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EXERCISE PROMOTING PROGRAM AMONG TRADERS IN SOMDET MTJMCIPAL,
KALASIN pRovINcE) nalsnrfltfluflauqm'vrarfinuf : rn?oig rl:ris , Dr.p.H.,
nqfu
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ISBN 974-M-0072-8
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MA,IOR : HEALTH EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES:
M.Sc. (PUPLIC HEALTH)
KEY WORDS : HEALfiIEDUCATIONPROcRAIvt/EXERCISE/SELF-EFFICACY
/TRADERS
CHOKCHAI MONGKOLSIN: TTIE EFFECTIVENESS OF E)(ERCISE PROMOTING
PROGRAM AMONG TRADERS
IN
SOMDET MI,JMCIPAL, KALASIN PROVINCE.
TIIESIS ADVISORS: CHANINAT VAROTIIAI, DrP.H", CHANCHAI YAMARAT, M.S.P.H.,
WILAI KUSOLVISITKUL, M.Sc., NITHAT SIRICHOTIRATANA Dr.P.H. 160
p.
ISBN 974-04{072-8
The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to study the effectiveness of an exercise
promoting program among 36 traden, aged 36-55 years, living
in
Sorndet municipality, Kalasin
province, The experimenbl group received the health education program, which adapted SelFEfficary
Theory, for 16 weeks. Dah collection was done three times, by using questionnaires and comparison
of
mean value difference within group was done by using paired t-test
The reults of
ftis
study found that after the program traders had knowledge on exercise,
perceived self-efficacy, perceived outcome exFchtion, and exercise behavior, better than before the
shtdy, with sbtistical significance (pvalue < 0,001). Regarding changes of general
halth, it was found
that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate, decreased with statistical significance (pvalue
= O.fr)l and Fvalue < 0.001 respectively ) Body mass index decreased with no statistical significance
(pvalue 0.464). Regarding physical fitress,
it
was found that tung capacity and hand grip strengrh
increased with statistical significance (pvalue < 0.001). Legs sretching ability, and
flexibility increased
with sbtistical significance (Fvalue = 0.001).
After eight weeks, it was found that knowledge of exercise, perceived self-efficacy, perceived
outcome expectation, and exercise behavior, decreased with statistical significance. Systolic and diastolic
blood pressure, and pulse rate increased with statistical significance (pvalue = 0.002). Body mass index
increased with no statistical significance (p-value = 0,173). Physical fitness examination found that lung
capacrty, and legs stretching ability, decreased
flexibility,
decreased
witb statistical sigrificance. hand grip bength, and
with no statistical significance (pvalue:0.018 and pvalue:0.768 respectively).
This showed that a health education program resulted in befier exercise behavior. Therefore, this program
should be applied to other groups. In addition, further study on the durability of the behavior should be
conducted.
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t rhh?r'rrnrofdnauruuaadounarondrrurdsawirdlilu
nr:rinr:nr:rflurirdfiiefiNn{rr rflunr:dondrrurdoosnhJuacrflufionr:udrur 1 ldr:ar
il:srurarr-surfi
nr:fir:rdorfiduriounars rd'rornoonrhdrnrorniouir,rr:nru nn:rcdrnrurjn6udr
affJ:curu r :oo 66.uci1u{orcdoondrd'r
nrumfn 1 riu odrr,*aurcdornr:6onurndudr 12,500 66. filsilrsilrar ro nir nr:drirls
iilrsrrdonl:Jrdi,oodludurfirduldrurnrruniuff rnrrc#alrocdorfrruunrinloofiuda
ndruruiorfi'rd'ronrsocdo{nr:6oo'hjrds$fi ulurfi
ldu:.rlrnduuacdrufirilacdr$adu 1u{arcr6orfr'undrlru%dldr-ur6onlrurnfiocuoda?io
fiutorra'osndulrjftrielturndudrg rflunr:insrl'nrmrnr:lrariuu{osm'onyirdr{nrs
lfrflurJn6 racilrnr:rdroondr6'{nrsciolrJr.ro:dfiosrJilsiatftfluodr.r6lun:ddr:r&rA.ro{
rirlofi
os d.rrf,oo
lrJfi cnilrnuac ndrurdourfi oc?roeir:ias{iu16oonduqrirlorrnrdufi'u
qnodi.rfiorogjlunrrviiauqauar'hififlqnr ueidrr:ruqni.:Iosrfi'ufindrurdo{r6oslduadr
drsfiura'ss1#ndu{ri:10 rialodf,.rrdurf?$as$r{ o'.rldi:l6onb,ino rfionr:crrnrfiossdt
n:cfu?iu fr rl#r.rr:fi rnuo{luanraveuqauomru'lrJ drrfinfiinuorqrrn rdura'oodu'udu.t
rirloorohi6rin fistorfindunsron'.rfiofiisrld iiufi dor.rifi'rrrnirnqnriufi ldrduciolilrdou
1 uioirmuru 1 oiotrJdn:vosmd.r d.rrflunmdr cool Down riurs.r mdodwdiuanrnnr:
yh{rur
os
: slt
uoir 1 ludrr nrol#n
drL
r{rqin
rrsil
nsr'
rj:slsurirornr:oondrffinrguuuuol:iJnorus
nrroonrirdrnrsuuuuolrrl'ndu oscirol#d'r{nroldndr.rruqrdu f?lounciloo
rirsrurn*ildu 6.ry1rb?rflurj:rl0fiiciodrsnl0utRll0
,2s35:66)
(nlqoill orrrfind'dr.rlu
nruourrTu
td:vqnirJ:v lunirslnr:oo nrirdl nrulosi6nr:rduusl:fi nl{d.rd
r. qurnrfi'r'hJu6urxeu;:aidu fr rldfi rduaus{lunrreio{frufi tfl .ri,r.ru hjrufi nrufioodourfliiuiru
z. srur:tioulffi
du ornrrfioro'n fiosrfl s,ru,rjdo. omr:'lildoorsnra 1:l
r. nr:d:jdroauru do..rhiryn
lmfr
n'l au2tlgnt:!
umndu{
/ 26
4. ilorrild'udlsuasudutdafindu
5. ann?1rlrn60n n?rrlennfi'{?artacoril0tdilrs9r uisornr:vrxrJ:rarndu 1
6.
oo!Y[.
d
Yrl t?l tuoolnquq?t
z. rhldbioorndunrdr r{isf
8. drrronlfl nrqnorrddutionlrdrurJiilrs uacqorRlfl
s. aonlrd:uldflad
uciula ila on}J i q s rrru air6s nrduriuor
r
o. rirblo'nlo
t
t. narrrdsriulusrursqfr*udu
r
z. afiflqqlrasneufioeflra::rirfiuqrdu
t
r. n:vqnu{ru: rdu rulorqrrr',n"tu
14.
o, o
14?
a
an fi u
3
d ad 9l
e, s
a ai
to$t..lu:{nu ruil?luo{nil trnil2
t09nq9
{
j.
o.q
t
<la
I a
15. u?unuuclRln?t? t$nnailnfl
a Sq
dh
nm00:g0ul4:Olrill1|nnfl
R
I
a
s
s
.t
or 6t .r
s
Itu ilaontaoa ln t'il'ltuo{l|? tonunil
Aerobic Dance
nr:rduuol:finrlnrdudurfl unrjr Inaorouium{nudl Routine raiofi ngrftfl n {uiu
6rna:r{rialilnlunrjrntfrnfirnrrveufiuaurronlnilr.tR'rs uavEnrJ:varrilunr:flnro..r
nuror logdelilnr:flnnrr6rrrn.irslilururn slnrulhJflffifn rduhflld;ur.,ar6uduacrciu
ldodNrlaonfis:sdudulunr:flnoroniroanrflu r :cdildrd(Rro.lno{ aqaduf,
253e:29-
33)
t. :sfru Beglner
drniufrreiufif,.rhimoniu Aerobic Dance rrriou {iitrimuoondrd{nru na;{fi:'r.rnra
hiudur:r rflunr:flnrnnu'nnr:rndoulrrdxnrududilgru
nrldxnruqnriru (Body
(Basic Movement)
?inrrerrrir
alignment) nr:tirrhrnr:tnadoulmrdrrnrurqursciau (Isotation)
rfludu rirnrsiildrciutsdrofidrsfininrn uasilaoodo rirrdufrdrfios.irorEiufi'u (simplified
oance)
rflurir
symmetricat
rrnndr
Asymmetrical
flrciun::iilonraldr6oufornriru?rr:eirr
1 narduo:rotrnriri,ilriqn6'o.r 1dfln:J:carnfrur{ud (coordination Motion) rh..r ffinr:ld
rirdtrdld (Full length of motion
rriuriou{t#r
or with resistan".) tdorfirnarrumrin (Intensity)
(135-t45 Beat Per Minute)
f,{naclunr:
fi{fiagmarfnrnuf,uiu'l6flnrilfi.:macc,olnr:rndou
htrl#r{rfl{fi rsuacnrrfiodrdurir ln urirhjraarlunrrfl n:J:srrlgr 30 urfi lu:s usurnnr:
rfiuraar naurrinuasnrru6a rirlffi u:vovoiorldofrmiuarrur:oil:-rd'eld
u0ti n?nomo ufll2nomo! no
2. ftXu Intermediate Level
drrailffrduiildriru:cdu
Beginners unrda
loufiil:caunr:afnr:flnodtarirtaruour
odrqlou o r6ou nio{dirnruu{ur:qnodosarutorndoulnadrqnrsldsdrtqndo.rnrio.r
unrir {urnof,irirsir
t arlr:ofrldr!'rdu
uacril6uurirld:rudu nr:uiulu:vdudl#til0ln
dudsu racrrnfinrlrndu riumrinuaruludu dfrsfriilacdtiadu
rfl
u:cdudtmursdrniu
nr:oondra'snrornaoqtnrtdnriu{fi m:rnrroondra'{nrurfl urJ:c6r
3. :cffu Advanced Level
rfl
utiur5our,^fl,firurqnr:rciu unsfi drsaunr:afururu {riunrrfi narrau;toiu6r
fl aru:osonrirdlnrsclurnrfn (Higb intensitylmc
ulu (Endurance) 'ld fineru'iolla nrrldsudr nr:n:rdr uacil:sarndrur{uf,6arur:o
u'ruquo',r,nuôulmatsrdrts.rldluqnaorunr:ni nrrmiulu:goiildoru',o fiudou ld
u:..rrdrd rdurinfirnnarfiorqr{rn'h lo
nacdrdqfiild ,fludurisu,nrrsdrmiunr:flntnaotfr'udt::nnmq{qa(Maximum
uocnrriltfl uGnlunr:miu Aerobic
nrrfforjtsmnloit
6'lfi
Fitness)
Dance
Aeroblc Dance
nrirarulrdrludtdu'ir nr:riu Aerobic oance tuqou:nFruulunr:riurarinrir
dun:ro rflurmqfficiutilringouldiuuotdl d.rTdfiffir:aufiodumcriuaus Aerobic
Dance
ruurlnri rdol#nnrrgailfiint:oonrirdtnrotn"uqnnrt l#fin'lurJasofioql rfluiiurto{R'lt
rduuol:fi nnrudlumrnmarogrJuuul#16o nmiuldnrruoarldolnr: 6'.rd
f
. Elgh lmpact Aeroblc
rflunr:ilnnrin
Dance fi?o Heavy mio Hard Impact Aeroblc Dance
(vigorous exercise)
olurrinorogldl
fialog.rqn fiiil'rffiaotia (High velocity ,l5o
Jumping Hopping) nr:tdru (Bouncing, Jerkinb)
-
160 gplvl)
$ouac zs - go to'qdn:rnr:tdu
finr:il nr:n:slon
(Skipping,
iitiultfl,finu:.rnnoruuu'r6r (Vertiel
force)
a{
ilu{nrasrdl rJ:cilror z - r uirrsuirurinda ffrciudrnuiidirnlsiiu{ru:.rurn t niurinfi wr
ffrdulu:rti'u Advance flddrrbin$ourac:J:cdunr:oibino na:ilfintnds{rfluodrlEl mns
nr:rdunrinuacurutudlflunrql#biarrrton?uqiln'lstndou'[nzqlosnurolld
:-rrordl{ru nr:rrnr6rfinlrioulunr:rciur,rrin n's nrrrrorduuitaotno ndl utu
tr
osrirld
tfludu
lm{o umafiu{
nun?ufit8lnt:!
/ 2E
2. Low Impact Aeroblc Dance fiio Ugnt ilio Soft Impact Aeroblc Dance
fi
g:Juuluavrirnrrmiuhjunncir{nrn High Impct Aerobic omce
tfi
fi [ciann?1!!u
ur{ uasaofl?lrlr6? (140 - r50 BpM) njduunr:* nr:n:clnnurrflunurfiu (rdr{Nlorirs
.i
i.
a.
., '
4 ,-g
1.tu{ognafiuetaonl?nmmu) dlilu0aouf{ngn1r|lru?a{a{ff6orj:suru t.s nirronirnrin
da nrrdrfirno: firlnsefisnr$u {1 nr:do rfidsnnh nnfi1?01x nlunr:l#drnrodruru
(upper Body work)
lrndu srorflrl#nrintuftdu
High intensity exercise
fild
numiu
Low Impacr Aerobic Dance til!'lcdrmiunr:soRdrfiinrardoqtnrn drn:"unudaondrdtnru
rflu:J:sdr {onr::cfsfi6iohrfir Low Impact A€robie iirflu:sdu Advance orttslriffil.tvail
n'l{dnhi*rurqlunr:miu nav{dfiflqrrrdo.r r{r udr ns uac}ad sn:lsdrdldoroolnras
nrinrfiuhJ
3. Non Impact Aerobic Dance
4 a aA- -î A
ruun{0{?anilqqnturno
ldrdrlo'irnrlriuuol:fi norudrl:srnndrJasnfis ucinrlil
o
ldnrurunaril'irl3u:rnnlnudurfir nrrrgrflulilbild n:rulerdftfiu:.rldusirr$o'{Ianosu
dldar:roqi Non lnpacr Aerobic Dance ritunrrnruuifiudnororlo{n'uii losar{drnrindear
uunirriraor{r.rnir 1 fi'u niunrrlfrdr.rnrsd'ruuusdt#r 1 uasm ntrrrdrniuflddtnro
hin$or.rfi ncosnrirft nroldoriNilnsirufiounurir
nrrqn
ndluruau nuhirf,niiu uaanfi.rfin::ri
r bJ niu frqrorg fl rolrndeu lrn{o
rfludu rndol#ndrrurdofilenraldrlrrrurit
nrrfl ni6derthiaru:ordrfirnorl#q.rourfl u Aerobic Exercise
a.
noul
ld
m6o Water Aerobics
donr:fl nusl:fi
norudlurir rdsanu:snoluuurfu rirsrfiuu:rdrunr:mdeulma
rc,u qn rirl#ndrudold{rqumrino'rdu arur:or:'tfirnorlffilrn dstflu Non tmpact
eerobics fi
dn'irnr:tduluu
n
5. Step Bench Aeroblc
6onr:uiu Low tnpact Aerobic
Dance
uudusirr:cdu lnol#fliaduriulnfrrds
r iifi
e e q T/os e E et
n?ruq{ 4 - 12 uxrilunru{nil r?r ruRaluruosrurlr dulnR uardrda dsrflundrurdoriolnqi
i
eI
r l#rrndu 6sdunr:oondrdrnrudlfi{d{nugtndrnr:reiuoudur',ufildndrurdoutiru
dr
(Low t egs) firurordnndr
rflunr:osnrhfi.qnruuuluol:fiafi6rjtrrnnutr rryrcdlrJlro
rd'r tnt"nrity l#q.rdu lounrrtfiilnnug{to{ st"p loohidoon:cloo lrioldvirdluu:r
4,Jd
nr:Tlnnflu:nsr:r5rornnarruq{flo{ step rfisr + fia nr:rn'unauqrhina:rfiu tz fia ru'os
L<''r,'t
ornnaru4rfiunndrfibjdasrfirn:rlnrin6nurnrin fi'r&rn^ruu:.rnotoqrir orofirl#uro16u
'n.u.
ug|l'|n?romo !fl'l?nom0lfloo
(d
f
[]rolr[rfn doit t
29
ld rflunr:oondrdrnrouuuol:findarur:on?ilqiln?rrlilrinhin.riildlouldfl.rlrrcnr:ffra
duuo s,"p fin.rii rra - t2l BpM nr:rfirun'rrrur$eclo{6rfirsnr:firrlmrjb?lrnn'ir tzg gpr"r
bildsiasl#nr:osnr{rd.rnroldrarindu nrrndoulnadrn'rriruuuuacuru eiauh?14nd'.rnu
niruldEn9ooaa tz reinr:ld Hand weigbt nd'lhirntruii'n:rnr:ldndqlrulrnfn (rj:silrflflos
ot o.znirrful rfiftrirlfurorduuiraorrir'lrri
6. Comblnadon Aeroblcs
(shoutder muscle injuries)
ldjrsdu6ndao
Classes
6o nr:anundrunrrriuuohfnoruq rl:srnnsirr 1 d'rnrirrrir.roiul#oqjluriatrlfln
rdsafiu r$iohflflreiulffi#ndwrulrndqo flnarn:onrnnrrnrol#lrndqn :Jaoodoraed1n
auru tEiunr:ndufldru Low Impact nirfrr: ffigb Impact
Low
ttio
llio
Strp Aerobics
t{rtiu
Higb Impct Aerobics nrrilnsrofrrlugiltol lnterva Training fionr:ffn uigtt
Intensity
adlnrrfn
fiwr rdu
rin*
ovld
A€robics
(Active rest)
,ru"&u1 dru ro*
rin'irurir louh?a{udud
as - so
Intensity exercises
TantRrj:suru
cardiorespirarory Fitoess ,stengh and Enduraoce
3-5
rflunrnfiniilf;flnrin
urfi d.rrdodrrinfim
dqsqn rflunr:flnii1#1dri.r
e.oi"
ttds Aerobic capacity lurie.r Higb intensity tssoon8ttulrirfi uwo fl nl#dnnrsagrrna'r
{1u
rsrruodt:andr lud:.r ActiveRetdfioonirourns{ilo drh?arilr:$frNruufneio
trj1d6nuru nr:rduuol:finntuir[!!
orl# ffigh Impact
u6o
ua
Aerobic
Step Aerobic
c{rl#d
N nr uu{
Interval rraining fiuruflnrarin
a6'li'u Low Impact Aerobic , High lmpact aduf,:r
Step Aerobic
adufru Low Impact Aembics rfludu nr:ilnniudnudrlf,nd.Hruhitrn
r,n ru'.idu
qrJn:dunr:oouir6lnrsuuurfiunol:iJo
t.
r urfi ad'lnr:frndsoro
(Aerobtc Dance Equlpments)
:oudruaaqudrrfluqrJn:oiii'f,rrfluiiqn rdsriasdlo.ifiunr:urnrdu nr:ld:oqfir
oonrruul{e?ruiunr:riu Aerobic pan"e drscriauanur{Rrsu?tnluuurdlu:.rno n:ur'erd'lu
oix 1 roufiuac{sr#r drfi oornnrrrndou'lnaluuur:ruqnfi nmrr roqrhdrmiunr:riu
Step Aerobic frdnsewilarmf,urotd ro:r:oufirdrunifilrtrrdsmôh?drrdu st
rfluuuufifiof,u
Archiltes Tendon
p ldaura
frmiubinutdorfiunr:ld:slrdrduir nisntoorqnrrld
qruuda
z. qooonrirdsnrunr:ioqu drudonr:rnadoulilrdrnruldsdr.rr6# nfufilrrrla
seru$oulfifumisld6hi{lfludosrfluqnoonrhdrnrrd:rnrunr nr:fior:arrm:aoruei{nru
u'tududl#fl uufiusrnrflnuradulusirsil:srnadrnrucaudwliludorlnsniohi
Rr:c?u
lmfr
unofru{
nun?u2::0tfirt!
/ 30
qniiiogrJ firJ:glslniiaidaoh{frda:rukirusqrlurirnrnr:rna'ou'h,radr{R1uto{eruro{'lderit
f,nrtu
uioilrl#grlit grlnr.rdrflutiruun d:urfiu ddrrfludo.rrjiunjdsulfic?liiffinu
rfludu
3.
nradilfiJ:snolnr:riu
Aerobic Dance
ma{dldna:rflunratiiduromo$d
oondrdsnru fiir'rr:sfrnrnu nrru$rno ttasnjdsuliln,rduouunuoor:sondrdrnrutlRn'rt
warm up
ttio
d rls - lzto BpM rioo 1 nJduurflu
tso - 160 BpM
drriu
145
High Impact Aerobics
-
150
BpM drr,riu Low Impact Aerobics
ud:filannarur$raudo cool Down rnarfi
ldrinrj:snoildeumas dlna:doruasrfrunasn:sucnarnrrmiil Non-stop
nio -"o.y rdohi
dosfinnlderunar riniuriufido.rfinunounJdounrnrlf floqriudiinrrnfinrnarehmiurciu
ltouflttoonr{rdtnrudu
Aerobic Dance
cl
ooRilmarsgrluruldra'onldnrulosol rndouilu.r
racroio.rr6iurn:Jrnasf'r "t hJ iil#rfls{frorouuasdrf'rdodn rdwldna:d{ourfiuld mrrs
oror4raruil:ceinnr:il$ll
ld
a. anrufi ororilunar.quflirisludr nr:fi nr::curuornrnd qoruqu'nonrrurs fi di.o
fidrrnoarnr: lrifidrincr'rrfr{unrrrEuuueihiaiuuacn:rfiqararurifiriouu:rnrsunn du
*fumu%u{.riililidrudr.rdunrauiuoulu bjnruriuluiriunouninmioniunoun5nfi{rfi'r
drufi:illnutcnrsnrrtriu
5.
High lmpact Aerobics
n:sonnr6nrhani.rturnniurdrudarndofrriildru'rrasrr?0aounrrarlrirnr:miuror
nuro..rldqndo..r
drhifi nrcrndo.rfi {du uiun gfl ndran:roaourirvrrl#
e. rndo.rfiodu 1
elastic bandage
lfiri
Step
#o
bench , hand weight, ankle weight , elastic n$ing
ltio
tfludu
ail::6rR]1lfl l{tn'lguasnmfl adoil
durroRrnilNnt0 ururuo1 n?tu6t'uJrraro$rlnrolunr::J:snoufirn:rlnr:rciu
fim
ufooondrd'rnruldodrsfirJ:cdninrn raiorflud'nuorgrordrsnrsfifinarraur;raf
r{ru:mnrusionr:rJfrrffiuu finrundorunria.iorl: drnrofiqfidruvrrulroqr ffdn
druttofltnn.l..tnr06rintcrflu{iifi6olm'rriuuiruleuasfidrrnroeirrirmu artr:nrJ6'ri6urfrd
uns:J:sdrurru fruo tirdrj:sfi
vrf;
nrn6du
Ioofr'ahJarur:onrflnr{nrurniroonrflu z sdrlfio dursonrryll{nr0fi'.11d
(General
physical Iitness) uasdut:onrttyl'l{flrurgflrcfliodutt0Rlityt'l.tRtun'tf,u(Special physicat
fitness)
rJglfi
.
ninsrdo lur?nordolfi oa
dlntonlfl ntltnufia'hJ
"n.r.
(flltorqtrrcni) l lr
(General physical fitness)
nflsnr'ilnlrululirla
rnaofloUro:gruRlt?todoun2luduutoinNn'10 (Intemational
Commitee for the standardization of physical fitness test)
ld'flruunnrruaruXrainrrnrur{tlrJ
oonlflu 7 ilrsrntn'o
t.
n21ilr3? (speed) ?rutu0*{n?ild1il'tro1,o{ndlilrdodr{r.rrulunr:rndoud
efi
f
fru
otit:anria bJ{rflrrrrudd?urn{nor?rurclnuld:susraarrloodqn niunr:fur$a i0 $ert
mioir loo nrn: rfludu
z.ndtndrunfo(MusclePower)mrurem'rnlrudrrr:nrolnduruSodmnd'a'ldrr:luac
frldinqr,riodrsnrurna'oudoonlrJldrcocnl{illndqolur?ard'irfie ilior{uraollnr:ilade
clorndrilrildordsfrrrulu:sur,.u',du 1 uiudun:vlnnlnn 0'unrclnnq.r nr:rju uiorir
rfludu
l.
n
auu{
.ttr:..r r o.r
ndruruio (Muscle strenth) uu r sdmrrilarru r: ot
noti'r ldorerdourirnrinr,riodrurirnrinrfism9..rrdsa
o.r
ndurudo
d
lnohidrrinraar rduu:.riiufio u:r
nrEuorr rfludu
4.
n?ril
o
nnum I ndttl ruio (Muscle Endurance) nuron'lnru drrrr or o.r ndrlrdo fi
rh.rruldurulqobirdou:J:c8nf;nrn niuqnrii
5. narrdsud'r
@exibility)
fi
fu
{o:rarduadudu
illuo'{o?lrlfl ur:orosdrrntolunr:rn6oulrahi^ld
qR{ilxo.:nrrmdeulnrodr.rrdlfi niofifrurornrlndoud raiou{un'rmsndrrurdodfi pdu
ornqloeio
drb?:cscnrqfirdu rirlfnr:rndoulurndo.rsiadu reiuduun:qdrn:qudafiid:
4 q9
ar
i
a{uallruuacu0 rfiil]Rnqo
o. nrundorti'r (Agility) rtrudlnarrudur:aroldtnrolunr:nuqilnrrnJ6sufia
ntnrrrndou1urldodrrraori:sr:.lrfl riluro uiu d.r6nudn
7.
Ft?'luoolll{fra l:J
Endurance aerobic capacity)
rfl
udu
rionaruunrulunr:dr{ru{o.r:cu:rlmriou
(General
ururudlo'lrrudur:ntordtnrsdnusignr:drsrudfi narlr{ldu
1urs6':::Jrunar'16'uru lnurfiqnrril$Jdosdruacrfi doofi ucilftJiurunurlln rinrcisdro
reardfi xru Ioufi n:ru?rdncrs{.rrurfl uda r{rmuel
ailt:snmnl{nrgfi tau (Special
physical fitness)
tfluaru::onrndrfnfiwrnseioriirofirsdr?riurinfiwrdocilrnr:udrciu nriradsrin'irs
rirncdo{fiaur:nnrnnrnrufimmoir.rornrin{nuoa ttacfnfiqr lunr:rairuagrdrrronrn
lmfo l.roaf,u{
rrun?u?ttSlfF:l,r / 32
nlrnTrfirfiu do.rfinr:flnuonrfifio0'rRdurr0n'rilyn{R'r0rirhJ niurinr{criloaoseis{iNnndru
niotr lmri uacdrn'rrfluslmru rinlaudo.rflnndrlru{euru
h,lei on
u
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llrDrnoluna
Executive SummarY
Ihe Effectiwness of Exercise Promoting Frogram Among
Tladem in Somdet Municipal' Kalasin Province
6b
The gurpose of
exercise pr@ofing psogram
quasi-€sperinental smdy
*zs to strrdy the effective'nes of
anmg 36 trad€N, agpd 3G55 yearq living
h
an
Sondst rudcipatity'
Kalasinprovinse. The eryerinenhl goup receirred the healh e&rcation progam' which adaptd
Self-Efficacy Theory,
fo l5 wee&s. Dab collection was done thee
times, by uqing
qussdomafoes and comparison of neao valug difference within group was done by us'"g paired
t-tesL
The
rwrl6 of this s0dy folmd that after the plogrsm fad€rs
exe,rcisq perceived self-efficacy, perceived
.han befse the sudn
general healdt itwas
wih
statistical siglificarrca
fond &at rysOlic
with statistical sigificance (prrahre =
decreased
orlbme expecbtion'
had howledge on
and exercise behavior'
(rvslue < O.mf). Regarding
bter
changns
of
and diastolic blood presure, and pulse rate, decreased
0.ml
and
pvalue < 0.fi)l respectivelY ) Body 'nass iulgJr
with no sbtisti€l sigpifience (pvahre O.,|f.a). Regarding physical firness' it was
fourdthatlmgcapacityandhendgripsEengs ircretsdwithsbtisticalsigdficance(pvahe<
0.(X)1).
Lep
stetc.hing ahrlity, aDd A€xfrility increased wfub sAdstical sigincance Gvalue
=
0.001).
After eight weeks, it was formd that knowledgc of exercise, perceived self-efficacy,
pcrceiwd ogtcomo expectatb4 and exercise b€havior, decreased with strtistical significance.
Sysblic and diasolic btood pessre, and pulse rate increased with sbtistical sigdficance
value
= o.ffD). Body .rnss index
increased with no sbtistical sieDificance
Gvahe =
(p
0.173).
phlatcal ftness examinatiol found lbat hFg capacity, and lep stetching ability' decreased with
sbtistical significance. hanrt grip trengfh, and flexibility, decreased with no sAtistical siglificance
(pvalue = 0.018 andpvahre = 0.768 respestively). This showed lhat a health edrcation program
resulbd in b€ttsr exercise behavior. Therefore, this prcgram should be applied
o
other groups.
ln
additiotr, firrther strdy on the durability of&e behavior should be conducted.
lmfr rmafiu{
Exssltiw soEmary / l.l4
Introduction
Traders are not labor-intensive career, with lifile body movement and not spending much
enerry. With
advanced
techology and labor-saving devices for modern day living there is a
hieber risk of ilhessos ftom not exercising in present day and agp, esp€sially non-comnrnicable
diseases. There were 2 tsaders who died of heart failure in
per 100,0@; 2 diabetic cases or 3.53
case or about 1.77 per
hdet
disEict, which was about 3.53
pr lfi),fiD; I case of stroke or 1.77 pr
1@,000; I cancer
lfi),fi)0 populatbn
From resarch strdy on ?2Eaders wbo did not ex€rcise, using PRECEDE frame
looking for facton on causes of not exercising formd the folowing
re{sons- .. Traders
worl
did not have
enough knowledgc on exercising did not realize the efrect ofexercise on health, aot having
enougb confidene on his ability to exercise correctly and regularln and could not exercis€ by
hinself
ofthis
The prgpose
snrdy research is to
su y
the efrectiveness
program alrory traders agnd 3G55 yean old, living in Sondet
of
exercise promotion
umicipal l{alasin province. This
llrogram adapted self-efficacy (1987) theory, in seting up heal6 edmtion activitieq in order to
build lilowledg3 on exetcising perceived self-efficacy, peroeived outoone expectation from
gxgrcisin& and correct exercising behavior and regularly. This was done
by comparing
the
difference of mean score on knowledge of exercising perceived self-efficacy, perceived outcome
expectation, exccising behavior, general health,
ad
physlcal fitness before and after the
experimenul and eigbtweeh afterthe experimental .
Research objectives and Hypotheses
Speclfic objectives
l. To
sfirdy compare are difference before and after received exercise p'romoting program
anong traders on the following bpics.
l.l.
knowledge on exercise
12. perceive selFefficacy
13. perceive outcomc exp€ctation
l.4. exercise behavior
15. general health
losnfftTomo
!
nnomo!flno
2r|.r1.
1.6. phydical
2.
(tfiltrsrtlrrrtnt) / r45
fihes
affer exersise promoting fogram eight weels oir
To strdy
ftc following
=*
bpics.
2.1. knowledge on exersise
'
Z2.prr;enive self-efficacy
23. perceive ortcome oqpecbtion
2.4. exerciss behavim
25. gnn€ralhealh
2.6. physical
fitres
Research Eypotheses
l. After
the intervention exercise promoting program of traders would be more positive
before experimenal on the following topics.
1.1. tmowledge on exercise
I
2
perceive self-effi cacy
1.3. perceive or*come expectation
1.4. exercise behavior
1.5. general health
l.6.physical fitrcss
2.
Aftr fte interveotion cxercise psnoting
1lrogram with follorp up eight weeb after
pfiogram are not difrereace on the folowing topics.
2.1. knowledge on exercise
22. perceive self-effi cacy
2.3. perceive outcome expectation
2.4. exercise behavior
2.5. gsneral health
2.5. physical
fitnes
lmfr uanfu{
E:tecutive
suonary / ltl6
Research Methodology
Study popula{on
This was a quasi-experimenal researe,h on one group, pretest-posttest design
fxperimeml erilup was 36 traderq aged 3G55 years old, living in Eunicipality of Sondet
distsict Kalasin province.
Research tools
l.
Data collection instrument
For questionnaire data collestion coDsistsd
l.l
of
General demographic dab ofpopulation
1.2 lfuowledge on exercising
13
Perceived self-efficacy
1,4 Perceived outcome expectation otr exercise
1.5 Exercising behavior
1.6 General medical record
1.7 Physical fitness record
Data collection was done before and after experimeng and 8
weeb after
experiment
2.
Exp,erimental instrument
Exercising promotion program among tsaders group, consisbd of lecture,
mall
goup discussion, format recommendation, demorstatioq practice sesion, and follow
-up
sesion lAis
was done for a total
of
16 weeks,
from March 22 thrcugh July 12,
1999.
Data Analysis
this was done by us'rg
SPSS for windows compuler program, and compared mean
sbt'rstics by usingpaired t-tesr
rl
.nfrrnamo
! Tlidmnl
?rl.l|.
na
(fnlrr$lrrnffiit t r47
Reult ofthe Study
l.
General data.
Experimeilal grqrp was 36 fedal.eq with average age of 39 years old. Eighty tbrce
'll
percent was marriod,'fo4y seven
prcent ompleted prinary education, 5fflo was niscellaneous
traders, wilh 30.5% as'nanagcrs, aDd 528% h8d gpod enorgh income (Table
Table
I
Numbers and percent oftraders categprized per
gE
l)'
reral datr"
Erperhental Group
General data
Numbers
Percent
Sex
36
100
35-39
20
)).)
N-4
9
25.0
4549
5
13.9
5G54
I
2.8
55-60
I
2.8
Total
36
100
Average age
39
Female
Age (yoars)
Quartile deviation
Youngest
-
oldest age
3
36-55
IVlarital status
Manied
30
83.3
l.l
SinCle
4
Widowed
I
2.8
Divorce
I
2.8
36
100.0
Total
I
Imfr lmn u{
Table
1
Execufive
suunary / l4A
Numbers and perc€nt oftrader$ categorized per general data.
Experlmental Group
.
Numbcrs
General data
Percent
Educadon level
Pdmary
t7
47.2
Secondary-beginning
6
t6.7
Conpleted
6
16.7
Technical certificate
3
8.3
Bachelor degree
4
Total
I
l.l
100.0
36
Category ofbudnesses
Miscellaneous trading
l8
50.0
Managingbusitrcs
ll
30.6
Selling gpods in open-air market
4
I
Selling foods
3
8.3
Total
36
100.0
Enough
l9
52.8
[1dd€ fhan gnough
2
5.6
Notenougb
3
8.3
Not enough and in debt
t2
33.3
Total
36
100.0
l.l
Income
2. tr(nowledge on exerclse.
Mean scor
of
knowledgc about exercise before experimentwas 14,06, after the
experiment was 2l .69, and eight
weeb after the experiment was 20.72 When exanined the
difference of sbti$ical mean, itwas found that
scote
of
aftr
eryeriment the exprimcnal group had mean
knowledge on exercise higber than those before orperiment with statistical significrnc€
u
8$nt2n0m0
2n.& (rnrrroq.|rfilfnt) / r49
xlnoramfiea
Gvalue < 0.@l). 'This bllowed fte a$mption" Eight weeh afrcr the experimen! the mean
sore
decreased more tten
significance
fte mean thme of after
the
operime,or. The difference was statistical
(pwhe < 0.007). This did not follow &e asrytion,
so the
asmption was
rejected(Table 2).
Tabte2
Thedifrerenceo
abortexercisebeforeandaftertheexperimentand
eight weeks after the experiment
df
pvalue
9.63
35
<
-2.85
35
Mean Std. Palred
Varlable
Dev t-test
Perceived self-efrcacy
Before
4.65
After
experiment 21.69
2.39
After
experiment 21.69
239
8
*r
14.05
eryriment
weeb after experiment
?i.72
0.001',1
0.007f*
2.41
statistical significance at level 0.01
3. Percelved self-effcacyln exerddng.
Tae mean score on perceived self-efficacy in exercising before expriment was 72.05,
after expcrimentwas ?9.75, and eightweeks after experiment was77.75. When examined the
difrerence of satistical mean, it was formd that after the erperiment the experimental goup had
mean soore 9n perceived self-efficacy on exercising higher than those before the expriment with
sat'rstical significance (pvalue <
eight
weeb after the experimen!
0.@l). This followed
the assumption The meao score value
decreased more iha" those after the experiment
of
witfi shtistical
significance (pvalue < O.fr)l). (Table 3)
Imio llnaflu{
Tabte
3
Exequtive sBmmary
/
150
The difrerence oa perceived self-efficacy in exercising before and after the
Experiment and eightweeh afterthe experiment
Mean Std" Paired
Dev t-test
Variable
df
p-value
623
35
< 0.001*'r'
4.06
35
< 0.001.*
Percefued self-efficacy
Before
experiment T\.M
Afterthe
experiment 79.75
6.02
After the
experimeat 79.75
5.02
8weehafterexperimcnt
*t
721
7725
7.M
statistical sipificance at level 0.01
4. Percefued outcome erpectadon on exerclse.
The mean score on perceived outcome expestation before experiment was 84.72" after
ery€riment was 9258, and 8 weels after the e)rperiment was
9125.
fte
When examined the
sbtistical mearL it was fourd that after the expcriment thc experimental gory had mean soorc
value oa perceived outcome expectation of exercise higher rha" thpse b€fore the orperiment with
statistical significance Gvahre < 0.001). This followed the
assmption Eight weels after
the
experimen! the mean value deceased more than the mean after the experiment with statistical
significarce (pvatue = 0.fl)5).
(Table 4)
ot.nfrlnom0
!
2n.!. (mlrro|lR f,rdoi) / tst
nl|maoluna
Table 4 The difference ofperceived orrcome expecation$
o
exercise,
bfore
and aftcr
experinent, and eight weeks after the eryeriment,
Mean Std. Pahed
Dev t-test
Varlable
df
p-value
5.U
35
<o.mlt*
-3.01
35
=0.005
Perceived benefits of exerclsc
Before
Aftcr
experiment V.T2
experiment 9258
Afurexperiment 92.58
8
t*
weeh after experiment
9125
8.78
6J7
6.77
6.97
statistical significance at level 0.01
5. Ererclse behavlor.
Mean score of exersise b€hayior, before experiment was 28.A. after experiment 43.67,
and 8 weeks after experiment was ,|()25. When exanined the difference of statistical m€aq it
formd that after the experiment, the
experinoal gorry had mean value on
ws
exerqise behavior
higher than before the experiment, wilh statistical sierificance Gvalue < 0.001). This followed
the
assurption Eight weeb after the experirnent, the mean value decreased more than those after
the experiment The difrerence was statistical sigriffcgnce (pvalue <
0.fi)l).
(Table 5)
lmfr manfu{
Table
5
Execurivo sunmary
/
152
The difrerence ofexercise behaviorbefore and after experiment and 8 weeks
after experinent
Mean Std" Palred
Varlabte
Dw
df
p-value
1.09
35
<0.001'i*
-3.91
35
< 0.001t'l
t-test
Exercise behavior
Before
experimeat 28.42
After
experiment 43.57
0.95
After
experiment 43.67
0.95
8 weeks after
**
1.47
experiment
40,25
1.38
satistical significance at level 0.01
6. Generalhealth.
6.1 Systollc
Mean score of blood pressure while heart conracte4 before experiment was 116.67
mmHg.' after the experiment
ww 11222 mmHg.,
and E weeks after experinent was 114.72
mmHg., When examined the difrerence of statistical meaq it was found that after experiment the
.
experimenal gorry hail mean score of blood pressrne while heart contracE, decreased 6e1s rhrn
thote before €xpqineut wfth satistical significance (pvalue
assrmption Eight weeks after the
exFimeil
< 0.001). This
mean soore increased
The difrerence had stat'rstical siegificarce
followed the
norc than those after the
Gvzlue < 0.002). (Table 6)
62 Dlastolic
Mean smre
of diasolic, before expriment
was 76.67 mmHg;, after the e:rp€rinent was
of
?2.50 mmHg, and 8 weeks after experiment was 75.fi) mmHg: $rhen exaoined the difrerence
rn* (mlrrorqtrnmi)
falfi rr'nrrdo unrilndorf, na
sbtistical mean, itwas formd that
diasbliq
decreased more
aftr
I tsr
the ere€rin€nt, fte erecrin€nlal grurp had mean score
of
fta'r thse before exp€rineDt, wih statistical sigtific$ce (fvalue =
0.001). This followed tbe asrnrption Eight weeks after etpcrinent' mean value increased nore
than lhoso after the
experinent The difrerence had statistical sigrificance (p.value = O.qP).
(Table 6)
63 PulseRate
Mean score ofpulse rate beforc exp€rin€ot w"s
Tl.44bcrfsgr
minute, after expsriment
was 7422 beats psr mimrb, aod 8 weels after the experiment was76.67 beats per minute. Whea
examined the difference
of
statistical mean'
experimental group had mean soore
of
it
was found that after the experiment' the
resting heart rate decreased more than those
bfore
expriment with statistical sipificance (pvalue < 0.001). This followed the assumpt'ou Eight
weeh afrer the
the mean score inseased more
ftat
those after the expedment The
difference was sbtistical siglificance (p"value = 0.cD2). (Table 6)
6.4 Bodymasslndcr
The neao score ofbody -ass index before experiment was 24,15 kilogram per square
meter,
after
was 24.14 kglsq. meter, eight wceks after experiment was 2426 kg/sq.
meter. When examined the difference of statistical mean,
it
was formd that those after the
expedmenq the ogerimenbl group had meao score of body 'naqs index degeasd more than those
before the experiment, with no sbtistical significance Gvalue
= '1640). This did not follow
lhe
assunption Eigbt weels after the experiment, mear sooro increased more tha" those after the
experinen! with no statistical significance (pvalue = 0173). (Table 6)
Imfr rmaitu{
Table
6
Executive
sunnary / 154
The difference on geaeral health before and afur experiment and 8 weeks
after the ereeriment
Mean Std. Paired
Dev t-test
Variable
df
p-value
-3.16
35
0.001**
3.42
35
0.002*'r
4.42
35
<0.001'r*
3.42
35
<0.002*'
-3.57
35
0.001**
3.39
35
0.q)2'i*
Systolic
Before
efter
experiment 116.67
expcriment 11222
Aftereqeriment ll2-22
8weehafterorperiment
114.72
7.93
722
722
250
Diastonc
Before
experiment 76.67
Afterexprinent
7.93
72.50
6.49
Afterexperiment 72.50
6.49
8
weeb after experiment
75.00
6.55
Pulse Rate
Before
7.58
After
experiment 7422
7
After
experiment 74.22
7.53
8
**
experiment 77.4
weeks aflcr
experiment
76.67
satistical significarce atlevel 0.01
53
7.48
atfiff|'|om0
Table
6
!
2ilJ. (rnnroqrrnrrni) /
Tlnomoll|fia
The difference of phSlsicat
fihes
155
beforc aod after e,:rperinent, and 8 weels after
the experiment
Variable
Bodymass
Mean
-0.09
35
A.M
1.39
35
0.173
Dw
t-test
24.ts
3.34
After experiment
24.t4
3.t4
Affer experiment
24.142
,.14
8 weels after
7.
P-value
Palred
hdcx
Before experiment
*i
df
std"
e:rperiment 2426
3.31
statistical significance at level0.0l
Phydcalftness
7.1 Lung capaclty.
Mean score
of
hmg capacity before cxperiment was 2.36, after experiment was 2.94,
and eight weeh after experiment was
261.
When examined the mean difference, it was
foud
that after the experiment the experimental Eroqp had mean hmg capacity increased 6s1p rhan
those before experimen! with no sbtistical significance
assumption Eight weeks afur the er(friment, mean
experimen! with statistical significance (p.value
72
==
Gvahe < 0.CPl). This followed the
ssore decreased pslp rhan those after
0.003). (Table 7)
Hand Grlp Strength.
Mean scote of hand grip srength befor€
exfrinent
was 2.81, after the orperiment was
3.56, and8 weeh after experimentwas 3.33. When examined the difference of statistical rneaq
it
was fouad that those aftcr the experimen! the average moa! seore of hand press insreased Eore
than those before experiment with statistical sigdfica"ce Gvalue < 0.001). This followed the
lmio uuaiu{
sdmary /
Exesotivo
156
Eight weeks after experiment the mean score decrcased mors than those after the
experiment, with no satistical significance (pvalue = 0.312). (Table 7)
73
Legs strength.
Mean score of legs strength before experiment was 3.42, after thc experiment was
and 8
3.9|
weeb after the experiment was 3.57. When examined the ditrerence of satistical neao, it
was found that those after the experimen!
fte
orperimental
gutp had mean scor€ of
legs
sfieehing increased more than those before tte experimeng with strt'r:stical sigtificance Gvahre
O.(X)l). Thie follo'wd
decreased more
trm
tte asumption-
Eight weeb
aftr
-
the €xperinent, the mean score
lhose after the experiment wilh sbtistical signifcance (pvaluc
=
0.018).
(Table 7)
7.4 I'Iedbility.
Mean score of flexibility before experiment was 3.,14,
E
aftr
the experiment was 3.83, and
weeh afur experiment was 3.E1. When examined the difference of statistical
nar,
it was
fomd &at afrer eryerimen! the experimental goup had mcan score increased more then thme
before experiment, with sbtietical significance (pvalue < 0.001). This followed the
assrrytion
Eight weeb after the experiment the mean score decreased more than th6e after the experiment
wi& no satistical significance (pvalue = 0.768). (Table 7)
Table
7
The difrerence ofphysical
fi6w
before and after orpedrcnt, and 8 week
afur
the experimenL
Mean
Variable
df
P'value
3.51
35
< o.ml*,r
-3.16
35
0.0{xl**
std"
Pahed
Dev
t-test
Lung capacity
2.36
Before experinent
After experiment
After
exporiment
8 weeks after
*i
orperiment
l.l0
2.94
1.09
294
1.09
2.61
satistical siCrifcance at level 0.01
1.08
2nJ. (tnlrr${urntni\
uos tltTlnao rDnrmnmnina
Table
7
The ditrerence ofp$rcical
fihes
before and
aftr
t tsl
experimen! and 8 weeks aftcr
the experiment
Mean Std" Palred
Dev t-test
Vadable
df
pwluo
4.96
35
<0.q)l$
-r.54
35
0.t32
3.42
35
0.001'r,*
-2.94
35
0.018*
3.39
35
0.001*'*
-0.29
3s
0.768
Uand ertp stucngth
Before
experiment 2.81
l.3l
Aftcr
experiment
355
1.30
After
experiment
3.56
1.30
3.33
l.3l
experiment 3.42
l.l3
8 weeks after
experiment
Legs strength
Before
Aflcrexperiment 3.YZ
After
8
experiment
week after experiment
3,92
1.20
1.20
3.67
124
3.4
1.30
Fledbltlty
Before
After
experiment
3.83
l.l I
After
experiment
3.83
l.ll
8
**
e:rpriment
weeh after experiment
3.81
1.04
statistical significa"ce at level 0.01
* had sAtistical signifcance at level 0.05
Imft
rnnafiu{
&recuriw snmary / l5E
Discussion
After completion of exercising promotion proglam, there were ehenges of knowledge on
exercise, perceived self-efficac,y,
general
healt\
and physical
prceived outcome expectation on exercise, exercise bhavior,
fitnes. ltese
were all beuer than those before the orperimenq with
statistical significance, and followed the assrmption" This was the result of experimental group
received activityprogram, which adapted fiom self-efficacy &eory as gddeline$ consisting
of
lectre, mall group discusion, fomat recomendation, denonstratior; practice session, and
follon, up session Only body -nss index had decreased with no statistical significance, which
was the result from no activities to
contol food consmption of the experimental goup.
Eightweels aftcr the e4erimeng there were no activities for the experimental group, but
there was a snrdy on durability of the smdied variables. It
perceived self-efficacy, perceived
oubme
ws
found that knowledge on exercise,
expectation of exercise, exercise behavior,
blod
presnewhile heartconEac@d andrelaxed, resting heartrate, hmg capacity, legs stsetching
deseased more than those after experiment The difference was with statistical significance,
which did not follow the asrnption" Body 'nass ia61s4 hand
pes,
and flexibility, all were
difference with no stadstical sigrificance. these were due to less exercising pra.ctice of the
experimenal group.
Recommendation
l.
Strdy among traders should use social activities, or societal support fiom friends,
family memberg orotherpersong to help in changinghealthbehavior.
2. Maintaining
health behavior changps, should have follow-ups or induction from
o&er sources such as Aiendq family memberg or otho newr media regularly.
3. This exercise promotion program, should be conducted among other groups which
did not excrsis€ nuch, aad had hieb risk ofdeveloping diseases fiom lack ofexe,rcise, such as
exeortiveg civil servanb (government employees).
4. Ia &e ftnrre
a consideration
snrdy reeprding durability of health behavior chaneps, there should be
ofbringing the stage 6fchange rnodel into activities program.
riorfininrrds utrinonmrrina
5.
2rur.
There should be a strdy
o
(tnlrrsrp
nrrrni,
t tsc
find co''eladon of chenges perception of the bodn
ftom e,xercising$c,h as, generalhealft, andphlruical
fiue,wirh
exercise
behaviorcno! and
bow.
6. This sndy isone go'Dpret€st?osttsstdesign, therefore, in the firtne s!,dy a
ontrol group shouldbe included forcomparisou
Imfr uaafiu{
E:tegutivs
REFDRRENCT
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ofvirtral reality-enhanced exercise
4aXffS
equipment on adhenence and
exersise-itrduc€d feling sbtes. Percept-Mot-Skills,85(3),
Badura,
A
"u'nnary / 160
834-84
(1977). Self-efficacy : Tte Exercise of conrol(pp.78-85). New york : W.Il
Freeman
CbrismpherJ-. (1997). An evaluation ofthe effectiveness
oftlree interventcr in promoting
physical activity in a sedentary porulat'ouHeath etucation Jurnal,56(June), 15+165
Dowdyps. (t983).
Cardiovascular Frmctions and bodJlCompositions of Middle'Age Women"
EvanqR (1989). Thinkine About Conpeuerci€sltr gadrra,.d
(D.).
The man and his idears-a-
dialogue. (35-37). Nexf.orh pragpr.
Lawrerce ,W.G. & lvlashall
ItrJ(
(1991)- Health Prsmotion Planning An Education
And Environmental ADpmach . Iondol : Itfayfield Publishing Company, 12.
Mc. Aulen E & Jacobson L. (1991). Self-efrcacy and Erercise participation in sedenary adoult
females.American Jormal of Health Pronotios.5(3), I 85-19
Rose mary,
l.
A. (1987).
Exercise on Selected
Fiues Measnes. " CaliFonia:California
State
UnivenityJong
beach.
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'Ar
Administative Strsdy offte Etrects ofAe bic Danc as
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he effectiveness of exercise promoting program among traders in

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