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Space Power Systems - NSTA Learning Center
Space Power Systems 101 Preparing for the Journey to Space Hartford Regional Convention NSTA October 2005 Dave McKissock NASA Glenn Research Center david.b.mckissock@nasa.gov Sorry for the Powerpoint Charts Published in The New Yorker September 29, 2003 Alex Gregory 1 Electricity Its all about conversion • Energy can neither be created nor destroyed – It can only be transformed (converted) from one form to another • We are surrounded by Energy Conversion technologies – Chemical to Thermal • Home furnace using fuel oil, gas or wood – Chemical to thermal to mechanical • Automobile engine – Chemical to electric • Fuel cell – Electrical to mechanical • Electric motor – Electrical to radiant • Toaster, light bulb • Power plants are simply energy conversion facilities – Whether they are on the ground, or in Space Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 3 Spacecraft Power System Options Solar Photovoltaic Nuclear Solar Dynamic Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Fission Radioisotope Energy Storage Chemical Mechanical 4 2 Applications of Photovoltaic Power Systems • Used on >99% of the space missions launched to date: – – – – – • Near sun – Venus, Mercury… Outbound – Mars, Asteroids… Earth: – Comsats, earth observing, weather, ISS, DoD… Solar Electric Propulsion: Smart 1, Deep Space 1… Surface: MERs, Pathfinder, ALSEP Deep Space 1 MSAT BSS 702 Other benefits – – – Modular, reliable Established manufacturing base Cost effective ISS MER MGS MGS Smart 1 (ESA) Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 5 3 Past Applications of Energy Storage Systems Hubble Spirit Spirit & & Opportunity Opportunity Lunar Rover Cassini Cassini Probe Probe EVA Space Space Shuttle Shuttle Energy storage systems have been used in 99% of the robotic and human space missions launched since 1960 Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 7 Past NASA Missions Using Radioisotope Power Systems Apollo Viking Voyager Ulysses Cassini Galileo Since 1961, 40 RTGs have been used on 22 US space systems. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 8 4 U.S. Has Pursued Several Aerospace Nuclear Fission Development Programs Since 1945 ANP 1946-1961, Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project 1953, “Nuclear Energy For Rocket Propulsion”, R. W. Bussard 1955-1973, Nuclear Thermal Rocket Rover/NERVA SNAP-2, 8, 10, 50 1957-1973, Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power 1958-1966, Medium Power Reactor Experiment MPRE 1965, SNAPSHOT 1962-1968, 710 Reactor 710 SPR 1965-1968, Adv. Space Nuc. Power Program (SPR) SPAR / SP-100 1984-1992, SP-100 MMW 1985-1990 1987-1993 SNTP 2003 - NSI & Prometheus 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 9 Solar Cells Historical Perspective – Vanguard I • Launched in 1958 • Still in orbit • Projected 240 year lifetime • 6 body-mounted silicon solar cells • 2 cm x 0.5 cm, 10% efficiency • 1 Watt Total Power ! Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 10 5 Skylab Space Station (1973) • 10+ kW Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 11 Hubble Space Telescope • 5+ kW • Largest flexible array flown Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 12 NASA GRC/T. Kerslake 6 Mir Space Station • 12 solar array wings • Mix of Si & GaAs cells • 15-20 kW Array Power Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 13 NASA GRC/T. Kerslake Mir Cooperative Solar Array • ISS US array panels • 8x8 cm crystallineSilicon cells • Russian frame • 6 kW Power • Operated about 5 years Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 14 NASA GRC/T. Kerslake 7 Mir Cooperative Solar Array Assembly With needles and thread… Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 15 Blueprints in two languages… Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 16 8 I want to fly away! Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 17 Damaged Mir Solar Array 9 Size Comparison of Mir & the ISS Outline of Mir superimposed on outline of ISS with Service Module core element as common reference point Mir reference sketch Length Width Height Weight Mir 108 ft. 98 ft. 89 ft. 90 metric tons ISS 246 ft. 358 ft. 131 ft. 406 metric tons ISS Solar Array generates ~30 kW Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 20 10 ISS Size… Play Ball ! ISS Power System Overview Battery Configuration for each Power Channel NiH2 31% KOH 1.25 Volts 81 Amp-Hrs Eagle Picher Industries RNH-81-5 (Orbital Replacement Unit) ~ 4 kW-hr ORU Cell Battery Direct Current Switching Unit DCSU Loads (38 cells in series) BCDU Battery Charge Discharge Unit (BCDU + 2 ORUs) ~ 8 kW-hr Battery Battery Battery Channel (Array + DCSU + 3 Batteries) ~ 24 kW-hr ORU Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field ORU 22 11 EPS Subsystems PVA SARJ From 2nd Power Channel PVR Blanket Blanket MBSU IEA PFCA Batt Batt BCDU BCDU Batt PMCU DDCU Mast BCDU Various DDCUs, SPDAs & RPDAs Mast canister SPDA SSU DCSU BGA C&C MDM Users RPDA ECU PVCU DDCU Users Legend: Energy collection Thermal cooling flow Energy storage Power conversion Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Control and data flow Power distribution Power management and control Photovoltaic Thermal Control System (PVTCS) 23 12 STS 107 – Columbia Crew Rick D. Husband: Commander William C. McCool: Pilot David M. Brown: Mission Specialist Laurel B. Clark: Mission Specialist Ilan Ramon: Payload Specialist Michael P. Anderson: Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla: Mission Specialist 13 ISS – Today 2492 days in orbit Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Solar arrays span 240 ft 27 “weighs” 393,733 lbs 14 Helios NASA Experimental Solar Airplane • Remotely piloted • Set world altitude record for propeller-driven aircraft of almost 97,000 ft • Wingspan of 275 ft - Greater than Boeing 747 and Air Force C-5 • Planned to utilize fuel cells for nighttime power • Crashed during testing in 2003 What’s Next in Space Power? Power Systems for – – – – – Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Crew Exploration Vehicle Lunar Lander Lunar Rover Lunar Base (?) Mars Base (?) 30 15 Review • List the Three Types of Space Power Systems – What are the strengths / weaknesses of each system – Identify sample applications • Identify Key Components of the International Space Station Electrical Power System – Draw a schematic of the ISS power system Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 31 nasa.gov spaceflight.nasa.gov spaceresearch.nasa.gov Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 32 16 17
