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Info from wiki

Charleston (SC)
wiki book 1
Contents
1
Charleston, South Carolina
1
1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.1.1
Colonial era (1670–1786) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.1.2
American Revolution (1776–1783) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.1.3
Antebellum era (1785–1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.1.4
Civil War (1861–1865) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.1.5
Postbellum era (1865–1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.1.6
Contemporary era (1944–present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.1
Dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.2
Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.3
Annual cultural events and fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.4
Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.5
Live theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.6
Museums, historical sites and other attractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.7
Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.2.8
Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.3.1
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.3.2
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.3.3
Metropolitan Statistical Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.4
Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.5
Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.6
Emergency services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.6.1
Fire department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.6.2
Police department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.6.3
EMS and medical centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.6.4
Coast Guard Sector Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.7
Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.8
Infrastructure and economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.8.1
Economic sectors and major employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.2
1.3
1.9
i
ii
CONTENTS
1.9.1
Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.9.2
Interstates and highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.9.3
Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.9.4
Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.10 Nearby cities and towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.10.1 Other outlying areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.11 Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.12 Schools, colleges and universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.13 Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.13.1 Coast Guard
2
3
4
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.13.2 Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.14 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.14.1 Broadcast television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.14.2 Radio stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.15 Sister cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.16 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.17 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.18 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.18.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.18.2 Art, architecture, literature, science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.18.3 Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.19 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
St. Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina)
23
2.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.2
Clock and bells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.5
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
The Battery (Charleston)
25
3.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
3.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina)
27
4.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
4.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
4.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Old Slave Mart
28
5.1
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
5.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
CONTENTS
iii
5.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
5.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
5.5
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
6
7
United Daughters of the Confederacy
30
6.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
6.2
Children of the Confederacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
6.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
6.4
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
6.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
6.6
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Fort Sumter
32
7.1
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
7.2
Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
7.2.1
First Battle of Fort Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
7.2.2
Union siege of Fort Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
7.3
After the war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
7.4
Fort Sumter National Monument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
7.5
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
7.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
7.6.1
Primary sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
7.7
8
Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina)
38
8.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.2
Cathedral Clergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.2.1
Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.2.2
Rectors of the Cathedral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.2.3
Priests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.3
100th Anniversary Renovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
8.4
Chapels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
8.5
Spire & Belltower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
8.5.1
Bells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
8.6.1
Upper Church
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
8.6.2
Lower Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Cathedral Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
8.7.1
Director of Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
8.7.2
Choirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
8.7.3
Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.6
8.7
8.8
iv
CONTENTS
8.9
9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Charleston Historic District
42
9.1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
9.2
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
10 French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina)
44
10.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
10.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
11 Cypress Gardens (South Carolina)
45
11.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
11.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
11.3 Movies and Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
11.4 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
11.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
11.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
11.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
11.7.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
11.7.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
11.7.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Chapter 1
Not to be confused with Charleston, West Virginia.
Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the
Residential gardens such as this one at the Calhoun Mansion
abound in Charleston.
The downtown Charleston waterfront on The Battery
Waterfront Park overlooks Charleston Harbor and offers views
of Fort Sumter and the Ravenel Bridge.
Charleston has scores of historic buildings and homes downtown
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town, no “e” on the end [5] in
honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted
its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west
bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By
1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North
America,[6] and it remained among the ten largest cities in
the United States through the 1840 census.[7] With a 2010
census population of 120,083 [8] (and a 2013 estimate
of 127,999), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-
State of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston
County,[3] and the principal city in the Charleston–
North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical
Area.[4] The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina’s coastline and is located on
Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed
by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, or,
as is locally expressed, “where the Cooper and Ashley
Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean”.
1
2
CHAPTER 1. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
growing municipality in South Carolina. The population
of the Charleston Metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties, was counted by
the 2013 estimate at 712,220 – the third largest in the
state – and the 76th-largest metropolitan statistical area
in the United States.
Known for its rich history, well-preserved architecture, distinguished restaurants, and mannerly people,
Charleston has received a large number of accolades, including “America’s Most Friendly [City]" by Travel +
Leisure in 2011 and in 2013 and 2014 by Condé Nast
Traveler,[9][10] and also “the most polite and hospitable
city in America” by Southern Living magazine.
1.1 History
A 1733 map of Charles Towne, published by Herman Moll,
shows the city’s defensive walls.
Main article: History of Charleston, South Carolina
See also: Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina
1.1.1
Colonial era (1670–1786)
After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to
the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's
Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords
Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The
first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. The community was established by several shiploads of settlers
from Bermuda (which lies due East of South Carolina, although at 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) it is closest to Cape
Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River,
a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It
was soon predicted by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, one of
the Lords Proprietors, to become a “great port towne,” a
destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680 the settlement
was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Not only was this
location more defensible, but it offered access to a fine
natural harbor. As the capital of the Carolina colony,
Charles Town was a center for inland expansion, but remained the southernmost point of English settlement on
the American mainland until the Georgia colony was established in 1732.
The early settlement was often subject to attack from
sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and
France (both of whom contested England’s claims to the
region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by
Native Americans, who violently resisted further expansion of the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified
according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except
those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.
The Pink House, the oldest stone building in Charleston, was built
of Bermudian limestone at 17 Chalmers Street, at some time between 1694 and 1712.
The first settlers primarily came from England, its
Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of
Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born
in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between
Africans and English, when color lines were looser among
the working class in the early colonial years, and some
wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines.[11]
Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious
groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated
to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous
1.1. HISTORY
Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English royalty and the Roman Catholic Church,
practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South
Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were
allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such
numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the
city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about
1830.[12]
Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle
Passage, first as servants, then as slaves.
Ethnic
groups transported here included especially Wolof,
Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other peoples of the
Windward Coast.[13] An estimated 40 percent of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into
North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan’s
Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described
as a “hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established
by the author Toni Morrison using private funds.”[14]
By the mid-18th century Charles Town had become a
bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the
southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because
of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourthlargest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York,
and Philadelphia; with a population of 11,000—slightly
more than half of them slaves. By 1708 the majority of
the colony’s population were slaves, and the future state
would continue to be a majority of African descent until
after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.
3
riod, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350
pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men’s fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.
Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with
cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves
brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation
owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700.[15] With the help of African slaves from
the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner
George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in
the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from
Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750.[16] Those
and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable
shipping industry.
As Charles Town grew, so did the community’s cultural
and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today’s Dock Street
Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different
ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of
color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library
Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men
who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with
the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This
group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne
in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its
transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest
municipally supported college in the United States.
1.1.2 American Revolution (1776–1783)
As the relationship between the colonists and Britain deteriorated, Charles Town became a focal point in the ensuing American Revolution. It was twice the target of
British attacks. At every stage the British strategy assumed the existence of a large base of Loyalist supporters
who would rally to the king’s forces given some military
support.[17]
Rainbow Row’s 13 houses along East Bay Street were—from the
Colonial period until the early 20th century—a commercial center of the town.
Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis
of Charles Town’s early economy. Trade alliances with
the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply
of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the
height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to
1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same pe-
In late March 1776, South Carolina President and Commander in Chief, John Rutledge, learned that a large
British naval force was moving toward Charles Town. To
defend the city, he ordered the construction of Fort Sullivan (now Ft. Moultrie), on Sullivan’s Island overlooking
the main shipping channel into Charleston Harbor. He
placed Col. William Moultrie in charge of the construction and subsequently made him the fort’s commanding
officer.
On June 28, 1776 General Sir Henry Clinton along with
2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles
Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in
South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they
failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan’s unfinished, yet thick,
palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town
from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they
would do. Col. Moultrie’s men returned fire and inflicted
4
heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British
were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans
renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in
honor of its commander.
Fort Moultrie in 1861
Former German Fire Co. Engine House & Old Slave Mart Museum, 8 & 6 Chalmers St. resp.
This battle kept Charles Town safe from conquest for four
years. It was considered so symbolic of the revolution short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in
that it inspired some key icons of South Carolina and the the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina’s major export commodity. The Piedmont was derevolution:
veloped into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands
and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also
• During the battle, the flag Moultrie had flown in the the primary labor force within the city, working as dobattle (which he had designed, himself) was shot mestics, artisans, market workers and laborers.
down. It was hoisted into the air again by Sergeant
William Jasper and kept aloft, rallying the troops, The city also had a large class of free people of color. By
until it could be remounted. This Liberty Flag was 1860, there were 3,785 free people of color in Charleston,
seen as so important that it became the Flag of South nearly 18% of the city’s black population, and 8% of
Carolina, with the addition of the palmetto tree, the the total population. Free people of color were far more
logs of which had been used to make the fort so im- likely to be of mixed racial background than were slaves.
Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some
penetrable.
even owned substantial property, including slaves.[11][19]
• The day of that battle, June 28, is now a state holiday In 1790 they established the Brown Fellowship Society
known as Carolina Day.
for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued
until 1945.
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American By 1820 Charleston’s population had grown to 23,000,
General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When
his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free
of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with inwar. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined tense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribuup with other militias, including those of Francis Mar- tion of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revoluion, the 'Swampfox'; and Andrew Pickens. The British tion and its many deaths. Soon after, Vesey was tried and
retained control of the city until December 1782. After executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another
the British left, the city’s name was officially changed to 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature
Charleston in 1783.[18]
passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for
When the city was freed from the British, General
Nathanael Greene presented its leaders with the Moultrie Flag, describing it as the first “American” flag flown
in the South.
manumission (the freeing of slaves) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.[20]
As Charleston’s government, society, and industry grew,
commercial institutions were established to support the
community’s aspirations. The Bank of South Carolina,
the second-oldest building in the nation to be constructed
1.1.3 Antebellum era (1785–1861)
as a bank, was established in 1798. Branches of the First
Although the city lost the status of state capital to and Second Bank of the United States were also located
Columbia, Charleston became even more prosperous in Charleston in 1800 and 1817.
in the plantation-dominated economy of the post- In 1832 South Carolina passed an ordinance of
Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in nullification, a procedure by which a state could in ef1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making fect repeal a Federal law; it was directed against the most
1.1. HISTORY
5
recent tariff acts. Soon Federal soldiers were dispensed
to Charleston’s forts; and five United States Coast Guard
Cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor “to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs
Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law
have been complied with.” This federal action became
known as the Charleston incident. The state’s politicians
worked on a compromise law in Washington, DC to gradually reduce the tariffs.[21]
By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat
and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the
port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and
the slaves bought and sold. Although the international Cannon on display at The Battery in downtown Charleston
African slave trade had ended in 1808, the domestic trade
was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the
antebellum years as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt.
Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade,
with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.
1.1.4
Civil War (1861–1865)
Main article: Charleston, South Carolina in the American Civil War
On December 20, 1860, following the election of
Daughters of the Confederacy monument (dedicated Oct. 1932)
in the White Point Garden section of The Battery honors the soldiers of Fort Sumter.
blockade runners got through.[22] In a failed effort to
break the blockade on February 17, 1864, an early submarine, the H.L. Hunley made a night attack on the USS
Housatonic.[23]
In 1865, Union troops moved into the city and took control of many sites, including the United States Arsenal,
which the Confederate Army had seized at the outbreak
Meeting street and Queen, at the end of the Civil War. The Mill’s of the war. The War Department also confiscated the
House Hotel is center. The ruins in this image are of buildings grounds and buildings of the Citadel Military Academy,
destroyed in the fire of 1861, unrelated to the War. (1865).
and used them as a federal garrison for over seventeen
years. The facilities were finally returned to the state and
Abraham Lincoln, the South Carolina General Assem- reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction
bly voted to secede from the Union. On January 9, 1861, of Lawrence E. Marichak.
Citadel cadets opened fire on the Union ship Star of the
West entering Charleston’s harbor. On April 12, 1861,
shore batteries under the command of General Pierre G. 1.1.5 Postbellum era (1865–1945)
T. Beauregard opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in
the harbor. After a 34-hour bombardment, Major Robert After the defeat of the Confederacy, Federal forces reAnderson surrendered the fort, thus starting the war.
mained in Charleston during the city’s reconstruction.
On December 11 of 1861, an enormous fire burned over
500 acres of the city. Union forces repeatedly bombarded
the city, causing vast damage, and kept up a blockade
that shut down most commercial traffic, although some
The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum
city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had
been well-established in the city before the war and be-
6
came the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its
legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and
federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.[24][25]
in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas
in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the elecRepublican leader was mistakenly
In Charleston, the African-American population in- tion, when a prominent
[27]
reported
killed.
creased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880.[26] On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by
Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale. It was
relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to oper- felt as far away as Boston, Massachusetts to the north;
ate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin to the northmost blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, set- west; as far west as New Orleans, Louisiana; as far south
ting up their own black Baptist congregations or join- as Cuba; and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000
ing new AME and AME Zion churches, both indepen- buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of
dent black denominations first established in the North. damage ($133 million in 2006 US$), at a time when all
Freedmen “acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to the city’s buildings were valued at approximately $24 milthem under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to lion ($531 million in 2006 US$).
whites.”[26]
Investment in the city continued. The William Enston
Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back
to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents.
As the city’s commerce improved, residents worked to
restore or create community institutions. In 1865 the
Avery Normal Institute was established by the American
Missionary Association as the first free secondary school
for Charleston’s African-American population. General
William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion
of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military
Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and
boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now
a prep school, Porter-Gaud School.
In 1875 blacks made up 57% of the city’s population,
and 73% of Charleston County.[27] With leadership by
leaders from the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as “unique” in being able to defend themselves without provoking “massive white retaliation,” as occurred in
numerous other areas during Reconstruction.[27] In the
1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in
September and the day after the election in November, as
well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint
discussion meeting.[27]
There were violent incidents throughout the Piedmont
of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain
white supremacy in the face of social changes after the
war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal
constitutional amendments. After former Confederates
were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872
on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and
Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups,
known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in
Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby
Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political
meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident
was the only one statewide in which more whites were
killed than blacks.[28] The Red Shirts were instrumental
Home, a planned community for the city’s aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the
United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed
by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city.
But the Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a
new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process,
a second-class status that was maintained for more than
six decades in a state that was majority black until about
1930.
1.1.6 Contemporary era (1944–present)
Charleston languished economically for several decades
in the 20th century, though the large federal military presence in the region helped to shore up the city’s economy.
The Charleston Hospital Strike of 1969, in which mostly
black workers protested discrimination and low wages,
was one of the last major events of the civil rights movement. It attracted Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King,
Andrew Young and other prominent figures to march with
the local leader, Mary Moultrie. Its story is recounted in
Tom Dent's book Southern Journey (1996).
Joseph P. Riley, Jr. was elected mayor in the 1970s, and
helped advance several cultural aspects of the city. Riley
worked to revive Charleston’s economic and cultural heritage. The last thirty years of the 20th century saw major
new reinvestment in the city, with a number of municipal
improvements and a commitment to historic preservation
to restore the unique fabric of the city.
These commitments were not slowed down by Hurricane
Hugo and continue to this day. The eye of Hurricane
Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989, and
though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville,
three-quarters of the homes in Charleston’s historic district sustained damage of varying degree. The hurricane
caused over $2.8 billion in damage. The city was able to
rebound fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown
1.2. CULTURE
7
in population, reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Coun2009.[29]
try, the local speech patterns were also influenced by this
community. Today, the Gullah language is still spoken
among many African-American locals. However, rapid
development, especially on the surrounding Sea Islands,
1.2 Culture
has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a
decline in its prominence.
Charleston is famous for its unique culture, which blends
traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West
African elements. The downtown peninsula is well 1.2.2 Religion
known for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion.
Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has Charleston is known as The Holy City,[31] perhaps by
become one of the world’s major performing arts festi- virtue of the prominence of churches on the low-rise
vals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning cityscape, perhaps because, like Mecca, its devotees hold
composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a it so dear,[32] and perhaps for the fact that Carolina was
counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of among the few original colonies to tolerate all Protestant
Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.
religions, though it was not open to Roman Catholics.[33]
Charleston’s oldest community theater group, the Foot- The Anglican church was prominent in the colonial era
light Players, has provided theatrical productions since and the Cathedral of St Luke and St Paul is the seat of
1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. Many French
historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Huguenot refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th
[34]
Fashion Week held each Spring in Marion Square brings century.
in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which
plays a key role in the city’s renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and
shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine
in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and
French elements.
Carolina allowed Jews to practice their faith without restriction. Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749
by Sephardic Jews from London, is the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States.[35] Brith
Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in
the South, founded by Ashkenazi German and a Central
European Jew, by the name Sam Berlin, in the mid-19th
century.[36]
The city’s oldest Roman Catholic parish, Saint Mary of
the Annunciation Roman Catholic Church, is the mother
church of Roman Catholicism to North Carolina, South
1.2.1 Dialect
Carolina and Georgia. In 1820, Charleston was established as the see city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of
The traditional accent of white Charleston speakers has
Charleston, which at the time comprised the Carolinas
long been noted in the South. It has ingliding or monophand Georgia and presently encompasses the state of South
thongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain enCarolina.
vironments, and is non-rhotic. Sylvester Primer of the
College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: “Charleston
1.2.3 Annual cultural events and fairs
Provincialisms” (1887) [30] and “The Huguenot Element
in Charleston’s Provincialisms”, published in a German Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded
journal. He believed the accent was based on the English by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring
as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived over 100 performances by individual artists in a varifrom Elizabethan England and preserved with modifica- ety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationtions by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing ally recognized as America’s premier performing arts
“Charleston accent” is still noted in the local pronuncia- festival.[37] The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes
tion of the city’s name. Some elderly (and usually upper- place at the same time and features local performers and
class) Charleston natives ignore the r and elongate the artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the
first vowel, pronouncing the name as “Chah-l-ston.” Some city. Other notable festivals and events include Historic
observers attribute these unique features of Charleston’s Charleston Foundation’s Festival of Houses and Gardens
speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston,
Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River
from London), both of whom played influential roles in Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern
Charleston’s early development and history.
Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine
Given Charleston’s high concentration of African Amer- Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Fesicans who spoke the Gullah language, a creole language tival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island
8
County Park), and the Charleston International Film Fes- Charleston....from gospel to Gershwin”, is staged at the
tival.
historic Circular Congregational Church.[43]
1.2.4
Music
1.2.5 Live theatre
Charleston has a vibrant theater scene and is home to
America’s first theater. In 2010 Charleston was listed as
one of the country’s top 10 cities for theater, and one of
As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah
the top two in the South.[44] Most of the theaters are part
community has had a tremendous influence on music in
of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as
Charleston, especially when it comes to the early developTheatre Charleston . Some of the city’s theaters include:
ment of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has
had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The
• The Dock Street Theatre, opened in the 1930s on the
geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock
site of America’s first purpose-built theater building.
workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired
Home of the Charleston Stage Company, South CarEubie Blake's “Charleston Rag” and later James P. Johnolina’s largest professional theater company.
son's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that
defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which
• The Woolfe Street Playhouse – A nationally recogwas a popular dance in the years before “The Charleston”,
nized professional theater company and home to the
was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.[38]
Village Repertory Company.
The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the
• The Footlight Players – One of the leading commuRev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphannity theaters in the South.[45]
age accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev.
Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery In• Theatre 99 – An improvisational theater company.
stitute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a re• Pure Theatre – A small professional theater that prosult, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety
duces contemporary plays.
[39]
of instruments and were able to read music expertly.
These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land
• Sottile Theater – on the campus of The College of
some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington
Charleston
and Count Basie. William “Cat” Anderson, Jabbo Smith
• The Black Fedora Comedy Mystery Theatre –
and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the
Clean comedy whodunits with volunteer audience
Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musiparticipation.[46]
cians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages
around the country began to develop brass bands in the
• Threshold Repertory Theatre
wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band’s success. At the
Colored Waif’s Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for
• Creative Spark
example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first
began to draw attention.[40]
Main article: Music in Charleston
1.2.6 Museums, historical sites and other
As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s.
attractions
The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural
parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William
Taft and toured the USA and Europe.[41] The band also See also: Charleston Historic District
played on Broadway for the play “Porgy” by DuBose and Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical
Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the museums, and other attractions, including:
same title. The story was based in Charleston and fea• Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum located in
tured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on
the nearby town of Mount Pleasant. It includes the
hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray them[40]
aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10), destroyer
Only a few years later, DuBose Heyselves on stage.
USS Laffey (DD-724), submarine USS Clamagore
ward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn
(SS-343), Cold War Submarine Memorial (SSBN
his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess.
and SSN), Vietnam Support Base and Experience
George Gershwin spent the summer of 1934 at Folly
Exhibit, and Medal of Honor Museum.
Beach outside of Charleston writing this “folk opera”.
Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera
• The Calhoun Mansion, a 24,000 square foot, 1876
and is widely performed.[42]
Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, named for a
To this day Charleston is home to many musicians in
grandson of John C. Calhoun who lived there with
all genres. A unique showcase of Charleston’s muhis wife, the builder’s daughter. The private house
sical heritage is presented weekly. “The Sound of
is periodically open for tours.
1.2. CULTURE
9
• The Fireproof Building houses the South Carolina
Historical Society, a membership-based reference
library open to the public.
• The Nathaniel Russell House is an important Federal style house. It is owned by the Historic
Charleston Foundation and open to the public as a
house museum.
• The Gov. William Aiken House, also known as
the Aiken-Rhett House, is a home built in 1820 for
William Aiken, Jr.
The Gibbes Art Gallery includes local art, including many works
from the early 20th century Charleston Renaissance.
• The Heyward-Washington House is a historic house
museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. Furnished for the late 18th century, the house
includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture.
• The Joseph Manigault House is a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. The house was designed by Gabriel Manigault
and is significant for its Adam style architecture.
• The Market Hall and Sheds, also known as the City
Market or simply the Market, stretch several blocks
behind 188 Meeting Street. Market Hall was built in
the 1841 and houses the Daughters of the Confederacy Museum. The sheds house some permanent
stores but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors.
The Calhoun Mansion at 16 Meeting Street was built in 1876 by
George Williams but derives its name from a later occupant, his
grandson-in-law Patrick Calhoun.
• The Charleston Museum, America’s first museum,
founded in 1773. Its mission is to preserve and interpret the cultural and natural history of Charleston
and the South Carolina Lowcountry.
• The Exchange and Provost was built in 1767. The
building, located on Broad Street, has served as
a customhouse, mercantile exchange and military
prison and barracks. During the American Revolution, it was used as a prison by both the British
and Continental Armies; later it hosted events for
George Washington in 1791 and the ratification of
the U.S. Constitution in 1788. It is operated as a
museum by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
• The Powder Magazine is a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum. It is the oldest surviving public
building in South Carolina.
• The Gibbes Museum of Art opened in 1905 and
houses a premier collection of principally American
works with a Charleston or Southern connection.
• The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture was established to collect, preserve, and make public the unique historical and cultural heritage of African Americans in
Charleston and the South Carolina Lowcountry. Avery’s archival collections, museum exhibitions, and
public programming reflect these diverse populations as well as the wider African Diaspora.
• South Carolina Aquarium
• Fort Sumter, site of the first shots fired in the Civil
War, is located in Charleston Harbor. The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for
Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Carolina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort
depart from nearby.
• The Battery is an historic defensive seawall and
promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along
with White Point Garden, a park featuring several
memorials and Civil-War-era artillery pieces.
• Rainbow Row is an iconic strip of homes along
the harbor that date back to the mid-18th century.
Though the homes themselves are not open to the
public, they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local
art.[47]
10
hurling and Gaelic football. The club competes in
the Southeastern Division of the North American
County Board of the GAA. The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring.
Other notable sports venues in Charleston include
Johnson Hagood Stadium (home of The Citadel Bulldogs football team) and Toronto Dominion Bank Arena
at the College of Charleston, which seats 5,700 people
who view the school’s basketball and volleyball teams.
1.2.8 Fiction
Rainbow Row, Charleston
Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and
television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for southern and/or historic settings. For a list of both, see here. In
addition, many novels, plays, and other works of fiction
have been set in Charleston, including the following:
• The Gullah opera Porgy and Bess, set in the early
1920s
Film and television
• In the Netflix original series House of Cards main
character Congressman Frank Underwood Kevin
Spacey is an alumnus of The Sentinel, a fictional
school based on the local Citadel, and returns to its
campus in one episode upon the occasion of a new
library building there being named for him. 2013–
present
Blackbaud Stadium, home of the Charleston Battery
1.2.7
Sports
Charleston is home to a number of professional, minor
league, and amateur sports teams:
• The Charleston Battery, a professional soccer
team, plays in the USL Professional Division.
The Charleston Battery play on Daniel Island at
Blackbaud Stadium.
• The Charleston RiverDogs, a Minor League Baseball team, play in the South Atlantic League and are
an affiliate of the New York Yankees. The RiverDogs play at Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park.
• The Charleston Outlaws RFC is a rugby union club
in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South,
and USA Rugby. It competes in Men’s Division II
against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and
Charlotte “B” clubs. The club also hosts a rugby sevens tournament during Memorial Day weekend.
• The Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association is a
Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of
• The Notebook, 2004, starring Rachel McAdams,
Ryan Gosling, and James Garner was filmed in
Charleston. The American Theatre on King Street
was Allie and Noah’s first date spot. (set in 1940-'46
on Seabrook Island)
• The 2010 film, Dear John. filmed on Sullivans Island
• The College of Charleston’s Randolph Hall is featured in the 2000 Mel Gibson and Heath Ledger
movie The Patriot. It serves as the meeting house
where the South Carolinians decide to join the fight
against the British. (set in 1776-1781)
• The hit TNT television show Falling Skies is set
predominately in post-apocalyptic Charleston in the
second season onwards.
• The Lifetime television show Army Wives is set at a
fictional Army post in Charleston and mostly filmed
on location in the City of Charleston and in the
City of North Charleston. They built a sound stage
near the intersection of Dorchester Rd and Montague Ave in North Charleston and a small town at
the old Naval Base in North Charleston and shot
1.3. GEOGRAPHY
many scenes at the U.S. Air Force Base in North
Charleston. (2007-2013)
11
1.3 Geography
• The Bravo reality series titled Southern Charm follows the lives of a group of wealthy friends and socialites from Charleston. (2014–present)
• The CBS television show Reckless was filmed and set
in Charleston. 2014
• The WE Network television show South of Hell is
filmed and takes place in Charleston. 2014/2015
• Gullah Gullah Island (children’s TV series) on Nickelodeon (1994-'98)
Literature
• Several books by Citadel alumnus and novelist Pat
Conroy, such as The Lords of Discipline set from
1963-'67, and (based on Conroy’s experiences as a
cadet at The Citadel) and South of Broad 2009.
• Clive Barker's novel Galilee
Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston
• Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series, an alter- Harbor watershed
nate history series about a Confederacy that won the
Civil War
The city proper consists of six distinct areas: the Penin• Rafael Sabatini's novel The Carolinian
sula/Downtown, West Ashley, Johns Island, James Island,
• The 1991 bestseller Scarlett, sequel to Gone with the Daniel Island, and the Cainhoy Peninsula.
Wind. In fact, Alexandra Ripley, the author of Scarlett, derived inspiration from the city for her novel
Charleston and its sequel On Leaving Charleston.
• The novel, Werewolf Smackdown by Mario Acevedo 1.3.1 Topography
is set in Charleston[48]
• The novels Dreams of Sleep, Rich in Love and According to the United States Census Bureau, the2 city
(330.2 km ), of
The Fireman’s Fair were written by Josephine has a total area of 127.5 square miles
2
which
109.0
square
miles
(282.2
km
)
is land and 18.5
Humphreys, a native of Charleston. All are set in
2
[8]
square
miles
(47.9
km
)
is
water.
The
old city is loCharleston and the Charleston area. See the film
cated
on
a
peninsula
at
the
point
where,
as Charlestoentry for Rich in Love, which was filmed on Mount
nians
say,
“The
Ashley
and
the
Cooper
Rivers
come toPleasant and in Charleston.
gether to form the Atlantic Ocean.” The entire peninsula
• Virals and Seizure by Kathy Reichs. The book’s is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frevenue is Charleston.
quently floods during heavy rains, storm surges and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across
• Rich in Love, a novel by author Josephine the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the
Humphreys published in 1987, was set in the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some
Charleston suburb of Mount Pleasant, South of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across
Carolina.[49]
the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the
• Celia Garth, a Revolutionary era novel by Gwen Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up
the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land diBristow
rectly east of the Cooper River.
• Rick Riordan's hit teen book Mark of Athena has
The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are
several scenes set in Charleston.
evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline. There is
• Sue Monk Kidd's 2014 novel The Invention of a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and
Wings. The book’s story is partially situated in the Cooper River is deep, affording a good location for a
Charleston, the birthplace of Sarah Grimké, who port. The rising of the ocean may be due to melting of
also inspired the main characters of the novel.[50]
glacial ice during the end of the Ice Age.
12
These cities combined with other incorporated and
unincorporated areas surrounding the city of Charleston
form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with
a population of 548,404 as of 2010.[56] The metropolitan
statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller
urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner
(with a 2000 population of 9,123).
Damage left from Hurricane Hugo in 1989
1.3.2
Climate
Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen
Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to
September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains
relatively warm through November. Winter is short and
mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times
per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring
December 26, 2010.[51] However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at
the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day
fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal
record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.[51]
The traditional parish system persisted until the
Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.
Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various
capacities, mainly as public service districts. The city
of Charleston which was originally defined by the limits
of the Parish of St. Philip & St. Michael, now also
includes parts of St. James’ Parish, St. George’s Parish,
St. Andrew’s Parish, and St. John’s Parish, although the
last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.
1.4 Demographics
The racial/ethnic makeup of Charleston is 70.2% White,
25.4% African American, 1.6% Asian, 1.5% Two or
more races, and 2.9% are Hispanic and Latinos of any
race.[58]
1.5 Government
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was
104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985 and June 24, 1944, and
the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the
historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down
to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985.[51] Hurricanes are a
major threat to the area during the summer and early fall,
with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a Category
4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 °F
(20 °C) to 71.4 °F (22 °C).[51]
Charleston was hit by a large tornado in 1761, which temporarily emptied the Ashley River, and sank five offshore
warships.[52]
1.3.3
Metropolitan Statistical Area
The
Charleston-North
Charleston-Summerville
Metropolitan Statistical Area currently consists of
three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester.
As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical
area had a total population of 712,239 people. North
Charleston is the second largest city in the CharlestonNorth Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical
Area and ranks as the third largest city in the state; Mount
Pleasant and Summerville are the next largest cities.
Charleston City Hall is open to tourists for free historical tours.
Charleston has a strong mayor-council government, with
the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the executive officer of the municipality. The mayor also presides
over city council meetings and has a vote, the same as
other council members. The current mayor, since 1975,
is Joseph P. Riley, Jr. The council has twelve members
who are elected from one of twelve districts.
Charleston voters are among the most liberal in South
Carolina. In 2006, Charleston’s residents voted against
Amendment 1, which sought to ban same-sex marriage in
South Carolina. Statewide, the measure passed by 78%
1.7. CRIME
13
to 22% but the voters of Charleston rejected it by 3,563 1.6.3 EMS and medical centers
(52%) to 3,353 votes (48%).[59]
Emergency medical services (EMS) for the city are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services
(CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services (BCEMS). The city is served by the EMS and 911
1.6 Emergency services
services of both Charleston and Berkeley counties since
the city is part of both counties.
1.6.1
Fire department
Fire Department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the
Charleston Fire Department
The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over
300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate
out of nineteen companies located throughout the city:
sixteen engine companies, two tower companies, and
one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the
department.[60] The department operates on a 24/48
schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008,
when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3.[61] Russell
(Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and
was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.
1.6.2
Police department
Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern
portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of
South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is
the state’s first school of medicine, the largest medical
university in the state, and the sixth oldest continually
operating school of medicine in the United States. The
downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth
of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled
with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals.
Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway
at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital.
The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City
of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical
Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of
residents of the city of Charleston.
1.6.4 Coast Guard Sector Charleston
Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search & rescue emergencies, conducts maritime law enforcement activities, and Ports, Waterways & Coastal Security missions. Personnel from Station Charleston are highly
trained professionals, composed of federal law enforcement officers, boat crewmen, and coxswains who are capable of completing a wide range of missions.
1.7 Crime
The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total
of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians and 27 reserve police
officers, is South Carolina’s largest police department.[62]
Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang
violence in the city are used as models to other cities to
do the same. According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national
average in almost every major category.[63] Greg Mullen,
the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia
Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the
Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston
police chief was Reuben Greenberg who resigned August
12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite
police force that kept police brutality well in check, even
as it developed a visible presence in community policing
Charleston Police Department police transporter
and a significant reduction in crime rates.[64]
14
The following table shows Charleston’s crime rate for six 1.9 Transportation
crimes that Morgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking
of “America’s most dangerous cities”, in comparison to
1.9.1 Airport
the national average. The statistics shown are not for the
actual number of crimes committed, but for the number
Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airof crimes committed per 100,000 people.[65]
port, which is located in the city of North Charleston
Since 1999, the overall crime rate of Charleston has be- (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS) and is the busiest passenger
gun to decline. The total crime index rate for Charleston airport in the state of South Carolina. The airport shares
in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 peo- runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base.
ple, while in 2011 the total crime index rate was 236.4 Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located
per 100,000. (The United States average is 320.9 per in the John’s Island section of the city of Charleston and
100,000.)
is used by non-commercial aircraft. Both airports are
According to the Congressional Quarterly Press 2008 owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation
City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan Amer- Authority.
ica, Charleston, South Carolina ranks as the 124th
most dangerous city of cities with more than 75,000
1.9.2
inhabitants.[66] However, the entire Charleston-North
Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area
had a much higher overall crime rate, ranking as 221st.
Interstates and highways
1.8 Infrastructure and economy
1.8.1
Economic sectors and major employers
Charleston is a major tourist destination, with a considerable number of luxury hotels, hotel chains, inns, and
bed and breakfasts and a large number of award-winning
restaurants and quality shopping. The city has two shipping terminals, owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority, which are part of the fourth largest
container seaport on the East Coast and the thirteenth
largest container seaport in North America.[67]
In 2009, Boeing selected the City of North Charleston for
their southeast commercial aircraft assembly facility. The
assembly facility began operations in 2011. Also, Boeing
is constructing an Engineering Design Center in the City
of North Charleston.
Charleston is becoming a prime location for information
technology jobs and corporations and has experienced the
highest growth in this sector between 2011 and 2012 due
in large part to the Charleston Digital Corridor.
In 2013, the Milken Institute ranked the Charleston region the ninth best performing economy in the US due in
large part to the growing IT sector. Notable companies
include Blackbaud, SPARC, BoomTown,CSS and Benefitfocus.
Near the exit from I-26 onto Meeting Street in Charleston, South
Carolina. Intersection of Meeting Street and Line Street visible in
photo.
Interstate 26 enters the city from the northwest and connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia, South
Carolina. It ends in downtown Charleston with exits
to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel,
Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr.
Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S.
Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities
of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city
and begins at U.S. Highway 17 North/South. U.S. Highway 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street,
which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the Eastside. This highway merges with King Street in the city’s
Neck area (Industrial District). U.S. Highway 78 is King
Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with
Meeting Street.
Higher education is also an important sector in the local
economy, with institutions such as the Medical University
of South Carolina, College of Charleston, The Citadel, Major highways
The Military College of South Carolina, and Charleston
School of Law. Charleston is also an important art desti• I‑26 (eastern terminus is in Charleston)
nation, named a top 25 arts destination by AmericanStyle
• I‑526
magazine.[68]
1.9. TRANSPORTATION
• I‑526 Bus.
• US 17
• US 52 (eastern terminus is in Charleston)
•
15
Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by
a different bus system, operated by Berkeley-CharlestonDorchester Rural Transportation Management Association (BCD-RTMA). The system is also commonly called
the TriCounty Link.[69]
US 52 Spur
• US 78 (Eastern terminus is in Charleston)
1.9.4 Port
• SC 7 (Sam Rittenberg Boulevard)
• SC 30 (James Island Expressway)
• SC 61 (St. Andrews Boulevard/Ashley River Road)
• SC 171 (Old Towne Road/Folly Road)
• SC 461 (Paul Cantrell Boulevard/Glenn McConnell
Parkway)
• SC 700 (Maybank Highway)
Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River
opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second longest
cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction. The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane
shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace
Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman
Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the
more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished
after the Ravenel Bridge opened.
The new Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge, constructed in 2005 and
named for former U.S. Representative Arthur Ravenel, Jr., who
pushed the project to fruition, was at the time of its construction the second longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere.
Columbus Street Terminal viewed from the southwest
The Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South
Carolina Ports Authority, is one of the largest ports in
the U.S. The Port of Charleston consists of five terminals, and a sixth terminal to open in 2018. Despite occasional labor disputes, the port is ranked number one
in customer satisfaction across North America by supply
chain executives.[70] Port activity at the two terminals located in the city of Charleston is one of the city’s leading
sources of revenue, behind tourism.
Today the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in
the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big
to transit through the Panama Canal. A next-generation
harbor deepening project is currently underway to take
the Port of Charleston’s entrance channel to 54 feet and
harbor channel to 52 feet at mean low tide.
Union Pier, in the city of Charleston, is a cruise ship passenger terminal which hosts numerous cruise departures
annually. In May 2010, the Carnival Fantasy was permanently stationed in Charleston, offering weekly cruises
to the Bahamas and Key West, eventually to include
1.9.3 Charleston Area Regional Trans- Bermuda. With the addition of the weekly Carnival Fantasy sailings, Union Terminal hosted 67 embarkations and
portation Authority
ports of call in 2010.
The city is also served by a bus system, operated by
the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority Terminals
(CARTA). Most of the urban area is served by regional
fixed route buses, which are equipped with bike racks
• Wando Welch Terminal – used for container cargo,
as part of the system’s Rack & Ride program. CARTA
located in the town of Mount Pleasant.
offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and
• Columbus Street Terminal – used for project cargo,
accommodations with DASH (Downtown Area Shuttle)
breakbulk and roll-on/roll-off cargo. Located in the
trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled
city of Charleston.
passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses.
16
• Union Pier Terminal – used for cruise ship opera- the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy
tions, located in Charleston.
Historical District and Daniel Island.
• North Charleston Terminal – used for container Charleston is also served by a large number of independent schools, including Porter-Gaud School (Kcargo, located in the city of North Charleston.
12), Charleston Collegiate School (K-12), Ashley Hall
• Veterans Terminal – used for project cargo, break- (Pre K-12), Charleston Day School (1-8), First Bapbulk and roll-on/roll-off cargo. Located in the City tist Church School (K-12), Palmetto Christian Academy
of North Charleston.
(K-12), Coastal Christian Preparatory School (K-12),
Mason Preparatory School (K-8), and Addlestone He• Naval Base Terminal - 280 acre facility opening in
brew Academy (K-8).
2018, to be used for container cargo. The facility
will increase port capacity by 50%. Located in the The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several
City of North Charleston.
K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School,
Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, NaShipyard
tivity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which
are “feeder” schools into Bishop England High School,
With the closure of the Naval Base and Charleston Naval a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England,
Shipyard in 1996, Detyens, Inc. signed a long term lease. Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city’s oldWith three dry docks, one floating dock, and six piers, est and most prominent private schools, and are in themDetyens Shipyards, Inc. is the largest commercial facility selves a significant part of Charleston history, dating back
on the East Coast. Projects include military, commercial, some 150 years.
and cruise ships.
Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation’s 13th oldest
university), The Citadel, The Military College of South
1.10 Nearby cities and towns
Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina.
The city is also home to private universities, including
1.10.1 Other outlying areas
the Charleston School of Law. Charleston is also home
to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and
• Cross
the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region’s
technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston
• Dewees Island
is also the location for the only college in the country that
offers bachelor’s degrees in the building arts, The Amer• Edisto Island
ican College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of
• James Island
Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street,
opened in 2007.
• Johns Island
• Ladson
• Morris Island
• Wadmalaw Island
• Yonges Island
1.11 Parks
1.12 Schools, colleges and universities
See also: List of schools in Charleston, South Carolina
Because most of the city of Charleston is located in
Charleston County, it is served by the Charleston County
School District. Part of the city, however, is served by the
Berkeley County School District in northern portions of
1.13 Armed Forces
Portions of The Charleston, South Carolina metropolitan area, (The City of Charleston, The City of North
Charleston, The City of Goose Creek, and The City of
Hanahan) are home to branches of the United States Military. During the Cold War, the Naval Base (1902-1996)
became the third largest U.S. homeport serving over 80
ships and submarines. In addition, the Charleston Naval
Shipyard repaired frigates, destroyers, cruisers, sub tenders, and submarines. Also during this period, the Shipyard conducted refueling of nuclear subs.
During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic
Fleet’s load out base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN “Boomer” squadrons and a sub tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one
SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a sub
tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996
closure of the Station’s Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic
1.15. SISTER CITIES
(POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their
UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps Security Force
Company.
In 2010, the Air Force Base (3,877 acres) and Naval
Weapons Station (>17,000 acres) merged to form Joint
Base Charleston. Today, Joint Base Charleston, encompassing over 20,877 acres and supporting 53 Military
Commands and Federal Agencies, provides service to
over 79,000 Airmen, Sailors, Soldiers, Marines, Coast
Guardsmen, DOD civilians, dependents, and retirees.
In supporting Joint Base Charleston, the former
Charleston Naval Base has been transformed into a
multi-use Federal Complex (231 acres) with 17 Government and Military tenants, as well as homeport for 6
RO-RO Military Sealift Command Ships, 2 Coast Guard
National Security Cutters, and 2 NOAA Research Ships.
1.13.1
Coast Guard
• Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7)
• Coast Guard Station Charleston
• Coast Guard Helicopter Air Facility, Johns Island
• Coast Guard Reserves, Charleston
• USCGC Tarpon, Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boat, Tybee Island
• USCGC Yellowfin, Marine Protector-class coastal
patrol boat, Charleston
• USCGC Anvil, Charleston
1.13.2
Army
17
• WCBD-TV (2, NBC) & (14, CW): licensed in
Charleston, owned by Media General, broadcast studios are located in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
• WCIV-TV (4, ABC, Me TV): licensed in
Charleston, (Allbritton Communications), broadcast studios are located in Mount Pleasant, South
Carolina
• WCSC-TV (5, CBS, Ind., Bounce TV): licensed in
Charleston, owned by Raycom, broadcast studios
are located in Charleston, South Carolina
• WITV-TV (7, PBS): licensed in Charleston, owned
by South Carolina Educational Television, transmitter in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
• WLCN-CD (18, RTV) licensed in Charleston,
owned by Faith Assembly of God, broadcast studios
are located in Summerville, South Carolina
• WTAT-TV (24, Fox): licensed in Charleston,
owned by Cunningham Broadcasting Company,
broadcast studios are located in North Charleston,
South Carolina
• WAZS-CD (29, Azteca America Independent) licensed in Charleston, owned by Jabar Communications, broadcast studios are located in North
• WJNI-CD (31, America One Independent) licensed
in Charleston, owned by Jabar Communications,
broadcast studios are located in North Charleston,
South Carolina
• WMMP-TV (36, My Network Television,
TheCoolTV): licensed in Charleston, owned
by Sinclair Broadcasting Company, broadcast
studios are located in North Charleston, South
Carolina
• United States Army Corps of Engineers, Charleston 1.14.2 Radio stations
District
Main article: Media in Charleston, South Carolina
1.14 Media
Main article: Media in Charleston, South Carolina
1.15 Sister cities
Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria,
Italy.[74] The relationship between the two cities began
1.14.1 Broadcast television
when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo
Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the AmerCharleston is the nation’s 98th largest Designated mar- ican version of Spoleto’s annual Festival of Two Worlds.
ket area (DMA), with 312,770 households and 0.27% of “Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spothe U.S. TV population.[72] The following stations are li- leto as well as its wealth of theaters, churches and other
censed in Charleston and have significant operations or performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carviewers in the city:[73]
olina as the ideal location. The historic city provided a
18
perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide
an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure.”[37]
[7] “Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840”.
[8] “Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
(G001): Charleston city, South Carolina”. U.S. Census
Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown, St. Peter, Barbados.[75] The original parts of Charlestown
were based on the plans of Barbados’s capital city [9] “Which are the world’s friendliest and unfriendliest
cities?". CNN. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
Bridgetown.[76] Many dispossessed indigo, tobacco and
cotton planters departed from Speightstown, along with [10] “What are the world’s friendliest/unfriendliest cities?".
their slaves, and helped found Charleston after there was
CNN.
a wholesale move to adopt sugar cane cultivation in Barbados, a land and labor-intensive enterprise that helped [11] Michael P. Johnson, James L. Roark. Black Masters: A
Free Family of Color in the Old South (Google eBook).
usher in the era of trans-Atlantic slave trade in the forBooks.google.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[77]
mer British West Indies.
1.16 See also
• 1886 Charleston earthquake
• Charleston Sofa Super Store fire
• French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina)
• Hampton Park Terrace
• John Henry Devereux
• Hurricane Hugo
[12] “A “portion of the People"". Harvardmagazine.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[13] Joseph A. Opala ; The Gullah People and Their African
Heritage by William S. Pollizer, pp. 32–33
[14] Douglas Egerton, Opinion: “Abolitionist or Terrorist?",
New York Times, 25 February 2014, accessed 5 November
2014
[15] “Joseph A. Opala”. Yale.edu. Retrieved September 17,
2014.
[16] The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, by William
S. Pollitzer; pp. 91–92.
• List of people from Charleston, South Carolina
[17] Mark Urban. Fusiliers.
• List of tallest buildings in Charleston, South Carolina
[18] “Profile for Charleston, South Carolina”. ePodunk. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
• List of television shows and films in Charleston,
South Carolina
[19] Kroger, Larry Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. University of South
Carolina Press 1995.
• National Register of Historic Places listings in
[20] “Bernews: “Row Over Statue to Bermudian’s Slave"".
Bernews.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
• Old Slave Mart
• Riverland Terrace
1.17 Notes
[21] Willoughby, Malcolm F. (1957). The U.S. Coast Guard in
World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval
Institute. p. 4.
[22] Between August 1863 and March 1864, not a single blockade runner made it in or out of the harbor. Craig L.
Symonds, The Civil War at Sea (2009) p. 57
[1] “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau.
Retrieved 2015-02-17.
[23] “H. L. Hunley, Confederate Submarine”.
tory.navy.mil. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[2] “Population Estimates”. United States Census Bureau.
[24] E. Horace Fitchett, “The Traditions of the Free Negro
in Charleston, South Carolina”, Journal of Negro History,
XXV (April 1940), p. 139
[3] “Find a County”. National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
[4] As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
for use by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes
only.
[5] http://statelibrary.sc.libguides.com/sc-information/
sc-counties#Charleston
[6] “Charleston Time Line”. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
His-
[25] Thomas Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction, University
of Illinois Press, 1979, p.43
[26] Jeffrey G. Strickland, Ethnicity And Race In The Urban South: German Immigrants And African-Americans In
Charleston, South Carolina During Reconstruction, 2003,
p. 11, Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations. Paper 1541
1.17. NOTES
19
[27] Melinda Meeks Hennessy, “Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy”, South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No.
2, (April 1985), 104-106 (subscription required)
[28] Reconstruction as Armed Insurgency: Cainhoy, South
Carolina during Reconstruction, 2010-2012, accessed 27
October 2014
[29] “Century V City of Charleston Population 2010 Estimates” (PDF).
[30] “Charleston Provincialisms” (1887), Pub. Modern Language Association of America, Vol. iii, Internet Archive
and Early Journal Content on JSTOR, accessed 5 November 2014
[31] “Charleston Harbor Tours of Historic Charleston, SC,
Boat Tours”. Charlestonharbortours.com. Retrieved
September 17, 2014.
[32] Perry, Lee Davis; McLaughlin, J. Michael (2007) [1999].
Insiders Guide to Charleston (google books) (Eleventh
ed.). Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing. p. 374.
ISBN 978-0-7627-4403-9. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
[33] Rosen, Robert N. (1992) [1982]. A Short History of
Charleston (Google books) (Second ed.). charleston, SC:
Peninsula Press. p. 92. ISBN 1-57003-197-5. Retrieved
2012-01-25.
[34] “History of the Huguenot Society”. Huguenotsociety.org.
[35] “Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim”.
2014-09-17.
Kkbe.org.
Retrieved
[36] “Brith Sholom Beth Israel”. Bsbisynagogue.com. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
[37]
[38] Jack McCray (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia
Publishing. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5.
[39] Jack McCray (June 6, 2007). Charleston Jazz. Arcadia
Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7385-4350-5.
[40] Hubbert, Julie. “Jenkins Orphanage”. Retrieved 201302-18.
[41] Edgar, Walter. South Carolina Encyclopedia (2006) pp.
590-591, ISBN 1-57003-598-9
[46] “Welcome - The Black Fedora”. The Black Fedora. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[47] Jinkins, Shirley (February 23, 1997). “Charleston S.C.
has had a long and turbulent history, but a remarkable
number of its buildings have survived”. The Baltimore
Sun. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
[48] “Richard Marcus. Book Review: Werewolf Smackdown
by Mario Acevedo. Seattle PI. Posted: March 23, 2010”.
seattlepi.com. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[49] Rich in Love
[50] http://www.amazon.com/
The-Invention-Wings-A-Novel/dp/product-description/
0670024783/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=
283155&s=books
[51] “NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data”. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved
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[52] Lane, F.W. The Elements Rage (David & Charles 1966),
p. 49
[53] “Station Name: SC CHARLESTON INTL AP”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
[54] “WMO
Climate
Normals
for
CHARLESTON/MUNICIPAL,
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1961–1990”.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
[55] “Station Name: SC CHARLESTON CITY”. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved
2014-05-09.
[56] “List of Populations of Urbanized Areas”. U.S. Census
Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
[57] “U.S. Decennial Census”. Census.gov. Retrieved June 5,
2013.
[58] “Quick Facts: Charleston, SC”, US Census Bureau, 2010
[59] “Charleston County election results by precinct: 2006
general election”.
[60] “Investigation examining Charleston firefighters’ handling
of deadly blaze,”. Ksla.com. June 19, 2007. Retrieved
September 17, 2014.
[61]
[42] Erb, Jane. “Porgy and Bess (1934)". Retrieved 2013-0219.
[62]
[43] “Welcome - The Sound Of Charleston”.
ofcharleston. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
sound-
[63] “2005
FBI
Crime
Reports”.
Charlestonsc.areaconnect.com.
Retrieved 2009-0225.
[44] “America’s Favorite Cities 2010 - Culture - Theater/performance art - Travel + Leisure”. Travel +
Leisure. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
[64] Michael Ledeen, “Hail to the Chief,” National Review Online, August 18, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
[45] “Footlight Players – Community Theater at its Best.
Footlightplayers.net.
Retrieved
Charleston, SC”.
September 17, 2014.
[65] “Charleston, South Carolina (SC) Detailed Profile – relocation, real estate, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime,
move, moving, houses news, sex offenders”. Citydata.com. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
20
[66] “CQ Press: City Crime Rankings 2012”. Os.cqpress.com.
[67]
[68]
[69] “TriCounty Link rural bus service with flagstop system
serving Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties
of South Carolina”. Ridetricountylink.com. Retrieved
September 17, 2014.
[70]
[71] “Charles Towne Landing”. Charlestowne.org. Retrieved
September 17, 2014.
[72] “Charleston drops in TV market pecking order”.
[73] “Television station listings in Charleston, South Carolina
– Total station FCC filings found”.
[74]
• Gillespie, Joanna Bowen. The Life and Times of
Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1759–1811. U. of South
Carolina Press, 2001. 315 pp.
• Hagy, James William. This Happy Land: The Jews
of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston. U. of Alabama Press, 1993. 450 pp.
• Jaher, Frederic Cople. The Urban Establishment:
Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston,
Chicago, and Los Angeles. U. of Illinois Press, 1982.
777 pp.
• McInnis, Maurie D. The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005.
395 pp.
• Pease, William H. and Pease, Jane H. The Web of
Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston
and Charleston, 1828–1843.
Oxford U. Press,
1985. 352 pp.
[75] “Cultural Heritage Programme – The Barbados Carolina
Connection”. Tourism.gov.bb. Retrieved September 17,
2014.
• Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. A Family of
Women: The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War.
U. of North Carolina Press, 1999. 328 pp.
[76]
• Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H. Ladies,
Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston. U. of North Carolina Press, 1990. 218 pp.
[77] “Barbados: South Carolina’s Mother Colony”.
way.net. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Sci-
1.18 Further reading
1.18.1
General
• Borick, Carl P. A Gallant Defense: The Siege of
Charleston, 1780. U. of South Carolina Press, 2003.
332 pp.
• Bull, Kinloch, Jr. The Oligarchs in Colonial
and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor
William Bull II and His Family. U. of South Carolina
Press, 1991. 415 pp.
• Clarke, Peter. A Free Church in a Free Society. The
Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston,
1820–1842, a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop
in the Southern United States. Charleston, South
Carolina: Bagpipe, 1982. 561 pp.
• Coker, P. C., III. Charleston’s Maritime Heritage,
1670–1865: An Illustrated History. Charleston,
South Carolina: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.
• Phelps, W. Chris. The Bombardment of Charleston,
1863–1865. Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2002. 175 pp.
• Rosen, Robert N. Confederate Charleston: An Illustrated History of the City and the People during the
Civil War. U. of South Carolina Press, 1994. 181
pp.
• Rosen, Robert. A Short History of Charleston. University of South Carolina Press, (1997). ISBN 157003-197-5, scholarly survey
• Spence, E. Lee. Spence’s Guide to South Carolina:
diving, 639 shipwrecks (1520–1813), saltwater sport
fishing, recreational shrimping, crabbing, oystering,
clamming, saltwater aquarium, 136 campgrounds,
281 boat landings (Nelson Southern Printing, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina: Spence, ©1976)
OCLC: 2846435
• Spence, E. Lee. Treasures of the Confederate Coast:
the “real Rhett Butler” & Other Revelations (Narwhal
Press, Charleston/Miami, ©1995)[ISBN 1-88639101-7] [ISBN 1-886391-00-9], OCLC: 32431590
• Doyle, Don H. New Men, New Cities, New South:
Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910.
1.18.2
U. of North Carolina Press, 1990. 369 pp.
• Fraser, Walter J., Jr. Charleston! Charleston! The
History of a Southern City. U. of South Carolina,
1990. 542 pp. the standard scholarly history
Art, architecture, literature, science
• Coles, John R.; Tiedj, Mark C. (June 4, 2009).
Movie Theaters of Charleston (Paperback). p. 97.
ISBN 1-4414-9355-7.
1.18. FURTHER READING
• Cothran, James R. Gardens of Historic Charleston.
U. of South Carolina Press, 1995. 177 pp.
• Gadsden Cultural Center; Macmurphy, Make;
Williams, Sullivan (October 4, 2004). Sullivan’s
Island/Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-07385-1678-3.
• Greene, Harlan. Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the
Charleston Renaissance. U. of Georgia Press, 2001.
372 pp.
• Hudgins; Carter L., ed (1994). The Vernacular Architecture of Charleston and the Lowcountry,
1670 – 1990. Charleston, South Carolina: Historic
Charleston Foundation.
• Hutchisson, James M. and Greene, Harlan, ed. Renaissance in Charleston: Art and Life in the Carolina
Low Country, 1900–1940. U. of Georgia Press,
2003. 259 pp.
• Hutchisson, James M. DuBose Heyward: A
Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and
Bess. U. Press of Mississippi, 2000. 225 pp.
• Jacoby, Mary Moore, ed (1994). The Churches
of Charleston and the Lowcountry (hardback).
Columbia South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-888-3. ISBN 978-087249-888-4.
• McNeil, Jim. Charleston’s Navy Yard: A Picture
History. Charleston, South Carolina: Coker Craft,
1985. 217 pp.
21
• Stockton, Robert, et. al (1985). Information
for Guides of Historic Charleston, South Carolina.
Charleston, South Carolina: City of Charleston
Tourism Commission.
• Waddell, Gene (2003). Charleston Architecture,
1670–1860 (hardback) 2. Charleston: Wyrick &
Company. p. 992. ISBN 978-0-941711-68-5.
ISBN 0-941711-68-4
• Weyeneth, Robert R. (2000). Historic Preservation
for a Living City: Historic Charleston Foundation,
1947–1997. Historic Charleston Foundation Studies
in History and Culture series (University of South
Carolina Press). p. 256. ISBN 1-57003-353-6.
ISBN 978-1-57003-353-7.
• Yuhl, Stephanie E. A Golden Haze of Memory: The
Making of Historic Charleston. U. of North Carolina
Press, 2005. 285 pp.
• Zola, Gary Phillip. Isaac Harby of Charleston,
1788–1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual. U.
of Alabama Press, 1994. 284 pp.
• Susan Harbage Page and Juan Logan. “Prop Master
at Charleston’s Gibbes Museum of Art”, Southern
Spaces, September 21, 2009.
• Nelson, Emily The Locket, 2010, 207 pp. The Angel
Oak tree at Johns Island near Charleston is featured
prominently in the book, The Locket by Emily Nelson.
1.18.3 Race
• Moore, Margaret H (1997). Complete Charleston:
A Guide to the Architecture, History, and Gardens of
Charleston. Charleston, South Carolina: TM Photography. ISBN 0-9660144-0-5.
• Bellows, Barbara L. Benevolence among Slaveholders: Assisting the Poor in Charleston, 1670–1860.
Louisiana State U. Press, 1993. 217 pp.
• O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, ed.
Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston. U. of
Tennessee Press, 1986. 468 pp.
• Drago, Edmund L. Initiative, Paternalism, and Race
Relations: Charleston’s Avery Normal Institute. U.
of Georgia Press, 1990. 402 pp.
• Poston, Jonathan H. The Buildings of Charleston: A
Guide to the City’s Architecture. U. of South Carolina
Press, 1997. 717 pp.
• Egerton, Douglas R. He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives
of Denmark Vesey. Madison House, 1999. 248 pp.
online review
• Severens, Kenneth (1988). Charleston Antebellum Architecture and Civic Destiny (hardback).
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 315.
ISBN 0-87049-555-0. ISBN 978-0-87049-555-7
• Greene, Harlan; Hutchins, Harry S., Jr.; and
Hutchins, Brian E. Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire
System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783–1865.
McFarland, 2004. 194 pp.
• Smith, Alice R. Huger; Smith, D.E. Huger (1917).
Dwelling Houses of Charleston, South Carolina.
New York: Diadem Books.
• Jenkins, Wilbert L. Seizing the New Day: African
Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston. Indiana U.
Press, 1998. 256 pp.
• Stephens, Lester D. Science, Race, and Religion
in the American South: John Bachman and the
Charleston Circle of Naturalists, 1815–1895. U. of
North Carolina Press, 2000. 338 pp.
• Johnson, Michael P. and Roark, James L. No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on
the Eve of the Civil War. U. of North Carolina
Press, 1984. 174 pp.
22
• Kennedy, Cynthia M. Braided Relations, Entwined
Lives: The Women of Charleston’s Urban Slave Society. Indiana U. Press, 2005. 311 pp.
• Powers, Bernard E., Jr. Black Charlestonians: A
Social History, 1822–1885. U. of Arkansas Press,
1994. 377 pp.
1.19 External links
• City of Charleston official website
• Charleston Tourism Website
• Map showing boundaries of City of Charleston
• Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum
• Congressional Medal of Honor Museum
• USS Yorktown CV10 Association
Chapter 2
St. Michael’s Episcopal Church
(Charleston, South Carolina)
St. Michael’s Church is an historic church and the old- in North America. The bells are one of four sets (Grace
est surviving religious structure in Charleston, South Car- Episcopal, The Cathedral of Saint Luke and Saint Paul
olina. It is located at Broad and Meeting streets on one and Stella Maris Catholic church) in the Charleston area.
of the Four Corners of Law, and represents ecclesiastical
law. It was built in the 1750s by order of the South Carolina Assembly. It is listed on the National Register of 2.3 See also
Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark.
• List of Registered Historic Places in South Carolina
2.1 History
• List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
St. Michael’s Church was built between 1751 and 1761
at the corner of Broad and Meeting streets on the site of
the original wooden church built in 1681 by St. Philip’s
Church, It had been damaged in a hurricane in 1710 and a
new St. Philip’s Church was built several blocks away on
Church Street. In 1727, what was left of the old wooden
church was demolished.[3][4]
• St. Michael’s Churchyard
2.4 References
[1] “National Register Information System”. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
It is not known who designed St. Michael’s, but it shows
the influence of St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, designed in the 1720s by James Gibbs. Samuel Cardy was
the builder. The walls are of brick that was stuccoed over
and painted white. The two-story portico facing Broad
Street was the first of its size in colonial America and features Tuscan columns.[5]
[2] “St. Michael’s Church”. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-0307.
[3] “St. Michael’s: An Historical Overview”. St. Michael’s
Church. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
[4] “A Brief History of St. Philip’s Church, The Mother
Church of The Diocese of South Carolina, Est. 1680”.
St. Philip’s Church. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
An organ by John Snetzler was fitted in 1768 but only the
case remains; new organ 1994 by Kenneth Jones of Bray,
Ireland.
[5] South Carolina Department of Archives and History listing for Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in
1960,[2][6] and it was included in the first promulgation
of the National Register in 1966.[1]
[6] James Dillon (1978). “National Register of Historic
Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Michael’s Church”
(pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1969 PDF (32 KB)
St. Michael’s Churchyard, adjacent to the church is the
resting place of some famous historical figures, including
two signers of the Constitution of the United States.
2.5 Further reading
2.2 Clock and bells
The church houses a clock and change ringing bells dating
from colonial times,[3] The clock is the oldest tower clock
23
• Beesley, Charles Norbury (1908). Beesley’s Illustrated Guide to St. Michael’s Church, Charleston, So.
Ca. Charleston, S.C.: Walker, Evans & Cogswell
Co. OCLC 9168211.
24
CHAPTER 2. ST. MICHAEL’S EPISCOPAL CHURCH (CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA)
2.6 External links
• Media related to St. Michael’s Episcopal Church
(Charleston, South Carolina) at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church, Charleston
County (80 Meeting St., Charleston), including four
photos, at South Carolina Department of Archives
and History
• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No.
SC-62, "St. Michael’s Church, 80 Meeting Street,
Charleston, Charleston County, SC", 41 photos, 4
color transparencies, 11 measured drawings, 16 data
pages, 5 photo caption pages
• site history
• National Historic Landmarks Program listing for
Saint Michael’s Episcopal Church
• National Register listings for Charleston County
• Historic Charleston’s Religious and Community
Buildings, a National Park Service Discover Our
Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Chapter 3
The Battery (Charleston)
nade, paralleling East Battery, as the street is known south
of Water Street, to the intersection of Murray Boulevard,
is known as High Battery. Fort Sumter is visible from
the Cooper River side (High Battery) and from the point,
as are Castle Pinckney, the World War II aircraft carrier
USS Yorktown (CV-10), Fort Moultrie, and Sullivan’s Island.
As a tourist destination, the Battery is famous for its
stately, mainly antebellum homes. Included among the
grand houses are the Louis DeSaussure House (1 East
Battery), the Roper House (9 East Battery), the William
Ravenel House (13 East Battery), the Charles Drayton
House (25 East Battery), the Villa Margherita (4 South
Battery), the William Washington House (8 South Battery), the Col. John A.S. Ashe House (26 South Battery),
and the James Spear House (30 South Battery).
Two ten-inch Columbiads at the South Battery guard Charleston
Harbor (1863)
Fort Broughton (ca. 1735) and Fort Wilkins (during
the American Revolution and War of 1812) occupied
White or Oyster Point, so named because of the piles of
bleached oyster shells on the point at the tip of the peninsula. In the 18th century, rocks and heavy materials were
used to fortify the shore of the Cooper River on the eastern side of the peninsula. In 1838, this area along the
seawall became a promenade. First used as a public park
in 1837, the area now known as White Point Garden became a place for artillery during the American Civil War.
In popular speech and in a number of unofficial guidebooks and Web sites, The Battery and White Point Garden are sometimes referred to as “Battery Park,” but the
park and seawall promenade are not regarded by the City
of Charleston as a single entity, and the term “Battery
Park” is not an official designation.
Closeup of a Columbiad at South Battery (1863)
The Battery is a landmark defensive seawall and promenade in Charleston, South Carolina. Named for a civilwar coastal defense artillery battery at the site, it stretches
along the lower shores of the Charleston peninsula, bordered by the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which meet here
to form Charleston harbor. Historically, it has been understood to extend from the beginning of the seawall at
the site of the former Omar Shrine Temple (40-44 East
Bay Street) to the intersection of what is now Murray
Boulevard and King Street. The higher part of the prome-
In 2004, a structural report by the City of Charleston
showed that the Battery was suffering serious problems
and could fail to protect the southeastern portion of the
city during hurricanes. In 2012, the City announced that
a $3.2 million restoration project would soon commence
at the juncture of High Battery (along East Battery) and
Low Battery (along Murray Blvd.).[1]
25
26
The Battery in ruins from shellfire, April, 1865
A historic home on the Battery.
3.1 See also
Media related to Battery Park (Charleston) at Wikimedia
Commons
• Charleston Battery, a professional men’s soccer
team in the Charleston area.
3.2 References
[1] “Finally a fix for the Battery”. Charleston Post & Courier.
Retrieved Dec 26, 2012.
Coordinates: 32°46′09″N 79°55′44″W / 32.7692°N
79.9288°W
CHAPTER 3. THE BATTERY (CHARLESTON)
Chapter 4
Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina)
4.1 See also
• List of the oldest buildings in South Carolina
4.2 References
[1] Stockton, Robert (Sep 8, 1975). “Bermuda Stone Transplanted”. Charleston News & Courier. pp. B–1. Retrieved
November 3, 2013.
[2] “Pink House Used For Many Purposes”. Charleston News
& Courier. Sep 4, 1967. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
[3] The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City’s Architecture By Jonathan H. Poston (Univ of South Carolina
Press, 1997)
4.3 External links
• Gallery website
Coordinates: 32°46′39″N 79°55′44″W / 32.7775°N
79.9289°W
Pink House
Pink House is a historic house and art gallery at 17
Chalmers Street in Charleston, South Carolina that is one
of the oldest buildings in South Carolina and the oldest
building in Charleston.
The house was built between 1694 and 1712 of pinkish
Bermuda stone by John Breton in the city’s French Quarter. The date of the building has been the subject of dispute. Two local historians fixed the date as 1712,[1] but a
construction date as late as 1745 has been suggested.[2]
The tile gambrel roof dates to the eighteenth century. The
building was a tavern in the 1750s. James Gordon was
the owner of the house by the 1780s. The artist Alice
R. Huger Smith used the house as a studio in the early
twentieth century. In the 1930s the house was restored
by Mr. and Mrs. Victor Morawetz. Currently, the house
features an art gallery.[3]
27
Chapter 5
Old Slave Mart
The Old Slave Mart is a building located at 6 Chalmers
Street in Charleston, South Carolina that once housed an
antebellum slave auction gallery.[3] Constructed in 1859,
the building is believed to be the last extant slave auction
facility in South Carolina. In 1975, the Old Slave Mart
was added to the National Register of Historic Places for
its role in Charleston’s African-American history. Today,
the building houses the Old Slave Mart Museum.[1][4]
The Old Slave Mart was originally part of a slave market
known as Ryan’s Mart, which covered a large enclosed lot
between Chalmers and Queen streets. The market was
established in 1856 by Charleston sheriff Thomas Ryan,
after a citywide ban on public slave auctions made private
facilities necessary. Slave auctions were held at the site
until approximately 1863; in 1865, the Union Army occupied Charleston and closed Ryan’s Mart. The Old Slave
Mart Museum has operated on and off since 1938.[4]
The layout of Ryan’s Mart, circa 1860
5.1 Design
The Old Slave Mart is a 67-foot (20 m) by 19-foot (5.8 m)
brick structure with a stuccoed façade. The front (south
side) faces the cobblestone-paved Chalmers Street. The
building originally measured 44 feet (13 m) by 20 feet
(6.1 m), but an extension in 1922 gave it its current dimensions. The unique façade of the Old Slave Mart consists of 20-foot (6.1 m) octagonal pillars at each end, with
a central elliptical arch comprising the entrance.[4]
The building originally contained one large room with
a 20-foot (6.1 m) ceiling. In 1878, a second floor was
added, and the roof was overhauled. The arched entryway originally held an iron gate; in the late 1870s it was
filled in with simple doors. Interior partitions were added
in subsequent decades, dividing the first floor into three
rooms.[4] Today, there is an iron gate in the archway once
again.
5.2 History
on the north side of the Exchange and Provost building.[1]
After the city prohibited public slave auctions in 1856,
enclosed slave markets sprang up along Chalmers, State,
and Queen streets. One such market was Ryan’s Mart,
established by Charleston sheriff and alderman Thomas
Ryan and his business partner, James Marsh. Ryan’s Mart
originally consisted of a closed lot with three structures—
a four-story barracoon or slave jail, a kitchen, and a
morgue or “dead house.”[4]
In 1859, an auction master named Z. B. Oakes purchased Ryan’s Mart, and built what is now the Old Slave
Mart building for use as an auction gallery. The building’s auction table was 3 feet (0.91 m) high and 10 feet
(3.0 m) long and stood just inside the arched doorway.[1]
In addition to slaves, the market sold real estate and
stock.[4] Slave auctions at Ryan’s Mart were advertised
in broadsheets throughout the 1850s, some appearing as
far away as Galveston, Texas.
When Union forces occupied Charleston beginning in
February 1865, the slaves still imprisoned at Ryan’s Mart
were freed.[5]
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, slaves In 1878, the Old Slave Mart was converted into a tenebrought into Charleston were sold at public auctions held ment dwelling, with a second floor added.[1] A car dealer28
5.5. EXTERNAL LINKS
ship and showroom operated in the building in the 1920s,
necessitating the expansion of the rear of the building.[4]
In 1938, Miriam B. Wilson purchased the building and
established the Old Slave Mart Museum, which initially
displayed African and African-American art.[1]
The City of Charleston and the South Carolina African
American Heritage Commission restored the Old Slave
Mart in the late 1990s.[6] The museum now interprets the
history of the city’s slave trade. The area behind the building, which once contained the barracoon and kitchen, is
now a parking lot.
5.3 References
[1] National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, Old Slave Mart. Retrieved: 27 May 2010.
[3] “Old Slave Mart, Charleston County (6 Chalmers St.,
Charleston)". National Register Properties in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
[4] Nenie Dixon and Elias Bull, National Register of Historic
Places Nomination Form for Old Slave Mart, 12 February
1975. Retrieved: 27 May 2010.
[5] Information obtained from a display in the Old Slave Mart
Museum, 2010.
[6] Jonathan H. Poston, The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide
to the City’s Architecture (University of South Carolina
Press 1997), pp. 64-65.
5.4 See also
• Antebellum South Carolina
5.5 External links
• Old Slave Mart Museum - official website
• Museum Grand Opening Press Release, October
2007
29
Chapter 6
This article is about the lineage society. For the United By the turn of the twentieth century, a dozen memoirs
Daughters of the Confederacy Memorial Building, see by southern women were published. They constituted
Memorial to Women of the Confederacy.
part of the growing public memory about the antebellum
years and the Lost Cause, as they vigorously defended the
Confederacy.[6]
The United Daughters of the Confederacy, Inc. is an
association of female descendants of Confederate veter- After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization
ans. It was founded on September 10, 1894.[1]
coordinating local memorial groups.[7] The goal was to
It was especially influential in the early twentieth century foster and shape public memory across the South by proacross South, where its main role was to preserve and up- moting visibility and a positive image of Confederate vethold the memory of the Confederate veterans, especially erans. The UDC women specialized in sponsoring lothose husbands, sons, fathers and brothers who died in the cal monuments to anonymous soldiers. After 1945, they
in placing historical markers along Southern
war. Its long-term impact was to promote the Lost Cause were active
[8]
highways.
image of the antebellum plantation South as an idealized
society crushed by the forces of Yankee modernization.[2]
The UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during
World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American
Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed
6.1 History
$82,000 for French and Belgian war orphans. Homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savAcross the Southern United States, associations were ings stamps. Members donated over $800,000 to the Red
founded after the Civil War, chiefly by women, to orga- Cross. During World War II, the U.D.C. gave financial
nize burials of Confederate soldiers, establish and care aid to student nurses.
for permanent cemeteries for Confederate soldiers, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor impressive monuments as a permanent way of remembering the
Confederate cause and tradition.[3] They were “strikingly 6.2 Children of the Confederacy
successful at raising money to build Confederate monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial The UDC has a youth auxiliary called the Children of the
of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of Confederacy (CoC). The UDC is open to both males and
history textbooks.”[4] They also raised money to care for females “from birth” to the CoC convention after their
the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most 18th birthday, who can trace their lineage to a Confederof these memorial associations eventually merged into the ate ancestor, or to a member of the UDC. The group has
United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from historically held meetings with veterans, widows and his17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by torians of the Civil War, observed Confederate Memorial
World War I.[5]
Days, decorated graves, sponsored scholarships and pubThe organization encouraged women to publish their experiences in the war, beginning with biographies of major southern figures, such as Varina Davis' of her husband
Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy. Later,
women began adding more of their own experiences to
the “public discourse about the war”, in the form of
memoirs, such as those published in the early 1900s by
Sara Pryor, Virginia Clopton and Louise Wright and others. They also recommended structures for the memoirs.
lished pamphlets and catechisms presenting the “Southern version” of the Civil War.[9] Today they also engage
in activities such as book drives for Beauvoir, fundraising
for the Ronald McDonald House, canned food drives as
well as veterans causes.[10][11] The first CoC chapter was
organized by the Mary Custis Lee Chapter of the UDC
in Alexandria, Virginia in 1896. It was formally incorporated on May 6, 1897. New chapters were established in
Virginia and Alabama by 1898.[12]
30
6.6. FURTHER READING
6.3 See also
• Confederate Memorial Day
• Confederate monuments
• Confederate Museum
• Jefferson Davis Highway
• Ladies Memorial Association
• Southern Cross of Honor
• United Confederate Veterans
31
• Faust, Drew (2008). This Republic of Suffering:
Death and the American Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Gardner, Sarah (2006). Blood And Irony: Southern
White Women’s Narratives of the Civil War, 18611937. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of
North Carolina Press.
• Gulley, H. E. “Women and the Lost Cause: Preserving A Confederate Identity in the American Deep
South.” Journal of Historical Geography (1993)
19#2 pp 125–141.
[1] UDC Handbook 2013, pp. 3, 11.
• Janney, Caroline E. Burying the Dead but Not the
Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost
Cause (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2012); shows
the UDC worked closely with local memorial associations
[2] Karen L. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters
of the Confederacy and preservation of Southern Culture
(University Press of Florida, 2003) pp. 1-7
• Mills, Cynthia and Pamela H. Simpson, eds. Monuments To The Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the
Landscapes of Southern Memory (2003)
[3] Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, eds., Monuments
To The Lost Cause: Women, Art, And The Landscapes Of
Southern Memory (2003)
• Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1916). What the South
May Claim. Athens, Georgia: M'Gregor Co. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
6.4 Notes
[4] Faust 2008, pp. 237–247.
[5] Blight 2001, pp. 272–273.
[6] Gardner 2006, pp. 128–130.
• United Daughters of the Confederacy, Business Office (2013). U.D.C. Handbook (6th ed.). Richmond,
Virginia.
[7] Janney, 2012
[8] H. E. Gulley, “Women and the Lost Cause: Preserving A
Confederate Identity in the American Deep South.” Journal of Historical Geography (1993) 19#2 pp 125-141
[9] Free Speech and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion Fred
Arthur Bailey The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 103, No. 2, “Play the Bitter Loser’s Game":
Reconstruction and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion
(Apr., 1995), pp. 2350-1
[10] “Children of Confederacy Active in Community Service”.
Timesexaminer.com. 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2013-0211.
[11] “Children of Confederacy, DAR bring gifts to vets”. Sptimes.com. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
[12] Rutherford 1916, p. 28.
6.5 References
• Blight, David (2001). Race and Reunion: The
Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Cox, Karen L. Dixie’s Daughters: The United
Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation
of Confederate Culture (University Press of Florida,
2003)
6.6 Further reading
• Foster, Gaines M. (1987). Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of
the New South. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Parrott, Angie (1991). "'Love Makes Memory Eternal': The United Daughters of the Confederacy in
Richmond, Virginia, 1897–1920,” in Edward Ayers and John C. Willis, eds. The Edge of the South:
Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia, Charlottesville:
University Press of Virginia.
• United Daughters of the Confederacy, Business Office (2013). Minutes of the One Hundred and Nineteenth Annual General Convention of the United
Daughters of the Confederacy held in Richmond, Va.
November 1-5, 2012. Richmond, Virginia: Author.
• United Daughters of the Confederacy, History
Committee (ed.) (1988). The History of the United
Daughters of the Confederacy (Vol. III). Raleigh,
North Carolina: Edwards & Broughton.
Chapter 7
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter is a Third System masonry sea fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The fort is
best known as the site upon which the shots that started
the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort
Sumter on April 12, 1861.[4][5] In 1966, the site was listed
on the National Register of Historic Places.[3]
7.1 Construction
Named after General Thomas Sumter, Revolutionary
War hero, Fort Sumter was built following the War of
1812, as one of a series of fortifications on the southern U.S. coast to protect the harbors. Construction began in 1829,[6] and the structure was still unfinished in
1861, when the Civil War began. Seventy thousand tons
of granite were imported from New England to build up
a sand bar in the entrance to Charleston Harbor, which
the site dominates. The fort was a five-sided brick structure, 170 to 190 feet (52 to 58 m) long, with walls 5 feet
(1.5 m) thick, standing 50 feet (15.2 m) over the low tide
mark. It was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns
in three tiers of gun emplacements, although it was never
filled near its full capacity.
7.2 Civil War
Letter from William H. Seward advising President Lincoln on the
obstacles in resupplying Fort Sumter, March 1861
On December 26, 1860, six days after South Carolina
declared its secession, U.S. Army Major Robert Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, spiking its large guns, burning its gun carriages, and taking its smaller cannon with him to be trained on the
city.[7] He secretly relocated companies E and H (127
men, 13 of them musicians) of the 1st U.S. Artillery to
Fort Sumter on his own initiative, without orders from
his superiors.[8][9][10][11][12] He thought that providing a
stronger defense would delay an attack by South Carolina
militia. The fort was not yet complete at the time and
fewer than half of the cannon that should have been available were in place, due to military downsizing by President James Buchanan.
he surrender Fort Sumter because,” I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the
State of South Carolina.”[13] Over the next few months repeated calls for evacuation of Fort Sumter[14][15] from the
government of South Carolina and then from Confederate
Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard were ignored.
Union attempts to resupply and reinforce the garrison
were repulsed on January 9, 1861 when the first shots
of the war, fired by cadets from the Citadel, prevented
the steamer Star of the West, hired to transport troops
and supplies to Fort Sumter, from completing the task.
After realizing that Anderson’s command would run out
In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, South Carolina of food by April 15, 1861, President Lincoln ordered a
Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that fleet of ships, under the command of Gustavus V. Fox,
32
7.2. CIVIL WAR
to attempt entry into Charleston Harbor and supply Fort
Sumter. The ships assigned were the steam sloop-of-war
USS Pawnee, steam sloop-of-war USS Powhatan, transporting motorized launches and about 300 sailors (secretly removed from the Charleston fleet to join in the
forced reinforcement of Fort Pickens, Pensacola, FL),
armed screw steamer USS Pocahontas, Revenue Cutter
USRC Harriet Lane, steamer Baltic transporting about
200 troops, composed of companies C and D of the 2nd
U.S. Artillery, and three hired tug boats with added protection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and
supply barges directly to Fort Sumter.[16][17] By April 6,
1861 the first ships began to set sail for their rendezvous
off the Charleston Bar. The first to arrive was Harriet
Lane, the evening of April 11, 1861.[18]
1861, inside the fort flying the Confederate Flag
7.2.1
First Battle of Fort Sumter
Main article: Battle of Fort Sumter
On Thursday, April 11, 1861, Beauregard sent three
aides, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr., Captain Stephen D.
Lee, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surrender of the fort. Anderson declined, and the aides returned
to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted
the Confederate Secretary of War, Leroy Walker, he sent
the aides back to the fort and authorized Chesnut to decide whether the fort should be taken by force. The aides
waited for hours while Anderson considered his alterna-
33
tives and played for time. At about 3 a.m., when Anderson finally announced his conditions, Colonel Chesnut,
after conferring with the other aides, decided that they
were “manifestly futile and not within the scope of the
instructions verbally given to us”. The aides then left the
fort and proceeded to the nearby Fort Johnson. There,
Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter.[19]
On Friday, April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate batteries opened fire, firing for 34 straight hours, on the fort.
Edmund Ruffin, noted Virginian agronomist and secessionist, claimed that he fired the first shot on Fort Sumter.
His story has been widely believed, but Lieutenant Henry
S. Farley, commanding a battery of two 10 inch siege
mortars on James Island fired the first shot at 4:30 A.M.
(Detzer 2001, pp. 269–71). No attempt was made to
return the fire for more than two hours. The fort’s supply of ammunition was not suited for the task; also, there
were no fuses for their explosive shells, which means that
they could not explode. Only solid iron balls could be
used against the Rebel batteries. At about 7:00 A.M.,
Captain Abner Doubleday, the fort’s second in command,
was given the honor of firing the Union’s first shot, in
defense of the fort. He missed, in part because Major
Anderson did not use the guns mounted on the highest
tier, the barbette tier (where the guns could engage the
confederate batteries better), where the gunners would be
more exposed to Confederate fire. The firing continued
all day. The Union fired slowly to conserve ammunition.
At night the fire from the fort stopped, but the Confederates still lobbed an occasional shell into Sumter. On Saturday, April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated.
During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt. Norman J.
Hall risked life and limb to put them back up, burning off
his eyebrows permanently. A Confederate soldier bled to
death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. One
Union soldier died and another was mortally wounded
during the 47th shot of a 100 shot salute, allowed by the
Confederacy. Afterwards the salute was shortened to 50
shots. Accounts, such as in the famous diary of Mary
Chesnut, describe Charleston residents along what is now
known as The Battery, sitting on balconies and drinking
salutes to the start of the hostilities.
The Fort Sumter Flag became a popular patriotic symbol
after Major Anderson returned North with it. The flag is
still displayed in the fort’s museum. A supply ship Star of
the West took all the garrison members to New York City.
There they were welcomed and honored with a parade on
Broadway.
7.2.2 Union siege of Fort Sumter
Main article: Second Battle of Fort Sumter
Union efforts to retake Charleston Harbor began on April
7, 1863, when Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont,
commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron,
34
CHAPTER 7. FORT SUMTER
• View of Fort Sumter, 1865
Drawing of Fort Sumter
led the ironclad frigate New Ironsides, the tower ironclad
Keokuk, and the monitors Weehawken, Pasaic, Montauk,
Patapsco, Nantucket, Catskill, and Nahant in an attack on
the harbor’s defenses (The 1863 Battle of Fort Sumter
was the largest deployment of monitors in action up to
that time). The attack was unsuccessful, the Union’s best
ship, USS New Ironsides never effectively engaged, and
the ironclads fired only 154 rounds, while receiving 2,209
from the Confederate defenders (Wise 1994, p. 30). Due
to damage received in the attack, the USS Keokuk sank
the next day, 1,400 yards (1,300 m) off the southern tip
of Morris Island. Over the next month, working at night
to avoid the attention of the Federal squadron, the Confederates salvaged the Keokuk’s two eleven-inch Dahlgren
guns (Ripley 1984, pp. 93–6). One of the Dahlgren guns
was promptly placed in Fort Sumter.
The Confederates, in the meantime, were strengthening
Fort Sumter. A workforce of just under 500 slaves, under the supervision of Confederate Army engineers, were
filling casemates with sand, protecting the gorge wall with
sandbags, and building new traverse,[20] blindages,[21] and
bombproofs.[22] Some of Fort Sumter’s artillery had been
removed, but 40 pieces still were mounted. Fort Sumter’s
heaviest guns were mounted on the barbette, the fort’s
highest level, where they had wide angles of fire and could
fire down on approaching ships. The barbette was also
more exposed to enemy gunfire than the casemates in the
two lower levels of the fort.
After the devastating bombardment, both Major General Quincy A. Gillmore and Rear Admiral John A.
Dahlgren, now commanding the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, determined to launch a boat assault on Fort
Sumter for the night of September 8–9, 1863. Cooperation between the Army and Navy was poor. Dahlgren
refused to place his sailors and marines under the command of an army officer, so two flotillas set out towards
Fort Sumter that night. The army flotilla was detained
off Morris Island by the low tide. By the time they could
proceed, the navy assault had already been defeated and
the army flotilla returned to shore.
The navy’s assault involved 400 sailors and marines in
25 boats. The operation was a fiasco from beginning
to end. Poor reconnaissance, planning and communication all characterized the operation. Commander Thomas
H. Stevens, Jr., commanding the monitor Patapsco, was
placed in charge of the assault. When Commander
Stevens protested that he “knew nothing of [the assault’s]
organization " and “made some remonstrances on this
grounds and others.” Dahlgren replied “There is nothing but a corporal’s guard [about 6–10 men] in the fort,
and all we have to do is go and take possession.” (Stevens
1902, p. 633). This underestimation of the Confederate
forces on Dahlgren’s part may explain why he was hostile
to a joint operation wishing to reserve the credit for the
victory to the navy. Less than half of the boats landed.
Most of the boats that did land landed on the right flank
or right gorge angle, rather than on the gorge where there
was a passable breach. The Union sailors and marines
who did land could not scale the wall. The Confederates fired upon the landing party and as well as throwing
hand grenades and loose bricks. The men in the boats
that had not landed fired muskets and revolvers blindly
at the fort, endangering the landing party more than the
garrison. The landing party took shelter in shell holes in
the wall of the fort. In response to a signal rocket fired
by the garrison, Fort Johnson and the Confederate warship CSS Chicora opened fire upon the boats and landing
party. The boats that could withdraw withdrew, and the
landing party surrendered. The Union casualties were 8
killed, 19 wounded, and 105 captured (including 15 of
the wounded). The Confederates did not suffer any casualties in the assault.
A special military decoration, known as the Gillmore
Medal, was later issued to all Union service members who
had performed duty at Fort Sumter under the command After the unsuccessful boat assault, the bombardment
of Major-General Quincy Adams Gillmore
recommenced and proceeded with varying degree of intensity, doing more damage to Fort Sumter until the end
Fort Sumter Armaments, August 17, 1863
of the war. The garrison continued to suffer casualties.
The Confederates continued to salvage guns and other
• Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confeder- material from the ruins and harassed the Union batteries
ate photographer, 1864.
on Morris Island with sharpshooters. The Confederates
• Exterior view of Fort Sumter, 1865. Banded rifle in mounted four 10-inch (250 mm) columbiads, one 8-inch
(200 mm) columbiad rifled, and two rifled 42-pounders,
foreground, fraise at top.
in the left face, bottom tier casemates. The last Confed• View of Fort Sumter from the sandbar, 1865.
erate commander, Major Thomas A. Huguenin, a grad-
7.4. FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT
35
U.S. Army worked to restore it as a useful military installation. The damaged walls were re-leveled to a lower
height and partially rebuilt. The third tier of gun emplacements was removed. Eleven of the original first-tier gun
rooms were restored with 100-pounder Parrott rifles.
From 1876 to 1897, Fort Sumter was used only as an
unmanned lighthouse station. The start of the SpanishAmerican War prompted renewed interest in its military
use and reconstruction commenced on the facilities that
had further eroded over time. A new massive concrete
blockhouse-style installation was built in 1898 inside the
original walls. Named “Battery Huger” in honor of Revolutionary War General Isaac Huger, it never saw combat.
Flag-raising over Fort Sumter, 14 April 1865
One hundred and forty seven years after it was sent, a
rolled up telegraphic message was found and eventually
given to a museum in Charleston, S.C. The telegram was
dated April fourteenth, 1861 from the Governor of South
Carolina to Gazaway Bugg Lamar in New York with a
most interesting message, part of which is told below:
(for the complete text see “External Links”, Ft. Sumter
telegram).
“Fort Sumter surrendered yesterday after we had set all
uate from The Citadel, The Military College of South on fire... F.W. Pickens”
Carolina, never surrendered Fort Sumter, but General
William T. Sherman's advance through South Carolina
finally forced the Confederates to evacuate Charleston on
February 17, 1865 and abandon Fort Sumter. The Fed- 7.4 Fort Sumter National Monueral government formally took possession of Fort Sumter
ment
on February 22, 1865 with a flag raising ceremony. One
Union soldier was killed and another Union soldier was
mortally wounded during the surrender ceremony (see
above). Fifty two Confederate soldiers were killed there
during the remainder of the war. While a number of
slaves were killed while working at the fort, the exact
number is unknown.
7.3 After the war
Fort Sumter National Monument
Fort Sumter National Monument encompasses three sites
in Charleston, South Carolina Charleston; the original
Fort Sumter, the Fort Sumter Visitor Education Center,
and Fort Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island. Access to Fort
Sumter itself is by a 30-minute ferry ride from the Fort
Sumter Visitor Education Center or Patriots Point.
The Visitor Education Center’s museum features exhibits
about the disagreements between the North and South
Fort Sumter, ca. 1900
that led to the incidents at Fort Sumter. The museum at
Fort Sumter focuses on the activities at the fort, including
When the Civil War ended, Fort Sumter was in ruins. The its construction and role during the Civil War.
36
CHAPTER 7. FORT SUMTER
Aerial view of Fort Sumter National Monument.
Cannon displayed at Fort Sumter
[2] “NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report”. National Park
Service. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
[4] Nelson, Benjamin G. (October 10, 1973). “Fort Sumter
National Monument” (pdf). National Register of Historic
Places - Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 11 June
2012.
The interior of Fort Sumter from the top of the fort
[5] “Fort Sumter National Monument, Charleston County
(Charleston Harbor and Sullivan’s Island)". National Register Properties in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
[6] http://www.nps.gov/fosu/parkmgmt/upload/FOSU_
GMP_1998.pdf page 10
[7] See Wikipedia, Battle of Fort Sumter, and authorities
there cited.
[8] Elliot, p. 117
[9] Elliot, p. 103
[10] Robert Anderson to Rev. R. B. Duane, December 30,
1860
[11] Robert Anderson to Robert N. Gourdin, December 27,
1860.
Tourists at Fort Sumter on a hot summer afternoon
[12] Haskin, William, Major, 1st U.S. Artillery (1896).
“History of the 1st U.S. Artillery”. Archived from the
original on 2010-07-25.
April 12, 2011 marked the 150th Anniversary of the start
of the Civil War. There was a commemoration of the [13] James Buchanan (1911). The Works of James Buchanan:
events by thousands of Civil War reenactors with enComprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correcampments in the area. A United States stamp of Fort
spondence. p. 178.
Sumter, and first day cover, was issued that day.
[14] Elliot, p. 13
7.5 Notes
[1] “Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011”. Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 201205-14.
[15] Harris, W.A. (1862). The record of Fort Sumter, from
its occupation by Major Anderson, to its reduction by
South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens. Columbia, SC: South Carolinian Steam Job
Printing Ofiice. p. 7. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
[16] Elliot, p. 240
7.7. EXTERNAL LINKS
[17] Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies Series I - Volume 4- Pages 223-225:
[18] Elliot, p. 304
[19] Elliot, pp. 59–60
[20] Traverses, Civil War Fortifications dictionary.
[21] Civil War Dictionary
[22] Civil War Dictionary
7.6 References
• Allen, Kevin. “The Second Battle of Fort Sumter:
The Debate over the Politics of Race and Historical Memory at the Opening of America’s Civil
War Centennial, 1961.” The Public Historian (2011)
33#2 pp. 94–109 in JSTOR
37
• Stevens, Thomas H.. (1902). “Delayed report,
September 28, 1865”. Official Records of the Union
and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion,
Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office) 14: 633. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
• Turner, John W. (1890). “Reports”. The War of
the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records
of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I.
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
XXVIII (Part I): 212–25.
7.7 External links
• National Park Service’s Official Website for Fort
Sumter
• Cooper, William J. We Have the War Upon Us: The
Onset of the Civil War, November 1860-April 1861
(2012)
• Battle of Fort Sumter: Maps, histories, photos, and
preservation news (CWPT)
• Detzer, David R. (2001). Allegiance: Fort Sumter,
Charleston and the Beginning of the Civil War. New
York: Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100641-5.
• Major Robert Anderson’s telegram announcing the
surrender of Fort Sumter—Image of original telegram
• Hendrix, M. Patrick. A History of Fort Sumter:
Building a Civil War Landmark (The History Press,
2014)
• Battle of Fort Sumter—Historical Preservation Site
• Ripley, Warren (1984). Artillery and Ammunition of
the Civil War. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press.
ISBN 0-88394-003-5.
• Wise, Stephen R. (1994). Gate of Hell: Campaign
for Charleston Harbor, 1863. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249985-5.
7.6.1
Primary sources
• Elliott, Stephen, Jr. (1902). “Detailed report,
September 12, 1863”. Official Records of the Union
and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion,
Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office) 14: 637–9.
• Scott, Robert N. (1890). “Return of Casualties in
the Confederate forces at Fort Sumter, August 12
– December 11 (1863)". The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the
Union and Confederate Armies, Series I. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office). XXVIII
(Part I): 650.
• Timeline and narrative of the battle of Fort Sumter
• Crisis at Fort Sumter—Multimedia teaching tool
from Tulane University including text from historical documents
• Charleston, SC Insider’s Guide—Short article about
Ft. Sumter for travelers
• Extensive collection of photos and drawings from
The Library of Congress
• The Civil War Field Fortifications Website
• Charleston SC Real Estate—Webcam provides live
streaming video of Fort Sumter
• Letters associated with the first battle of Ft. Sumter
• Abner Doubleday, [Reminiscences of Forts Sumter
and Moultrie in 1860-'61], 1876, from Project
Gutenberg
• Ft. Sumter telegram http://www.postandcourier.
com/article/20110413/ARCHIVES/304139995
Chapter 8
Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist
(Charleston, South Carolina)
• Reverend Monsignor Budds
The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is the mother
church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston, located in Charleston, South Carolina. The Most Reverend
Robert E. Guglielmone, D.D., the thirteenth Bishop of
Charleston, was ordained and installed on March 25,
2009.
• Reverend Father Charles Rowland
• Reverend Monsignor Samuel Miglarese (unknown1997)
• Reverend Monsignor Chester M. Moczydlowski
(1998–2002)
8.1 History
• Reverend Monsignor Joseph R. Roth, P.A. (2002–
2007)
The first brownstone cathedral was built in 1854 and
• Reverend Father Gregory B. Wilson (2007–2011)
named the Cathedral of Saint John and Saint Finbar. It
burned down in a great fire in December 1861. After be• Reverend Monsignor Steven L. Brovey (2011–
ing rebuilt it was renamed the Cathedral of St. John the
present)
Baptist. It is actually built on the foundation of the previous cathedral. Architect Patrick Keely designed both the
original cathedral and its replacement.[1]
8.2.3 Priests
The Cathedral seats 720 people and is noted for its Franz
• Reverend Father Richard Jackson, Parochial Vicar
Mayer & Co. stained glass, hand painted Stations of the
Cross, and neo-gothic architecture. The cornerstone was
• Reverend Father Robert Higgins, In Residence
laid in 1890, and the church opened in 1907. The spire
was not built at the time due to the lack of funds during
the construction of the cathedral and its numerous reno- Adjunct Priests
vations. The church was finally completed on March 25,
• Reverend Monsignor Thomas X. Hoffman, J.C.L.,
2010 with the addition of the steeple with bells.[2]
Adjutant Judicial Vicar
• Reverend Father John H. Dux, C.H.C., C.D.R.
U.S.N. (Retired)
8.2 Cathedral Clergy
8.2.1
Bishops
For earlier bishops see List of Bishops of Charleston.
• The Most Reverend Robert E. Guglielmone, D.D.,
Bishop of Charleston
8.2.2
Rectors of the Cathedral
This list is incomplete; you can help by
expanding it.
8.3 100th Anniversary Renovations
In 2007 former Bishop of Charleston the Most
Rev.Robert J. Baker,D.D., S.T.D. & the former Cathedral Rector Rev. Msgr. Joseph Roth, P.A. announced
plans to renovate and complete the cathedral nearly
one-hundred years after it opened. The stained-glass
windows were refurbished in December 2007. The
brownstone has been refurbished, the mortar has been
replaced and, after 103 years of waiting, a spire with 3
bells now tops the Cathedral. A $6.2 million contract for
38
8.5. SPIRE & BELLTOWER
restoration and the steeple addition was completed on
March 25, 2010.[2]
8.4 Chapels
39
8.5 Spire & Belltower
The Cathedral with its new spire is the seventh tallest
building in the city. The spire is covered in copper
lattice and is topped with a 16x9 foot gilded copper Celtic
cross. The arches below were fabricated from a special
fiberglass used in ship building, which was then clad in
copper. The arches are decorated by brown cast stone
pinnacles on each corner. The belfry section is also constructed of brown cast stone. It has copper louvers. The
new spire was designed by Glenn Keyes Architects using
a sketch of the steeple from the original 1851 building.[1]
• Sacred Heart - The chapel is situated just to the left
of the cathedra. It originally served as the Chapel
of the Blessed Sacrament, reflecting the fact that in
certain Masses prior to 1968, when the bishop had
to sit in front of the altar, the Blessed Sacrament
would be removed to this altar so that he would not
have his back to the reserved Sacrament. In 2008 it
briefly became the Chapel of Saint Paul for the Year
of Saint Paul. Then in 2009, it became the Sacred 8.5.1
Heart Chapel, housing a lovely early 1900s statue of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus with hands extended in
blessing.
Bells
• Blessed Virgin Mary - The altar in this chapel
is adorned with an Italian Marble statue of the
Madonna and Child, sculpted by the German artist
Ferdinand Pettrich. The statue is considered unique
as it depicts Mary without a head covering, holding the child Jesus as a toddler. It is sometimes
referred to as Our Lady of the South or Our Lady
of the Confederacy (though not officially) having
been purchased by Bishop Lynch, the Confederate
Ambassador to the Holy See and third Bishop of
Charleston.
• Our Lady of Grace - The main lower chapel used for
daily Masses.
• Crypt Chapel - The resting place of the first five
bishops of Charleston and Joanna Monica England,
sister of the First Bishop of Charleston John England. The bishops vest here for Holy Mass. In this
chapel is a niche holding a statue of St. Joseph and
the child Jesus.
A photograph of the Cathedral from a 1914 publication
The bells were placed in the Cathedral tower on November 16, 2009. Together the three bronze bells form an E
major chord. These bells were cast by Christoph Paccard
Bell Foundries in France. They were blessed by Bishop
Robert E. Guglielmone on October 15, 2009.
• Saint Therese
• Note:B-3
• Inscription: Revelation 5:12
• Saint Finbar
• Note:G#$-$3
• Inscription: Psalm 104:33
• Maria Stella Maris (Latin:Mary, Star of the Sea)
Cathedral without a steeple as it stood for nearly one hundred
years
• Note:E-3
• Inscription: Psalm 95:1
40
CHAPTER 8. CATHEDRAL OF SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST (CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA)
8.6 Windows
8.6.1
Upper Church
The Cathedral is noted for its Franz Mayer & Co. stainedglass windows. It has a couple one-of-a-kind windows.
Holy Spirit above. It is surrounded by 8 adoring angels playing instruments. Above the Rose window is
a Sacred Heart. To the left of the Rose window is a
pelican feeding her three newborn pelicans, and to
the right is the Lamb of God. Below all of this is a
5-light replica of Da Vinci's Last Supper.
• The Sacred Heart Chapel is adorned with 7 windows
depicting symbols related to the Eucharist. This reflects the fact that, in some Masses prior to 1968,
when the liturgy required the Bishop to sit in front
of the altar, the Blessed Sacrament was removed
from the high altar and reserved in this chapel. This
chapel has one floral designed window that can partially be seen because it is behind the altar.
• The Madonna & Child Chapel is adorned with 7
windows depicting symbols related to Mary, Mother
of God. This chapel has one floral designed window
that is completely covered by the altar.
8.6.2 Lower Church
• The Chapel of Our Lady of Grace is adorned on
one side with eigh stained-glass windows removed
from the former Immaculate Conception Church in
Charleston. It originally had 20 windows from the
church, but 12 were removed for various reasons
over the years.
The Mayer Company’s creation of stained and painted glass was
at its height of production and artistry when the Cathedral’s windows were installed in 1907.
• The Crypt Chapel is adorned with windows made
from pieces of 4 of the 12 windows that were removed from the Chapel of Our Lady of Grace.
8.7 Cathedral Music
• The three sets of doors are all surmounted by rose
windows that are of a unique design (the design is
only known to be used by Patrick Keely). Each win- 8.7.1 Director of Music
dow has a coat of arms in its center.
This list is incomplete; you can help by
• The Main Doors - Bishop Northop’s Coat of
expanding it.
arms
• The East Doors - the State of South Carolina's
Coat of arms
• The West Doors - Pope Saint Pius X's Coat of
arms
• The large Life of Christ windows adorn the sides of
the lower nave.
• The windows in the upper nave are known as the
Gallery of the Saints. They depict 28 saints.
• Director of Music and Organist (1950–1991): Virginia Sturken
• Director of Music (1991–2000): Bill Schlitt
• Director of Music and Principal Organist (2000–
2009): Mark Thomas
• Organist and Choirmaster (May 2010-date): Scott
Turkington
• The sides of the Sanctuary are adorned with windows depicting the 4 Gospel writers with their
winged creatures. Above the High Altar is the Chan- 8.7.2 Choirs
cel window. The top section is a rose window de• The Cathedral Choir - principal choir
picting St. John the Baptist baptizing Jesus with the
8.10. EXTERNAL LINKS
8.7.3
Organs
• The Upper Church Organ is a Bedient Pipe Organ,
Opus 22, mechanical action instrument. It was originally installed in Christ Church Episcopal Cathedral, Louisville, Kentucky (built 1986). It was reinstalled in 1995 in Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, Charleston, South Carolina.
• The Chapel of Our Lady of Grace has a Vocalion
Reed Organ that is not in working order.
• The Cathedral also has small a portable pipe organ
with wheels.
8.8 See also
• List of cathedrals in the United States
8.9 References
[1] Ruehling, Nancy A. (June 2011). “A Storied Steeple”.
Traditional Building (Restore Media, LLC) 24 (4). Retrieved October 24, 2011.
[2] Bergeron,
Angelle (September–October 2011).
“Centennial Completion”.
Constructor (Arlington,
VA: McGraw-Hill Construction for Associated General Contractors of America) 93 (5): 15–16. ISSN
0162-6191. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
8.10 External links
• The Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist
• The Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist Choirs
41
Chapter 9
Charleston Historic District
The Charleston Historic District, also known as
Charleston Old and Historic District, is a historic district in Charleston, South Carolina.[3][4] It was declared a
National Historic Landmark in 1960.[2]
East Battery Street
When initially listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, the district was defined as “An area
roughly bounded by Broad, Bay, S. Battery and Ashley
and an area along Church bounded by Cumberland and
Chalmers”.[1] The district area has subsequently been increased five times, in 1970, 1978, 1984, 1985, and 1986.
It includes 81 contributing properties and 700 or more
other properties. A map is here.
King Street in the Historic District of Charleston.
There are two other historic districts in Charleston that
also are listed on the National Register:
[3] Stockton, Robert P.; Mrs. S. Henry Edmunds (November 4, 1977). “Old and Historic Charleston (Extended)"
(pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination
and Inventory. National Park Service. Retrieved 25 May
2012.
• Charleston’s French Quarter District
• Charleston Navy Yard Historic District
[4] “Charleston Historic District”. Photographs. National
Park Service. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
9.1 References
9.2 External links
[2] “Charleston Historic District”. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved
2008-03-18.
Media related to Charleston Old and Historic District at
Wikimedia Commons
42
9.2. EXTERNAL LINKS
• Charleston Historic District, Charleston County
(Charleston), at South Carolina Department of
Archives and History
43
Chapter 10
French Quarter (Charleston, South
Carolina)
The French Quarter of Charleston, South Carolina, is
a section of downtown Charleston. It is considered to be
bounded by the Cooper River on the east, Broad Street on
the south, Meeting Street on the west, and Market Street
on the north. The French Quarter is basically within the
original “walled” city of Charleston.[2][3] The area began
being called the French Quarter in 1973 when preservation efforts began for warehouse buildings on the Lodge
Alley block. The name recognizes the high concentration
of French merchants in the area’s history. It was named
to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[1]
yard is the final resting place of Edward Rutledge, the
youngest signer of the Declaration of Independence, and
U.S. Senator and Vice President John C. Calhoun, whose
body was exumed during the Civil War and buried near
the church in an unmarked grave. Later, after the war,
his body was moved back to its original location and a
memorial constructed in the 1880s.
10.1 See also
• French Quarter (New Orleans)
• French Quarter (San Francisco)
• French quarter (London)
• French quarter (Hanoi)
10.2 References
Chalmers Street in the French Quarter District
The neighborhood was settled as part of the original
Grande Modell of Charles Towne in 1680. It is famous
for its art galleries; it also has many restaurants and places
of commerce as well as Charleston’s Waterfront Park.
Charleston’s French Quarter is home to many fine historic buildings, among them, the Pink House Tavern,
built around 1712, and the Old Slave Mart, built by Z.B.
Oakes in 1859. Also in the French Quarter are the Dock
Street Theatre, arguably the first site of theatrical productions in the United States, and the French Huguenot
Church, a beautiful Gothic Revival church which houses
the sole-surviving French Calvinist Congregation in the
United States. St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, the first
congregation in Charleston, whose current building dates
to 1835, is also in the French Quarter. St. Philip’s grave44
[2] Historic Preservation Staff; Carole Anne Smith (September 4, 1973). “Charleston’s French Quarter District
(Lodge Alley)" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places
- Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
[3] “Charleston’s French Quarter District, Charleston County
(Charleston)". National Register Properties in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
• Moore, Margaret H. (1997). Complete Charleston:
A Guide to the Architecture, History and Gardens of
Charleston. TM Photography, Inc. pp. 132–147.
ISBN 0-9660144-0-5.
Chapter 11
Cypress Gardens (South Carolina)
This article is about the South Carolina botanical garden. 11.2 Description
For the Florida theme park, see Cypress Gardens.
Cypress Gardens is a 170-acre (69 ha) preserve and Open daily except Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, and New Year’s Day; an admission fee is
charged.
The gardens are viewed via flat-bottom boat or foot paths.
Plantings around the swamp include azaleas, blueberries,
a camellia garden, daffodils, a daylily island, dogwoods,
pitcher plants, redbud, a small rice field, and a rose garden, as well as the following major features:
• Swamparium (1998) - features native and exotic
fish, reptile and amphibian species from swamp
habitats, including common local venomous snakes
and large aquatic salamanders called sirens. The
Swamparium holds approximately 24,000 US gallons (91,000 l; 20,000 imp gal) of water.
Cypress Gardens
• Aviary - houses African grey parrots and a sulfurcrested cockatoo, former pets.
gardens located at 3030 Cypress Gardens Road, Moncks
Corner, South Carolina, United States. The centerpiece
of the garden is the 80 acres (32 ha) blackwater bald cypress/tupelo swamp, surrounded with both boat and foot
trails.
11.1 History
• Butterfly House (1997) - a 2,500-square-foot (230
m2 ) indoor exhibit housing butterflies, birds, koi,
goldfish and turtles.
The gardens also include picnic tables, rental facilities,
and 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of walking paths and nature trails.
The gardens were originally part of the 1750 Dean Hall 11.3 Movies and Television
rice plantation, which depended on fresh water from the
Cooper River. The area that is now a swamp was dug
Cypress Gardens has hosted over 16 major movies and
out and fitted with water gates to become a fresh water
television series including:[3][4]
reservoir. It had fallen into disuse when the property was
purchased by Benjamin Kittredge for a duck hunting re• The Patriot
serve. During the depression, over 200 men built out the
4.5 miles (7.2 km) of trails around the swamp. It was
• Cold Mountain
opened to the public in 1932. Kittredge’s son donated
[1]
the property to the City of Charleston on June 1, 1963.
• The Notebook
Hurricane Hugo in 1989 severely affected the park, causing it to close for a year.[2] Berkeley County took over
• North and South
ownership when the City of Charleston no longer wanted
• Swamp Thing
to support the garden.
45
46
CHAPTER 11. CYPRESS GARDENS (SOUTH CAROLINA)
11.4 Gallery
• Cypress Gardens
• Cypress Gardens Cypress Knees
• Cypress Gardens Wildflower Field
11.5 External links
• Cypress Gardens
Coordinates: 33°3′23″N 79°57′21″W / 33.05639°N
79.95583°W
11.6 References
[1] Lindsay, Howard H. “A gift for Charleston, S.C.”. April
14, 1963. New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
[2] Wade, Betsy. “Charleston Comeback: It’s Ready for
Spring”. 11 February 1990. New York Times. Retrieved
27 May 2013.
[3] “Movies & Television”. Cypress Gardens. Retrieved
2012-08-10.
[4] “Movies Filmed in South Carolina – The Patriot”. South
Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
11.7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
47
11.7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
11.7.1
Text
• Charleston, South Carolina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina?oldid=649575414 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen, RobLa, Rmhermen, Toby Bartels, Juwiley, KF, Olivier, Ram-Man, Bdesham,
Infrogmation, Rambot, Lquilter, Ahoerstemeier, Nikai, Andres, Harry Potter, Janko, RickK, Choster, JCarriker, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Zoicon5, Radiojon, Tpbradbury, Nv8200p, Wetman, Bcorr, Pollinator, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, RedWolf, Postdlf, JB82, Seth
Ilys, Ninjamask, Carnildo, Alexwcovington, MPF, Gtrmp, Skipanderson, Bkonrad, Michael Devore, Niteowlneils, Kainaw, John Abbe,
Wmahan, Neilc, Stevietheman, Alexf, Kjetil r, ClockworkLunch, Boone, Plasma east, CaribDigita, JimWae, Balcer, Amesville, Neutrality,
Karl Dickman, Kevin Rector, Grunt, Mennonot, Mike Rosoft, D6, Martschink, Heegoop, Buffyg, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Ffirehorse, Jaedza, Sum0, Omnibus, Purplefeltangel, DS1953, MikesLogic, Mwanner, Aude, Phiwum, Jpgordon, Causa sui, Stesmo, 23skidoo,
Jolomo, Acntx, Sampo Torgo, Giraffedata, Nk, Darwinek, Jonathunder, SPUI, Justinc, Jjron, A2Kafir, Ddddan, Alansohn, Complex01,
Mcg, TommyBoy, Spangineer, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Amorymeltzer, RainbowOfLight, Skyring, Ianblair23, Pauli133, BDD, Henry79,
MasterShake, Ghirlandajo, Ttownfeen, Djsasso, Kazvorpal, Kitch, Yurivict, Stemonitis, Nuno Tavares, Boothy443, Richard Arthur Norton
(1958- ), OwenX, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Bellhalla, Scriberius, Before My Ken, Bbatsell, BenZin, Vanished895703, Haunti, Mandarax,
Magister Mathematicae, Ehayes, DJ Silverfish, RxS, Dpr, Limegreen, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Attitude2000, Bill37212, Edenburg, Vegaswikian, Miserlou, Firebug, Titoxd, Mason.Jones, Drumguy8800, Magalhães, Tedder, RegBarc, Scott Mingus, Chobot, AFA, Evilphoenix,
Karch, Knife Knut, Mysekurity, Cornellrockey, Banaticus, JPD, YurikBot, Wavelength, RussBot, Lincolnite, Garnetpalmetto, Hydrargyrum, Gaius Cornelius, RadioKirk, Absolutadam802, PaulGarner, Badagnani, Welsh, Rjensen, Howcheng, Waterguy, Afiler, Irishguy,
THB, Midnite Critic, CrazyC83, Cholmes75, Jo Bo, Gadget850, Cjboffoli, Doncram, Derek.cashman, JonathanLamb, Kmusser, FF2010,
21655, Luxa, Cloudbound, Dspradau, GraemeL, JLaTondre, Kungfuadam, John Broughton, Asterion, SmackBot, Moeron, OrgulloKMoore, DuncanBCS, CRKingston, Od Mishehu, Criticalthinker, Duke53, Jcbarr, Gjs238, Imzadi1979, Gif32, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie,
Hmains, JeffreyAllen1975, Qtoktok, Samhita, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Jnelson09, B00P, Djheini, MalafayaBot, Bluquail, Colonies Chris,
Darth Panda, Akhenaton06, Muboshgu, All in, Lionheart Omega, EaglesFanInTampa, HoodedMan, Smallbones, OrphanBot, Pokey5945,
MJCdetroit, JonHarder, Azumanga1, Rainmonger, Kittybrewster, Greenshed, Melaniethornton, Badbilltucker, Jmlk17, Futuretvman, Amphytrite, RJN, Brando03, RandomP, Akriasas, Derek R Bullamore, Only, BinaryTed, Sonofaque86, Wizardman, NetherlandishYankee,
Ligulembot, DDima, Ohconfucius, Mshannon, Rjmorris, Jsrenau, Mrmouse, Zahid Abdassabur, Dwpaul, Harlanh001, Jeromealden 85,
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Karenjc, Cydebot, Aodhdubh, Erasmussen, Edwardm, Wgbc2032, Gogo Dodo, ST47, Strongbad1982, Mooseofshadows, Optimist on
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Geracudd, Inner Earth, JustAGal, Rufus843, Whisperednumber, J Clear, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Swac, Wengero, Emeraldcityserendipity, Tmopkisn, Darklilac, Dr-t, Mikevegas40, Inqvisitor, DuncanHill, Pompusmaximus, Barek, NE2, Sthenbelle, Worker31b, Arch dude,
EKindig, Josephhubbard, Sophie means wisdom, MegX, Yahel Guhan, Wasell, Connormah, Jermainelv, VoABot II, Jllm06, Ronkaplandc, Tedickey, Nyttend, Mjrmtg, Animum, Ermanon, Torin006, MetsBot, Allstarecho, Gerry D, Islandisee, DerHexer, Pax:Vobiscum,
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Flyer22, Ophois, Mimihitam, Scouto2, Documentary film, Lynntoniolondon, Rosiestep, Jimf233, BluekittySC, Burntorange72, G.-M.
Cupertino, LonelyMarble, Giancarlo1992, StaticGull, Hubertfarnsworth, Thegryseone, Wikimaster2555, Wjemather, Tay3448, Ermcki,
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Gwillhickers, Hous21, Metarahh, Wikipelli, Dolphin Jedi, Getwitit100, Ὁ οἶστρος, Everard Proudfoot, Jayatchbee97, H3llBot, SporkBot,
Flaaghara, Ladiesman321, AmbyBurnside, Whywater, Sross (Public Policy), Leslimason, DaveCello, Gopman12345, Bill william compton, Insommia, Mydogtryed, Wren Valmont, ClueBot NG, JOHNSON222, Kcwz, Cadetgray, CallidusUlixes, HaloMasterMind, Capitismedia, GnudiRicotta, Snotbot, Iamnotfine, School is fu(king borin!, Chente1989, Widr, Palmettotriumph, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Charlestonbest, Klettersteig1971, SpencerM, Corbinellington, BG19bot, Murry1975, Rlsartain, CharlestonFL, Rlp17, CharlestonSCUSA,
MusikAnimal, Cecraig77, Accentman, Carlstak, Billcasey905, Glacialfox, JRMASCARIN, Lieutenant of Melkor, Clarkhills93, Nallisonskipper, BattyBot, JOHNSON19, Xela46, Farshid7, Misgoodnite, Keithkale, ChrisGualtieri, YFdyh-bot, TheJJJunk, Lukejohnson121,
NicholaiBurton, Mogism, Jerrylahm, Makecat-bot, D55689951, Cerabot, UsefulWikipedia, Seitzy, Gooyyaoyao, Demondeachem, Rook-
48
Jameson, VonTayUhMod, Epicgenius, Seqqis, Carolinagrrl, Magnolia677, Audrey.gall, Buddeism, Mister K. Oak, Psimon2387, DanielSerber, Lkeadle, DavidLeighEllis, DosPokemans, Ryanshrum, George8211, Maharris26, Taylor Trescott, Kgartm1185, Meganesia, TomahawkBRAWL, Coopersullivan, Billperry829, Msloewengart, Jtnewtoniii, AKS.9955, Melizabethi123, Cyannaqsxxko, Sciophobiaranger,
TerryAlex, Jumboshrimp79, Jimmywalker1234567890, MyCharleston, BD922, Charestonscnative, Wildhorbs, Superfins08, Berlinclark,
Scsu76, Ellis1960, Kenshonton75, CarrotCaker333 and Anonymous: 1109
• St.
Michael’s Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Michael’{}s%
20Episcopal%20Church%20(Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina)?oldid=635157182 Contributors: Ixfd64, Paul A, Jaraalbe, Doncram, SmackBot, Uviolet, AlanEisen, Cydebot, Spyder Monkey, Altairisfar, Waacstats, Emeraude, Clariosophic, KylieTastic, KudzuVine,
Nedrutland, TJRC, Lvklock, MarmadukePercy, Jfknrh, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Elizabeth Linden Rahway, FrescoBot, M2545, Citation bot
1, Trappist the monk, GnudiRicotta, J R Gainey, Stmichaelschurch, Fish storm and Anonymous: 10
• The Battery (Charleston) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Battery%20(Charleston)?oldid=613811257 Contributors: SimonP, Sj, AlistairMcMillan, Alansohn, Eubot, Scott Mingus, RussBot, Gjs238, Ohnoitsjamie, Rcbutcher, Uviolet, DDima, Hu12, A Softer
Answer, RobotG, Arch dude, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Vanished user 342562, Piratedan, Evan72284, Berean Hunter, MarmadukePercy,
GeckoRoamin, Vishnava, Alanscottwalker, Lightbot, Yngvadottir, ProfReader, DrilBot, SpencerM, BattyBot and Anonymous: 18
• Pink House (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20House%20(Charleston%2C%20South%
20Carolina)?oldid=642513114 Contributors: Uviolet, Swampyank, The Anomebot2, Materialscientist, ProfReader, BattyBot and Anonymous: 1
• Old Slave Mart Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Slave%20Mart?oldid=642595434 Contributors: Remember, Bobo192, Malcolma, SmackBot, Cydebot, Spyder Monkey, Floridasand, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, KudzuVine, Bms4880, Lauracs, Addbot, Jfknrh,
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• United Daughters of the Confederacy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Daughters%20of%20the%20Confederacy?
oldid=649242634 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Bearcat, HangingCurve, Stevietheman, Rich Farmbrough, User2004, Bobo192, VonWoland, Srl, Maurreen, Alansohn, Woohookitty, Jersyko, Can'tStandYa, GregorB, BD2412, Kbdank71, Tim!, Bubba73, KarlFrei, Bedford,
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• Fort Sumter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Sumter?oldid=649266761 Contributors: The Epopt, Mav, -- April, Lorax,
Rgamble, JeLuF, Rmhermen, SimonP, Zoe, Isis, Leandrod, Infrogmation, D, Ixfd64, Sannse, Darkwind, Jeandré du Toit, Samw, PaulinSaudi, Viajero, Choster, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Itai, VeryVerily, Pollinator, Hajor, Owen, Chuunen Baka, Bearcat, AlexPlank, Dmadeo,
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49
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EmausBot, Mtirrell38, Immunize, Tommy2010, TuHan-Bot, Wikipelli, K6ka, Godhatesyou, ZéroBot, John Cline, Daonguyen95, Josve05a,
Cesorteils, Dilln321, Cyberdog958, MALLUS, Ibanezrp55, DASHBotAV, USAFPilot83, USAFzoo94, ClueBot NG, WJFJ, MelbourneStar, Adville, Tcordero42, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Blueluke234, Twilightlover22, Lowercase sigmabot, Afeen1315, Alfred899, Bman210,
JReedy93, AwamerT, Joydeep, Snow Blizzard, Hjkff, Baby pig 10101, Teammm, ChrisGualtieri, Mrskull1113, Noobocalypse, Tedman79,
Dexbot, Webclient101, Makecat-bot, Lugia2453, Frosty, Fox2k11, The Triple M, Thechanger1010, BananaKing123, Tanman5, Tirubixninja314, Acetotyce, Eyesnore, Duane E. Tressler, Kodman21, Gofinsc, WikiTroller Swagger, JacobTyler636, Lchski, MSD55, Ginsuloft, AlysonMansfield, Ilovepuppies10000, Rightman529, Vieque, BethNaught, Monopoly31121993, Mark rocka, FartDragon111, ISpeakThereforeIAm, Amortias, AJ4412, Dgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdgdg, Omggeorge777 and Anonymous: 910
• Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of%
20Saint%20John%20the%20Baptist%20(Charleston%2C%20South%20Carolina)?oldid=638017735 Contributors: Woohookitty, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Imnotminkus, Jaraalbe, RussBot, Briaboru, Jo Bo, SmackBot, Rlm0710, Hmains, Bluebot, Madmedea, Colonies
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JoeHebda and Anonymous: 50
• Charleston Historic District Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston%20Historic%20District?oldid=637325413 Contributors:
Bearcat, RossPatterson, Rjwilmsi, Doncram, NeilN, Uviolet, Hu12, Ebyabe, Spyder Monkey, Waacstats, Nyttend, The Anomebot2, KudzuVine, Auntof6, AnomieBOT, BattyBot, Lkeadle, Monkbot, Tmquinn2 and Anonymous: 1
• French Quarter (Charleston, South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Quarter%20(Charleston%2C%
20South%20Carolina)?oldid=647073956 Contributors: Bearcat, Uppland, Grutness, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, SchuminWeb, BL Lacertae, Ybbor, Uviolet, Green Giant, Dicklyon, Swampyank, Woodshed, Spyder Monkey, Floridasand, The Anomebot2, KudzuVine, Bms4880,
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• Cypress Gardens (South Carolina) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress%20Gardens%20(South%20Carolina)?oldid=
631146954 Contributors: Dmadeo, Pol098, Daderot, Hmains, Spyder Monkey, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Bms4880, NPaige, Arjayay,
Jbishop19, Lightbot, Yobot, Redspottedpurple, Trappist the monk, Lady Meg, Djembayz, Taylor Trescott and Anonymous: 4
11.7.2
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