TIBBİ VE AROMATİK BİTKİLER

A Training Project for Sustainable
Wild Harvest and Postharvest
Practices of MAPs in Antalya
Prof. Dr. Kenan TURGUT
Akdeniz University
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Field Crops
Antalya
E-mail: kturgut@akdeniz.edu.tr
This is also Antalya!
Turkey
exports approximately 12.000-13.000
tonnes of oregano each year and almost 20%
are wild crafted.
8.000-9.000
tonnes of laurel are exported each
year and all of them are wild crafted.
1.500-2.000
tonnes of sage are exported each
year and most of them are wild crafted.
MAPs in the Flora of Antalya
 Natural
flora of Antalya is very rich and diverse.
Thus, that attracts the herb traders & exporters, and
essential oils producers.
 There
are 124 Families, 642 Genus, 1916 Species,
2078 Taxons in the flora of Antalya.
8
Origanum species (4 endemic), 7 Thymus species (2
endemic), 17 Salvia species (5 endemic), 15 Sideritis
species (10 endemic) are grown in the flora of
Antalya.
MAPs in the Flora of Antalya

Local people in Antalya consume herbal teas
made from Sideritis, Salvia and Origanum species
for their health.

In the villages, some wild plants are used as
healing medicine and antiseptics, for sore
throat, stomach pains etc.

There are number of essential oil producers
and culinary herbs companies in Antalya.
Mainly,
as oregano species Origanum onites, O.
majorana (O. dubium ref. Lukas et.al. 2013), O.
minutiflorum, O. vulgara subsp hirtum; as sage
species Salvia fruticosa, S. tomentosa; as
mountain tea Sideritis congesta, S. stricta etc and
Laurus nobilis are harvested commercially from
the wild flora of Antalya.
Those
drogs are used for production of
essential oil, culinary herbs and herbal tea.
Antalya
is one of the most important province
in terms of wild crafting, cultivation and
processing (EOs & herbs) of MAPs. Although,
cultivation of MAPs seems very attractive
recent years, most of the MAPs are still
harvested from the natural flora of Antalya.
Wild
crafting practices are operated by the
local people of various locations. However,
many mistakes are done during harvest and
postharvest applications. As a result, great yield
and quality losses are occured.
 Aim
of the Project: The aim of the Project is to
prevent the losses of yield and quality of wild MAPs
by improving the harvest and postharvest processes
and to raise public awareness for conservation of
wild MAPs.
 Oregano
(Origanum spp.), sage (Salvia spp.) and
laurel (Laurus nobilis) were included in the project.
They are the most harvested species from the
natural flora of Antalya and take place in the first
rows of our exports on aromatic plants.
 For
those aims, training
activities were done.
and
demonstration
Supporter Organizations of the Project
The project was proposed by Antalya Commodity Exchange and
financially supported by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Livestock, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy
State Organizations
 Antalya Commodity Exchange (Project Coordination)
 Akdeniz University
 Antalya Regional Directorate of Forestry
 Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute
Private Companies
 İnan Tarım (Essential Oils, Herbs)
 WBT A.Ş. (Herbs)
 Doğa-Defne Ltd. Şti. (Essential Oils, Herbs)
 Armağan Ticaret (Herbs)
PROJECT TEAM
PROJECT COORDINATORS
Prof.Dr. KenanTURGUT
Prof.Dr. Orhan KURUÜZÜM
PROJECT TEAM
Ahmet KISA
Tolgahan ALAVANT
Dr. Saadet TUĞRUL AY
Dr.Yaşar ÖZYİĞİT
Deniz Tolga YILMAZ
İlyas ÖZDEMİR
Gökçe YILMAZ
Ergin CİVAN
Abdullah İNAN
Mehmet ARMAĞAN
İ.Ersin ARSLAN
Hüseyin ÖZEN
STAGES OF THE PROJECT
 Preparation
 Target
Stage
Analysis and Strategy Development
Stage
 Training
 Design
Stage
of New Application Methods
 Pilot Application
 Monitoring
Stage
and Evaluation Stage
PILOT LOCATIONS FOR THE TRAINING
Following towns and villages were selected by the help of
Antalya Regional Directorate of Forestry.
Manavgat: Sırtköy, Sevinçköy,Yaylaalan, Tilkiler, Salur köyleri
Training Center:Yaylaalan köyü
Alanya: Sapadere,Yayla konak, Beldibi, Güzelbağ, Bayırköy köyleri
Training Center: Sapadere, Güzelbağ köyleri
Gazipaşa: Kahyalar, Çalıpınar, Karatepe, Karalar, İnal ve Çile köyleri
Training Center: Kahyalar.
Selected Project Locations
Printed Materials

Initially, posters, brochures and leaflets
were prepared and printed in order to
distribute
to
trainees
and
all
stakeholders.

This was very important for creating public
awareness for wild crafting of MAPs
Printed Poster
Printed Brochure
Printed Brochure
 Firstly,
District Governors of Alanya, Gazipaşa and
Manavgat were visited and informed about the
project. They expressed their sincere supports.
 Secondly,
the project was introduced to the village
headmen, chairmen and board members of MAP
cooperatives, MAP traders and other stakeholders in
three towns. Also, first questionnaires were asked to
all participants after the meetings.
 Journalists
were invited to all meetings in order to
create public awareness.
Experimental Samples
 Drog
samples were taken from harvesters (villagers)
and traders for chemical analyses, phytopathological
and other tests.
 Drog samples were classified as early and right time
harvested; dried under the sun and shade; stored in
well-ventilated and poor ventilated rooms.
 They were compared to each other in terms of
volatile oil content .
 Volatile oil analyses (GC-MS) were done by BATEM,
phytopathological and other tests were done by
Agriculture Faculty of Akdeniz University.
 Oregano
samples were taken as fresh, after drying and
after threshing for EO analyses. Fresh, dried and
threshed samples gave 0.91%, 1.05% and 0.85% EO
rates, respectively. Normally, after drying of fresh
samples with 0.91% EO rate, should give at least 2.5%.
After threshing, this rate drop to 0.85%.
 These results show that inadequate drying and thresing
methods reduce EO rates of the drogs almost 40%.
 In sage, very early harvested samples gave 0.26% EO
rate, right time harvested samples gave 1.14% EO rate.
 Sun dried laurel samples gave 2.56% EO rate, shade
dried samples gave 3.57% EO rate.
The most important problems during harvest and
postharvest application of wild MAPs
 Lack
of knowledge on importance of biodiversity,
endemic plants, in situ conservation etc.
 Commercial
plant populations are harvested every
year without any rotation. This cause decrease of
populations. There are several good examples (3 years
rotations) only for laurel harvest.
 Inconvinient
harvest practices (pulling herbaceous
plants with their roots instead of cutting).
Laurel rehabilitation area in Yaylaalan, Manavgat (2006-2010)
Harvesting
mixed plant materials (different
plants, different development stages etc.)
Early
harvest except laurel. Villagers often
collect the plants long before flowering stage
due to competition and fire season restriction.
Inadequate
and unhygienic transport, drying,
threshing and storage applications.
Yeniköy, Gazipaşa
Bayırköy, Alanya
Laurel harvest using brush hooks
After cutting of laurel braches
Transportation and
Drying of Laurel
Due
to inadequate harvest and postharvest
applications, amount of product and also
quality of drogs are decreased significantly. As a
result, the products are lost their values.
In
drogs; physical and chemical deteriorations,
microbiological contaminations, mixture of
other materials and different plants were
observed. Naturally, these problems effect
domestic consumers and exportation of MAPs.
TRAINING PROGRAM
1. Richness of Natural Aromatic Plants in Turkey and
Antalya (2 h)
1.1 Natural aromatic plants of Antalya
1.2 Risks and conservation methods
2. Regulation for Non-Wood Forest Products (2 h)
(Regional Directorate of Forestry)
3. Sustainable Wild Crafting of MAPs (4 h)
4. Good and Hygienic Postharvest Applications (6 h)
4.1 Transportation, drying, threshing and storage of MAPs
4.2 Importance of hygienic production
Total: 30 Hours (14 h theoretic + 16 h practical training)
Tools were distributed to the trainees
Sickles
(harvesting oregano, sage etc.)
Protective gloves
Pruning shears (harvesting laurel and looks
promising)
Drying tables (made from steel)
Hats
Benefit Analysis in 2nd year
6
91.1
5
95.6
4
84.4
3
82.2
2
91.1
1
82.2
75
80
85
90
95
100
1 Theoretic Training, 2 Applied Training, 3 Booklet, 4 Brochures, 5 Tools, 6 Total Project
Conclusion
 Public
awareness on conservation of MAPs was raised in pilot
locations, may be in other locations,
 Good and sustainable harvesting methods were taught,
 Appropriate drying of MAPs were taught, but some laurel
locations need drying systems because of seasonal rains.
 Threshing is still problem! They need suitable and simple
threshing machines,
 Storage conditions of drogs were improved,
 This project revealed that it is always possible to increase
quality and yield of wild crafted MAPs by the training activities.
 This kind of training projects should be continued by the
Department of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services for other
locations as well.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION