Goggle Eye

BaitfishAquacultureattheUniversity
MiamiExperimentalHatchery:
GoggleEye(Selar crumenopthalmus)
John Stieglitz
Aquaculture Program
University of Miami – RSMAS
jstieglitz@rsmas.miami.edu
GoggleEye
• Scientific Name:
Selar crumenophthalmus
• Member of the Carangidae
family which includes the
pompano, blue runner, and
amberjack
• A favorite prey item of most
large pelagic game fish
• Prized as bait by offshore
anglers
• Retail prices can exceed
$100/dozen live fish
AnglerTestimonials
•
“Uber baits.”
Florida Sportsman Magazine, November 2007
•
“…without a doubt the number
one most productive blue water
live bait…a live goggle eye is
the epitome of the perfect
offshore bait.”
Florida Sportfishing Magazine, Fall 2003
•
“Swimming gold.”
www.sportfisherman.com
•
“A goggle eye is the choice
bait for tournament anglers and
captains fishing sailfish,
kingfish, and other pelagic
species tournaments.”
www.swordfishingcentral.com
RecreationalFishinginFlorida:
BigBusiness
• $5 billion dollar annual
economic impact
• 6.6 million saltwater fishing
participants
• 16 million saltwater fishing
trips annually
• 140,000 east coast offshore
charter trips annually
• 80+ organized Florida
tournaments for sailfish,
kingfish, and other pelagics,
with purses often in excess
of $100,000
GoggleEyeRange
Source: Fishbase.com
Indigenous to all tropical and subtropical oceans
ProjectGoals
• Establish spawning broodstock population
• Complete the life cycle in captivity
• Establish repeatable protocols for all life stages
• Determine expected performance (survival rates,
growth rates, etc.)
• Support the development of commercial goggle eye
aquaculture in Florida
Broodstock Capture,Transport,andHandling
CaptureandHandlingResults
• Initial capture attempts resulted in
significant mortality
• Primarily bacterial infections due
to contact
• Refined techniques
•
•
•
Only use a net for the first transfer from the
live well to a bucket
Transfer only one fish per bucket
All subsequent handling is done using
anesthetic (MS-222) and plastic bags
• Prophylactic treatment
(Oxytetracycline HCl bath)
• Survival rates from capture through
acclimation now better than 90%
UMEHGoggleEyeBroodstock System
UMEHGoggleEyeBroodstock System
Components:
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•
•
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30 m3 fiberglass tank
Sand Filter with Broken Glass Media
UV Sterilizer
Biofilter (MBBR)
Protein Skimmer / Foam Fractionator
Heater/Chiller (10 hp)
Pump (2 hp)
Sump (400-L)
Egg Collector
Broodstock Management
• Goggle eye adapt readily to captivity
• Occasional losses due to wall strikes and
bacterial infection
•
Aeromonas hydrophila
•
Plesiomonas shigelloides
• Schooling fish
•
Disease will spread rapidly
• Treat disease with antibiotic (Oxytetracycline
HCl) baths or inclusion in feed
• Diet of chopped sardines, squid, and beef liver,
with weekly vitamin supplements
• Temperature management of broodstock tank
is critical
EggProduction
• Sensitive to handling but it
is possible to conduct
gonadal biopsy, strip
spawning, and tagging
• On and off-season
volitional spawning
through temperature
manipulation
• Hormone induced spawns
using LHRH-a and HCG
Spawning Data
Starting # of broodstock (4 tanks)
Stocking density of spawning groups
Average # eggs per spawning event per
tank
Average # spawns per month
Egg size
Average hatch rate
Starting # of broodstock (One 50 ton tank)
Stocking density of spawning groups
Average # eggs per spawning event per
tank
Average # spawns per month
Egg size
Average hatch rate
120
≈6 fish/m3
42,500
8.75
660 to 745 microns
>70%
~150
≈3 fish/m3
49,200
6.33
660 to 745 microns
>70%
LarvalRearingTrials:
IntensiveMesocosm Method
• 1,800-L tank is inoculated with live algae
(Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis) and rotifers
(30/mL)
• Larvae were stocked at > 30/mL
• Rotifers and live algae added as needed
• 10% – 50% daily water exchange for first two
weeks
• Begin continuous water exchange with
introduction of Artemia
•
Larval rearing trials yielded ≤ 3% survival to
fully weaned fingerling
LarvalDevelopment
0 dph
1 dph
3 dph
4 dph
7 dph
18 dph
RefinementofLarvalRearingMethods
• Increase larval rearing tank size/depth (2,500-L)
• Improve quality of live feeds
• Microalgae concentrate (Instant Algae®)
• High quality enrichment products/probiotics
• Better live feed cold storage
• Continuous water exchange >100% per day at 1 dph
• Test prophylactic Formalin and Hydrogen Peroxide treatments
PhotoperiodManipulation
inLarvalRearing
• 24-hr. light can be beneficial for some
pelagic species during the larval stage
•
Commonly used for commercial production of
amberjacks (Seriola spp.)
• Proven successful in larval rearing of
yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
• May impact swim bladder inflation (SBI)
in some species
Seriola rivoliana – Kampachi Farms, Hawaii
Yellowfin Tuna
PhotoperiodTrials:
GoggleEyeResults
4.5
y = 0.1205x + 2.2759
R² = 0.8414
Notochord Length (mm)
4
y = 0.118x + 2.0882
R² = 0.9509
3.5
3
2.5
12 hr. Light
24 hr. Light
2
1.5
0
5
10
Age (DPH)
15
ContinuingLarvalRearingTrials
• Objectives:
• Improve rotifer enrichment
(Taurine inclusion)
• Feed copepod nauplii at key
lifestages
• Reduce bacterial load in larval
rearing tanks:
•
Probiotics
•
Clay
• Cannibalism reduction strategies
for post-metamorphosis larvae
Growout Results
Growout Results
Von Bertalanffy growth model applied to length at age data for 45 dph
to 4.5 month old F1 goggle eye
UpcomingGrowout Trials
• Stock 18 1-ton tank RAS with
fully weaned goggle eye
fingerlings
• Test 3 different levels of
fishmeal inclusion in
commercially prepared diets
• Calculate performance metrics
for each diet and develop
economic model for
commercial growout of
goggle eye
ProductFieldTesting
• The first fish ever caught on a farm raised goggle eye:
• More research is needed to optimize goggle eye
performance in the fishing industry
• Rearing methods impact bait performance
• Continued field testing will prove if there is any real
difference between farm-raised vs. wild goggle eye
ProductLaboratoryTesting
• Utilize swim chamber respirometry to compare the
swimming performance of farm-raised vs. wild goggle eye
R&DtoCommercialization
• Will farm-raised goggle eye
perform as well as wild caught?
• Will consumers be receptive to a
farm-raised product?
• Is the goggle eye market large
enough to support increased
production?
• Is aquaculture production of this
species economically feasible?
Conclusion
• Goggle eye production is technically feasible.
• Production has yet to reach commercial scale but
looks probable in the near future.
• Bait retailers have expressed interest in purchasing
any goggle eye produced.
• Upcoming trials at UMEH will seek to raise large
quantities of goggle eye to market size and determine
the economic viability of farming this species.
ThankYou
Acknowledgments
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Florida Aquaculture Review Council
NOAA
Pentair-Aquatic Eco-Systems
GSE Lining Technology, LLC
UMEH Staff and Graduate Students