GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR PANGOLA GRASS

THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD
TAS 8900 -2011
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR
PANGOLA GRASS
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
ICS67.020.20 ISBN 978-974-403-835-7
UNOFFICAL TRANSLATION
THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD
TAS 8900 -2011
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR
PANGOLA GRASS
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
50 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900
Telephone (662)561 2277 Facsimile (662) 561 3357
www.acfs.go.th
Published in the Royal Gazette, Announcement and General Publication Volume 129
Special Section 12ง (Ngo),
Dated 10 January B.E. 2555 (2012)
(2)
Technical Committee on the Elaboration of Thai Agricultural Standard for
Pangola Grass
1. Professor SayanTudsri
Chairperson
2. Mr. Pisan Pongsapitch
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards
Member
3. Miss Jantakarn Arananant
Bureau of Animal Nutrition Development,
Department of Livestock Development
Member
4. Associate Professor Somkiert Prasanpanich
Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University
Member
5. Mrs. Ubon Chamroonrat
Thai Feed Mill Association
Member
6. Mr. Surapong Pealprasob
Thai Holstein Friesian Association
Member
7. Assistant Professor Paiboon Jaidet
The Animal Husbandry Association of Thailand
Member
8. Associate Professor Pravee Vijchulata
Member
9. Mr. Yupin Khumhom
Member
10. Mr. Wittaya Charoensarikit
11. Miss Yupa Laojindapun
Office of Commodity and System Standards,
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards
Member
Member and
Secretary
(3)
Pangola grass is a tropical crop containing high protein and fibre. Pangola grass is widely
used as roughage for livestock to obtain quality and safety of meat and milk. Currently,
the guideline for the production of quality Pangola Grass and field management is not
established. Therefore, the Agricultural Standards Committee deems it necessary to establish
the Good Agricultural Practices for Pangola Grass in order to obtain quality Pangola Grass
suitable for animal feed. It is recommended that this standard be used in conjunction with the
Thai Agricultural Standard: Fresh Pangola Grass (TAS 8800).
This standard is based on the following documents:
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards. B.E. 2553 (2010). Study on
the Production Requirements for Quality Pangola Grass as Animals Feed under the
collaborative project with the Animal Nutrition Division, Department of Livestock
Development.
TAS 4402-2009. Thai Agricultural Standard. Good Agricultural Practices for Maize. National
Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards.
NOTIFICATION OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES
SUBJECT: THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD:
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR PANGOLA GRASS
UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL STANDARDS ACT B.E. 2551 (2008)
___________________________________________
Whereas the Agricultural Standards Committee deems it necessary to establish
an agricultural standard for Good Agricultural Practices for Pangola Grass as a voluntary
standard in accordance with the Agricultural Standards Act B.E. 2551 (2008) to promote
such agricultural commodity to meet its quality standard and safety.
By virtue of Sections 5, 15 and 16 of the Agricultural Standards Act B.E. 2551
(2008), the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives hereby issues this Notification
on Establishment of Thai Agricultural Standard: Good Agricultural Practices for Pangola
Grass (TAS 8900 - 2011) as a voluntary standard, details of which are attached herewith.
Notified on 25 October B.E. 2554 (2011)
(Mr. Theera Wongsamut)
Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives
TAS 8900-2011
THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR PANGOLA GRASS
1. SCOPE
1.1 This Standard covers good agricultural practices (GAP) for Pangola grass in every step of
production from planting to post harvesting in order to obtain good quality of fresh grass or hay
which is suitable for animal feeding.
2. DEFINITION
For the purpose of this standard:
2.1 Pangola grass means grass with the scientific name, Digitaria eriantha Steud. of the
family Gramineae grown for feed.
2.2 Hazardous substances mean materials or substances whether they are chemicals,
microorganisms or microorganism toxins which may harm to human, animal, plant, property or
environment.
2.3 Pesticide means a hazardous substance used in agriculture regulated by the Department of
Agriculture according to the Notification of the Ministry of Industry entitled the Lists of
Hazardous Substances issued by virtue of the Hazardous Substances Act B.E.2535 (1992) and
its amendments.
2.4 Pest means any species of living organism that is injurious to crop, i.e. plant pathogen,
insect, animal and weed. 2.5 Weed means all unwanted plants to be found in Pangola grass
field.
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Requirements of Good Agricultural Practices for Pangola grass are divided into three
levels as follows:
3.1.1 Major requirements mean the mandatory requirements that shall be complied with.
In case of non-compliance, it will seriously affect to animal and consumer health. It also
includes the requirement under the relevant laws and regulations.
3.1.2 Minor requirements mean the requirements that should be complied. In case of noncompliance, it will affect directly or indirectly to the quality of Pangola grass and indirectly
affect to quality and safety of animal which passes on to consumers.
3.1.3 Recommendations mean the requirements that should be practiced in order to support
the objective of good agricultural practices for Pangola grass.
TAS 8900-2011
2
Table 1 Requirements and Levels
(Section 3)
Items
1. Water sources
2. Planting area
Requirements
Levels
1.1 Water used shall come from the sources where
their environments do not pose risk of contamination
of hazardous substances at the level affecting animal
health. In case of risk, sample of water shall be taken
at least once for analysis of contamination such as
heavy metals and pesticides by accredited
laboratories. Analytical results shall be kept as
evidence.
major
1.2 Do not use untreated effluent from industrial
plants or other activities that can cause contamination
of hazardous substances. If it is necessary to use such
water, there shall be clear evidence showing that such
water has been treated and it can be used in the
production. Regularly monitor the water quality and
keep the records as evidence.
minor
1.3 The water source should be able to supply enough
water for Pangola grass production.
recommendation
1.4 Sample of water should be taken at least once
prior to entering the production system for quality
testing that affects safety and vegetative growth of
Pangola grass such as phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, sulfur and heavy metals.
recommendation
2.1 Planting area shall not be prohibited areas
according to relevant laws.
major
2.2 Planting area shall be located in the areas that
have no risk of hazardous substances at the level
affecting animal health. In case of risk, such as area in
the vicinity of industrial location, there shall be soil
analysis at least once at the beginning of production
system. The analytical report shall be kept as
evidence.
major
2.3 Soil sample shall be taken for analysis of
hazardous substances contamination and soil fertility
in order to adjust soil quality appropriately, e.g. pH,
organic matters, nitrogen, available phosphorus, water
soluble magnesium and heavy metals
minor
Items
3. Pesticides
3
TAS 8900-2011
Requirements
Levels
2.4 Plot code and information shall be made available
by specifying name of farm owner, responsible person
(if any), contact address, farm location, plot layout
and Pangola grass variety.
minor
2.5 Land use history for at least the past 2 years
should be provided.
recommendation
3.1 Workers shall have knowledge and understand
how to use pesticides correctly.
major
3.2 Pesticides used shall be officially registered.
major
3.3 Pesticides shall be kept in the specified secure
storage and able to control the check out and usage
that not cause contamination to produce and harm to
human.
minor
3.4 The empty pesticide containers shall be properly
and safely destroyed. Precautions of contamination to
public water source should be observed.
recommendation
4. Pre-harvest
quality
management
4.1 Propagated
stolon
4.2 Planting and
cultural practices
4.1.1 Retain the characteristics of its cultivar.
major
4.1.2 Age 50-60 days and free of weeds.
minor
4.1.3 Obtain from reliable sources or certified source
by authorised agency.
minor
4.1.4 In case farmer is propagating stolon for own
planting, the specific plot is required. If such plot is
not available, select plot from the field with uniform
vegetative growth and apply weed control.
minor
4.2.1 Select planting method and cultural practices
appropriately to the topographical condition of the
planting areas, e.g. lowland or upland from the land
preparation through caring activities.
minor
TAS 8900-2011
4
Items
Requirements
Levels
4.2.2 It is suggested to grow leguminous crops such as
Sesbania rostrata, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia
ensiformis (L.) DC and they should be incorporated
into the soil after 50 days of age or at flowering at
least 7 days before plating Pangolas grass.
recommendation
4.2.3 Proper pest control before and after planting is
in place.
major
4.2.4 Use appropriate method of weed control such as
pulling, digging cutting or applying herbicides.
minor
4.2.5 Eliminate weed before its flowering or seed
setting to prevent the multiplication.
recommendation
4.2.6 If chemical fertilizer is used, only registered fertilizers
with the Department of Agriculture shall be used.
major
4.2.7 Type and rate of fertilizer shall be applied
according to soil analysis.
recommendation
4.2.8 Adjust soil pH to 6.0-7.0.
4.3 Water
management
minor
4.2.9 Application of organic fertilizer such as
compost, green manure and animal manure is
suggested in order to increase organic matters.
recommendation
4.2.10 Both chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers
are recommended.
recommendation
4.2.11 Pangolas grass plot shall be conditioning by
first cut at 60 to 75 days and weeding afterward.
minor
4.2.12 If Pangolas grass and weed are found infected
with serious diseases, they shall be collected and
burned outside the field.
major
4.2.13 Weeds presented in the field shall be less than
2% by dry weight.
minor
4.3.1 After 10 - 15 days of cutting, water should be
supplied. Next watering is needed where appropriate.
minor
4.3.2 If water supply is used by flooding method,
water should be expected to dry out within 1-2 days.
recommendation
Items
4.4 Production
inputs
4.5 Farm tools
and equipment
5
TAS 8900-2011
Requirements
Levels
4.4.1 List out the important production inputs, i.e.
variety, fertilizers and pesticides used in the production,
indicating quantity, source and date of purchase.
minor
4.4.2 Organic fertilizers and/or chemicals should be
properly kept to prevent microbial, chemical and physical
contaminations to the produce that may harm animal.
minor
4.5.1 List out farm tools and equipment. They should
be sufficient for use and stored orderly and safely for
easy access.
recommendation
4.5.2 Check farm tools and equipment such as
pesticide sprayer, harvesting tools and equipment
prior to operation.
minor
4.5.3 Clean farm tools and equipment including
containers for collecting and transporting of produce
before and after each use prior to storing.
minor
5.1.1 Before harvesting, regularly inspect planting
field to eliminate weed and other physical objects
such as glass bottle, metal pieces, and plastic in order
to obtain good quality of Pangola grass.
minor
5.1.2 Check climatic condition before harvesting.
minor
5.1.3 After first cutting, appropriate next harvesting
period shall be planned.
major
5.1.4 For good quality of grass, harvesting should be
done not more than 45 days after each cutting
interval.
minor
5.1.5 Pangola grass should be cut at the time of no
dew on grass.
minor
5.1.6 Pangola grass should be cut at 5 cm from the
ground for better growth in the next round and
prevent soil contamination.
minor
5. Harvest and
postharvest
handlings
5.1 Harvesting
TAS 8900-2011
6
Items
5.2 Hay
production
Requirements
Levels
5.2.1 Weed and foreign matters shall be removed from stack.
major
5.2.2 Grass tedding should be done at least twice
a day after cutting for rapid moisture reduction.
minor
5.2.3 Drying grass in the field, hay should be sundried
not more than 3 days for rapid moisture reduction to
retain its nutritive value.
minor
5.2.4 In case of drying on ground floor, it should be
clean and free of foreign matters such as wire, pieces
of rope, soil, stone and pebble.
minor
5.2.5 Moisture content in Pangola hay shall be not
more than 15% by weight.
major
5.2.6 Moisture content shall be tested by two methods. recommendation
Twisting a hand-full of hay and observe at the cracked
stem, if there is no sign of moisture, it is accepted.
Scratching stem by finger nail, if it is not able to scratch,
it is accepted.
5.2.7 Bale the hay firmly and uniformly to the desired
size and weight.
minor
6.1.1. Separately store Pangola hay from the storage of
containers of pesticides, fertilizer, or other chemicals or
preventive measures for contamination shall be provided.
major
6.1.2. Pangola hay should be stored in a clean and hygienic
area such as far from disposal area, good ventilation, and
able to prevent sunlight, rain, birds and rodents.
minor
6.1.3 Bales shall be stacked on pallet at least 5 cm.
above ground level.
major
6.1.4 Hay during storage should be tagged with code
or marks indicating source of producer, plot number
or date of harvest for the convenience of traceability
and the effectiveness of inventory.
minor
6. Storage and
transporting
6.1 Storing
7
TAS 8900-2011
Requirements
Levels
6.1.5 Hay shall be orderly and separately stacked by
grade and managed in the first in-first out manner,
minor
6.1.6 Fire hazard sign is available.
minor
6.2.1 Tools and equipment and vehicle used for
moving shall be clean and without contamination of
pesticides and foreign matter.
major
6.2.2. Vehicle used for transport shall be cleaned
without contamination of hazardous substance.
major
6.2.3 Preventive measure on the increase of moisture
during transport shall be in place.
major
6.2.4 In case of fresh Pangola grass, delivery should
be done within 24 h.
recommendation
7. Personal
hygiene
7.1 Health care and preventive measures for workers
shall be provided appropriately.
minor
8. Recording
8.1 The information shall be recorded for inspection
and traceability as follows:
Items
6.2 Transporting
- Important production inputs.
minor
- Sources and usage of pesticides.
major
- Land preparation, planting, harvesting, and other
cultural practices.
minor
- Harvesting and drying practices.
major
- Information on buyers or market places of each lot
for sale and distribution.
major
8.2 Keep records not less than 2 years.
minor
TAS 8900-2011
8
4. JUDGMENT CRITERIA
The judgment criteria for inspection and evaluation according to the standard requirements are
as follows:
4.1
The result of inspection shall pass every “Major requirement”.
4.2 The result of inspection shall pass at least 60% of all the “Minor requirements”, or get an
overall practice evaluation score of at least 60% of all the minor requirements.
9
TAS 8900-2011
APPENDIX A
PHOTO OF FRESH PANGOLA GRASS AND PANGOLA HAY
Figure A.1 Pangola grass planting plots
Figure A.2 Fresh Pangola grass
Figure A.3 Cutting at 45-50 days of age
Figure A.4 Grass hopper- Drum Mower type
TAS 8900-2011
Figure A.5 Tedding Pangola hay
2-3 times daily.
Figure A.7 Pangola hay stack before
baling
Figure A.9 Baling and loading
10
Figure A.6 Windrowing Pangola hay for
baling
Figure A.8 bales
Figure A.10 Baling for transportation
11
TAS 8900-2011
APPENDIX B
SURVEILLANCE, MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PANGOLA
GRASS PEST
Table B1 Surveillance, monitoring and control of Pangola grass pest
Pests to be monitored
1.Weed
Description
Control guidance
1.1Echinochloa
crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv
(Barnyard grass)
It is a tufted annual grass. At young
vegetative stage, it is similar to rice,
ligules absence at margin of leaf and
sheath. It grows in water of 6 cm depth
and is often found on varieties of wet
sites such as wet seeded and transplanted
paddy fields.
(1) No weed contaminated with
stolons for planting.
1.2 Echinochloa colona
(L.) Link (Jungle rice)
It is also tufted annual grass. Stem, leave
and inflorescence often tinged with pink.
Ligules and auricles absence at margin of
leaf and sheath. It grows well in moist to
some degree of dry conditions. It is often
a problem in wet seeded and dried
seeded paddy fields.
1.3 Leptochloa
chinensis (L.) Nees
(Sprangle top)
1.4 Dactyloctenium
aegyptium (L.) P.
Beauv. (Crowfoot
grass)
(2) Land preparation by first
tillage for weed germination
and
second
tillage
to
incorporate the weed into the
soil.
(3) Surrounding area of water
supply source for grass
production should be weeded
to prevent weed seed during
irrigation.
(4) Both ends of water pipes
should be covered with fine
It is a tufted annual grass. Margin of leaf
net to filter out weed seed.
and sheath is covered with ligules
divided into hair-like segments. It grows (5) Herbicide should be
in moist and water logged conditions. applied according to the
It is often a problem in wet seeded and instruction on the label or the
recommendation
by
the
dried seeded paddy fields.
official agency.
It is a tufted annual grass.
The inflorescences consist of four
spreading spikes. It grows in upland
and dry loamy soil conditions. This
weed is commonly found in dry
seeded paddy fields.
1.5 Cyanotis axillaries
Roem. & Schult.
(Spreading Dayflower
or Phak Plaap Naa)
It is a broad leaf annual plant. Leaves are
lanceolate. Steam and leaves are succulent
with creeping stem. It grows well on wet
ground or waterlogged conditions.
1.6 Jussiaea linifolia
Vahl (Water primrose)
It is an erect annual herb up to 25 - 70 (2) Land preparation by first
cm. It grows well on wet ground or tillage for weed germination
and second tillage to
waterlogged conditions.
(1) Use clean and vigor stolon,
no contamination of weed for
better growth and competing
with weed.
TAS 8900-2011
Pests to be monitored
1.7 Trianthema
portulacastrum L.
(Desert horse purslane
or Phak Bia Hin )
1.8 Cyperus iria L.
(Umbrella sedge or rice
flatsedge)
12
Description
Control guidance
incorporate the weed into the
It is a broad leaf annual herb forming
soil.
a prostrate mat or clump. The leaves are
succulent. It is often found in dry seeded (3) Surrounding area of water
supply source for grass
paddy field.
production should be weeded to
It is an annual weed. The stem is sharply
prevent weed seed during
triangular. The inflorescence is a
irrigation.
compound umbel with two rays,
yellowish brown. It grows in moist to (4) Both ends of water pipes
wet sandy clay. It is a commonly weed in should be covered with fine net
wet, dried seeded and transplanted paddy to filter out weed seed.
field.
(5) Herbicide should be applied
1.9 Fimbristylis miliacea It is an annual sedge. The sedge grows according to the instruction on
(L.) Vahl. (All seasons in clumps of erected stem surrounded the label or the recommendation
Tall Fringe rush)
by fans of narrow flat leaves. by the official agency.
The inflorescence is an array of spikelets
and brown. It g is often found in wet,
dried seeded and transplanted paddy
field.
1.10 Eclipta prostrate
Linn. (False Daisy)
It is a species of plant in the sunflower
and marigold - Compositae family. False
Daisy is small plant weed and grows
commonly in moist places, road sides
and uncultivated lands.
1.11 Ipomoea aquatic
Foisk. or
Ipomoeareptans Poir.
(Syn.) (Water Morning
Glory)
It is an aquatic and annual plant which
grows in water or on moist soil.
The stems are trailing vine, hollow,
rooting at nodes and floating in aquatic
conditions. Leaves are alternate vary
from sagittate (arrow head-shaped) to
lanceolate and glabrous.
1.12 Aeschynomene
aspera Linn.
(Joinvetch)
It is a board leaves and annual plant,
propagation by seed. The species grows
on moist soil and wet land as well as
nitrogen deficiency soil.
1.13 Brachiaria mutica
(Forsk.) Stapf. (Para
grass)
It is a semi aquatic and perennial grass.
It grows well on moist soil or water
bank. It is a short-culmed, stoloniferous,
and creeping along the ground or water,
white hairy leaf-blades-sheath-node.
Leaves are lanceolate with 10-20 cm long
and 1-2 cm. wide. The inflorescence is
a loose panicle with spreading branches
comprising 10-20 densely greenish black
flowered racemes.
13
Pests to be monitored
Description
TAS 8900-2011
Control guidance
1.14 Zoysia matrella It is a popular grass and native to
Merrill (Manila grass) Thailand. Its mat forming is similar to
Japanese lawn grass. The leaves are
wider, smoother and more rapid growth
than Japanese lawn grass. This grass
can form extensive green mats for sod.
The flowers are produced on long and
erect racemes. It is commonly grown
well on a wide range of soil types and
well adapted to the environment.
Moreover, it tolerates to hot weather to
drought or temporarily waterlogged soil
condition.
2 Animal
2.1 Lumbricus terrestris It is an anecic worm. In normal soil
(Earthworm)
condition with earthworm, soil is friable
and contained natural plant nutrients for
soil
fertility
without
chemical
application, however, the habit of this
species consumes soil, death plant
materials, organism and even sand. Its
casts are the problem of contamination to
hay baling.
Organic fertilizer should be
applied to the field for
earthworm as feed which will
help worm casts soften and
prevent earthworm burrow into
the deeper soil that high sand
and silica.
TAS 8900-2011
14
All seasons Tall Fringe rush
Nut grass
Jungle rice
Sprangle top
Umbrella sedge
Joinvetch
Water Morning Glory
False diasy
Figure B.1 examples of weeds - grass weed, sedge and other broadleaf that can be found in
Pangola grass planting field