establishment of rice nursery and the
necessity to wait for a well-established rainy season to flood plots and prepare the muddy conditions to
transplant rice. If the rainy season is late, rice plants stay too long time in nursery with decreasing production
potential.
Forage production:
Table 4: Comparison of forage production (2010-2013)
Type of forage
Rotation
Brachiaria Humidicola
3 years
In place
New rotation
Stylosanthes Guianensis
3 years
In place
New rotation
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2010
2011
2012
2013
Number
of cuts
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
Production in green
Kg/ha
27,000
30,000
16,725
27,500
25,000
27,000
9,900
18,500
Dry production
Kg/ha
8,100
8,900
5,020
8.250
7,500
8,100
3,000
5,500
Brachiaria Humidicola is particularly well adapted to short period of flooded. Stylosanthes Guianensis has
more difficulty to be established when soils are flooded but as soon as the crop is well established its
productivity is very interesting. During the 5 months of the dry season (Nov-march) Brachiaria Humidicola
and Stylosanthes Guianensis endure drought and restart fast growing from the very first rains. The system is
robust and reliable in the Savannakhet conditions.
In 2012 forage production was low. Probably due to very important rainfall in May, June & July (906 mm
compared to 658 mm in average year) following in August, September and October by low rainfall (273mm
compared to 681 mm in average year). The forage plots were destroyed at the end of the rainy season to give
the place to rice cultivation (3 yers forages following by 3 years rice).
In 2013 Forage (Styloxanthes guianensis and Brachiaria humidicola) came in rotation after 3 years of rice
(rice + mung beans) Styloxantes was sown on 30/5/13 and B. humidicola was established from cutting on
24/5/13. The short rains were rather favorable to the establishment of the crops and the production of forage
was similar to a normal year with a production of 27.5 t/ha of green Brachiaria (8.25 t/ha dry matter) and
18.5 t/ha green Styloxanthes (5.5 t/ha dry matter).
Animal production (Beef fattening, cut and carry)
The daily beef feed is based on a mix of 70% of green Brachiaria with 30% of green Stylosanthes. The daily
quantity of green forage to feed animal represents 15% of the live weight of the animal. In 2012 the daily
gain of weight was of 500 gr (550 gr in 2011). With a plot of 1 ha (0.7 ha in Brachiaria and 0.3 ha in
Stylosanthes) the potential objective is to fatten 6 animals permanently during the whole 150 days of the
rainy season. The meat production will be around 500-600 kg/ha for animal kept under shed and fed by cut
and carry systems. Presently farmers are far from achieving these objectives. There is a problem to really
integrate the fattening activities as farmers are partly using the forage resources to feed their other own
animals and they prefer to keep animals fattening for short time and small weight gain. Farmers’ strategies
are based on short but secured gains with few animals keeping forage resources for their other animals rather
than to adopt a more intensive fattening system. In 2013 each of the two farmers, with 0.3 ha of forage (50%
12
Brachiaria Humidicola and 50% Styloxanthes), kept successively 4 animals during 30 days between the
purchase and resale with a daily gain of 650 g bodyweight per day. They got an additional income of US$
160 from fattening activities, without taking into account the use of forage to feed other animals.
Rice Direct seeding
Brachiaria Humidicola
Beef Fattening (cut & carry)
Stylosanthes Guianensis
2.4.2. CANSEA support to mechanization challenges in the region: Increasing the local
availability of no-till equipment to facilitate CA dissemination in SEA
Rational
The local unavailability of suitable equipment for CA implementation, notably for smallholders, is a major
constraint that has been acknowledged by most CANSEA members.
Local unavailability includes notably no-till planters, adequate sprayers, and to a lesser extend rolling knives.
The importation process and cost of such equipment, as well as the local need for equipment maintenance
and continuous adaptation have highlighted the need for an increased involvement of local
(national/regional) manufacturers in the development and deployment of affordable and effective no-till
implements.
Objectives of the action
The objectives of the action are:
- To identify local/regional manufacturers that would be interested in developing such equipment,
- To test different prototypes notably regarding sowing quality (sowing depth and density), fertilizer
distribution quality (quantity regulation and placement), machine handling and maintenance facility etc.
- To facilitate the promotion of equipment.
Main results
At that stage, the main results are:
- the identification of several regional manufacturers that are keen to work on these issues; this include 2
companies in Thailand (Autopart machine and Bothai Cie), 1 company in China (Gongli seeder), and 1
company in Laos (Havico),
- the production of different prototypes for tractors, 2-wheel hand tractors or manual sowing (see pictures 1
to 6)
13
Perspectives
An important work related to the evaluation of no-till equipment performances (see point 2) remain to be
done.
The strategy to promote equipment (e.g., demonstration day’s organization, relay contact and/or resellers’
identification, main targets identification etc.) has also to be built in partnership with the manufacturers.
Pictures 1 to 7. No-till planters currently under evaluation in SEA
1. 4-row no-till planter for tractor (Autopart machine, Thailand)
2. 5-row no-till planter for tractor (Autopart machine, Thailand)
3. 2-row no-till planter for 2-wheel hand tractor (Bothai Cie, Thailand)
4. 4-row no-till planter for 2-wheel hand tractor (Gongli seeder, China)
5. 1-row no-till planter for 2-wheel hand tractor (Autopart machine, Thailand)
6. Manual seeder (Brazil; under reproduction with Havico, Laos)
7. Brazilian no-till planter used in Savannakhet and considered as the “target”
1
2
3
4
6
5
14
7
2.5. CANSEA participation at regional or international events
2.5.1. Participation to the tenth meeting of the GMS Working Group on Agriculture (WGA 10) 2 4 April 2013, Phonsavan, Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR
The WGA10 meeting was the opportunity to re-present the CANSEA regional project to the WGA group
already presented at the WGA 9 in Nanning (China in July 2012) and during the CANSEA management visit
to ADB in Manila in March 2013. The project “Eco-Friendly & Climate resilient Agriculture Intensification
in GMS” was prepared with the five partners of the network: YAAS-AERI (China-Yunnan), GDA
(Cambodia), NAFRI (Laos), KU and LDD (Thailand) and NOMAFSI (Vietnam).
The Chairperson of the meeting (Mrs Sununtar Setboonsarng SEER of ADB) invited CANSEA to
officially send the Concept Note to the CASP 2 secretariat newly established in Bangkok. Project was sent
by DHL under a cover letter of Dr Xaypladeth Choulamany (DOP-MAF, Laos , National coordinator of
the WGA) with copies to the WGA national coordinators (Yunnan, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam).
The CASP2 secretariat should evaluate the projects presented and introduced into the CASP 2 funding
pipe end funding for 2013.
Unfortunately the choice by the ADB management to welcome the CASP secretariat in Bangkok was
debated and contested by member countries with the effect of delaying the process of implementing CASP
2.
3. Part II: CANSEA Institutional Issues
3.1.
CANSEA ‘s status issue
Currently the CANSEA network has the moral and legal status of the institution that houses the presidency of
the network. The issue is about the necessity (or not) for CANSEA to have its own status giving it an
independent moral and legal personality enabling, among others, to independently collect, receive and
manage financial resources.
The regional coordination (CR) was mandated during the Steering Committee meeting of December 2012 to
explore the possibility of obtaining official recognition and status in countries of the member institutions. In
a first step contacts were taken with two lawyers’ offices in Laos and in Thailand to evaluate perspectives of
establishing a legal entity.
15
3.1.1.
Conclusion of Coreharbour Ltd, Bangkok
Understanding of the Background
“Reference is made to your email to Mr. James Cummiskey of Coreharbour Ltd. on February 8, 2013
confirming our engagement to prepare a report to CANSEA regarding the possibility of establishing a legal
entity for CANSEA in Thailand. Please be advised that there are 2 legal entities which CANSEA can
establish in Thailand. The first is a private limited company, and the second is a foundation.”
Conclusions are the following:
- The solution of a “private limited company” does not seem appropriate because it requires the
mobilization of a permanent financial capital divided into equal shares between identified shareholders
and an obligation to pay VAT and income taxes.
- The solution of a “foundation” might be appropriated but the process of establishment is long as
official will have to conduct a criminal record background check in respect of each members. For
foreign members, the process can be very complicated as the official will need to cooperate with the
relevant Embassy/consulate office in order to confirm that there is no criminal report for the relevant
foreign members in his or her country of residence.
3.1.2.
Conclusion of the Pauline Pradichit/Sithong Chantasouk Office, Vientiane, Laos
Understanding of the Background
“We understand that seven national institutions of Agricultural research and Development in the region with
CIRAD created the “Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia (CANSEA). The eight
institutions are linked by a MoU, but CANSEA has no legal personality and rely on the legal personality of
the institution where the President is located”. You would like us to advise whether CANSEA can have a
legal personality under the Lao PDR law.”
Conclusions are the following:
Under Lao PDR law, a MoU creating a network does not automatically grant the legal personality of that
network. The legal personality is recognized on a case by case under Laos PDR law. Organizations such as:
enterprises, some associations and international non-governmental organizations (INGO) have been
recognized. Unfortunately, CANSEA does not belong to these types or organizations. CANSEA could be
recognized as an INGO under decree N° 013/PM dated 8 January 2010 (INGO Decree) if CANSEA was duly
registered in the country of origin.
The organization Global Horticulture Initiative (74 members all around the world) based in Tanzania was
launched in 2006 through a founding agreement with the International Society for Horticulture Science
(ISHS) of Belgium. This registration in Belgium have allowed the Global Horticulture initiative to get an
official recognition as INGO in Tanzania and to establish it secretariat in this country. This is an example of
what CANSEA might do to get an INGO status by signing a foundation act somewhere in Europe or
elsewhere and then an official registration in Lao PDR.
3.1.3.
The ASEAN regional accreditation
Backgroung
A civil society organization (CSO) that is a non-profit making association of ASEAN persons, natural or
juridical, organized to promote, strengthen and help realize the aims and objectives of ASEAN cooperation
in the political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, medical and technological fields, may be affiliated to
ASEAN.
An affiliated CSO shall enjoy the following priviledges:
- It may use the name “ASEAN” and display the official ASEAN logo in correspondence and
communications;
- It may submit written statements or recommendations and views on policy matters or on significant
events to the ASEAN standing Committee;
- It may submit its own project proposals for Third Party funding, to be channelled through the ASEAN
Secretariat;
- It may initiate programmes of activities for appropriate actions;
- It may be allowed access to the facilities of the ASEA Secretariat for official meetings and other official
activities;
16
- The ASEAN Secretariat shall provide CSOs with key ASEAN publications every year.
An official request was done by the CANSEA CR to the ASEAN Secretariat to get this ASEAN
affiliation. Here after the received answer:
“Greetings from the ASEAN Secretariat.
My name is Rif’at Fachir and I am the officer handling entities associated with ASEAN (listed in Annex 2 of
the ASEAN Charter).
I refer to your letter dated 20 August 2013 to the Secretary-General of ASEAN, requesting for your
organisation (Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia or CANSEA) to be accredited/affiliated
to ASEAN.
We have reviewed your documentation and noticed that two of your eight core founding members are nonASEAN Member States (i.e. China and France). Accordingly, we would not be able to process your
application for accreditation under the current Guidelines.
Please refer to the attached “Guidelines on the Accreditation of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)”, where
paragraph 4a of states that “as a general rule, only a CSO whose membership is confined to ASEAN
nationals may be considered for accreditation with ASEAN.”
Kindly be informed that the Guidelines was newly adopted in 5 November 2012, and supersedes the previous
“Guidelines on ASEAN’s Relations with Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)” (2006), which you have
referred to in your letter of application. The said “Guidelines” are also available online at the ASEAN WEB
through the following link:
http://www.asean.org/images/2012/documents/Guidelines%20on%20Accreditation%20of%20CSOs.pdf.
Rif’at S. Fachir (Mr.)
Technical Assistant
AIPA, ASEAN Foundation, AICHR and Other Entities Associated with ASEAN Division
Community Affairs Development Directorate
Community & Corporate Affairs Department
The ASEAN Secretariat
70A Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Jakarta 12110
Tel: (62-21) 726-2991 Ext. 412
Fax: (62-21) 739-8234, 724-3504
Email: rifat.fachir@asean.org
Web: www.asean.org
How to move forward?
- Limit the full membership status to the institutions from ASEAN countries which will signed a new MoU;
- Other institutions will have a status of associate members.
17
3.2.
Request for New CANSEA Memberships
During 2013 the regional coordination received official requests for memberships and identified institutions
which could be potentially interested to become CANSEA members.
Institutions
Country
The University of Queensland
Australia
Think Soils
Australia
SEARCA
Southern Asian Regional Center
for Graduate Study and
Research in Agriculture
ICRAF
The International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry
BSWM
Philippines
with
regional
mandate
Status
School of Agriculture and Food
Sciences
Agro-Ecosystems Soil
Management Solutions
Science and Education for
Agriculture & Development
(established under SEAMEO
umbrella)
Philippines
Soil
Conservation
and
Management Division
Philippines
Bureau of Soils and Water
Management
Official
request
10 October
2013
19 November
2013
Potential
Member
+
International Institution of
CGIAR
+
Ministry of Agriculture
Department of Agriculture
+
4. Part III: Financial report 2013
4.1. CANSEA Budget (2013) in Euros
4.1.1. Incomes
Incomes
Budget Allocation from CIRAD
(Platform in partnership
CANSEA)
Contribution From CIRAD to
support preparation project to
EU
Contribution from CIRAD URSIA
Partners’ subscription in cash
(NOMAFSI)
Specific resources (French
Embassy + Feasibility Study)
Total Incomes
MAF (Laos-PDR)
KU-CSC (Thailand)
CANSEA Budget for 2012
Amount in US$
%
40,000
68.2
4,350
7.4
9,300
15.9
1,000
1.7
4,000
6.8
58,650
100%
Partners’ contribution in kind
Put office and commodities (including a car) at the
disposal of the regional coordination
Accommodation and logistic for missions
18
YAAS-AERI (China-Yunnan)
Accommodation and logistic for missions
NOMAFSI
Logistic for the Steering Committee meeting
4.1.2. Expenses
Nature of the expenses
CIRAD AI
N°7
Expenses in US$
CIRAD AI
CIRAD
N° 6
UR-SIA
Total
0ther
resources
In US$
In %
Generic activities Valorisation (Web site,
exchange, visits…)
3,694
0
2,828
3,000
9,522
16.6
Support for preparation of
new projects
3,999
4,350
36
1,909
10,294
17.9
12,473
0
4,040
0
16,513
28.7
1,317
0
0
0
1,317
2.3
7,775
0
536
0
8,311
14.5
9,845
0
1,830
0
11,675
20.3
39,103
4,350
9,270
4,909
57,632
100
67.9
7.6
16.1
8.6
Support to scientific
activities of regional interest
Restoration Acidic soils
Agric. Mechanization
Missions, Travels
Participation to international
events
Secretariat and Regional
Coordination Operation
Costs
Steering Committees 2012
Battambang 10 Dec 13
Cambodia
Total
100
From the breakdown of expenses we observe that the contribution supporting scientific activities of regional
interest accounts for 28.7%.and constitutes the most important expenses. The Steering Committees in 2013
(December 2013) represents around 20% of the annual expenses of the network. Generic activities and
support to the preparation of new projects account almost equally for 17%. Expenses for the operation of the
regional coordinating unit remain reasonable (14.5%).
Jean-Claude Legoupil
December
2013
19
CANSEA Statement of Expennses 2013
CANSEA Expenses Statement from CIRAD AI 7: € 30,000 (US$39,958)
Support to prepare, propose and defend new
projects
Generic Activities - Valorisation
Date
Object
Amount
18/8/13 Création Plaquette CANSEA
20/8/13 Impression Plaquette CANSEA
20/8/13 Maquettiste pour plaquette
659
1 535
1 500
Date
Object
Amount
5/3/13 Billet avion Legoupil-Anonh Manille
Mission Legoupil Anonh Manille
20/3/13
réunion Mars ADB
18/4/13 Envoi par DHL proposition GMS-ADB
2 170
1 573
256
Support to scientific activities of regional
interest and training
Date
Object
Experiment New CA Farming system in
2013 acidic areas (DMC + Cover plants +
animal production)
Amount
Missions Travels international Events
Date
Object
3694
Sub Total
Date
Object
Steering Committee
Amount
Date
Object
Amount
2013
Provision
9845
7 218
27/3/13 Billet avion Phonsavan (GMS Meeting)
170
2013
Stationary-Bureautique
754
2013 Support to the CERFAC training Program 1 500
Frais d'émission carte visa 3 % sur Billet
27/3/13
avion Phonsavan
5
2013
Bank Charge
68
774
2013
Telephone - Internet
513
368
2013
Traduction
344
2013
Carburant
1 202
2013
Secretariat
750
2013
Maintenance equipment-Car
696
2013
Social expenses
2013
Equipment (Computer)
2013
Lawyer expenses (CANSEA
Status)
Importation - Local Adaptation CA agric
2013
. Equipement
3 755
5/4/13
Mission GSM-ADB Phonsavan
23/6/13 Mission Thaïlande
Sub Total
Secretariats and CR regional costs
Amount
3 999
Sub Total
12 473
Sub Total
1 317
Sub Total
316
1 767
1 365
7 775
Sub Total
9845
CANSEA Expenses Statement from CIRAD AI 6: = € 3,350 (US$4,350)
0
4/5/13
Consultation JC Castella Projet EUGCCAP
4350
0
0
0
0
CANSEA Expenses Statement from Specific allocation from CIRAD UR-SIA = US$ 9,270
Editing CANSEA Strategic Work
231
Plan
Printing CANSEA Strategic
14/11/13
2 597
Work Plan
14/11/13
14/11/13 Contribution to regional Study
36
2013 Experiment Savannakhet (Acidic soils)
950
1/11/13 Stationary
7
2013 Constructuion CA Agric. Equipment
990
5/11/13 Carburant
78
2013
Sub Total
Sub Total
2 828
36
Support to Cambodia for C
sequestration program
Sub Total
2 100
4 040
Sub Total
0
14/11/13 Air Tickets SC members
1830
536
Sub Total
1830
0
Sub Total
13/11/13 Car Maintenance
19
14/11/13 Monitor Computer
432
Sub Total
CANSEA Expenses Statement from specific external ressources (French Embassy Philippines = US$ 2,000 + NOMAFSI subscription US$ = 1,000 + Feasibility Study AFD-NUDP = 2000)
2013
CANSEA Web Site Management
3000
13/7/13
Mission Montpellier Philippines Juillet
13
20/8/13 DHL to ASEAN General Secretary
Sub Total
3000
Total 2013 9 522
Sub Total
1 845
64
1 909
Total 2013 10 294
Sub Total
0
Total 2013 16 513
Sub Total
0
Total 2013 1 317
Sub Total
Total 2013 8 311
0
Total 2013 11 675
Total General 2013 = 57,632
20
21
22