1 Welcome Address - Universität Salzburg
Transcription
1 Welcome Address - Universität Salzburg
1 Welcome Address Walter Scherrer Seminar Chair, Department of Economics and Social Science, Law Faculty, University of Salzburg The 2nd International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies aims to continue the inspiring discussions among researchers and professionals in the field of regional innovation policy which started in the first seminar in February 2007 in Porto at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Porto. This series of seminars was initiated by Napier University of Edinburgh, Porto University and Salzburg University and joined by University of Cantabria. Several important elements of continuity characterize the second edition of the seminar series. First, there is a continuity of topics within the field of regional innovation policy. Second, many participants of the 1st seminar in Porto announced to contribute also to the 2nd seminar. Third, several contributors have developed and extended their work which they presented in Porto for the Salzburg edition of the seminar. And finally, of course, the seminar with its relatively small number of participants aims again to offer an open, friendly and constructive working atmosphere. In the second edition of the seminar series 22 contributions of some 40 authors and co-authors from 14 countries will be discussed. On behalf of the scientific committee, on behalf of the Department of Economics and Social Science and the Law Faculty of the University of Salzburg, and on behalf of the local co-organizers of the conference, the Innovations- und Technologietransfer Salzburg GmbH (ITG), and the WissenschaftsAgentur der Universität Salzburg (WAS), I welcome the participants of the seminar and wish a rewarding stay in Salzburg. 2 Contents 1 Welcome Address....................................................................................................................2 2 Seminar Organization .............................................................................................................. 5 3 Keynote Speakers ...................................................................................................................7 4 5 3.1 Professor Bjørn T. Asheim ..............................................................................................7 3.2 Prof. Dr. Peter A. Bruck Ph.D, MA ..................................................................................8 Venue .......................................................................................................................................9 4.1 Thursday, 11th October (1st day):....................................................................................9 4.2 Friday, 12th October (2nd day) ....................................................................................... 10 Program of the 2nd International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies .......................... 11 5.1 Thursday, 11th October (1st day).................................................................................... 11 5.2 Friday, 12th October (2nd day) ....................................................................................... 13 6 List of participants .................................................................................................................. 15 7 Abstracts (in alphabetical order) ............................................................................................ 18 7.1 Bjørn Asheim and Sara Santos Cruz: Creative Industries, Talent Attraction and Knowledge Bases – The Case of the New Zealand Film Industry as a Driver of Regional Development 7.2 Christian Berger, Willem van Winden, Alexander Otgaar and Carolien Speller: Crossborder Cooperation for Knowledge-based Development: Towards a Roadmap 7.3 Massimo Bianchi: Clustering and Networking in SMEs Development International Projects. A Managerial Approach to Push and Pull Intervention for Enterprise Creation and Entrepreneurial Parks Initiatives 7.4 Luis Carvalho and Willem van Winden: Geographical and Organisational Proximity in Manufacturing Clusters 7.5 Heriberta Castaños: Regional Innovation Policies in Megacities: The Case of Mexico City 7.6 Srecko Devjak and Bojan Pecek: Regional Development Planning Through the Cluster Analysis 7.7 Christian Dirninger: Historical Aspects of Regional Innovation Policies 7.8 Antonio Manuel Figueiredo: From Concepts to Operational Interventions: Discussing the Implementation of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in four Portuguese Regions 7.9 Roger F Jones and Drahomira Pavelkova : Contrasting Regional Economic Policies in Several States in the USA and in the Czech Republic 7.10 Michael Lewrick, Robert Raeside and Thomas Peisl: Learning From the Successful Companies in a Regional Entrepreneurial and Innovation System 3 7.11 Concepción López Fernández, Ana María Serrano Bedia, Gema García Piqueres and Raquel Gómez López: Universities and Regional Innovation Systems: The Spanish Case 7.12 Ronald W. McQuaid: Cultural and Sporting Events to Promote Regional Development and Innovation – The Case of Rugby Sevens 7.13 Maurilio Monteiro, Ana Paula Bastos and Claudio Castelo Branco Puty: Limits and Challenges to the Introduction of Regional Innovation Systems in Peripheral Regions: Evidence from Pará, Brazilian Amazon 7.14 Christian Salletmaier: Regional Innovation in a Service Oriented Economy - The Example of Salzburg 7.15 Walter Scherrer: The Art & Culture-Industry, Regional Economic Development, and Innovation – Salzburg as an Example 7.16 Mário Rui Silva, Argentino Pessoa: Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions 7.17 Gunnar Skomsøy: “For Developing Competitiveness You Need a Systemic Approach” 7.18 Katarzyna Sobiech: Infrastructure Gap in Poland as Compared to Selected European Countries 7.19 Renate Steinmann and Siegfried Reich: Innovation Dynamics of Salzburg 7.20 Inês Vilhena da Cunha, Catarina Selada: Creative Urban Regeneration: Portuguese Cases of “Innovation Hubs” 4 2 Seminar Organization Seminar Chair Walter Scherrer (Universität of Salzburg, Fachbereich Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Salzburg, Austria) Scientific and Local Organizing Committee Sebastian Huber (State Government of Salzburg, Department of Economic Policy, Salzburg, Austria, and ITG – Innovations - und Technologietransfer GmbH, Salzburg, Austria) Maria Concepción López Fernández (University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain) Ronald W. McQuaid Armin Mühlböck (Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland) (WissenschaftsAgentur Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria) Mario Riu Silva (Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia, Portugal) Oliver Wagner (ITG – Innovations - und Technologietransfer Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria) Seminar Office Christine Tyma und Till Mayrhofer Anna Csilla Banföldy (WissenschaftsAgentur Salzburg) (Department of Economics and Social Science, Salzburg) Contact E-mail: RegInno@sbg.ac.at Website: www.itg-salzburg.at/reginno Phone: WissenschaftsAgentur Salzburg: 0043-662-8044-6640 ITG – Innovations- und TechnologieTransfer GmbH 0043-662-8042-3148 Walter Scherrer (during seminar days, in urgent cases only) 0043-664-5313734 5 Partners Universität Salzburg Fachbereich Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Economia Napier University, Edinburgh Employment Research Institute Universidad de Cantabria, Santander Faculdad de Economia Local Organization ITG – Innovations- und Technologietransfer Salzburg GmbH WissenschaftsAgentur Salzburg Sponsors Land Salzburg Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit Wirtschaftskammer Salzburg Arbeiterkammer Salzburg Fachhochschule Salzburg 6 3 Keynote Speakers 3.1 Professor Bjørn T. Asheim CIRCLE and LUND University, Lund, Sweden Bjørn T. Asheim has since 2001 the chair in economic geography at the Department of Social and Economic Geography, University of Lund, Sweden, and is co-founder and deputy director of the new Centre of Excellence in innovation system research at Lund University called CIRCLE (Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy) from 2004. He is also part time professor at the Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, Norway, since 2001. He was previously full professor in human geography at the University of Oslo and for many years he has been associated with the Research Counc il funded STEP-group (Studies in technology, innovation and economic policy). He is member of several program committees at VINNOVA (Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems), and he is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Centre for European Studies on Territorial Development, University of Durham, UK, and of the international advisory committee for the Canadian Innovation Systems Research Network and MCRI Clusters project. He is Editor of Economic Geography and Regional Studies, and member of the editorial board of several European scientific journals including European Planning Studies and Journal of Economic Geography. Professor Asheim is trained as both a business economist (MSc, The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen) and a human geographer (PhD, University of Lund, Sweden). He is well-known internationally for his research in the areas of economic and industrial geography, where his main research specialisations include: Comparative analyses of industrial districts and regional clusters; SMEs and innovation policy; technological change, globalisation and endogenous regional development; regional innovation systems and learning regions. He has many international publications within these subjects. In the 1st Seminar on regional innovation policy in February 2007 in Porto Bjørn Asheim delivered a keynote lecture on “The role of regional innovation systems in constructing regional advantage: towards a platform oriented approach to regional innovation policy”. 7 3.2 Prof. Dr. Peter A. Bruck Ph.D, MA Austrian Reasearch Centres Seibersdorf Peter A. Bruck is General Manager of the Research Studios Austria within the Austrian Research Centers and division head for e-technologies and smart media at the ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, the national public-private technology research organisation of Austria. He is also Honorary Professor of Information Economy and New Technologies at the Institute of Economics, Faculty of Law, at the University of Salzburg and holds an appointment as Research Professor of Communication and Journalism at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. He is the honorary President of the ICNM – International Center for New Media, Salzburg, the chairman of the Board of the European Academy of Digital Media-EADiM, The Netherlands, and the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the World Summit Award. Peter A. Bruck studied at the universities of Vienna, Iowa and at McGill, Montreal, and holds doctorates in law and communications, and master degrees in sociology and economics. He has taught at universities in Canada, US and Western Europe plus Israel and Poland and has over 25 years of experience in research and consulting in Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Portugal, the US and Canada. From 2001 to 2002 Bruck was on the Board of Management and head of the Business Unit on Interactive Media of the Jet2Web Internet Services GmbH of the Austrian Telekom Group. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Media Diversity of the Council of Europe and he has initiated EUROPRIX, Europe’s leading multimedia award, the Prix MultiMediaAustria and a number of national best practice competitions and awards in Western and Eastern Europe. Peter A. Bruck has published and edited numerous books, researc h reports and scholarly as well as professional articles in the fields of communication and new media studies, media and information economics, telecommunication development, cultural study and sociology. He is a specialist in communication technologies as well as media and telecommunication policy. 8 4 Venue 4.1 Thursday, 11th October 2007 (1st day): At 08:30 hours a bus leaves from Radisson Altstadt Hotel and will bring participants to the conference venue: Salzburg University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule Salzburg) Campus Urstein Urstein Süd 1 A-5412 Puch/Salzburg 1 Hotel Altstadt Radisson SAS Judengasse 15 5020 Salzburg 1 2 Join the A10 at junction Salzburg Süd in direction A10, Villach 3 2 2 Leave A10 at junction Puch/Urstein 3 2 9 4.2 Friday, 12th October 2007 (2nd day) The venue is located in the very centre of the city. It is a 5 minutes’ walk from the Hotel Altstadt Radisson SAS: University of Salzburg, Rectorate, Kapitelgasse 4, 1st Floor, Senate Meeting Hall 5020 Salzburg River Salzach River Salzach 1 2 Festung Salzburg (castle) 1 Hotel Altstadt Radisson SAS Judengasse 15 5020 Salzburg 2 University of Salzburg, Rectorate Building Kapitelgasse 4 5020 Salzburg 10 5 Program 5.1 Thursday, 11th October 2007 (1st day) Venue: Fachhochschule Salzburg, Puch, Urstein Campus 08:30 Bus departure from Hotel Altstadt Radisson 08:45 – 09:30 Registration 09:30 – 11:15 A. Opening Session: Regional Innovation and Creative Industries I Chair: Walter Scherrer, University of Salzburg 1 Sebastian Huber State Government of Salzburg and ITG Walter Scherrer University of Salzburg Welcome address 2 Peter A. Bruck Austrian Research Centres Seibersdorf Keynote lecture: The Creative Class as a Driver of Innovation 3 Bjørn Asheim Lund University and CIRCLE Keynote lecture: The Creative Class and Regional Development: A European Perspective 11:15 – 11:45 Coffee break 11:45 – 12:45 B. Regional Innovation and Creative Industries II Chair: Mário Rui Silva, University of Porto 4 Sara Santos Cruz, University of Porto Bjørn Asheim, Lund University and CIRCLE Creative Industries, Talent Attraction and Knowledge Bases – The Case of the New Zealand Film Industry as a Driver of Regional Development 5 Inês Vilhena da Cunha and Catarina Selada INTELI, Centro de Inovacao Creative Urban Regeneration: Portuguese Cases of “Innovation Hubs” 12:45 – 14:00 Lunch 11 14:00 – 16:00 C. Regional Innovation Policies: Methodological Issues Chair: Bjørn Asheim, Lund University and CIRCLE 6 Ronald W. McQuaid Napier University, Edinburgh Cultural and Sporting Events to Promote Regional Development and Innovation – The Case of Rugby Sevens 7 Katarzyna Sobiech Poznan University of Technology Infrastructure Gap in Poland as Compared to Selected European Countries 8 Michael Lewrick and Robert Raeside, Napier University, and Thomas Peisl, University of Applied Sciences, Munich Learning from the Successful Companies in a Regional Entrepreneurial and Innovation System 9 Massimo Bianchi, Bologna University Clustering and Networking in SMEs Development International Projects. A Managerial Approach to Push and Pull Intervention for Enterprise Creation and Entrepreneurial Parks Initiatives 16:00 – 17:00 Coffee break 17:00 – 19:00 D. Regional Innovation Systems: The functioning of RIS Chair: Ronald W. McQuaid, Napier University, Edinburgh 10 Christian Berger, Willem van Winden, Alexander Otgaar and Carolien Speller Erasmus University Rotterdam Cross -border Cooperation for Knowledge-based Development: Towards a Roadmap 11 Luis Carvalho and Willem van Winden Erasmus University Rotterdam Geographical and Organisational Proximity in Manufacturing Clusters 12 Concepción López Fernández , Ana María Serrano Bedia, Gema García Piqueres and Raquel Gómez López University of Cantabria Universities and Regional Innovation Systems: The Spanish Case 13 Maurilio Monteiro, Ana Paula Bastos and Claudio Castelo Branco Puty Federal University of Pará, Belem Limits and Challenges to the Introduction of RIS in Peripheral Regions: Evidence From Pará, Brazilian Amazon 19:00 Get together – Dinner 12 5.2 Friday, 12th October 2007 (2nd day) Venue: University of Salzburg, Rectorate Building, Kapitelgasse 4, 1st Floor, Senate Meeting Hall 09:00 – 10:45 E. Regional Innovation Policy Issues Chair: Concepcion Fernandez Lopez, University of Cantabria 14 Kurt Schmoller, University of Salzburg Welcome address 15 Gunnar Skomsøy, Karlstad University “For Developing Competitiveness You Need a Systemic Approach” 16 Antonio Manuel Figueiredo Porto School of Economics From Concepts to Operational Interventions: Discussing the Implementation of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in four Portuguese Regions 17 Srecko Devjak and Bojan Pecek University of Ljubljana Regional Development Planning Through the Cluster Analysis 10:45 – 11:15 Coffee break 11:15 – 12:45 F. Regional Innovation Policy: Salzburg Chair: Manfred Müller, Court of Audit, State of Salzburg 18 Christian Dirninger, University of Salzburg Historical Aspects of Regional Innovation Policies 19 Renate Steinmann and Siegfried Reich Salzburg Research Innovation Dynamics of Salzburg 20 Christian Salletmaier State Administration of Salzburg Regional Innovation in a Service Oriented Economy: The Example of Salzburg 12:45 – 13:45 Lunch break 13 13:45 – 14:45 G. Regional Policy: International Experiences Chair: Gunnar Skomsøy, Karlstad University 21 Heriberta Castaños Autonomous University of Mexico Regional Innovation Policies in Megacities: The Case of Mexico City 22 Roger F. Jones , Franklin International LLC, USA Drahomira Pavelkova, University of Zlin Contrasting Regional Economic Policies in Several States in the USA and in the Czech Republic 14:45 – 15:15 Coffee break 15:15 – 17:00 H. Closing Session: Environmental & Cultural Resources and Regional Innovation Chair: Alfred Kyrer, University of Salzburg 23 Mário Rui Silva and Argentino Pessoa University of Porto Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions 24 Walter Scherrer University of Salzburg The Art & Culture Industry, Regional Economic Development, and Innovation: Salzburg as an Example 25 Concepción López Fernández Mário Rui Silva Ronald W. McQuaid Walter Scherrer Conclusions and Outlook 17:00 End of the Seminar 14 6 List of participants Name Affiliation E-Mail Session or paper number Almeida Alexandre Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia, Porto, Portugal jalmeida@fc.up.pt Asheim Bjørn Lund University and CIRCLE, Lund, Sweden Bjorn.Asheim@keg.lu.se Bastos Ana Paula Institute for Advanced Amazonian Studies, Federal University of Pará, Brazil pbastos@ufpa.br Bendl Erwin Siemens Austria, Vienna erwin.bendl@siemens.com Bendl Maria Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, Vienna Maria.Bendl@bmwa.gv.at Berger Christian Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Nethderlands berger@few.eur.nl 10 Bianchi Massimo Bologna University; Faculty of Economics, Forlì, Italy massimo.bianchi@unibo.it 9 Bruck Peter A. Austrian Research Centres Seibersdorf, Salzburg, Austria peter. bruck@researchstudio.at 2 Carvalho Luis Erasmus University Rotterdam / EURICUR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands decarvalho@few.eur.nl 11 Castaños Heriberta Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico crcr@servidor.unam.mx 21 Devjak Srecko University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia Srecko.devjak@fu.uni-lj.si 17 Dirninger Christian Department of History, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria christian.dirninger@sbg.ac.at 18 Figueiredo Antonio Manuel Porto School of Economics and Quarternaire Portugal amfig@fep.up.pt 16 García Piqueres Gema University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain gema.garcia@unican.es 12 Gómez López Raquel University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain garciapg@unican.es 12 C+3+4 13 15 Huber Sebastian State Government of Salzburg, Department of Economic Policy, and Innovations- und Technologietransfer GmbH, Salzburg, Austria Sebastian.huber@salzburg.gv. at 1 Jones Roger F. Franklin International LLC, Brookmall, Pennsylvania, United States Navy662@aol.com 22 Kyrer Alfred Department of Economics an Social Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Alfred.kyrer@sbg.ac.at H Lewrick Michael Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK MLewrick@aol.com 8 López Fernández Concepción University of Cantab ria, Santander, Spain lopezm@unican.es E+12+ 25 McQuaid Ronald W. Napier University, Employment Research Institute, Craiglockhart Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK r.mcquaid@napier.ac.uk D+6 +25 Monteiro Maurilio Institute for Advanced Amazonian Studies, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil maurílio@naea.ufpa.br 13 Mühlböck Armin WissenschaftsAgentur Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria armin.muehlboeck@sbg.ac.at Müller Manfred Director, Court of Audit, State of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria manfred.mueller@salzburg.gv.a t F Neureiter Michael Vice President, State Parliament of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria michael.neureiter@salzburg.gv. at A Otgaar Alexander Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netzerlands otgaar@few.eur.nl 10 Pavelkova Drahomira Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic pavelkova@iceu.cz 22 Pecek Bojan University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia bojan.pecek@fu.uni-lj 17 Peisl Thomas University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany tpeisl@fhm.edu 8 Pessoa Argentino CEDRES, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal apessoa@fep.up.pt 23 Puty Claudio Castelo Branco Department of Economics, Federal University of Pará, Brazil cputy@ufpa.br 13 Raeside Robert Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK r.raeside@napier.ac.uk 8 16 Reich Siegfried Salzburg Research, Salzburg, Austria siegfried.reich@salzburgresear ch.at 19 Salletmaier Christian State Administration of Salzburg, Department of Regional Development, Salzburg, Austria christian.salletmaier@salzburg. gv.at 20 Santos Cristina Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia, Porto, Portugal 050411010@fep.up.pt Santos Cruz Sara Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia, Porto, Portugal sarasantoscruz@yahoo.com Scherrer Walter Department of Economics and Social Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria walter.scherrer@sbg.ac.at Schmidjell Richard Wirtschaftskammer Salzburg – Chamber of Commerce, Salzburg, Austria RSchmidjell@wks.at Schmoller Kurt Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Salzburg Kurt.Schmoller@sbg.ac.at 14 Selada Catarina INTELI – Inteligência em Inovação, Centro de Inovação, Portugal catarina.s@inteli.pt 5 Serrano Bedia Ana María University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain serranoa@unican.es 12 Silva Mário Rui CEDRES, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal mrui@fep.up.pt Skomsøy Gunnar CERUT, Karlstad University, Sweden gunnar@interfarm.no Sobiech Katarzyna Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland katarzyna.sobiech@put.poznan .pl 7 Speller Carolien Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands speller@few.eur.nl 10 Steinmann Renate Salzburg Research, Salzburg, Austria renate.steinmann@salzburgres earch.at, 19 Van Winden Willem Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands vanwinden@few.eur.nl Vilhena da Cunha Inês INTELI – Inteligência em Inovação, Centro de Inovação, Portugal ines.c@inteli.pt Wagner Oliver Innovations- und Technologietransfer GmbH, Salzburg, Austria oliver.wagner@itg-salzburg.at 4 A+24+ 25 B+23+ 25 G+15 10+11 5 17 7 Abstracts 7.1 Creative Industries, Talent Attraction and Knowledge Bases – The Case of the New Zealand Film Industry as a Driver of Regional Development Asheim, Bjørn (CIRCLE and Lund University, Lund, Sweden) and Santos Cruz , Sara (Department of Economics, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal) In the globalising knowledge economy nations and regions compete on the bases of unique competences and products. Traditionally, this has been products from either energy or raw material based low and medium tech or technology or science based high-tech sectors. Even if such sectors still remain the bases for economic growth and high standards of living in many developed economies, cultural and creative industries (film, media, music, fashion or other design based industries, advertisement etc.) have increasingly become more important as basis for prosperity and economic growth. What is characteristic for products from such industries is that the intangible content of the product exceeds the tangible part as sources for value creation and up-market consumption of high value added products, characterised by highly aesthetic, artistic and socially symbolic content (i.e. design, branding etc.). Analysing these new tendencies requires a more sophisticated approach to knowledge and knowledge creation that transcends the traditional codified-tacit dichotomy. To make sense of the increased diversity and interdependence in the knowledge process, we think it is important to start from the premise that the innovation process of firms differs substantially between various industries and sectors whose activities require specific ‘knowledge bases’ (Asheim and Gertler, 2005). In this paper we distinguish between three knowledge bases: ‘analytical’, ‘synthetic’ and ‘symbolic’, and will especially focus on the importance of this third knowledge base (Asheim et al., 2007). These knowledge bases contain different mixes of tacit and codified knowledge, codification possibilities and limits, qualifications and skills required by organisations and institutions involved as well as specific innovation challenges and pressures. As an ideal type, a synthetic knowledge base refers to the knowledge required for activities involved in the design of something that works as a solution to a practical problem, typically for low and medium, technologically-based sectors. Activities that require an analytical knowledge base are geared to understanding and explaining features of the universe, which especially characterizes sciencebased high tech sectors. Activities that draw on a symbolic knowledge base deal with the creation of cultural meaning through transmission in an affecting sensuous medium. The symbolic knowledge base is related to the aesthetic attributes of products, to the creation of designs and images, and to the economic use of various cultural artefacts. The increasing significance of these types of activities is indicated by the dynamic development of cultural industries such as media (film making, publishing, music etc), advertising, design or fashion and the use of narratives and appeal to imagination as a way of adding value to products (i.e. branding). These activities are innovation and design-intensive since a crucial share of work is dedicated to the ‘creation’ of new ideas and images and less to the actual physical production process. This type of activities is strongly tied to a deep understanding of the habits and norms and ‘everyday culture’ of specific social groupings. Due to the cultural embeddedness of interpretations, this type of activities is also characterised by a strong tacit component. The acquisition of essential creative, imaginative and interpretive skills is less tied to formal qualifications and university degrees than to practice in various stages of the creative process. The process of socialisation (rather than formal education) in the trade is not only important with 18 regard to training ‘know-how’, but also for acquiring ‘know who’, e.g. knowledge of potential collaborators with complementary specialisation. Within cultural and creative industries, the film industry has been considered, by far, as one of the most important, due to its socio-political character, as a performing art and a political instrument to reach the masses. The particular case of New Zealand is a very interesting example of global success in terms of the film industry. New Zealand’s cinematographic industry has been enjoying a steady growth that made possible the achiev ement of an international reputation, especially due to its creative class, its natural and cultural resources. According to Richard Florida the New Zealand film industry has succeeded not only in establishing one of the world’s most sophisticated filmmaking complexes but has also attracted talents from around the world working in the film and animation industry as well as in related industries (Florida, 2005). Derived from the flexibility of their film industry, the skills and culture of the local labour, the language proximities with English-speaking countries, the attractive sceneries with a whole variety of landscapes, and the government incentives, many New Zealand-made films consist in co-productions with companies from foreign countries. New Zealand also maintains a firm connection with Hollywood, as a way to get specialized training and establish important connections to attract foreign investment and to develop future co-productions. Film industry in New Zealand also has a highly positive impact in the tourism flows of the region. Tourism has, by its turn, associated a wide range of activities, such as hotel accommodation, catering, travel services, among many others in services sector. Multimedia and digital sectors have been also witnessed a growth without precedents, because the films’ staff requirements generated local employment and the rise of new businesses. In many cases, the absence of local specialists made foreign producers bring to New Zealand entire teams of technicians that spread new practices into the local technical environment. This was the case of Peter Jackson’s digital company, Weta, which hired over 200 workers to the production of the “The Lord of the Rings”. The aim of the paper is to analyse how the rapid growth of the New Zealand film industry took place, how the innovativeness and competitiveness of this industry, as an example of an industry based on symbolic knowledge, was actively constructed, and the role played by global talent attraction for the success of the industry. References: Asheim, B. Gertler, M. S, 2005, “Regional Innovation Systems and the Geographical Foundations of Innovation”, In: Fagerberg J, Mowery D, Nelson R, The Oxford Handbook of Innovation (Oxford, Oxford University Press), 291-317. Asheim, B.T., Coenen, L., Moodysson, J., and Vang, J. (2007) Constructing knowledge-based regional advantage: Implications for regional innovation policy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. Florida, R. (2005): The Fligth of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent. New York. 7.2 Cross-border Cooperation for Knowledge-based Development: Towards a Roadmap Berger, Christian; van Winden, Willem; Otgaar, Alexander and Speller, Carolien (Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) In Europe, a growing number of cities are aware of the contribution of cross-border cooperations to the knowledge-based urban economy. Urban public actors have a double role in this respect. On the one hand they themselves engage in international cooperation (helped by all 19 kinds of subsidies). On the other hand, they may facilitate or promote cross border co-operations of urban actors (companies, knowledge institutions and others). This paper describes and analyses cross-border partnerships in five cities (Aachen, Arnhem, Dos Hermanas, Duisburg and Nijmegen). We make a distinction between three relevant spatial levels for cross-border partnerships, namely 1.) the labor market region, 2.) the "one day return trip" region and 3.) the rest of Europe and the World. Among other things, the paper shows that cities often do not fully exploit their ‘co-operation potential’, partly because co-operations tend to be based on the availability of funding instead of a comprehensive strategic approach. The paper concludes with a "knowledge roadmap" for urban policy makers in border regions. 7.3 Clustering and Networking in SMEs Development International Projects. A Managerial Approach to Push and Pull Intervention for Enterprise Creation and Entrepreneurial Parks Initiatives Bianchi, Massimo (Bologna University, Faculty of Economics, Forlì, Italy) New Business Creation bounded the difference between the a-critic trust in traditional and expensive interventions for enterprise creation featured by a diffused awareness of restricted results fulfilled in this field and new perspectives in enterprise creation. Some attentive authors underlined, at the end of previous century, serious problems of projects aiming to extend European development models (or in a wider sense Western models or district economies) in other countries and today there is still a lot of doubts in the strategy of international organizations and national government to support entrepreneurship in a changing world. The paper aims to discuss the state of art regarding the managerial side of international intervention to support the start up of economies particularly considering SMEs diffusion as a tool for the democratization process and, with a comparative analysis, for the definition of the models prepared by applied research on managerial topics connected to this subject. To this purpose the author’s experiences in projects managed in Albania, Bosnia, Serbia and Slovenia to improve the visibility and competitiveness of local systems will give the opportunity to compare clustering techniques based on resources and push approach to the enterprise creation with networking and pull approach connected to the building of stable and predictable forms of relationship among public and private entities. 7.4 Geographical and Organisational Proximity in Manufacturing Clusters Carvalho, Luis and van Winden, Willem (Erasmus University Rotterdam, EURICUR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Proximity and interaction have been pointed as critical sources of innovation in the so called knowledge economy. Academic research on the links between territory, firms and innovation has proliferated in the last decade by the contributions of different research schools - not claiming to 20 be comprehensive, the Regional Innovation Systems, Clustering Theory or the Evolutionary Geography have been some of the most influential ones. Clustering theory has been highly influential in explaining clustering drives and advantages, as well as the link between firm competitiveness, o l calized embedded networks and regional development. Simultaneously, evolutionary geographers contributed to explain cluster’s dynamics over time, as a result of interactive learning processes embedded in institutional and regional contexts, addressing the governance processes of inter firm networks. The RIS approach has been focusing on the systemic relations between actors in a wide territorial context – the region – evaluating to which extend and how that territorial unit would be able to steer innovation, networking and learning capacity. However, the work of different geographers and economists increasingly suggests that proximity may also be unfavourable for innovation in the long run, provoking dangerous lock-in effects. In this sense, research has been recently evolving towards the study of new dimensions of proximity for knowledge exchange and interaction, as well as new organisation models favourable to that interaction. The relevance of organizational proximity should be intercepted with geographical proximity in order to better understand driving factors of innovation, bearing in mind that organizational proximity may take place at distant geographical scales. Evidence of many technology transfer processes depicts the phenomena: firms are frequently linked to other firms and institutes outside the region, and these linkages may be highly relevant for innovation. In this sense, the cross theorization between the literature on innovation, space and institutional setting with other notions for organization studies may yield new contributions to fine tune relevant spatial and organizational dimensions for knowledge interaction and the role of space in different types of networks. Inspired by this on-going debate and based on two comprehensive case studies, this paper explores the emergent combinations between geographical and organisational proximity and its contribution to the innovation potential of two manufacturing clusters: shipbuilding in Turku (south west Finland) and metal electro in Porto (north west Portugal). Empirical and circumstantial evidence has been collected through secondary data, but mainly through in-depth and semi structured interviews with key players in both clusters (firms, R&D institutes, sector associations, public institutions and policy makers). The paper elaborates on two main issues. Firstly, it depicts different types of networks contributing to the innovative potential of the clusters, like for instance basic R&D, development of incremental innovation, design, innovation by market demand-supply relationships, etc. Moreover, it discusses in which spatial scales these different types of networks are taking place, contributing to a fine tuned definition of the cluster’s “relevant region”, as we will see, may not be contiguous. Secondly, taking a regional perspective, it analyses the types of actors that are binding and linking the different types of networks, like market, R&D institutes, sectors associations or public policy, as well as its evolution during time – we take an evolutionist perspective in order to better understand the evolution of innovation network’s “design” during the last decade. The analysis of the different case studies reveals many similarities but also differences between the clusters and urban regions. Both cases show the emergence of geographically broad relationships for innovation and new product development, although many of the core competences and its sources are still based in the regional setting. However, the organisation mechanisms leading those networks tend to be different and evolving, in one case lead by a key player (Shipyard in Turku) and in the other by market, where multiple SMEs coexist and look for the better partners towards for joint innovation (Porto). 21 7.5 Regional Innovation Policies in Megacities: The Case of Mexico City Castaños, Heriberta (Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico) Global change involves risks as well as benefits. New opportunities of innovative strategies arise for generating sustainable economic formations and lifestyles. Regional innovation policies must take into account the available resources, including human resources. During the latter part of the previous century the metropolitan area of Mexico City has experiences an accelerating rate of urbanization and the rapid growth of satellite urban centers. Today many millions of people live in megacities such as Mexico City, and the sustainable development of these urbanized regions has become decisive in terms of the future. Among other reasons, this is because megacities consume material and human resources from all over the world. They are interconnected by means of worldwide economic and social networks. Regional research in this field is needed at three levels: basic, applied and operational. Mexico City and its connected urban region underwent an extremely diversified and rapid change which is now leveling off. As the population tends to stabilize there has been a shift of attention toward problems previously regarded as typical of mature or “developed” societies. Sustainable innovation in the planning of megacities must take into account the effect of democracy and income inequality in large urban populations. For the past seven years Mexico City has been governed by the Left. Political power is based to a large extent on “clientelist” measures, including the repeal of legal restrictions on abortion and homosexual couples, the introduction of small monthly payments for the aged, the availability of low-cost housing to organized voters, and the tolerance of organized street commerce and other institutions of urban marginality. The city government also sponsors some high-profile initiatives such as artificial beach resorts, bicycle use by city politicians, free concerts on city squares, and other publicity events. The present city administration does not recognize the President of the country but maintains discreet connections with the ruling political party. Any innovative policies in megacities must involve the difficult concepts of culture and sustainability. In an interview, Geertz (2000) was asked about his analysis of cockfights, and “whether one should go back to the natives and show them one’s results.” He replied: I tried to do that, but the cockfight is based on an illusion, so they do not want to understand it. If they did, it would not work. Sometimes people have a natural resistance to understand what they are doing . . . They are not interested in the hermeneutics of cockfights. They already know what it means to them. What is the meaning to an inhabitant of Mexico City of democracy in a “complicated environment”? Here we should consider some of the larger integrating concepts relating to other peoples, other societies, other cultures. We easily talk about concepts such as tradition, identity, religion, ideology, values, nation, and about culture, society, state, and people. We profess to be alarmed about climate change, scarcity of resources, pollution of water supply, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, natural disasters, and the impact on social relations of globalization, migration, population growth, economic competition and so on. But we should realize that global change is not necessarily disastrous. It can stimulate innovation through economic growth and increasing cultural diversity. At a minimum the urban population is increasingly informed and aware of the changes which affect it. This is the essential contribution of democracy. Global change is affecting Mexico City in several positive ways. As the metropolitan area extends into the neighboring states of Morelos, Puebla, Hidalgo and Mexico, which are governed 22 by different political parties, urban decisions will be increasingly based on political compromise. Sustainability means the development of shared criteria for ascertaining whether some specific regional change is responsible, or if not, whether it should be opposed or prevented. This implies a co-evolution of natural with social commitments. Thus the stated and the implicit objectives of economic production, of social participation and of ecological stability are increasingly conditioned on each other, in order to be able to move toward the objective of integral development. Huge urban regions such as the Mexico City metropolitan area accumulate a high density of flow of resources drawn from all over the world. They are hubs of economic and social networks of worldwide extent. Foremost among the priorities of present and future administrations is the need for more and better research. The recent experience in Mexico City demonstrates that correct political decisions must be based on relevant information. Research and politics are complementary activities and must be based on each other. Both must be solid and sustainable. I describe two major Mexico City projects, namely the Deep Drainage System and the Rapid Transit System, as examples of the importance of first-rate technical information (or its absence) as a foundation for future political action. Innovation is of the essence. 7.6 Regional Development Planning Through the Cluster Analysis Devjak, Srecko and Pecek, Bojan (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia) One of the main factors of the regional development is a good management practice that is based on the regional competence. Participation of the citizens at the decision making process is one of the basic factor for the successfulness of the execution duties. Among economic and cultivation circumstances there is also a factor of regional identity that plays the significant role. In the article we represent differences of economic conditions in the Republic of Slovenia as one of the key factors at the regional management development and regional self administration. A cluster analysis of the budget revenues for the 12 geographical regions has been executed. For the same regions also the cluster analysis for expenditures has been done. They represent essential economic differences at the financial source gathering and consumption of the local communities. The consideration of the economic and organisational feasibilities of the regions and the possibilities of the citizen’s participation at the administration of regions need to be one of the main criterions at the task definitions of the regions. 7.7 Historical Aspects of Regional Innovation Policies Dirninger, Christian (Department of History, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria) Historical aspects for the Land Salzburg will be discussed concerning the role of cultural resources and creative industries. There are three terms in the centre of interest, each of them under a specific aspect: Regional Culture of Innovation (specific aspect: disposition, constellation and structural readiness for regional Innovation Policies), Creative Industries 23 (specific aspect: creative sphere in the regional economic structure), and Cultural Economy (specific aspect: economization of Cultural resources). As an economic historian I will try to deal with a historical dimension of these three terms and their correlation in the regional connection. The main thesis is, that there is in all three cases a path-dependency, which means a determination of the recent behaviour by the “historical” development. The historical dimension is relevant in two perspectives/directions: On the one hand in characterizing and analyzing the paths of development, on the other hand, how to deal with historical cultural resources today. In this sense the paper will be structured in two sections. First, in a characteristic of the historical path of development. This will be based on the thesis, that the possibilities and chances for regional innovation, creative industries and cultural economy depend essential on the structural conditions of the regional economy and their change (conditions of location). In the long run from the 18th century there are two phases in the economic development of the Land Salzburg. The first one from the age of the archbishopric with a mainly conservative economic and financial policy and few potential for mercantilist innovation, followed by the position in the periphery in the process of industrialization within the Habsburg-monarchy, up to a economic weakness in the first half of the 20th century. Over this long time in general (with variations in certain phases) one can tal k about a set of restrictive conditions for regional innovation, creative industries and also for cultural economy. Another situation can be found since the beginnings of the 1950ies. The structural conditions and conditions of location of the regional ec onomy became essentially better than in the time before. The position at a central crossing of European commerce, the domination by small and middle sized specialized and export orientated industries and the growing importance of the service sector, especially the tourist industry, created special possibilities and chances for innovation and economic creativity. The cultural economy was mainly dominated by the interests of tourism. Since the middle of the 1970ies or the early 1980ies a specific kind of innovation policy became a more and more important part of regional structural policy, especially in the promotion of high technology. Beside the “Salzburger Festspiele” as the dominant factor the promotion of “Regional Culture” became an increasing factor of cultural economy. In a the two great phases connecting and comparing perspective one can say, that a long time lasting regional disposition and constellation of “restrictive” or “defensive” innovation culture was replaced by an increasing “offensive” or “active” one. But in this process of replacement one can find some specific components of path-dependency. One important is the persistence in the difference of economic growth and structural change between the more dynamic north with the central region of the capital in it and the structural weaker mountainous southern part of the Land Salzburg. Another one is a comparatively lower preference for cooperative institutions, for example for cluster structures. The concentration on and promoting “Creative Industries” and “Cultural Economy” as important growing sectors in the regional economy seems to be the newest step of the specific regional innovation path. One question in this context is how to deal with historical and cultural resources (in the sense of ec onomization). This leads to the second section of the paper. There five strategic and operative issues will be mentioned: (1) The “musealization” (preservation, restoration, presentation of historical and cultural resources), (2) the festival- and event-culture, (3) the revitalization and combination of tradition and innovation in production and trade, (4) the consideration in specific types or elements of regional economic culture, (5) the promotion of regional economic cycles. 24 7.8 From Concepts to Operational Interventions: Discussing the Implementation of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in four Portuguese Regions Figueiredo, Antonio Manuel (Porto School of Economics, Porto, and Quarternaire, Porto, Portugal) In the 1st International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies, held in Oporto, I have presented a paper on the role of RIS as a tool for implementing a new cycle of innovation and competitiveness-oriented cohesion policies. The Portuguese cohesion (objective 1) regions were presented as an example of territories requiring a new stage in regional planning, going from an infrastructure investment-driven period into a new one, characterized by higher intensity of knowledge incorporation in regional development. Working on the taxonomies of RIS elaborated by Asheim and Cooke, the research was oriented towards the feasibility analysis of a combined approach involving simultaneously the reorientation of the Portuguese National Innovation System (PT-NIS) and the implementation of RIS in some Portuguese regions. The paper to be presented at the 2nd International Seminar on Regional Innovation Systems develops this approach in more operational terms. The new programming period of Structural Funds 2007-2013 will force the Portuguese objective 1 regions to evolve towards new priorities emphasizing the role and the scope of competitiveness and innovation oriented regional interventions. It is time to go beyond concepts and to discuss the feasibility of organizing concrete RIS. In order to allow for a fertile comparative analysis, the paper discusses in depth the case of four Portuguese objective 1 regions – North, Centre, Azores and Madeira, a group in which the last two are outermost regions not integrated in the mainland of Portugal. The reasons why these regions were selected can be summarized in the following arguments: i) They present different political and institutional contexts and different governance models – the first two are spatial and regional planning regions with no political autonomy and no elected governments whereas the last two are autonomous regions, with elected governments; ii) All of the regions present pathdependent development models in which the implementation of a RIS will be a radical innovation in the governance model of regional policies, asking for very different patterns of cooperation with the PT-NIS; iii) In each region there is a group of researchers and of research organizations, identified in national science policy as examples of excellence, which can be understood as a building block for organizing the RIS; iv) The group of four regions presents a very contrasted pattern of productive specialization generating very different conditions for demand-pull innovation; v) All of them need comprehensive strategies and policies for increasing the educational level of the labour force. The four regions represent a solid empirical ground in order to discuss from an operational point of view the players, the activities, the functions and the systemic interactions between players which could help to implement RIS in these different contexts. The analysis of the Regional Operational Programmes for the period 2007-2013 submitted by these regions to the national authorities and to the European Commission will be a key input to assess the feasibility of RIS as tools for implementing the competitiveness-oriented strategy that has been programmed. The paper will be organized in four sections. In the first section, I present the links with the first paper and the evolutionary theoretical framework used to approach the feasibility analysis of implementing simultaneously RIS in Portuguese cohesion regions and reorienting the NIS towards patterns of organization more aligned with fast follower countries. 25 In the second section, I present the four regions characterizing them from the point of view of innovation needs. In the third section, I develop a theoretical and an operational framework for assessing the feasibility of implementing RIS in the four regions, identifying the critical links with the NIS. Finally, in the fourth section, a summary of conclusions is elaborated, emphasizing the constraints that should be eradicated in order that RIS could be a tool for implementing the competitiveness-oriented strategies designed for the new programming period. 7.9 Contrasting Regional Economic Policies in Several States in the USA and in the Czech Republic Jones, Roger F. (Franklin International LLC, Brookmall, Pennsylvania, United States) and Pavelkova, Drahomira (Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic) This paper contrasts several differing regional economic policies in the USA and the Czech Republic, with emphasis on the various sources of funds and how they are used, together with “soft” investment in the form of information sharing and collaboration, as practiced in clusters. Successful examples together with less effective practices and difficulties are analyzed and discussed. 7.10 Learning From the Successful Companies in a Regional Entrepreneurial and Innovation System Lewrick, Michael and Raeside, Robert (both: Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK), and Peisl, Thomas (University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany) At a macro level innovation and entrepreneurship policy are vital for a flourishing economy. Innovation is the production, diffusion and use of new and economically useful knowledge, a key factor for competitiveness and growth while entrepreneurship is the process of business start-up, business creation and growth, the entrepreneurial dynamism key to economic renewal and growth. The target in entrepreneurship policy is to increase start-up rates and support the growth of firms. Essential to sustainability and growth is the creation of an innovative culture. The supply of entrepreneurs to fit this culture achieved by educating wider parts of the society to create graduates with a culture of entrepreneurship and management. Centres of entrepreneurship attached to Universities give potential entrepreneurs the opportunity to start innovative start-ups in a supportive environment which combined with regional or national business plan competitions (BPC), provide an encouraging environment for entrepreneurs bringing together start-up capital with innovators. One of these the Münchener Business Plan Wettbewerb (MBPW) is one of the most successful in Europe and has been the platform to investigate the innovativeness and capabilities of the high performing companies in comparison to start-up companies. A new evaluation model (Innovation and Capability Process, (ICP)) allows investigation of innovativeness and capabilities within a cluster. It includes important factors for economic integration, such as access to resources, the competitive environment and customers. The assessment of social networks and 26 social capital that might exist in specific regions or within the alumni network of a BPC are also considered. The idea of this regional BPC is to focus on entrepreneurship with the aim of strengthening the innovation and knowledge network competition is only two decades old. Tapping into the network, knowledge and ideas of the cluster becomes essential for success and it is important to improve the regional economic development paths to educate entrepreneurs and enterprises to find ways to strengthen core capabilities and to grow and enhance clusters of innovative activities. Three inter related questions are addressed in this paper. The first is to identify what drives innovation and success? Secondly which capabilities have to be developed and expanded in start-ups companies to allow their survival and growth? Thirdly what role should business plan competitions have in this development and how should they be designed. To answer these questions a study of 200 companies which have been through the MBPW in the Munich area of Germany has been undertaken. The competition was designed to develop innovative and enterprise skills amongst the participants and has been derived from the BPC of the Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology to establish a platform for universities, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists to set-up innovative companies and to foster economic growth in the region. The MBPW aims to create and sustain a lively entrepreneurial culture in the Munich region. It focuses on stimulating and supporting innovative, fast-growing technology and service companies during the start-up phase. The MBPW competition provides information and advice to new entrepreneurs, and nurtures their skills as they design their business plan. The competition is committed to motivating and encouraging business start-ups from the higher education and research community. The companies were audited using a specially developed audit tool the “ICP” to ascertain innovativeness, innovative and entrepreneurial capacity and factors which may contribute to the enhancement of these. In this study innovation has been measured, by the number of incremental innovations i.e. improvement/expansion of existing products, services or processes, radical innovations defined as breakthroughs which fundamentally change a product or service and the overall number of innovations. These measures were found to be significantly positively correlated with the sales and sustainability success of enterprises. The capabilities for innovation and success examined ranged from knowledge management, social networks to degree of focus on customer orientation. In total 9 core capabilities are investigated to detect areas for improvement for start-ups, and mature companies. From statistical analysis the key factors influencing success in innovativeness were found to be the degree of competitor orientation, market and competitor environment focus, diversification & learning, management capabilities and skills, knowledge management, personal and business networks, inter-organisational network and measurement of company performance. From the evaluation of company performance within the network of the MBPW, 4 different groups of companies (Start-ups, and low, average and high performing mature companies) have been processed through the ICP model to predict the probability of success based on innovativeness and capabilities. Start-up companies achieved a high success probability applying the ICP model. Assessment indicates as that Start-ups are particularly good in competitor orientation, a factor which is essential in a start-up phase as a trigger for innovations. The areas of improvement are associated with the Market & Competitor Environment as well as Diversification & Learning. The development of the inter-organisational network and the measurement of outcomes score low. Low performing companies achieved a low probability of success. The score on 9 key capabilities indicates that most of the areas need improvements. Only the inter-organisational network and the measurement of outcomes achieve average results. Average performing companies achieve the highest scores with a total capability and potential of 78% and 75% 27 regarding innovativeness. The average performers are best in areas associated to Market & Competitive Orientation, Innovation Capability Knowledge, Innovation Capability Management and the Measurement of Outcomes Current high performing companies show a similar pattern with high scores in Innovation Capability Knowledge, Innovation Capability Management, and Inter-Organisational networks. From the results of the study three important findings are made. Firstly, it proves insights to set the agenda to educate wider parts of the society to establish a culture of innovative entrepreneurs and graduates and there is a need to enhance their networks. Secondly, it provides an overview of factors of success and innovation practices that differentiate successful companies. Thirdly aspects of capabilities and potential which can be enhanced are identified. Identification of these success factors allows an assessment of the degree to which business plan competitions and attached centres of entrepreneurship can provide the basis for instilling and developing these factors. This will be the basis on which the successfulness of regional business competitions can be critically evaluated. 7.11 Universities and Regional Innovation Systems: The Spanish Case López Fernández, Concepción; Serrano Bedia, Ana María; García Piqueres, Gema and Gómez López, Raquel (University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain) Innovation is considered to be a key factor both for company competitiveness as well as for economic growth within the actual context of knowledge, society, and economy, in the sense that innovation can be understood like a fundamental way of making knowledge. Therefore, Universities appear to offer a great potential to improve both firms' and national competitiveness. Universities are one of the most important players in the innovation systems and can generate innovations alone or cooperating with other players of the innovation systems like innovation firms and public administration within the regional and productivity environment (Buesa et al., 2004). The concept of innovation system was originally designed by Freeman (1991), Lundvall (1992) and Nelson (1993) to analyse innovation in a national context (National Innovation System –NIS-). It was then adapted by Cooke (1992, 1998) and others in order to develop the concept of Regional Innovation System (RIS). This concept predicts that regional innovation processes are mainly shaped by region-specific interactions and institutions. The emergence of the national and regional systems of innovation approach shifted a conceptualisation of the role of universities in economic production. The role of universities has evolved over the last years. The traditional research and teaching missions of universities have recently been extended to direct interactions with regional stakeholders (Etzkowitz, 2001; Chartterton & Goddard, 2003). Theorisation of the role of universities in regional innovation systems highlighted the importance of knowledge spillovers from the educational and research activities performed by universities in regional knowledge spaces, towards the development of a third role performed by universities in animating regional economies and social development (Etzkowitz & Leydesdoff, 1998; Chatterton & Goddard, 2000; Etzkowitz, 2002). In regard to the role that universities perform in regional innovation systems there are two dominant approaches: the triple helix model of university, industry, government relations (Etzkowitz & Leydesdoff, 1997) and the literature on the engaged university (OECD, 1999; Chartterton & Goddard, 2000). These two bodies of literature point to a distinction between generative and developmental roles performed by universities in Regional Innovation Systems. 28 Following these aspects, the aim of the paper is to analyse the role of the universities as partners of the Regional Innovation Systems in the Spanish context. We will pay attention both to the research and teacher point of view and from a double input/output perspective. In order to achieve our objective we first present a descriptive analysis for the sample characterization of Spanish regions and then, we carry out a cluster analysis. The empirical test uses Spanish data contained in the “Estadística de I+D” for the year 2005 and in the “Estadística de la Enseñanza Universitaria en España” for the 2005-2006 period. The data are provided by the Spanish National Statistical Institute. The finds of the study allow us to know if the universities that spend more resources in their innovative activities are the same that get better results. The usefulness of the finds obtained in this study will focus on aiming the design of regional innovation policies in order to promote the positive effects that universities can generate at a regional level with their double function serving as generators and transmitters of knowledge, which converts them into prominent agents of the innovation processes. 7.12 Cultural and Sporting Events to Promote Regional Development and Innovation – The Case of Rugby Sevens McQuaid, Ronald W . (Employment Research Institute, Napier University, Craiglockhart Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK) This paper aims to estimate the economic impact of a large international rugby sporting event on both a regional and a city economy. In addition, it seeks to investigate the regional origins of visitors to the event, and investigates the relationship between residence and expenditure. It develops a model of visitor and other expenditure at a major sporting event in Edinburgh, Scotland. Data are taken from visitor interviews, and an econometric model developed combining macroeconomic and socio-economic data. This controls for individual characteristics and estimates derived elasticities for the macroeconomic determinants. This can assist regional policy formulation in attracting higher spending visitors thereby maximising the income and employment benefits from sporting and other events. 7.13 Limits and Challenges to the Introduction of Regional Innovation Systems in Peripheral Regions: Evidence from Pará, Brazilian Amazon Monteiro, Maurilio (Institute for Advanced Amazonian Studies, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil), Bastos, Ana Paula (Institute for Advanced Amazonian Studies, Federal University of Pará, Brazil) and Puty, Claudio Castelo Branco (Department of Economics, Federal University of Pará, Brazil) This article analyses recent efforts to implement a regional innovation system in Pará State, Brazilian Amazon, describes the economic structure of the State, its productive specialization and its potential growth. The region is social and economic characterized as peripheral in a sense that when compared to other regions it is not attractive to capital and technology intensive activities. Except for natural resources exploit economic activities as mineral, metallurgy, timber 29 and agribusiness. Her economy is then propelled by primary and low technological intensive sectors. Using OECD (2003) STAN indicators database, we found that in 2006, 71,31% of its exports were low-middle technological intensity and 27,29 low technological intensity. The departure point to promote a regional innovation system based on knowledge share among economic agents is thus quite low. Arguing that an economy based on learning and knowledge does not exclusively occur in a high technological intensive economy, as when implementing a regional innovation system the institutional mechanisms of learning, interaction and diffusion play a distinctive role, we believe that recent efforts of state government in establishing are founded in this same argument. Thus authors discuss the structural barriers present in the region as a result of several modernizing strategies implemented in the past. Those strategies were based in a linear model of innovation, science and technology (S&T) that amplified the peripheral status of the region. Although, the capital intensive projects to exploit (and primary industrialized) mineral resources and integrate the area via national roads, indeed created some development in the industry and agribusiness sector but did not promote any innovation: technology and capital was bought not developed locally. The asymmetrical interdependency among regional and national policies is analysed, too. As well as public policies towards S&T and R&D, internal sources of knowledge production (universities, research institutes, and other intermediary organizations and institutions providing government and private innovation services) and firm interaction with public sector. Regarding this interaction, findings showed that locally firms demonstrate a low demand index for S&T public infra-structure. More recently, State government is implementing public policies in a tentative induction of different institutional arrangements with higher complexity, this is also described and analyzed by authors. Concluding remarks are made on the limits and challenges of building virtuous links of cooperation between firms, government, universities and other R&D institutions, creating endogenous innovation structures in a peripheral region, as a catch up strategy towards more developed regions. 7.14 Regional Innovation in a Service Oriented Economy: The Example of Salzburg Salletmaier, Christian (State Administration of Salzburg, Department of Regional Development, Salzburg, Austria) In its economic development strategy the region of Salzburg has put emphasis on the support of existing and the development of new company networks. Basis for this was a regional innovation and technology transfer strategy that was developed in the late 1990ies under the EU RITTSinitiative and has since then guided the development perspectives of the region. It is mainly based on the idea of a development in those sectors that showed potential for "clustering". After about ten years of implementation of this policy it can be observed that a continuation of this strategy will need increased of efforts at a low rate of returned success. First of all, the potential for company networks has largely been exhausted, the scientific basis of the region has been widely exploited and it takes considerable efforts of the public sector and will even take more in future to bring desirable developments on track. What can be observed in the last few years are several attempts to break the limits of this sector approach in favour of a somewhat wider view. Another innovation gap is, however, still visible: The basis for innovation activities is rather small with regard to the number of companies. Many small service sector companies (especially tourism and traditional crafts) must be integrated into the innovation process. 30 For the time being, five different clusters can be made out as being the main sources for regional innovation activities: 1. Sports, health and food 2. Wood, building and construction, energy 3. Design, media and communication 4. Logistics, Security and GIS 5. Small scale networks on sub-regional level Each of the sectors in each of the above clusters has been striving more or less independently for better development conditions: A wood-cluster has been established as direct result of the RITTS-project in 2000, a multimedia cluster was in operation for some years, there have been activities in the food sector to strengthen the companies, a design initiative is on its way and the activities in GIS are largely driven by the research sector. A few other small networks on subregional level have appeared: An automotive network, comprising of about 12 companies, some logistics nodes show fist successful results. The crucial point, however, is the absence of a critical mass for almost all networks. A regional economy with about 525.000 inhabitants and a workforce of approximately 280.000 with a high share in services, must find new ways to accelerate its economic development. In this setting, some strategic options that build on existing structures and add new elements can be made out as answers to the changing need of the innovation process. A first idea of this is given in the Regional Competitiveness Programme Salzburg 2007 – 2013 which focuses on "intelligence" as a main feature of Salzburg. What is meant by this is the fact that a recombination of existing structures, knowledge and procedures can help increase the innovation process and rise the innovation potentials and close the innovation gap that is still existing. If we consider the above "clusters" as the sides of a pentagon the processes that must take place within the pentagon must include all five sides. Furthermore the exchange between the sides must be intensified and the scope both in activities and companies must be broadened. For the Salzburg region the following processes and approaches can be considered as potentials for successful development: Platform approach: Gaining scope, size, potential and critical mass for innovation can be achieved by exchanging knowledge and ideas across the sectors. Especially SMEs do not generally generate knowledge but adapt and adopt knowledge of other companies and of R&D institutions. Policy therefore has to aim rather to the exchange of knowledge than to the creation of new knowledge. Disruptive Innovation: The idea is to create something entirely new by re-combining existing products and service or adding something new to the existing. Especially in the combination of services and products new and striking ideas can be generated. It will be the task of a future innovation policy to provide the playground and observe the rules (if any) for this highly creative process. Crossing borders: Networking on all levels (institutions and companies) is an imperative to find new markets and new resources. When the internal market becomes too small for products and services and qualified workforce becomes a scarce resource, crossing borders is essential. Policy must support efforts and initiatives to overcome the existing barriers. Innovation governance: Innovation policy thinking is still too much involved in the productive sector and its innovation models and must recognise that service sector innovation needs a somewhat different approach. Policy must aim at understanding the needs of the service sector and find ways of combining the service with the productive sector. The contribution will outline the ways in which the region of Salzburg could improve and implement its regional innovation policy. 31 7.15 The Art & Culture-Industry, Regional Economic Development, and Innovation – Salzburg as an Example Scherrer, Walter (Department of Economics and Social Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria) In the 1st International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies in Porto (February 2007) the impact of the arts and culture sector on Salzburg’s economy in terms of employment and income effects was discussed and various models of regional economic development and their contribution to explain the sector’s significance in Salzburg’s economy were reviewed. In this contribution the analysis is extended and innovation-related aspects of the arts and culture sector are developed. Links between the arts & culture sector and other sectors are discussed, in particular the arts and culture sector is addressed both as a source of innovation and as a target field of innovation. Four types of innovation emerge from this perspective: Generic innovation within the arts and culture sector, the transfer of existing knowledge from the arts and culture sector to other sectors (in particular to “creative” industries), innovation in the arts and culture sector which is driven by innovation originating from other sectors, and the arts and culture sector as a catalyst for innovation in other sectors. As these different types of innovation go hand in hand with different knowledge bases required for innovative activities different economic policies in order to foster the role of the arts and culture sector in the regional innovation environment might be required. 7.16 Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions Silva, Mário Rui, and Pessoa, Argentino (CEDRES, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal) Natural resources and physical cultural resources, termed in this paper as “Environmental Resources”, can be important assets for regional competitiveness and innovation. In recent years, these kinds of assets are being more considered in regional development strategies, because they can be a source of differentiation and of new competitive advantages. However, innovation policies and its instruments are largely shaped for knowledge-based innovation. On the contrary, policies towards environmental resources are usually focused on environment protection. In this paper we discuss the role of environmental resources in regional innovation policies. We begin by relating environmental resources with regional development and by emphasizing some opposite views in what refers to the function of environmental resources in regional development. Next we deal with the relationship between regional competitive advantages and innovation strategies. The specificities and problems that arise when the aim is to construct competitiveness advantages through environmental resources valorisation are the core of section 3. In that section, we highlight the characteristics of environmental resources and we check the applicability of the “natural resource curse” to the competitiveness based on environmental resources. The reasons that justify the public intervention as well as some instruments of national / regional /local policy are also examined. The paper ends with some conclusions and policy implications. 32 7.17 “For Developing Competitiveness You Need a Systemic Approach” Skomsøy, Gunnar (CERUT, Karlstad University, Sweden) It is needed to have a systemic approach to regional development when competitiveness shall be increasing. All institutions, public as well as private are tools in the development of regions. Innovation is essential keyword for developing all types of institutions, both public sector and industry. From companies digging raw material in mines, companies pumping oil from a deep see wells, to advanced biotechnology or electronic production, and public and private service industry delivering their stuff to the most sophisticated end users. To get unique innovations we need the right competences, advanced institutions like companies, politicians, all types of infrastructure and a superior market. A good innovation history gives selfimportance, which is necessary for the ability to take sustainable strategic decisions. From my experiences I often see absence of systemic thinking as one of the m ain fail to notice. The managers in charge of development “over all” strategies, politicians and civil servants are focusing on the area they are responsible and do rarely have an overview and a centre of attention for increasing the present values in the region. Their main objective should be developing “Standard of Living” for the inhabitants. This missing centre of attention often leads to mistrust between public and private sector, where they don’t se themselves as tools for reaching common objectives. This lack of understanding and communication are to often resulting in bad working environment and influence the parties in a negative way. In cases of developing an increased “Standard of Living”, it is a question of having the right competences, organized institutions and infrastructure, inclusive cognitive infrastructure. The right mix will influence the innovations and strengthen the competitiveness. This is a selfstrengthening situation, where the winner always will get more than the others. In the production of competitiveness the public and private institutions are tools in the process to increase the total values in the region. The public sector main responsibilities are to extend these values and attract, to gather with the industry, new competenc es to establish. The private business shall convert competences, workforces and infrastructure into values. For staying competitive they need to be at least as innovative as other in the same cluster. This article is presenting several models with a system ic approach, developed for leaders in charge of producing regional strategies. These models have been used for understanding and analysing the history, the present situation and future possibilities, to find who are competitors, possible alliance partners, strength and weakness. Important for this work is to understand which clusters my region is part of. Is my region a satellite to other more important parts of the cluster, and where is the innovation centre of my cluster? The globalization of the economy, through the last decades has changed the need of competitiveness dramatically and this is the reason for focusing of systemic thinking and development of more sustainable strategies. 33 7.18 Infrastructure Gap in Poland as Compared to Selected European Countries Sobiech, Katarzyna (Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland) The subject of this paper is the estimation of the size of the infrastructure gap in Poland. Synthetic estimators are used - despite some controversy - to describe the distance between countries in the area of infrastructure. In the introduction, the sources of the Polish infrastructure gap are pointed out. In the main portion of the article, the method of assessing the infrastructure gap is presented, and the assessment is performed for Poland and selected European states. In empirical international analyses fragmentary measures of infrastructure are the most frequently used, representing what is available in each country. Therefore, in order to describe the distance between countries in the area of infrastructure, it is necessary to use synthetic measures or estimators. The method applied by the author for assessment of the infrastructure development in Poland and fourteen selected countries, is based on the method used by the group of economists whose leader was Eva Ehrlich. In Poland, Marek Ratajczak, professor at the Poznan University of Economics, presented the method. In this formula it is possible to notice some similarity to the Geneva method – the idea of threshold and use of natural measures link the methods. In the Geneva method, the maximum and minimum thresholds are used. However, in the method presented in this paper only a maximum threshold is being applied. It is defined as the biggest value of all the empirical numbers. Here it is worthwhile to underline how important for the results the selection of countries is: adding an additional country, which surpasses the rest of the group in the level of development of one of the given infrastructure components, can completely change the final results, because it changes the largest empirical values. The starting point of the applied method is the construction of a matrix, in which the number of rows equals the number of compared states plus one more. The number of columns corresponds with the number of natural fragmentary measures of infrastructure development taken into consideration in a specified period. The extra line, being the threshold, contains the maximum value of all of the fragmentary measures. The threshold can be interpreted as an additional extra, hypothetical super country, which has obtained the maximum size for all the other fragmentary measures. Then, the fragmentary indicators of the level of development of the infrastructure are determined. The threshold for each measure is determined as 100, and the rest of the measures is compared with the threshold. Received indicators describe the distance between every state from that one which obtained the threshold for the considered measure. In the next step, the average of fragmentary measures is calculated for every country. The average, being situated in the interval 0 – 100, represents the synthetic estimate of the level of infrastructure development in the given state and in the tested period. Five natural measures were the basis of obtaining the synthetic estimate. Three refer to the transport network – the most important link of the infrastructure from the point of the view of international economic relations. The first one is a so-called average-weighted indicator of density of transport-ways. It expresses the relation between the total length of railway lines exploited, of roadways and routes of inland navigation, to the square root of the product of the surface area and the population in each country. The second measure is the ratio of multifarious railway lines to the whole rail network; the third is the ratio of motorways to the whole network of roadways. A telecommunication measure is also taken into consideration. The fifth gauge refers to the energy infrastructure. 34 The author proposed the modification of the synthetic indicator calculated this way for an additional natural measure, specifically, the indicator of saturation of the telecommunication market through the GSM phone system (per 1000 residents/citizens). The method, if slightly modified, might be applied to sub-national level. Regional comparisons would only demand different selection of natural measures (e.g. resignation of energy infrastructure gauge as the nature of this type of infrastructure is rather national - or even international than regional) but the concept remains vivid and useful. 7.19 Innovation Dynamics of Salzburg Steinmann, Renate and Reich, Siegfried (Salzburg Research, Salzburg, Austria) The study „innovation dynamics of Salzburg“ describes the development of the economically related research and innovation in Salzburg during the years 2000-2005. The Innovations- and Technologietransfergesellschaft Salzburg (ITG) commissioned a working group of Salzburg Research and ESCE (Social and Economic Research Eisenstadt) with the execution of this project. The following study goals can be identified for the study “Innovation Dynamic Salzburg”: • Description of input and output indicators • Identification of the degree of networking of the Salzburg economy • Evaluation of the innovation dynamic in the province of Salzburg Different indicators are used for the description of the innovation dynamic of the province of Salzburg. On the one hand input indicators like finances, human capital and the scope of the innovative company sector are statistically analysed and described and on the other hand output indicators like patents, utility models and trademarks are analysed. Finally, the degree of networking describes the connection of density of economical activities and the effectiveness of regions or companies. The main part of the statistical analysis takes the other provinces into account. The international definition scope for investigations on innovation is defined by the Oslo Manual of the OECD. The following section deals with the results of the statistical analysis. The abstract does not include any diagrams, just a short description of the results. Diagrams will be included in the long paper. Input factors: Expenses on research and development: In Salzburg the relative entrepreneurial proportion of research and development expenses is high which means that companies contribute a lot to research and development. But looking at the absolute figures the entrepreneurial proportion is low. The share of international spending is almost non-existent in Salzburg. With respect to the FFG (Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft – Austria’s main agency for applied research funding), funds for Salzburg are characterised by a strong increase in recent years, with the absolute funding value per capita still at the lower end compared to the other Austrian provinces. The governmental spending is in the mid-field with the expenses for research and development. The detailed analysis shows that 2007 the expenses again increase. Human resources: In Salzburg the proportion of research and development staff stayed nearly constant from 1998 to 2004. Despite the increase of the proportion of research and development employees in Salzburg, the absolute numbers are sill low. Scope of the innovative company sector: Salzburg shows a relative strength in knowledge intensive services and is at the last position regarding the proportion of the employees in the medium and high technology sector. 35 Output factors: Referring to the specified output indicators (patents, utility models, trademarks), Salzburg is in the mid-field with the patents and very good in trademarks. In general, Salzburg does not have any outstanding values regarding the above-mentioned indicators. Degree of networking: The degree of networking of an economy can be described through the following terms: Linkage of economical activities and Cluster structure of a region. The linkage of economical activities is explained through the regional and the structure factor. The regional factor describes how much the economic growth of a certain area (e.g. the province of Salzburg) is in line with the whole area (e.g. Austria). Salzburg had a lower economic growth from 2000 to 2004 than the rest of Austria. The structure factor describes the possible influence of the structure of a certain sector on the economical development. In Salzburg also the structure value is below average, which can be explained by the low proportion of growth intensive sectors compared to whole Austria. The degree of networking also deals with the cluster structure of a region. The clustering activities will be described in detail in the long paper. Conclusions General economic situation in Salzburg: Regarding the general economic situation of Salzburg, Salzburg reaches excellent values in the field of employment and has for example the forthlowest unemployment rate of all EU regions (year 2005: 3,2%). Furthermore, Salzburg documented an export growth between 2003 and 2005 of 31% and has after Vienna the highest GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of 31.800 Euro per year. Strengths in the innovation field: In the Knowledge-intensive services sector Salzburg is at the second place compared to the other Austrian provinces. Additionally, Salzburg is very good in the ability to export knowledge intensive services. Within the knowledge intensive services the sector “services of computing and databases” has to be pointed out. This is a key sector, which highly contributed to the production output of the Salzburg economy. Key sectors in the area Medium and High-tech production are the sectors “engineering” and “other vehicles”. Salzburg has a low import quote in the knowledge intensive sectors and the human capital is well educated. Weaknesses and opportunities in the innovation field: Salzburg’s weaknesses should be regarded as challenges. These are the following: The growth intensive sectors should be supported as in Salzburg the growth intensive sectors are underrepresented by now. The medium high-tech and high-tech production area should be extended with the help of research and development cooperation. Another important point is the improvement of the industryscience cooperation. Outlook: The province of Salzburg is economically successful: Salzburg is second in its GDP after Vienna and also has a low unemployment rate. In order to be able to stay at this level it is important to use relevant growth opportunities and to invest in knowledge intensive services, which have a high multiplier effect. Regional funding programmes, such as “strengthening of the competitiveness of the region of Salzburg”, follow this approach. 36 7.20 Creative Urban Regeneration: Portuguese Cases of “Innovation Hubs” Vilhena da Cunha, Inês and Selada, Catarina (INTELI – Inteligência em Inovação, Centro de Inovação, Portugal) We have been seeing the emergence of a new era characterized by the growing importance of knowledge, innovation and creativity, along with the trend towards globalization and dissemination of information, communications and media technologies. However, in apparent contrast with this global world, regions and cities have been rising as the main arenas of territorial competitiveness. The recognized “death of geography” postulated by several authors has been counterbalanced by the specific historical trajectory and the economic, political, social, cultural and institutional characteristics of regions and cities. In this sense, cities have begun to behave like communities of knowledge, innovation, creativity and learning, becoming more dynamic, complex, diverse, open and intangible. Several authors have introduced the concepts of “knowledge cities”, “intelligent cities”, “innovative cities” and “creative cities” to describe this phenomenon. This, of course, does not imply focusing exclusively on central urban spaces, but rather, a consideration of their insertion in the designated ‘city-region’ or in the respective regional innovation system. In this new context, new and alternative regional and urban strategies and policies must be considered, namely in the area of urban regeneration. Traditional urban renewal policies were mainly centred on combating social exclusion and were concerned essentially with physical interventions. But, cities are not only buildings and material structures, but also people, networks and intangible elements, like memories, history, social relations, emotional experiences, cultural identities – they are “places of interaction”. Thus, as a complement to mature urban policies, innovative regional and urban strategies are emerging that aim to foster and create intelligent spaces within the city: we call them “innovation hubs” (ihubs). For our purpose, innovation hubs (ihubs) are tools of urban policy oriented towards developing creative places within the cities, such as in their historical centres or in old industrial or logistical areas (the so called “inner-city”). The main idea behind this concept is that we can use science, technology and engineering (as well as design, arts, culture and media) as driving forces of urban regeneration and redevelopment. These are “fusion places” where different uses coexist, such as business/entrepreneurial, research and development, education and learning, shopping and entertainment or community functions. In fact, ihubs foster a wide variety of interactions and the appearance of mixed-use environments, blurring the boundaries between physical, digital, economic, social and cultural spaces. Multidisciplinarity is the main feature of these creative communities, where we can find a high density of knowledge intensive workers, who look for quality of life, inclusive environments, social and cultural diversity and digital and physical connectivity. In other words, they are good places to work, live, learn and play. Based on the “best practices” collected through the analysis of three international case studies: “Arabianranta” in Helsinki/Finland, “One-North” in Singapore and “The Digital Hub” in Dublin/Ireland, the objective of this paper is to explore the potential application of the ‘innovation hub’ concept to the Portuguese reality. Therefore, we intend to study creative urban regeneration processes in some Portuguese cities and regions (namely Guimarães and Évora) in order to validate the benefits and limitations of this innovative strategies and instruments of regional and urban policies. 37 The methodology used for this case study research strategy, can be broken down into the following phases: definition of a conceptual model, establishment of a set of dimensions of analysis, construction of a system of indicators, and extraction of conclusions. The empirical work will be based on the collection of bibliographical elements, direct observation and field interviews. Starting with the concept of ‘innovation hubs’ as urban creative places, we can identify seven important dimensions of analysis of the phenomenon: governance, connectivity, clustering environment, talent environment, built environment, cultural environment and natural environment. Each dimension of analysis can be evaluated with the help of a specific system of indicators that can be quantified or qualified based on the information collected through the empirical work. This paper intends to extend the research work presented at the “1 st International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies” (February, 2007 – Porto, Portugal) centred on “innovation hubs” as instruments of urban policy and on the in-depth analysis and comparison of three international case studies of creative urban regeneration processes. This work is also being developed within a project called “Intelligent Cities”, supported by the INTERREG III C Programme of the EU and leaded by INTELI – Inteligência em Inovação (Portugal). The partners of the initiative are DPP - Department of Prospective and Planning (Portugal), DGOTDU - Directorate General of Spatial Planning and Urban Development (Portugal), Fundación Metrópoli (Spain), INTA - International Urban Development Association (The Netherlands) and Cardiff University (United Kingdom). It is also associated with an academic work in the area of “Urban Regeneration” (Faculty of Architecture – Technical University of Lisbon), called “Defining an Instrument to Support Cities’ Policy Development: Innovation Hub”. 38