Space Power Systems - NSTA Learning Center

Transcription

Space Power Systems - NSTA Learning Center
Space Power Systems 101
Preparing for the Journey to Space
Hartford Regional Convention
NSTA
October 2005
Dave McKissock
NASA Glenn Research Center
david.b.mckissock@nasa.gov
Sorry for the Powerpoint Charts
Published in The New Yorker September 29, 2003
Alex Gregory
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Electricity
Its all about conversion
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
– It can only be transformed (converted) from one form
to another
• We are surrounded by Energy Conversion technologies
– Chemical to Thermal
• Home furnace using fuel oil, gas or wood
– Chemical to thermal to mechanical
• Automobile engine
– Chemical to electric
• Fuel cell
– Electrical to mechanical
• Electric motor
– Electrical to radiant
• Toaster, light bulb
• Power plants are simply energy conversion facilities
– Whether they are on the ground, or in Space
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Spacecraft
Power
System
Options
Solar
Photovoltaic
Nuclear
Solar
Dynamic
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Fission
Radioisotope
Energy
Storage
Chemical
Mechanical
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Applications of Photovoltaic Power Systems
•
Used on >99% of the space
missions launched to date:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Near sun – Venus, Mercury…
Outbound – Mars, Asteroids…
Earth: – Comsats, earth observing, weather,
ISS, DoD…
Solar Electric Propulsion: Smart 1,
Deep Space 1…
Surface: MERs, Pathfinder, ALSEP
Deep Space 1
MSAT
BSS 702
Other benefits
–
–
–
Modular, reliable
Established manufacturing base
Cost effective
ISS
MER
MGS
MGS
Smart 1 (ESA)
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Past Applications of Energy Storage Systems
Hubble
Spirit
Spirit
&
& Opportunity
Opportunity
Lunar Rover
Cassini
Cassini
Probe
Probe
EVA
Space
Space
Shuttle
Shuttle
Energy storage systems have been used in 99% of the robotic and human
space missions launched since 1960
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Past NASA Missions Using Radioisotope Power Systems
Apollo
Viking
Voyager
Ulysses
Cassini
Galileo
Since 1961, 40 RTGs have been used on 22 US space systems.
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U.S. Has Pursued Several Aerospace Nuclear Fission
Development Programs Since 1945
ANP
1946-1961, Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project
1953, “Nuclear Energy For Rocket Propulsion”, R. W. Bussard
1955-1973, Nuclear Thermal Rocket
Rover/NERVA
SNAP-2, 8, 10, 50
1957-1973, Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power
1958-1966, Medium Power Reactor Experiment
MPRE
1965, SNAPSHOT
1962-1968, 710 Reactor
710
SPR
1965-1968, Adv. Space Nuc. Power Program (SPR)
SPAR / SP-100
1984-1992, SP-100
MMW
1985-1990
1987-1993
SNTP
2003 - NSI & Prometheus
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
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Solar Cells
Historical Perspective – Vanguard I
• Launched in 1958
• Still in orbit
• Projected 240 year
lifetime
• 6 body-mounted silicon
solar cells
• 2 cm x 0.5 cm, 10%
efficiency
• 1 Watt Total Power !
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5
Skylab Space Station (1973)
• 10+ kW
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Hubble Space Telescope
• 5+ kW
• Largest flexible array
flown
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NASA GRC/T. Kerslake
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Mir Space Station
• 12 solar array wings
• Mix of Si & GaAs cells
• 15-20 kW Array Power
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NASA GRC/T. Kerslake
Mir Cooperative Solar Array
• ISS US array panels
• 8x8 cm crystallineSilicon cells
• Russian frame
• 6 kW Power
• Operated about 5 years
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NASA GRC/T. Kerslake
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Mir Cooperative Solar Array Assembly
With needles and thread…
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Blueprints in two languages…
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I want to fly away!
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Damaged Mir Solar Array
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Size Comparison of Mir & the ISS
Outline of Mir
superimposed
on outline of ISS
with Service Module core
element as common
reference point
Mir reference sketch
Length
Width
Height
Weight
Mir
108 ft.
98 ft.
89 ft.
90 metric tons
ISS
246 ft.
358 ft.
131 ft.
406 metric tons
ISS Solar Array generates ~30 kW
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ISS Size… Play Ball !
ISS Power System Overview
Battery Configuration for each Power Channel
NiH2
31% KOH
1.25 Volts
81 Amp-Hrs
Eagle Picher
Industries
RNH-81-5
(Orbital Replacement Unit)
~ 4 kW-hr
ORU
Cell
Battery
Direct
Current
Switching
Unit
DCSU
Loads
(38 cells in series)
BCDU
Battery Charge
Discharge Unit
(BCDU + 2 ORUs)
~ 8 kW-hr
Battery
Battery
Battery
Channel
(Array + DCSU + 3 Batteries)
~ 24 kW-hr
ORU
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ORU
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EPS Subsystems
PVA
SARJ
From 2nd
Power Channel
PVR
Blanket
Blanket
MBSU
IEA
PFCA
Batt
Batt
BCDU
BCDU
Batt
PMCU
DDCU
Mast
BCDU
Various DDCUs,
SPDAs & RPDAs
Mast canister
SPDA
SSU
DCSU
BGA
C&C MDM
Users
RPDA
ECU
PVCU
DDCU
Users
Legend:
Energy
collection
Thermal cooling flow
Energy
storage
Power
conversion
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Control and data flow
Power
distribution
Power management and
control
Photovoltaic Thermal
Control System (PVTCS)
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STS 107 – Columbia Crew
Rick D. Husband: Commander
William C. McCool: Pilot
David M. Brown: Mission Specialist
Laurel B. Clark: Mission Specialist
Ilan Ramon: Payload Specialist
Michael P. Anderson: Mission Specialist
Kalpana Chawla: Mission Specialist
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ISS – Today
2492 days in orbit
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Solar
arrays span 240 ft
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“weighs” 393,733 lbs
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Helios
NASA Experimental Solar Airplane
• Remotely piloted
• Set world altitude record for propeller-driven
aircraft of almost 97,000 ft
• Wingspan of 275 ft
- Greater than Boeing 747 and Air Force C-5
• Planned to utilize fuel cells for nighttime power
• Crashed during testing in 2003
What’s Next in Space Power?
Power Systems for
–
–
–
–
–
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Crew Exploration Vehicle
Lunar Lander
Lunar Rover
Lunar Base (?)
Mars Base (?)
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Review
• List the Three Types of Space Power Systems
– What are the strengths / weaknesses of each system
– Identify sample applications
• Identify Key Components of the International Space
Station Electrical Power System
– Draw a schematic of the ISS power system
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nasa.gov
spaceflight.nasa.gov
spaceresearch.nasa.gov
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