Taulumbis rev.MDI - Pusat Penelitian Biologi

Transcription

KALIMANTAN TRANS-BORDER EXPLORATION:
The Protection Strategies toward Biological Resources and Culture Through the
“Trans-border world heritage site in Borneo”
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Eko Baroto Walujo
Ir. Ahmad Jauhar Arief, M.Sc
RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY
INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES
Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor KM 46, PO BOX 25/CBI, Cibinong 16911
2009
i
Kalimantan Trans-border Exploration
© 2009 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
Research Center for Biology
Katalog dalam Terbitan
Walujo, E.B. & A.J. Arief (eds).2009. Kalimantan Trans-Border Exploration: The Protection
Strategies toward Biological Resources and Cultural Through the “Trans-Border World
Heritage Site in Borneo”. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
vii + 75 hlm.; 18,2 x 25,7 cm
ISBN 9789797994655
Layout
Cover
: Fahmi
: Awit Suwito
Penerbit
: LIPI Press, anggota Ikapi
*Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI
GedungWidyasatwaloka, Cibinong Science Center
Jl. Raya Bogor km. 46, Cibinong 169111
Bogor, Jawa Barat
Telp.: 021-8765056/64; Fax.: 021-8765068
Website: http://www.biologi.lipi.go.id
ii
FOREWORD
Kalimantan is the third largest island in the world having enormous natural richness.
Nowadays, Kalimantan is the house of 15.000 plant types of various families and group, 225
mammals, 522 kinds of birds, 254 reptiles, 150 amphibians, 430 fish and hundreds of insect.
Those numbers are potentially to increase as there are many points still untouched and
unexplored in this area. Not only are the biological richness and its aspects but also the original
tribes unseparated from the natural cycle so that with a very high perception, they posses the
richness of knowledge and the exalted traditional wisdom.
Research Center for Biology (RCB) – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) as an
institution actively participating in basic research is responsible for revealing the hidden natural
treasure inside the bowel of Indonesian earth, including Kalimantan. As an institution actively
participate for making Kalimantan area, especially trans-border, as the area of world of heritage
(UNESCO Country Programming Document (2008 – 2011), then RCB - LIPI declared Transborder exploration program of Kalimantan which will be conducted for the period of five years
(from 2009 – 2013).
This book is the publication of expedition results from the first year of such program
intended to give basic information regarding Tau Lumbis, East Kalimantan natural richness and
potential. With the publication of this book, it is intended that this will be reference for border
area management and open the door for multi-party cooperation relating to bio-diversity issues
in Kalimantan and community potential development of the people living in the border area.
Cibinong, December 2009
Dr. Siti Nuramaliati Prijono
Head of Research Center for Biology
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to Bapak Panus Pance Langkau Y., the head of
village groups and all people of Desa Tau Lumbis for their warm welcome and good
collaboration during the whole periods of survey. Of this group we wish to thank in particular
Saukah, Lotos, Kapito, Siber, Yansen, Yansir, Yanto, Paulus, Rilit, Reno, Misra, Rosita,
Jenni, Magdalena, Mulandari and Nia for helping and assisting us in the field.
For the administration, permission and accommodating for working on Lumbis area,
we thanks to the officers of Balai Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang, especially Bapak
Boedi Isnaini S.Hut. and Bapak Basuni S.Hut. Bapak Hendriadi Dasra and Mahfu’at for
helping us on guiding and collecting data. Many thanks to Bapak Paulus Murang of FoMMA
(Forum Musyawarah Masyarakat Adat/ Forum of Traditional and Local People) TNKM
for facilitating collaboration and cooperation with Tau Lumbis people. Thanks to Bapak M.
Effendi, Head of District Lumbis/ Camat for encouraging and giving permission to work
on his area.
Last but not least we greatly appreciated the contribution from our colleagues in LIPI
especially Marlina Ardiyani and Taufiq P. Nugraha for finalizing this output.
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KALIMANTAN TRANS-BORDER EXPLORATION:
The Protection Strategies toward Biological Resources and Culture
through the “Trans-border world heritage site of Borneo”
Executive Summary
Trans-border area in Kalimantan covers the area of mountains that extends from the
Indonesia – Malaysia border areas to the lowland region territory of Brunei Darussalam,
which includes various types of vegetation, such as lowland vegetation, hills, low mountain
ranges, and upper montane tropical rain forests. Trans-border region is ecologically very
important as “green lung” and water resources for several big rivers in Kalimantan, for example,
Barito River in Central and South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan Kahayan River, Mahakam
River, Bahau Malinau River in East Kalimantan, and the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan.
Moreover, the trans-border region also has unique of ecosystem type comprising biological
species richness having high conservation value for various types of flora and fauna.
Yet, this area has not been supported by complete data and accurate representation of
biodiversity and other natural resources. This project is aimed at obtaining basic data
regarding the ecosystem types around trans-border areas concerning the species diversity of
flora and fauna and the aspects of natural resource conservation.
This first trans-border exploration took place in the Tau Lumbis region. Tau Lumbis was
located at the N4 18 18.6 - E116 13 05.4. and administratively belonged to Nunukan District,
East Kalimantan Province. To the South of Tau Lumbis lied the vast area of Kayan Mentarang
National Park; while to the North, just about 10 km away, loomed the chain of hilly terrain
dividing Malaysia from Indonesia. Due to its strategic position, Tau Lumbis had two important
aspects serving as the buffer zone to the national park and military check point.
Tau Lumbis ecosystem types are varied from cultivated area surrounding the village,
open land and young secondary forest of which part of shifting cultivation system to primary
forests which were mostly concentrated on the ridges
Brief survey was conducted from 14 June to 4 July 2009. Several taxa were the main
target of this brief study; namely birds, insects, fish and herpetofauna. Moreover, preliminary
study to determine the types of ecosystems was conducted through the exploration of
vegetation. Various botanical and zoological methods were used but all of them were generally
based on collecting specimens and visual observations following the path in the forest or
exploring the main rivers and its tributaries. Studies on culture and social etnobiology were
also performed by interviewing the main key persons in the village and observation of
people activities on various occasions.
The outcomes of this survey would update biodiversity information that had been
collected by a team of WWF-Indonesia in the early 2000s. The study had been successfully
recorded approximately 61 species of birds, 44 kinds of herpetofauna, 28 species of
freshwater fish, 20 species of termites and 91 species of trees. While most of the biota was
clearly identified, some specimens were still needed undergone careful studies as they showed
different characters at some degrees from others that already known.
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Figure 1. Tau Lumbis is located close to the border of Indonesia-Malaysia and the villages
is surrounded by hilly terrain of various type of ecosystem (Source: GoogleEarth 2009).
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Kayan Mentarang National Park: an Overview
KAYAN MENTARANG NATIONAL PARK: AN OVERVIEW
Basuni
Balai Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang
Jl. Pusat Pemerintahan Pemda Tanjung Belimbing, Malinau, 77554, Kalimantan Timur
ABSTRACT
Kayan Mentarang National Park was established in 1983. Due to the condition
where the indigenous people of Dayak ethnic inhabit these immense areas, the
management of Kayan Mentarang national park should be done collaboratively.
In order to reveal the status of Kayan Mentarang Biodiversity several research
activities have been carried out, nevertheless, a lot more aspects of biota and
traditional knowledge are still shrouded by the mist. Hopefully, biodiversity
researches and surveys conducted in Kayan Mentarang National Park can be
further developed so that they will be beneficial for the world of knowledge and
people prosperity around the research site.
INTRODUCTION
The history of Kayan Mentarang national park area is quite unique considering that at
the beginning, based on the letter of forestry ministry decree No. 24/Kpts/Um/I/1983 per
January, 15th 1983, its status was as nature preserve, then based on the letter of forestry
ministry decree No. 631/Kpts-II/1996 per October 7th, 1996, its status changed into National
Park. This was due to the condition in which there were some areas being Dayak ethnic
traditional life in which their existence had been for around 350 years with their means of
livelihood depending on forest products around the national park area. Although the
implementation found to be uneasy, its status as the national park gave the society opportunity
to make use the forest while keeping its conservation.
Therefore, it had been agreed that the management of Kayan Mentarang national park
should be done collaboratively based on the letter of forestry ministry decree No. 1214/
Kpts-II/2002 per April, 4th 2002. Moreover, this was the only national park of which
collaborative management was determined by the letter of forestry ministry decree. This
collaborative management involved multiple parties, such as the people residing around the
national park, society endeavor institution through Forum Musyawarah Masyarakat Adat (
FoMMA), Regional Government and Central Government. In order to implement its
collaborative management, Kayan Mentarang national park had a vision of: “The realization
of collaborative management in conserving bio diversity and its ecosystem at Kayan
Mentarang National Park for people prosperity as educational, research, and tourism mode,
and for continuous economic improvement.”
Landscape and Biodiversity
The width of Kayan Mentarang National Park was 1.360.500 hectare stretching across
Indonesia-Malaysia border. It was located around two districts: Nunukan District extending
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for 324.500 hectare (24%) and Malinau District for 1.036.000 hectare (76%). As a whole it
was divided into 10 large custom areas, which were: Krayan Darat, Krayan Hulu, Krayan
Hilir, Krayan Tengah, Lumbis, Tubu, Mentarang, Pujungan, Hulu Bahau and Apo Kayan.
The people residing around Kayan Mentarang National Park were Dayak tribe community
of which means of livelihood are commonly farming, cultivating unirrigated agricultural
fields, and taking forest product. In their social life, each custom area showed collective life
pattern and relation giving priority to togetherness and harmony based on the ruling norms
and interacts normally and intimately with the nature especially in the sense of treating
forest as their main living source.
More than 75% of Kayan Mentarang National Park composed of sandy stone sediment
in which this area geomorpfologically forms various land formation ranging from lowland,
highland to hilly complex and high mountain range. Norman Myers identified North
Borneo as one of ten important sites for world biodiversity ( Myers 1998; 1990). This
identification was based on flora and fauna diversity, the existence of endemic and unique
types and the threat level of such types. Kayan Mentarang National Park had long been
known as an area rich for flora and fauna diversity and it was the only highest center of
plant and endemic diversity in Kalimantan (Rautner et al. 2005). Although there had been
several researches, they had not been able to reveal all natural resources in this area. This
is due to the vast area and hard field so that the surveys conducted so far only covered the
relatively easily reached areas. Expedition and exploration toward this area were still
highly required to reveal the natural richness. In addition, Kayan Mentarang National
Park also had extremely high ecological function toward its environment. Almost all big
rivers in East Kalimantan ended in the hilly area of Kayan Mentarang National Park.
Research Activities
There were some research activities intended to reveal natural and social cultural diversity
around Kayan Mentarang National Park, those were:
1. Biodiversity inventory around Paye Rungan, Krayan, Bahau, Lurah River and Iwan
River.
2. The research of Population study toward several prime species, such as bearded pig
(Meijaard 2003) and primata (Meijaard & Nijman 2003).
3. Trans-border Biodiversity expedition of Kayan Mentarang National Park between
Indonesia and Malaysia (Sabah and Serawak) at Pa Raye, Krayan District, Nunukan.
There were 11 Indonesian researchers originated from LIPI, 5 researchers from
Mulawarman University, and 3 researchers from Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Kaltim
were involved in this research. Meanwhile, there were 9 researchers from Sabah and 8
researchers from Serawak also involved in this research. The research was
multidisciplinary one. It involved the areas of natural resources economy specialist,
anthropology, mycologist, lower plant, higher plant, etnobotanis, mamalogist,
omithology, herpetologist, ichthyologist, entomologist, malacologist, and crustacean.
4. Bio diversity observation conducted in side permanent compartment of Stasiun
Penelitian Hutan Hujan Tropis (SPHT) Lalut Birai (Wulffraat & Samsu 2000).
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Kayan Mentarang National Park: an Overview
Stasiun Penelitian Hutan Tropis (SPHT) Lalut Birai was founded as the result of
collaboration between Kayan Mentarang National Park and WWF Indonesia in
2002.
5. The role of Kayan Mentarang National Park toward society economy and fiscal of the
district around the research sites.
6. Many researchers conducted by several parties including students of both Indonesian
and overseas.
The locations expected to be able to be further developed as the research center according
to future priority were:
1. Kat River: There were many lowland forest habitats, hilly areas and low mountain
which could not be found at other sites around Kayan Mentarang National Park,
including Lalut Birai. There had been flying access to Data Dian and small boats to the
downstream of Kat River. Nevertheless, this area was located out of the reach of
Kayan Mentarang National Park.
2. Tau Lumbis: It would be better if the Northern part of Kayan Mentarang National
Park had its own research station, especially if it was physically separated from
the low area/The southern part of Kayan Mentarang National Park. This area
provided opportunities to study the unique flora and fauna around this area and
compared the rainfall effect between the northern and shoutern part toward certain
habitat.
3. Long Rungan: This area offered an access to the most developed and unique shrub
forest around Kayan Mentarang National Park area.
Recently Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) through Kalimantan trans-border
exploration of: The Protection Strategy of Biological resource and culture through “Transborder world heritage site in Borneo” in colaboration with Balai Taman National Kayan
Mentarang had conducted research survey around Tau Lumbis area. This research was
expected to be developed in the future and it clearly needed participation from the parties
having interest and care to develop the bio diversity richness, especially around Kayan
Mentarang National Park and the border area of Indonesia-Malaysia due to the limitation
owned by The Center of Kayan Mentarang National Park which was responsible for the
area management of this National Park.
Tau Lumbis had very high and attractive biodiversity potential; however the number
of researches in this area was very limited due to the limited access to such area and
minimum information available. Although there had been developed the research center
of Lalut Birai at Hulu Bahau at the southern area, this area was expected to be one of the
center of biodiversity research, especially at the northern part of Kayan Mentarang
National Park.
Hopefully, biodiversity researches and surveys conducted in Kayan Mentarang National
Park can be further developed so that they will be beneficial for the world of knowledge and
people prosperity around the research site.
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REFERENCES
Meijaard, E. 2003. Forest, pigs and people. A plan for sustainable management of Bearded Pig populations
in and around Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan Indonesia. Unpublished
report for WWF-Indonesia, WWF-Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Meijaard, E. & V. Nijman. 2003. Primate hotspots on Borneo: predictive value for biodiversity &
the effects of taxonomy. Conservation Biology 17:725-732.
Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: “Hot spots” in tropical forests. The environmentalist 3(8): 187208.
Myers, N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hot spot analysis. The environmentalist 10(4):
243-256.
Rautner, M., M. Hardiono & R.J. Alfred. 2005. Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk. WWF Germany.
Wulffraat, S. & Samsu. 2000. An overview of the Biodiversity of Kayan Mentarang National Park.
WWF-Indonesia Kayan Mentarang Project, Samarinda, Indonesia.
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Human Knowledge and Interaction towards their Environment in Dayak Tagol
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND INTERACTION TOWARDS THEIR
ENVIRONMENT IN DAYAK TAGOL
Mohammad Fathi Royyani
Botani Division, Research Center for Biology – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
ABSTRACT
Local knowledge is a public perception and view of life which is applied in everyday
life. Dayak Tagol is the indigenous people of Tau Lumbis Village cluster. The
root of local knowledge is generated from long experiences of interaction between
man and environment shaping the wisdom of indigenous people to life in harmony
with nature. The research data shows that the wisdom of Dayak Tagol was
rooted both from living experience during their interaction with the environment
but also from local belief practiced by the local people. Local knowledge and
wisdom of Dayak Tagol, especially in the sense of soil and ladang (unirrigated
agricultural fields), took togetherness and continuous principles into
consideration.
INTRODUCTION
Human life cannot be separated from the environment surrounding them. Without strong
supports from their environment, human are surely not be able to survive. The environment
condition surrounding each human group can determine society’s tradition and knowledge
system. According to Saifuddin (2005), the tradition activity is a form of human adaptation
toward their environment. In the other words, human tradition pattern and knowledge
system are born due to its environment.
The diversity owned by Indonesian is surely undeniable and that the diversity is not only
limited to biodiversity but also non-biodiversity. The biodiversity makes Indonesia called
Mega biodiversity country. In addition, there live hundreds of tribes and sub-tribes having
their own way in the relation to their interaction toward environment. One of them is
Dayak tribe in Kalimantan.
Dayak society has their own way which is different from other tribes and even from the
Dayak itself in benefiting and treating the nature around them, depending on the surrounding
nature condition. For instances, the knowledge of nature and natural phenomena still
constitute the guide to run their activities. For local society, knowing natural phenomena is
a “must” in order to acquire maximum result. Without the knowledge of environment and
natural phenomena, their activities will be useless and meaningless.
In turn, the knowledge of nature and its symptoms will bear various forms of traditional
rituals which are in line with their daily activities. Those traditional rituals are renewal
activities of human relation toward their environment. Basically, understanding toward the
environment surrounding them is an effort to defend their live and develop their offspring.
As with other local societies in Indonesia, Dayak Tagol society in East Kalimantan generally
possesses good local understanding and knowledge toward their environment characterized
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by recognition/characterization on each environmental unit surrounding them. The
recognition on each environmental unit possesses characters constituting distinctive features.
Human interaction with their environment runs in line with their life. This interaction
pattern will bear the knowledge regarding to biodiversity exploration, and human perspective
and treatment toward nature. All of them are not taken for granted; instead it comes to the
surface through inheritance from a generation to the next and their interaction renewal
toward their nature surrounding them.
The interaction gives birth to life experience then it becomes rules to treat the nature and
knowledge of benefiting plants to various needs. The knowledge possessed by Dayak society
is the wise treasure of local society. Local wise treasure regarding to plant benefiting needs
to further explore and made into knowledge for all of us.
Research Methodology
Field research through the visit to Tau Lumbis village was conducted on June 16th to
June 28, 2009. Before visiting the site, the researcher gathered related literature in relation
to the research object.
Data Collection
Researcher started with observation toward daily human interaction with their
environment. When the observation showed the existence of intensive relation between
human and their environment, the researcher conducted in-depth interview and it was
continued with participatory observation to exploit cultural values contained in it.
Before conducting the research, the researcher firstly decided the informants involved.
In this research, the informants were divided into two; those were key and ordinary
informants. The key informants were Tetua Adat (Elders), Kepala Desa (Head of village), and
Koordinator Kelompok Desa (Chairman of Villages Group). While ordinary informants were
ordinary people living in the community.
Data Analysis
After the data were gathered, then the researcher analyzed them using phenomenology
approach. Phenomenology approach explored the issue on how the society arrange their
daily life or experience world as it was experienced and produced by the society themselves.
In the area of phenomenology, language played significant role. From language, the
society found out the knowledge of their environment then transmitted it to their daily
practice. Local knowledge possessed by the society as their point of view toward the world
connects intra knowledge, interprets experiences, and combines them with all daily activities.
Phenomenology approach is also known as etnoscience, that is the recitation of what is
known by local society toward their environment, how they classify it, and how they use
and implement the knowledge to their daily life (Gragson & Blount 1999 in Sutton 2004).
This kind of approach, by noting local knowledge related to housing activates and daily
activities, is able to be the map of society characteristic in relation to their interaction and
daily activities.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Tau Lumbis: A Brief Sketch
The village group of Tau Lumbis was the foremost village in Indonesia. This group of
villages was located at Lumbis village, Kecamatan Lumbis, kabupaten Nunukan. The people
living in this village group were Dayak Tagol society. At the beginning, they lived separately
from the other villages. But, due to hinterland relocation policy issued by the government in
1970s, they were now living in group.
This group of villages consisted of 10 villages. The villages fused in Tau Lumbis were
Lumbis, Tetagas, Lipaga, Kalisun, Buluaun Hula, Memasin, Duyan, Sibalu, and Kabungolor
village.
According to the data collected in the office of Tau Lumbis Village Group (Kantor
Kelompok Desa Tau Lumbis), it was recorded that the number of Tau Lumbis society was
674 people. The number was the fusion of the ten villages mentioned below (Table 1)
Table 1. The list of villages and demography of the village group of Tau Lumbis
The number of
household Head
Male
Female
Total
Lumbis
21
51
47
98
Tetagas
12
26
30
56
Te name of Village
Lipaga
14
34
28
62
Kalisun
16
32
36
68
Buluaun Hulu
11
32
28
60
Tutulibing
12
36
34
70
Memasin
12
42
33
75
Duyan
18
42
33
75
Sibalu
11
31
28
59
Kabungolor
17
26
35
61
Total Number
144
352
332
684
The village location in the depth of East Kalimantan forest made the people living in this
society was familiar with their environment, especially with forest. In their daily life, forest
is part of their life. Without forest, it seemed that there was no life.
Moreover, the people living in Tau Lumbis village seemed to be in the trying to search
back the tradition they had ever possessed. Since this village was the fusion of the ten
villages, the people living in this community tried to explore the tradition of each village
which in turn it was developed into Tau Lumbis tradition as their sole identity.
The wriggle of identity search of Tau Lumbis was expressed by their always trying to
search the ever existed tradition. Traditional dance, the preservation of tradition, art, craft
of the almost extinct Dayak Tagol craft were started to be incited by the society. This was
meant to explore the tradition potential in order to attract tourists to come.
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B. Tau Lumbis Society and Housing Unit
The knowledge of environmental unit was tightly related with the benefiting of space
and society’s perspective towards their environment. From this knowledge, it was found out
how a society make use of the spaces around them.
B.1. Pahun – House
The smallest environmental unit of their life was called house/home (rumah). At home,
all their activities began and ended. The housing pattern at Tau Lumbis generally consisted
of houses on stilts (rumah panggung) made from board. Every part of the house was made
use effectively, for example, they made sulap or room as their most private room. five pod
(kaki lima) or veranda was the place where they gather with their whole family and release
their tension after work. Sau or the lower part of the house was used to store various kinds
of tools and equipment such as boat, firewood, etc. they even made use of sau as room for
relaxing or bedroom at night.
B. 2. Bakulung-The back of The House
The back of the house was called bakulung. The Tau Lumbis people used this back part
of the house as fish pond or as water absorption. The absence of gutter made bakuung to be
the site for water spillway/renunciation from the bathroom.
B. 3. Tingkuangon – The front of the house
Generally, most of tau Lumbis people had not used the front of their house maximally
for beneficial activities. Some of them just planted fruity plants in front of their house. Some
of them, however, had not make use of this part yet.
B.4. Kiing – The sides of the House
The sides of the house were used by Tau Lumbis people for performing household tasks,
such as for the site of gathering firewood.
C. Society and Knowledge of Soil (Tana)
The people of Tau Lumbis made use The soil/ground for the site of housing. In addition
it possessed certain signals. They believed that soil/ground was an important element of
life. It did not only serve as creatures’ site of living but also possessed spiritual values.
Furthermore, Tau Lumbis people were familiar with several kinds of soil. Their
knowledge of soil was tightly related with soil benefiting as agricultural field. Sometimes,
we found out a site which was close to the housing and strategically located, nevertheless
there were signs contained in the soil which show that it was not appropriate for agricultural
field. And vice versa.
C.1. Hana – Flat Country/Level Ground
According to Tau Lumbis people, Hana was defined as flat/level land which was suitable
for the site of housing and agricultural field. In their conception, Hana was the land at the
back of a hill which was used for agricultural land.
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C.2. Pulu – Stony soil/ground
Pulu soil was part of soil having many rocks beneath it. This kind of soil was not suitable
for agricultural field. Because it was consider not good, generally pulu areas were
characterized by dense forest.
C.30. Polo – Rocky Ground
Polo ground or the ground containing soft stones (rock) was also considered not suitable
for agricultural field and farming activities.
C.4. Tana Tina – Grey Ground
This kind of soil/ground was colored one. According to Tau Lumbis people, the area
having soil of this kind was not suitable for agricultural field, even in the past, this kind of
soil was used as traditional dye, usually used to color their traditional bags (bakang).
D. Society and Knowledge of Their Environment
The existence of environment surrounding certain people was extremely important. As
a society with high dependence toward direct natural product, the society formed closeness
with their environment. In this place they usually searched for animal protein by hunting
and searching for gaharu. In order not to get lost while hunting, they had special ability
which was passed from one generation to other. The ability was the ability to read natural
movements.
D.1. Juwau – Mountain
Juwau was an area in which its ground soared high. In this Juwau, tau Lumbis People
stored their ancestor spirit after death. Tau Lumbis people considered Juwau as sacred
place.
D.2. Tampuan – Hill
The terminology of tumpuan was often misleading with juwau. The difference was that
tampuan was lower than Juwau. Because tampuan was not relatively high, its slopes were
used for their shifting unirrigated agricultural field.
D.3. Inaluh – Roads on the mountains or hills
For Tau Lumbis people who often crossed over the forest and mountainous areas, inaluh
was used as the connector to the aiming place or as area boundaries.
D.4. Himba – Primary Forest
Himba was an area of primary forest which had not been cut down or used for agricultural
field. Himba was also an ex-agricultural field which had been over 20 years of age.
D.5. Katanan – Secondary Forest
Katanan was an area which had been used for agricultural fields and had been abandoned
for over 10 years. In this area, trees usually had grown with more than 10 cm in diameter.
D.6. Tatalun – ex-agricultural field
Tatalun was an area of ex-unirrigated agricultural field which had been abandoned for
about 5 to 10 years. The condition was similar to neglected plantation, with great number of
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bushes and pioneer plants. The diameter of plants existing there even reached more than 10
cm in diameter.
D.7. Umon - ex-unirrigated agricultural field
Umon was an area of ex-unirrigated agricultural field which had been abandoned for 5.
This area was dominated by scrub.
D.8. Jekau – Unirrigated Agricultural Field
Jekau was an area which was used by the people for agricultural field.
D.9. Nanutuk – an area where the trees were just cut
Nanutuk was forest area or katanan, the trees of which had just been cut to be made for
unirrigated agricultural field.
E. Activities of cultivating an unirrigated agricultural field
The farming of shifting unirrigated agricultural field was still the core of daily need
fulfillment of Dayak Tagol people living in Tau Lumbis. In order to fulfill their various
daily needs, a family unit needed more than one unirrigated agricultural field.
The activities of cultivating an unirrigated agricultural field did not only serve as the
effort to fulfill the basic and of food but also served as an arena for re-strengthening the
relationship between an individual with his/her relatives or neighbors. This was based on
collaborative principles in clearing an unirrigated agricultural field which involved relatives
and neighbors.
There had not been land ownership at Tau Lumbis. Unirrigated agricultural fields were
merely owned when they were functioned and used. Having been abandoned, the lands
became public property again. Nevertheless, there was an ethics ruling out when somebody
made use of the land. The ethics was the permission of using ex-unirrigated agricultural
fields for one’s purpose. There was no compensation at all for this act.
Opongoan ndilik was the activity of clearing an unirrigated agricultural field by cutting
away the undergrowth and shrubs. This activity took for about 20 days. Then the area was
rested for one week.
Ampahara was the activity of cutting the twigs of cut down trees. This activity took for
about 30 days.
Ansikit was the activity of after the unirrigated agricultural field was rested after ampahara.
All activities to cultivate the unirrigated agricultural field were done collaboratively by Tau
Lumbis people. This usually involved the whole family or friends.
Dayak Tagol Society and Knowledge Usage
Society conception regarding the nature was a separate cosmological system. From this
conception, we could find out society’s point of view toward nature. At the end, cosmological
belief and daily life practice would grow into local knowledge of an area. Such knowledge
was the society’s track record in relation to their interaction with the environment.
Such knowledge had come into practice since long time ago to assist society’s life without
having to destroy the environment. For example, the farming system of shifting unirrigated
10
agricultural field model did not only serve as living source but also was able to restore land
fertility as it used to be.
The importance of local knowledge for both development programs and environment
conservation had long attracted society’s attention. The local knowledge in relation with the
ecosystem had been inter-disciplinary study as well (Mora 1984).
At the beginning, according to modern knowledge principles, local knowledge was
considered unscientific and irrational. Such opinion, however, had much been debated by
researchers. Symposiums on anthropology and biology experts of 1982 conducted in United
States showed point of intersection between biology and culture in the sense of understanding
the society based on ecosystem concept held by the society themselves (Mohan 1984).
Having conducted research for a long time in Kalimantan, Soedjito (2006) said that basically
traditional knowledge is scientific.
Local knowledge regarding environment was a part of human adaptation system toward
their environment. Without sufficient knowledge, human were surely not able to survive.
It could be said that Dayak Tagol people residing in Tau Lumbis had not been long living
permanently. They were still seeking for the pattern and performing adaptation toward their
new environment. This was showed by spatial usage around their housing site which had
not been maximum.
The yard, either the back or the side one had not been considered as the potential site
giving economical benefit or seen as protein and carbohydrate source. Those spaces were
left empty without economic and ecological functions.
The knowledge regarding good and bad soil types had been used well by the people.
Their unirrigated agricultural fields were always located at fertile sites. The knowledge of
soil types owned by Dayak Tagol people was similar to other Dayak People’s. Soil fertility
indicators practiced by Dayak tribe in Kalimantan were based on soil declivity and fertility.
They are indicated by soil color (Soedjito 1995).
The knowledge owned by Dayak Tagol people residing in Tau Lumbis regarding the
existing nature and natural phenomena showed the existence of nature and environment
influenced their daily activities, and so were the knowledge regarding biological environment
and other knowledge.
That knowledge was based on the inheritance which was passed on from one generation
to the other. The knowledge from the former generation toward their environment was held
as the guidance for the present and future generation and this knowledge was still being
passed on. The inherited traditional knowledge seemed to dwindle. This was due to the
changing environmental condition (from nomadic settlement into permanent one) and social
changes in the society.
That knowledge was still considered traditional. This was due to the existence of
technological hindrance and the lack educational access. Nevertheless, obviously that
knowledge shaped society’s point of view in treating nature and environment. In turn, this
perspective toward nature gave birth to local wisdom. For instances, the prohibition to cut
down or take resource excessively from a certain site.
11
The local wisdom of Dayak Tagol people residing in Tau Lumbis was rooted not only
from living experience during their interaction with the environment but also from local
belief practiced by the local society. Such local belief was full and total comprehension
toward the universe. Both elements gave birth to habits which were basically tightly related
with natural resource management based on togetherness and continuity principles.
Local wisdom also took the form of sacred consideration toward certain objects,
prohibition to cut down immature trees, prohibition to hunt for pregnant animals, waiting
for natural signals to start certain activities, using simple technology, taking only what they
need, and so on.
CONCLUSION
Local knowledge toward environment and daily activities, especially in cultivating
unirrigated agricultural fields, has been inherited one which was passed on from one
generation to the others. That knowledge had been “a directory book” for the society in
running their activities. From that knowledge, local wisdom emerged in which if it was
managed carefully, it would become continuous guidance for area management.
The continuous management should take society’s prosperity and environment
conservation into consideration. Managerial development based on the existing local
knowledge and living attitude was the one which was most suitable with the society’s
characteristics.
Basically, local knowledge and wisdom of Dayak Tagol society, especially in the sense
of soil and cultivating unirrigated agricultural fields, took togetherness and continuous
principles into consideration. The soil/ground which was considered suitable for ladang
was left as water absorption sites and green areas. Besides, the absence of land ownership
made all society members had equal right to cultivate the unirrigated agricultural fields.
REFERENCES
Saifuddin, A.F. 2005. Antropologi Kontemporer: Suatu Pengantar Kritis Mengenai Paradigma. Jakarta.
Prenada Media.
Soedjito, H. 1995. Masyarakat Dayak: Perladangan dan Pelestarian Plasma Nutfah. Prosiding
Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Etnobotani II : 330 – 341. 24-25 Januari 1995. Puslitbang
Biologi-LIPI, Fak. Biologi UGM, Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia. Yogyakarta.
Soedjito, H. & Endang Sukara.2006. Mengilmiahkan Pengetahuan Tradisional: Sumber Ilmu
Masa Depan Indonesia. In Kearifan Tradisional dan Cagar Biosfer di Indonesia. Jakarta: LIPI
& Committee of Man and The Biosphere Indonesia.
Sutton, M.Q. & Anderson, E.N. 2004. Introduction to Cultural Ecology. Lanham. Altamira.
Moran, E.1984. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. USA. Westview Press and American
Association for the Advancement of Science.
12
Akan Gilin: a Sustainable Utilization Strategy of Dayak Tagol People of Tau Lumbis
AKAN GILIN:
A SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION STRATEGY
OF DAYAK TAGOL PEOPLE OF TAU LUMBIS
Mohammad Fathi Royyani
ABSTRACT
Environment destruction is the result of human activities. Then, the environment
savior strategies should come from human tradition. One of the ways to preserve
the environment is through exploring the supreme values existing among the
society. One of them is through sacred natural sites. Sacred natural sites have
embedded and been the part of society. Thus, if this research is further developed,
it will be effective for protecting the nature from more severe destruction. This
research is aimed at revealing such sacred natural site existing at Tau Lumbis
village. For the people residing there, the sacred natural sites are still everlasting
because the people do not dare to disturb the site.
INTRODUCTION
On one hand, Indonesia is the second richest country in the world in the term of
biodiversity. The potential, however, has not been fully realized as a means to improve
people’s prosperity. The Indonesians are even seem to fall asleep with this abundant
biodiversity. This fall asleep condition is shown by the absence of optimum effort to make
use of the biodiversity and the ignorance of the biodiversity itself.
Environment destruction, either legal or illegal logging, land degradation, and the decreasing wildlife habitat in Indonesia play the role in the extinction of genetic resource and
biodiversity before they are scientifically known for their benefit.
On the other hand, the Indonesian have been influenced by globalized bad effect or westernization which preview an object merely based on its material side. The highest achievement of human effort is seen as how much material are successfully gathered. The result is the
negative influence not only on natural resource conservation but also on cultural diversity as
people’s way of life. The Indonesian original tradition is gradually left behind by its people.
One of the important parts of the tradition is the existence of belief. Each society residing
in Indonesia has their own uniqueness in their belief system. In the belief system, it is
regulated by either vertical or horizontal relationship. The vertical relationship is not merely
the relationship with the ‘creator’ but also with the ancestors’ spirit which is considered still
having the ability to communicate through certain ways, such as traditional ceremony or
other ways rich in spirituality.
These spiritual values as they are believed in certain places are proved to be effective in
protecting and controlling people’s behavior. The spirituality rooting among the society can
be considered as catalisator to improve not only people’s development but also other good
13
purposes, such as environment conservation.
Environment conservation based on local belief will be more effective. The society through
their own mechanism will be able to protect their resources for their own purposes. The
society also posses wisdom in cultivating the land, regulating natural resources, and equally
dividing the result of natural resource to their member who badly need it, and reserving for
the future generation.
One of the wisdom applied by Tau Lumbis people was making sacred natural sites.
According to the research, sacred natural sites have been proved to be effective to protect
certain sites from destruction (Adimihardja 2007, Golar 2007, Iskandar 2007, Kaber et al.
2007, Soedjito 2007b), even the society through their own mechanism create new sacred
sites (Lubis 2007).
Although majority of Tau Lumbis People had embraced Christian as their belief, some of
them still believed in sacred natural sites, which were places where not all people could enter
and there were certain conditions to fulfill if one got through this place. The Research of
Sacred Natural Sites at Tau Lumbis was an effort to exploit biodiversity conservation and its
environment scientifically, since basically the traditional knowledge is scientific (Soedjito &
Sukara, 2006).
The results of this research were intended to be beneficial for the policy maker to plan for
everlasting development which constituted efforts to increase the treasure of world knowledge development.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Site Determination
These research activities were the program proposed by Research Center for Biology
(RCB) – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in relation to Trans Boundaries. The research
site was determined by the discussion with some colleagues together involved in these activities. The site was chosen since it is the outmost village in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The people
residing in such village are still interacting directly with forest.
Research Time
Field research to collect data was conducted from June 14 to July 14, 2009. Before that,
secondary information regarding both Tau Lumbis and Dayak had been collected through
various references such as book, journal and internet.
Informant Determination
In this research, informant determination adapted the concept proposed by Spradley
(1987; 61), stating that an informant should comprehend the local culture. While its determination should be based on information passed from the former informant/snowball technique (Endraswara 2003).
According to the technique, the researcher determined the key informants and ordinary
informants or supporting informants. Key informants in this research were Tetua (Elders)
Dayak Tagol community and government officials (The official of Kayan Mentarang Na-
14
tional Park, and The Head of the Village) around research sites, while ordinary informants
were Tau Lumbis people.
Ordinary informants were determined based on the information previously collected.
Thus, the number of informants was not limited in this research. The researcher conducted
interviews with many people not limited to their age and sex.
Data Collection Technique
During data collection, the first step the researcher took was tracking Tau Lumbis history.
From the village history, it would be found out the life stages that the people had already got
through.
Also, from history tracking, since it was told verbally, the data regarding fact and myth
were blurred. Thus, it was necessary to record myth and legend in relation to village history.
This was important to do since it was tightly related to the research object.
The second step of data collection was by involving participant observation. This was
primarily due to the people’s activities, such as searching for forest product, and going to rice
field of ladang (unirrigated cultivated land).
The third step was conducting open-ended interview with the informants. Afterwards, it
was followed by in-depth interview. Partisipatory observation and indepth interview were also
conducted when they were unintentionally asked to visit certain sacred natural sites. This
was done to find out their reaction when seeing the sacred natural sites. Three informants,
representing key informant, ordinary informant, and young informant together with the
researcher visited one intended sacred natural site.
The tree informants’ face showed tension and fear when they got close to the sacred
natural sites, they didn’t even dare to do many activities. Before entering the sacred natural
site, we were required to give ritual offerings in the form of cigarette for the host of those
sacred natural sites and to ask for permission to be in those place.
Tau Lumbis: A straighten up Village
Tau Lumbis Village is administratively located at Lumbis district, Nunukan, east
Kalimantan Province. According to data obtained from village office, there are 684 people
residing in this village. They live on cultivating moving lading, trading or working at Malinau
district, or in Malaysia.
Tau Lumbis people embraced Christian (Protestant and catholic), some of them were
Muslim, however, they did not live in this village. Although they officially embraced Christian, local belief and religion (Kaharingan) still adhered in the people’s thought and hearth.
Their live perspective and orientation did not only come from the church but also from
ancestors’ advice or “guidance” of Kepala Adat. Even, the words or sentences uttered by the
Kepala Adat, either presently or previously, could still be well memorized by the people.
Tau Lumbis village was composed of several villages of Kampung which previously
lived separately in the jungle of Kalimantan. The housing policy issued in 1970s had “forced”
the people living in the forest and nomadically to reside in certain areas since then they lived
15
in a group at Tau Lumbis. This place, previously, was a village named Lumbis. This village
was chosen as the house of several villages due to its strategic location and it was also considered as “the oldest” village.
According to Ketua Adat Besar (traditional leader) Lumbis, the Lumbis village was the
Indonesian soldier military basis from 1962 to 1966. There was confrontation between
Indonesia and Malaysia at that time. There were even many people of Lumbis helping
Indonesian soldier. Up to this moment, we can still find the remaining of this military basis.
This village was chosen as the military basis due to its location which was the closest to
Malaysia, and this village was also claimed as Malaysian territory.
Tau Lumbis people also had their own story of the past. According to Bapak (Mr.) Sober,
Ketua Adat Besar of Tau Lumbis, the people now living in Tau Lumbis, even those living in
Saliliran Village, Malaysia came from one ancestor. They were the descendant of Yaranpin.
The myth or story regarding this figure was similar to the story of Adam in the religious rite.
From Yarampim, it bore another legend around the forest near to their village which was
still believed until this moment. The figures were Lungkang, Yabin and Konok. From those
three figures, Dayak Tagol got through the time to be as it is nowadays.
We could not guarantee the rightness of this story. Nevertheless, this story was still
strongly believed. One evidence of the strength of this story was the existence of sacred
natural sites which were believed to be the place where these figures lived. In this site,
people’s affairs of mortal life were limited. They could not freely cut down the tree, hunt or
take other use without firstly fulfilling cultural conditions.
The location of Tau Lumbis which was in the depth of East Kalimantan forest made its
people familiar with the environment, especially forest. In their daily life, forest was the part
of their life. Without forest, it seemed no life for them. Nevertheless, Tau Lumbis people
seemed to try to find their original tradition they had ever had. Because this village was the
group of ten villages, the people tried to explore the tradition owned by each village to be
further developed as Tau Lumbis tradition as their identity.
The wriggle of Lau Lumbis identity searching was felt in their daily life in which they
always tried to regain the tradition they had ever had. Traditional dance, tradition conservation, art, and Dayak Tagol traditional craft which were almost extinct started to be developed
by its people. This was done in order to explore the existing tradition in the effort to attract
tourists to come.
Akan gilin and the Environment
Tau Lumbis people believed that basically everything had its “occupant”. The existence
of this “occupant” made a thing be able to survive. Besides, they believed that every plant,
animal, stone, or other had its own “God”. This “God” had a duty to control creatures which
was under his responsibility.
Tau Lumbis people also believed in ancestor spirits. They believed that people living at
this moment was still able to communicate with their ancestors. Besides, the ancestors often
came as they wish. If this happened, then big thing was likely to occur.
They believed in the ancestors, interaction with forest, and the existence of traditional
belief was the reason why Dayak Tagol Tau Lumbis people had sacred natural sites. For
16
them, these sacred natural sites did not only serve as a site which should be kept away but also
served as the site where their history began. The people knew many places considered as
sacred natural sites. All places considered sacred were called akan gilin.
In relation to those facts and the result of informant interview, it is found out that there
were three site or place characteristics having relation to the environment considered to be
sacred by the people:
1. Big Stones
The people believed that stones having big size out of fittingness in their measurement were the place where spirit lives. Sometimes the spirit living there were evil ones.
Because these stones were occupied by evil spirit, they did not dare to come close to those
stones.
Those big stones were mostly found around small rivers around the village. Although
it was illogical at the first glimpse, this act had its own logical reason. With this act, in
which the people considered big stones sacred made them not dare to destroy or ruin
stones so that the river would not be shattered.
2. Rivers
There were many rivers near Tau Lumbis village. This village was flanked by two
rivers, those were big river or Lumbis River located in front of the village and Saliliran
River located at the side of the village.
Beside those two rivers, there were still many rivers located in the forest constituting
their exploration tract while hunting. Not all rivers were sacred, but only some parts of
the rivers were.
For example Saliliran River, not all parts of this river were sacred, but only some
parts of it. Generally the parts considered sacred were the sites where there were big
stones or trees at the riverside.
The act of making rivers as sacred sites was tightly related to river conservation as
living support. One of protein source to fulfill people’s need came from the river. Therefore, it was rational if the people made some parts of the river as sacred sites so that the
river would be fully conserved and was able to fulfill their long lasting needs.
3. Range of hills
Other places considered sacred were the range of hills. These places were believed to
be the site where the ancestors descended or resided.
4. Yaki ground
Yaki ground was the ancestor ground. In Dayak Tagol Tau Lumbis comprehension,
Yaki ground was a site in the past used as place of living or housing area.
In their housing history, before living this way, they lived nomadically from an area
to others. Because they often moved, Dayak Tagol people considered all forest area in
Mentarang National Park Area or around their village as yaki ground.
As yaki ground, the use of natural source in this area should be under custom permission. If there was no permission, then it could not be used. So far, if the utilization was
ruled out based on custom mechanism, then it would result in orderliness and continuity,
such as the make use of gaharu. Dayak Tagol people did not cut out gaharu tree which
was still young and there were still parts of the tree which could still be used.
17
Different treatment toward gaharu was performed by intentional gaharu searcher. They
cut out gaharu tree, even the young one. This resulted in destruction and incontinuity. The
researchers found gaharu destruction and useless logging performed by gaharu searcher when
the researchers were about to reach akan gilin in the forest.
Dayak Tagol residing in Tau lumbis treated gaharu tree in such a way because they considered forest where gaharu grew as yaki ground which must be respected. In side yaki ground
there lived their ancestor who should be respected. Even, if they treated yaki ground as their
wish, then the ancestors would come to their dream.
Myth and Environment Conservation
Tau Lumbis people also believed on spirit residing in certain sites. This belief made
certain sites be sacred place in which people might not do as their wish. Basically, holy places
or sacred sites were traditional conservational system held by the people.
For Tau Lumbis people, the sacred sites were called Akan gilin. This site was relatively
protected from destruction because people might not cut down trees around this area. Only
hunting was permitted. It, however, should get through certain rituals, such as ritual offerings.
One of sacred natural sites for Tau Lumbis was Piyoh area. The name of this area was
taken from one of hill name located in such sacred sites. This area was considered sacred by
the people in which people might do as their wish toward nature.
Piyoh was akan gilin area. There was a merging river of three rivers in this Piyoh area.
There were also three hills in this area considered to be occupied by supernatural creature.
According to the people, this supernatural creature was the “moksa” of three brothers, those
were Lungkang, Yabin, and Konok considered as tau Lumbis ancestors.
The merging rivers flowed under the three hills (juwou) believed to be occupied by Tau
Lumbis ancestors. Juwou Bulungow was believed to be occupied by Yabin, Juwou Kalintabu
by Lungkang, and Juwou Piyo by Konok.
The people divided sacred natural sites into: main area (akan gilin) or the area namely
Piyoh, supporting area around trees, and utilization area where the people were freely do
their activities responsibly. This utilization site was located in Kabalob area.
At the area namely Piyoh as akan gilin or sacred site, located at Bulungow hill, we could
find two caves believed to be the place where one of the tree holy spirit resided.
Obviously, one of the caves had the shape of stony unit and the other one was seen to be an
ordinary cave. The main road to the cave, however, had been heaped up by soil pile. It was
possible that that the act of making sites to be sacred through such myth was tightly related to
the existence of ancient live, that was men living in the cave (cavemen). However, since they
had not been able to explain the life of ancient people living in such caves, this fact was
covered by myth and folktales.
Belief and Environment Conservation
Despite formally embracing Christian religion, local tradition and belief were still strongly
bound in the society, especially for the old ones. For them, religion was what they read. For
18
those who usually interacted with nature, religious language was natural language. Natural
phenomena were comprehended by the people as the base to act or not to act.
Cultivating activity had been planned for a long time. They would fail if in the process
they found natural phenomena comprehended not to continue cultivation. Bird was one of
animals whose singing was comprehended as natural signal.
Nature language used by the people in their interaction with the environment showed not
only closeness between human and the nature but also something sacred and profane contained on each thing. Sacredness and profanes were found in every religion.
According to (Rappaport 1999), the people usually do something sacred through traditional ceremony. The traditional ceremony even make new sacred thing. From religious
phenomenal side, something considered to be profane at the beginning can be sacred if the
people through their agents consider those profane things to be sacred.
Besides, the belief toward supernatural agent such as ancestor spirit is a thing showing the
existence of religion (Sosis and Alcorta 2003). According to Chairns (2003), at least a religion has four important treaties; the belief system in relation to supernatural agent, concepts
against intuition, collective ritual, and separation between sacred thing and profane one.
Therefore, Akan gilin as a conservation site existing around Dayak Tagol residing in Tau
Lumbis had entered religious area, since the concept of akan giling involved both supernatural agents (ancestor spirit) and the act of making sites sacred which distinguished them from
other areas considered profane.
In the sacred area, one did not have freedom as in the profane one. There were several
limitations made by religion or custom for controlling human. These human limitations
toward something sacred were basically intended to conserve the environment. With conserved environment, then there would be continuity of human life.
The area considered Akan giling by the people were the area which hardly got interacted with
human. The result was of course a relatively protected area compared to the area around it.
CONCLUSION
Akan gilin as a concept of making sites sacred was quite effective to stifle human’s desire.
People did not dare to hunt or make use of other natural resource in akan gilin area freely.
Beside the existence of custom rules, there were also myths surrounding akan giling area so
that this area was relatively protected.
Making sites sacred was an environment conservation concept rooted from inside the
people themselves, so that it was more effective in protecting the environment compared to
conservation concept rooted from other people’s theory. What made akan gilin strong as
environment conservation concept at Tau Lumbis was because it involved custom element,
legend regarding their origin, and religious emotion.
Although it seemed to be illogical at the beginning due to irrational legend and insufficient
theological reasons, if it was connected with environment conservation as continuous utilization, then akan gilin concept seemed to be relatively logic and deserved to take into consideration when arranging conservation strategies.
19
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Paper was presented at the workshop of Situs Keramat Alami: Peran Budaya dalam Konservasi
Keankegaraman Hayati. Kebun Raya Cibodas; 30-31 Oktober.
Aleorta. C.S. & R. Sosis. 2005. Ritual, Emotion, and Sacred Symbols: The Evolution of Religion as
an Adaptive Complex. Human Nature. Winter 16(4): 323-359.
Bulmer, R.N.H. 1982. Traditional Conservation Practices in Papua New Guinea. In Mourauta,
L.et.al (eds). Traditional Conservation in Papua New Guinea: Implication for Today. PNG.
Cairns, J.Jr. 2003. Ethical Issues in Ecological Restoration. In Eco-Ethics and Sustainability Ethics.
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Dove, M.R. 1988. Sistem Perladangan di Indonesia: Suatu Studi dari Kalimantan Barat. Gadjah Mada
University Press, Yogyakarta
Endraswara, S. 2003. Metode Penelitian Kebudayaan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Golar.2007. Mopahilolonga Katuvua: Konsepsi Masyarakat Adat Toro dalam Mempertahankan
Kelestarian Sumberdaya Hutan. Paper was presented at the workshop of Situs Keramat
Alami: Peran Budaya dalam Konservasi Keankegaraman Hayati. Kebun Raya Cibodas; 30-31
Oktober.
Harris, M. 1974. Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Random House.
Harris, M. 1979. Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. New York: Random House.
Iskandar, J. 2007. Pelestarian Daerah Mandala dan Keanekaragaman Hayati oleh Orang Badui. Paper was
presented at the workshop of Situs Keramat Alami: Peran Budaya dalam Konservasi
Kaber, Y, R. Bawole, & G. Mentansan. 2007. Faknik Kepercayaan Masyarakat Adat Biak-Numfor
dan Upaya Konservasi Sumberdaya Laut (Studi Kasus Pembentukan Daerah
Perlindungan Laut di Pulau Owi Vs Situs Keramat Alami Pulau Pakreki, Kepulauan
Padaido, Kabupaten Biak Numfor”. Paper was presented at the workshop of Situs Keramat
Alami: Peran Budaya dalam Konservasi Keankegaraman Hayati. Kebun Raya Cibodas; 30-31
Oktober.
Lubis, Z.B.2007. Revitalisasi Situs Keramat Alami di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal. Paper was
Mangunjaya, F.M.2007. Keramat Alami dan Kontribusi Islam dalam Konservasi Alam. Paper was
Rappaport, R.A.1968. Pigs for the Ancestors. New York: Free Press.
Rappaport, R. A. 1999 Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. London: Cambridge University
Press.
Spradley, J.P. 1987. Metode Etnografi. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana
Soedjito, H. & E. Sukara.2006. Mengilmiahkan Pengetahuan Tradisional: Sumber Ilmu Masa
Depan Indonesia. In Kearifan Tradisional dan Cagar Biosfer di Indonesia. Jakarta: LIPI and
National Commite of Man and The Biosphere Indonesia.
Soedjito, H, M.F. Royyani, V. B. Lestari, & A. Sadili.2007a. Penelitian ke Cagar Biosfer Cibodas. Laporan
Perjalanan. Puslit-Biologi-LIPI (Unpublished).
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Soedjito, H.2007b. Tanah Ulen dan Konsep Situs Keramat Alami Studi Kasus di Desa Setulang,
Kabupaten Malinau, Kalimantan Timur. Paper was presented at the workshop of Situs
Keramat Alami: Peran Budaya dalam Konservasi Keankegaraman Hayati. Kebun Raya Cibodas;
30-31 Oktober.
Sosis, R., & C. S. Alcorta. 2003. Signaling, Solidarity and the Sacred: The Evolution
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Konservasi: Kasus Konservasi Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) di Taman Nasional
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dalam Konservasi Keankegaraman Hayati. Kebun Raya Cibodas; 30-31 Oktober.
21
22
23
An Inventory of Flora At The Trans-border Forest of Tau Lumbis, East Kalimantan
AN INVENTORY OF FLORA AT THE TRANS-BORDER FOREST
OF TAU LUMBIS, EAST KALIMANTAN
Asep Sadili1 dan Mahfuat 2
1
2
KBalai Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang
ABSTRACT
The research on plant diversity around Tau Lumbis had been conducted through
exploration following footstep path striving for Indonesia – Malaysia border. In
this path, there were two forest areas; those were primary and secondary forests.
According to the track record, it was noted that there were about 174 plant
species out of about 73 family.
INTRODUCTION
Plant species growing in a certain area constituted plant society as resident and became
the major component composing such area, either natural forest area or the area in which
there had been destruction before.
Tau Lumbis was a valley which was the last village located at the direct border between
Indonesia and Malaysia inhabited by Dayak Tagol people. Its natural forest seemed to have
been scrapped off by the exploitation performed by the people around it and by the people
having interest on it.
This research was aimed at revealing and observing how far the existence of plant species
occupies this area. This was because plant richness was one of natural sectors having its own
attractiveness and as plasma nuftah for the next future.
LOCATION AND METHODS
Study Site
Tau Lumbis forest to the border area consists of secondary forest and primary forest
located on the landscape that varies from gently sloping to very steep hills. Primary forest is
mostly adjacent to cultivated lands of Tau Lumbis people. Secondary forest conditions
vary, there has grown young trees, and there is also a form of bushes, but on the edge of the
river still shows the state of primary forest. Soil conditions on secondary forests appear less
fertile with a very thin litter, but the primary forest look more fertile because of the thicker
forest floor litter than the secondary forest.
Methods
Data was acquired by exploring the area following forest tracks from Tau Lumbis village
up to the border of Indonesia and Malaysia during which all plants species were recorded.
This method was expected to represent all uncovered areas (Rugayah 2002). The researcher
recorded the species of discovered plants and counted their percentage by applying three
25
categories, those were: abundant, many, and few. Common plants were only recorded in the
field book. Meanwhile, the researcher took some leaves and twigs of the plant species which
were still doubtful for its scientific name and for the purpose of proof specimen (voucher),
especially those which were in bloom or bearing fruit.
RESULT
Forest of Tau Lumbis area heading for the border consisted of primary and secondary
forests. Generally the forests were hilly areas varied from flat floors until very steep ones.
Most of primary forest areas bordered to ladang. The condition of secondary forest was
varied. Some of them had been covered by young plants and shrubs, while the edge of Lumbis
River area to the top still showed primary forest areas with clear water flowing to Seinalor
River close to Tau Lumbis village. The soil condition of secondary forests was seen to be less
fertile with very thin manure. While the soil condition of the primary forest was seen to be
more fertile because it had thicker manure than the secondary forest. It was observed that
generally we did not find many plants growing in these areas having flowers or fruit. According
to the record, it was found that there were + 174 plant species out of 73 family (appendix 1).
Flora of Secondary Forest
The plant composition growing in the secondary forests was classified into old secondary
forest, since it was recorded that there are some plants having relatively large stem diameter
of more than 30 cm such as the type of Vitex rubescens (Verbenaceae), Artocarpus elastica
(Moraceae) and Microcos sp. (Tiliaceae). They showed their dominance toward such secondary
forests. The old secondary forests were shown to be not too large compared to the young
secondary forests. Dillenia eximia (Dilleniaceae) grew well at certain areas. Stem diameter
classified into belta with very high density and canopy coverage so that sun light could not
penetrate into the forest floor. This in turn made herbal species and semai tree (seedy trees)
hardly grew well because of the absence of sunlight which was needed to stimulate seeds
inside the soil to grow. Beside the natural species growing in the secondary forests, there
were plant species which had been domesticated and many of them had been grown by
people such as Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Artocarpus elastica (Moraceae), Mangifera foetida, and
Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae). A. elastica was classified into tree category and we might find many
species of Coffea sp. because of its large population with stem diameter of 5 to 11 cm. We
might find the type of Durio carinatus at such secondary forestry area at relatively level
location with stem diameter of 8 to 38 cm with the height of 5 to 19 m.
We could find shrubs at certain location in which this vegetation was mostly covered by
the plant species of Gleichenia linearis, Melastoma malabatricum, Cyperus sp, Nephrolepis falcata,
Clibadium surinamense. With the high coverage rate of G. linearis, it was proved that the plant
species were able to adapt to their environment so that it could grow and develop in various
height as forest floor cover which had resemblance of more than 50%.
The Flora of the Primary Forest
The plant species of low land still dominated the plant species of the primary forest
growing in Tau Lumbis border. The researchers found the species of Shorea balangeran,
26
Eusideroxylon zwageri, Koompasia malacenssis, Vatica rassak, Shorea parvifolia, Shorea fallax, and
Parkia speciosa around steep edges of Lumbis River.
The species of low plant in this border area were dominated by Curculigo latifolia, Alocasia
macrorhiza, Arisaema sp., Pinanga sp., Alpinia scabra, Hedychium sp., and Cyrtandra sp. The
species of terrestrial orchid such as Corymborchis veratifolia, Tainia sp, Plocoglatis hirta, P. gigantea
and Sphatoglotis plicata (Orchidaceae) were found around the tributary edges of Lumbis River.
The species of epiphyte orchid such as Dendrobium sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Trixspermum sp. were
found along the foot trail of the forest heading for the height of + 350 m above the sea level.
There was open space which was not overgrown with big trees among the dense canopy
coverage in this primary forest. The forest floor was also quite wet and watery. The
researchers found the dominance of the plant species of Musa acuminata, Alocasia macrorhiza,
Micania cordata and Alpinia scabra.
At the natural forestry area, along the foot trail edge of the forest heading for the border
(Manukon area), the researchers could find quite great population of Mallotus paniculatus and
high trees (total tree height is about 20 m). Among those trees (Mallotus paniculatus), there were
the plant species of Saurauia nudiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Artocarpus elastica, Antidesma sp.,
Macaranga triloba, Dillenia eximia, Cyathea sp., and Baccaurea macrocarpa classified into tree category
and belta as the substitute for the primary plant species for the next future (Hartshon 1980).
The higher the location, the steeper the topography and it continued until the back of the
hill where Indonesia – Malaysia pole was located. This was exactly located at the height of
+484 m above the sea level, precisely at the coordinate of 4o 22 49.8’ north latitude and
116o13 22.4’ east longitude. This location constituted primary forestry areas with relatively
high tree density compared to the lower location. The plant species which could be found in
this area were Durio sp., Garcinia sp., Calophyllum sp., Stemonurus sp., growing at the back of
the hill area close to the border pole. The researchers also found great number of Pandanus
sp., and Bambusa sp. at the steep slope area.
REFERENCES
Balgoy van, M.M.J. 1987. Collecting. In: Vogel (ed.) Mannual of Herbarium Taxonomy. Theory and
Practice. Unesco.
Hartshon, G.S. 1980. Neotropical forest dynamic. Tropical Succession Supplement to Biotropica 12(2):
20-30.
Holttum, R.E. 1965. Ferns of Malaya. A Revised Flora of Malaya. (An Illustrated Systematic Account
of The Malayan Flora, Including Commonly Cultivated Plants). Volume II. Government
Printing Office. Singapore. 653 pp.
Rugayah, E.A. Widjaja & Praptiwi. 2004. Pedoman pengumpulan data keanekaragaman flora. Pusat
Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor.
Seidenfaden, G., J.J. Wood. 1992. The Orchids of Penisular Malaysia and Singapore. A. Revision
of R.E. Holttum: Orchids of Malaya. Fredensborg. Singapore.
Wood, J.J. 1997. Orchid of Borneo. Vol. 3. (Dendrobium, Dendrochilum and Other). The Sabah
Society. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew. England.
27
Appendix 1. Check list of flora recorded along the trail of the border Indonesia-Malaysia,
Tau Lumbis.
ACTHINIDIACEAE
Saurauia cf fragrans R.D Hoogland
ALANGIACEAE
Alangium sp
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Curculigo latifolia Dryand
ANACARDIACEAE
Gluta wallichii (Hook.f) Ding Hoe
Koordersiodendron pinatum Merill
Mangifera foetida Blume
ANONNACEAE
Polyalthia rumphii Merill
APOCYNACEAE
Alstonia angustifolia Wall
ARACEAE
ARECACEAE
Alocasia macrorhiza Schott
Anadendron sp.
Homalomena sp
Amorphopallus sp.
Alocasia longiloba Miq
Schismatoglottis sp.
Calamus sp
Corthalsia sp
Calamus javensis Blume
Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret.
Pinanga sp
ASTERACEAE
Micania cordata
BALANOPHORACEAE
Balanophora sp
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia isoptera Dryand
Begonia sp.
BOMBACACEAE
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.
Durio spp.
Durio carinatus Mast.
28
BURSERACEAE
Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J.Lam
Santiria laevigata Blume
CELASTRACEAE
Bhesa paniculata Arn
CLUSIACEAE
Calophyllum sp.
Garcinia sp.
Garcinia nervosa Miq.
COMMELINACEAE
Forrestia mollissima Koord
Forrestia sp.
COSTACEAE
Costus speciosus
CRYPTERONIACEAE
Crypteronia griffithii C.B.Clarke
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus sp.
DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia eximia Miq.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Parashorea smythiesii Wyatt-Smith ex P.S. Ashton
Shorea sp.
Shorea atrinervosa Symington
Shorea balangeran Burck
Shorea fallax Meijer
Dipterocarpus sp
Vatica rassak Blume
Shorea parvifolia Dyer
Hopea sp
EBENACEAE
EBENACEAE
Diospyros borneensis Hiern
Baccaurea sp
Macaranga sp
Aporosa grandistipula Merril
Baccaurea angulata Merrill
Baccaurea dulcis Muell. Arg.
Baccaurea minor Hook.f.
Baccaurea macrocarpa Muell.Arg.
Bridelia sp
Pimeleodendron papaveriodes J.J.Smith
Trigonopleura malayana Hook.f.
29
Mallotus paniculatus Muell. Arg.
Antidesma sp
FABACEAE
FAGACEAE
Koompassia malaccensis Maing.
Parkia speciosa Hassk.
Cassia cf alata
Lithocarpus sp.
Lithocarpus gracilis (Korht.) Soepadmo
Castanopsisi sp.
FLACOURTIACEAE
Flacourtia rukem Zoll. & Mor.
GESNERIACEAE
Cyrtandra sulcata Blume
GNETACEAE
ICACINACEAE
LAURACEAE
Gnetum cuspidatum Blume.
Stemonurus sp.
Actinodaphne sp.
Actinodaphne glabra Blume.
Alseodaphne paludosa Gamble
Beilschmiedia sp.
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Ex Blume
Eusideroxylon zwagery Teijsm. & Binn.
Litsea grandis Hook.f.
Litsea orientalis C.E.Chang
LECYTHIDACEAE
Barringtonia macrostachya Kurz
LEEACEAE
Leea aequata
LILIACEAE
Hanguana malayana Merrill.
LOGANIACEAE
Fagraea racemosa Jack
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) H.P. Nooteboom
30
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
MARANTHACEAE
Donax cannaeformis Rollfe
Phrynium capitatum (Wild.) Schum.
MELASTOMATACEAE
Dissochaeta fallax Blume
Pternandra sp.
Pternandra rostrata (Cogn.) N.P.Nayar
Melastoma malabatricum Blanco
MELIACEAE
MORACEAE
Aglaia odoratissima Benth.
Chisocheton sandoricocarpus Koord. & Valet.
Dysoxylum alliaceum Blume
Aglaia sp.
Artocarpus anisophylla Miq.
Artocarpus elastic Reinw.
Artocarpus lanceaefolia Roxb.
Artocarpus odoratissima Blanco.
Ficus uncinulata Corner
Ficus sp.
Poikilospermum suaveolens
MYRISTICACEAE
Knema cinerea Warb.
Knema sp.
Myristica beccarii Warb.
MYRSINACEAE
Ardisia sp.
Ardisia lanceolata Roxb.
Maesa ramentacea Wall.
MYRTACEAE
OCHNACEAE
OLACACEAE
OLEACEAE
Syzygium veasteegii (Lauterb.) Merill & Perry.
Syzigium sp.
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis
Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.
Gomphandra javanica Valeton.
Chionanthus oligatus (Merrill) R. Kiew
31
ORCHIDACEAE
Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum J.J.Sm.
Bulbophyllum sp
Corymborchis veratifolia Blume
Cymbidium sp
Dendrobium sp
Dispermum sp
Plocoglotis gigantean (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm.
Plocoglotis hirta Ridl.
Trixspermum sp
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus sp.
PIPERACEAE
Piper sp
POACEAE
Bambusa sp.
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala venenosa Juss.ex Poir.
Xanthophyllum sp.
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Gynotroches axillaris Blume
ROSACEAE
Prunus sp.
Rubus sp.
RUBIACEAE
Anthocephalus chinensis Hassk.
Coffe sp
Nauclea sp
Neonauclea calycina Merrill.
Urophyllum corymbosum Korth.
Urophyllum sp.
RUTACEAE
Cytrus sp
Euodia glabrifolia (Champ.ex Benth.) C.C.Huang
SAPINDACEAE
Nephelium cuspidatum Blume
Nephelium mangayi Hiern.
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) P.W. Leenhouts
Nephelium sp.
Pometia pinnata Forst
SAPOTACEAE
Madhuca sp.
32
Madhuca kingiana H.J.Lam.
Madhuca malaccensis H.J. Lam.
Palaquium sp.
SIMAROUBACEAE
Eurycoma longifolia Jack.
STERCULIACEAE
Sterculia cordata Blume
Sterculia oblongifolia A. Cheval.
Sterculia coccinea Jack.
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos sp.
TACCACEAE
Tacca sp.
THYMELACEAE
Aquilaria malaccensis Benth.
TILIACEAE
URTICACEAE
Pentace sp.
Microcos sp.
Gironniera nervosa Planch.
Villebrunea sp.
VERBENACEAE
Vitex rufescens A.Juss.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Gardn.
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia scabra
Hedychium sp
Hornstedtia sp.
Etlingera sp
Globba sp
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIUM GROUP
Asplenium sp
CYATHEACEAE
Cyathea sp
GLEICHENIACEAE
Glichenia linearis
NEPHROLEPIS GROUP
Nephrolepis falcata
33
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium sp
SCHIZAEACEAE
Ligodium circinatum (Burm.f.) Sw.
ATHYRIUM GROUP
Diplazium cordifolium Blume
TECTARIA GROUP
Tectaria sp
34
35
36
37
A Preliminary Study on Stand’s Tree in Tau Lumbis Primary Forest
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON STAND’S TREE
IN TAU LUMBIS PRIMARY FOREST
Asep Sadili
1
ABSTRACT
The Stand’s tree in Tau Lumbis forest was the condition and individual
distribution of various plant species in tree crown layer. The dominant stands
species for tree level category was from the species of Syzygium veasteegii (RDo =
6.68%) and Shorea atrinervosa (RDo = 5.16%). While the species which were
dominant at belta level were Baccaurea angulata (RDo = 7.94%) and Urophyllum
corymbosum (RDo = 6.69%). The highest major species of tree species category
were from the species of Shorea atrinervosa (NP = 10.90), Syzygium veasteegii (NP =
9.76), Lithocarpus gracilis (NP = 9.60), Neonauclea sp. (NP = 8.53), and Koompassia
malaccensis (NP = 8.53). Then, for belta category, the major species were the same
as those of dominant species. The distribution of stem diameter, total height,
and branch height resembled the condition of tropical primary forest. The species
of Aquilaria malaccensis and Eusideroxylon zwageri could still be found in this forest
area with very small population and constituted rare plant classified into Appendix
II CITES category.
INTRODUCTION
The area of Kalimantan Island was called as tropical rain forest having very rich plant
diversity. There were many researchers conducted their research in this island. Due to the
vast area of forest area, however, there had been many unexplored objects which need to be
further researched. One of them was the forest area around Tau Lumbis.
The primary forest area of Tau Lumbis was located around the direct border of IndonesiaMalaysia. This area constituted a very vast primary forest with hilly and varied relief. The
researches, especially those which explored the stands of plant around Tau Lumbis had not
much been revealed. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct preliminary research aiming at
revealing the upright cluster diversity of vegetation as the support for area management,
especially around Tau Lumbis forest.
METHODS
The method used in this research was making citation compartments. Citation
compartments were made with the size of 20 x 250 m. Then they were made into subcompartments of 10 x 10m (tree) and 5 x 5 m (belta). The plant species of each compartment
were censused and measured to find out of which species belonged to belta category and
which belonged to tree category having stem diameter of chest height (dbh). Each species
was measured and recorded for their total tree height (tt) and branch height.
Common plants were only recorded in the field book. Mean while, the researcher took
some leaves and twigs of the plant species which were still doubtful for its scientific name
39
for the purpose of proof specimen (voucher). Those species were gathered and made into
specimen to be further identified for their scientific name which was then put in order in the
waste of folded paper, then they were poured or washed with alcohol for temporary
preservation before they were processed to be RDoy specimen carried out at Herbarium
Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology (RCB) – Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI), Bogor.
RESULT
The community of stands vegetation and the composition of plant species growing in
primary forest of Tau Lubis was one element composing primary richness of such forest
area. The result of the research revealed that there were two categories of plant species.
Those were tree level category (having diameter of >10 cm) and belta level category (having
diameter of < 10 cm).
Structure of the Trees
The primary forest area of Tau Lumbis was classified into primary forest. This was
showed by the abundance of tree species having relatively large diameter, which was > 50
cm with relatively equal upright and relatively dense canopy coverage.
The result of voucher specimen analysis and identification for plant species of tree
category having diameter of > 10 cm was recorded to be 79 species, 59 genus and 38
families. The trees’ density and population were recorded to be 204 individuals/0.5 hectare
(+408 individuals/hectare). The total width of the base sector was recorded to be 8.95 m2/
0.5 hectare (17.90 m2/hectare). There were 7 species of Euphorbiaceae family, 7 species of
Lauraceae family and 6 species of Dipterocarpaceae. These families constituted the family
having the most member among other families.
For the total tree height, it was recorded that there were 2 individuals of the shortest tree
of 5 m, and there was 1 individual of the tallest tree of 40 m, then the average tree height was
+17.44 m. For the height of the branch, the shortest branch was recorded to be 5 individuals
with the height of +2 m. The highest tree was recorded to be 1 individual with the height of
+30 m, then the average branch height was +12.34 m.
The protected species of Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymeliaceae) and Eusideroxylon zwageri
(Lauraceae) which classified into Appendix II CITEScould were still be found in this forest
area as many as 1 individual for A. malaccensis and 3 individuals for E. zwageri.
Commonly, the researcher found the species of big trees from Dipterocarpaceae family
(Dipterocarpus sp. and Shorea spp.). Beside Dipterocarpaceae family, the researcher also
found trees from other family in this primary forest such as Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Sapotaceae,
Sapindaceae, Sterculiaceae, etc. Those families were the composing families of the upright
cluster vegetation in the primary forest area of Tau Lumbis. These families could also be
found in other tropical primary forest in Indonesia.
40
Table 1. The list of tree species with critical point of >5 at Tau Lumbis Forest, Nunukan,
East Kalimantan.
No.
Species
RDo
(%)
RDe
(%)
RFe
(%)
IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Syzygium veasteegii (Lauterb.) Meril & Perry.
Lithocarpus gracilis ((Korth.) Soepadmo
Neonauclea sp.
Koompassia malaccensis Maing
Pometia pinñata Forst
Knema cinerea Warb.
Ardisia sp.
Gynotroches axlilaris Blume
Polyalthia rumphii Merill.
Dipterocarpus sp.
Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) H.P. Nootebom
Litsea orientalis C.E. Chang
Anthocepalus chinensis Hassk.
Shorea sp
5.16
6.68
2.82
2.23
3.28
2.24
0.17
3.25
0.20
0.20
3.34
0.12
0.10
0.09
1.65
4.63
0.28
4.31
3.16
1.55
4.07
2.93
1.95
3.41
2.93
2.44
2.44
3.41
1.95
2.93
2.93
1.46
2.93
2.93
2.93
1.95
0.49
2.93
0.49
0.98
1.95
0.49
2.81
1.12
3.37
3.37
2.81
2.81
3.37
1.69
3.37
3.37
1.69
3.37
3.37
3.37
2.25
0.56
2.25
0.56
1.12
1.69
0.56
10.90
9.76
9.60
8.53
8.53
7.49
6.96
6.89
6.49
6.49
6.49
6.41
6.39
6.39
5.84
5.68
5.45
5.36
5.26
5.19
5.12
Numbers
Notes: RDo= Relative dominance, RDe= Relative density, RFe= Relative frequency,
and IV= Importance Value
Diameter Class
Notes: 1 (10-14,9cm), 2 (15-19.9cm), 3 (20-24,9cm), 4 (25-29.9cm), 5 (30-34.9cm), 6
(35-39.9cm), 7 (40-44,9cm), 8 (45-49.9cm), 9 (50-54.9cm), 10 (55-59,9cm), 11
(60-64.9cm), 12 (65-69.9cm), dan 13 (70-74.9cm)
Figure 1. The graph of class distribution of stem diameter for tree category (having
diameter of ≥10cm) at Tau Lumbis Forest, Nunukan, East Kalimantan.
41
Beside the abundance of the stands cluster from the composing family around such
primary forest area, there were 7 species of Euphorbiaceae family as tree category. This
showed that the member of Euphorbiaceae family was known to have great ability to adapt
to various species of tropical rain forest although they generally lived in secondary forests as
pioneer plant at disturbed forest area (Whitmore, 1984).
By observing table 1, the highest dominance was performed by Syzygium veasteegii
(RDo=6.68%) and Shorea atrinervosa (RDo=5.16%). While other species performed
dominance which was less than 5%. On the other hand, the number of individuals of each
highest species was performed by Lithocarpus gracilis and Knema cinarea which consisted of
7 individuals (RDe=3.41%) for each of them.
The result of critical point analysis as the main species of the highest tree category was
performed by the species of Shorea atrinervosa (IV = 10.90), Syzygium veasteegii (IV = 9.76),
Lithocarpus gracilis (IV = 9.60), Neonauclea sp. (IV = 8.53), and Koompassia malaccensis (IV =
8.53). Meanwhile the species having the least critical point were recorded to be 20 species
(each has IV < 2).
The class of stem diameter or stem circle measurement provided in the distribution data
of diameter class and grouped into D1 (10-14.9 cm), D2 (15-20.9cm), D3 until D13 (e”80)
showed the similar condition with the condition of tree structure at various primary forest
community at several forest area, that was forming “L” which meant the individual number
of trees having small diameter was proved to be always high, while the trees having larger
diameter was getting smaller in number (picture 1).
Structure at the Belta
The result of voucher specimen analysis and identification for plant species of belta
category having stem diameter of > 10 cm was recorded to be 91 species, 71 genus and 43
family. This figure was higher than those of tree category. The density or belta population
was recorded to be 514 individuals/0.5 hectare (+1.028 individuals/hectare). The total
width of the base sector was recorded to be +13.74 m2/0.5 hectare (+27.48 m2/hectare).
The highest dominance (>5%) for belta level was performed by Baccaurea angulata
(RDo=7.94%), Urophyllum corymbosum (RDo=6.69%), Knema sp. (RDo=6.11%) and Chionanthus
oligatus (RDo=5.56%. While other species performed dominance which was less than 5%.
The four dominant species above also constituted the main species of this belta level.
The individual distribution for the stem diameter class showed the same result as it was
performed by the tree level, in which the highest concentration of stem diameter was
performed by the class of small diameter. The species of Aquilaria malaccensis and
Eusideroxylon zwageri were recorded not only for the tree level but also for the belta level
with a very small population, which was only 3 individuals (Aquilaria malaccensis) and 1
individual (Eusideroxylon zwageri) with the critical point of less than 2. By observing Table 1,
the researcher found that there were 58 species (63,73%) which were recorded for both belta
level and tree level, while the species which were not recorded for the tree level are 32
species of 35,16%. The species which were only recorded for only tree level were 20
species (21,97%).
42
The total height of belta level from the lowest (3 m) were 32 individuals, while the
highest of 20 m were recorded for 1 individual with the average of +8,40 m. Meanwhile, for
their lowest free branch height was recorded to be 18 individuals having the height of +1 m,
and the highest were recorded to be 2 individuals having the height of +11 m, with the
average of +5,32 m.
Table 2. The list of tree species with critical point of >5 at Tau Lumbis Forest, Nunukan,
East Kalimantan.
No.
Species
RDo
(%)
RDe
(%)
RFe
(%)
IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Baccaurea angulata Merill.
Urophyllum corymbosum Korth
Knema sp.
Chionanhtus oligatus (Merill.) R.Kiew.
Shorea parvifolia Dyer.
Calophyllum sp.
Aglaia sp.
Nephelium sp.
Bhesa paniculata Arn.
Polyalthia rumphii Merrill.
Maducha malaccensis H.J. Lam.
Villebrunea sp.
Pentace sp.
Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J. Lam.
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis.
Neonauclea sp.
Agalia odoratissima Benth.
7.94
6.69
6.11
5.56
4.52
3.03
3.81
2.10
2.25
1.67
2.50
2.99
1.96
2.34
2.27
1.46
1.61
7.78
6.03
6.42
5.06
3.70
3.70
2.53
2.92
2.72
2.53
2.33
2.14
2.33
1.95
1.56
1.95
1.75
7.87
5.84
5.39
4.94
3.82
2.25
2.47
3.37
3.15
2.92
2.25
1.8
2.25
1.57
1.57
1.80
1.80
23.58
18.56
17.92
15.56
12.04
8.97
8.81
8.39
8.12
7.13
7.08
6.93
6.54
5.86
5.40
5.21
5.16
Numbers
Notes: RDo= Relative dominance, RDe= Relative density, RFe= Relative frequency,
and IV= Importance Value
Diameter Class
Notes: 1 (3-4,9cm), 2 (5-6.9cm), 3 (7-8,9cm), 4 (9-9.9cm)
Figure 2. The Distribution of Diameter Class
43
REFERENCES
Cox, G.W. 1967. Laboratory Manual of General Ecology. M.C. Crown, Iowa.
Dombois, D.M. & H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
New York.
Geig-Smith, P. 1964. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Second Edition. Butterworths. London
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecologycal Diversity and Its Measurement. Croom Helm Limited. London.
Mueller-Dumbois, D. & H. Ellenberg, 1974. Aim and Methods of vegetation Ecology. John Willey
Toronto. hlm.642.
Whitmore T.C , 1984. Tropical rain Forest of the Far East. 2 ed. Oxford. Clarendon Press
44
Appendix 1. The list of tree and belta species at Tau Lumbis Forest, Nunukan, East
Kalimantan.
Family
Species
Alangiaceae
Alangium sp.
Anacardiaceae
Gluta wallichii (Hook.f) Ding Hoe
Anonnaceae
Category
Tree
Belta
√
√
√
Koordersiodendron pinatum Merill
√
√
Polyalthia rumphii Merill
√
√
Apocynaceae
Alstonia angustifolia Wall
√
√
Bombacaceae
Durio carinatus
√
√
Burseraceae
Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J.Lam
√
√
Santiria laevigata Blume
√
√
Celastraceae
Bhesa paniculata Arn
√
√
Clusiaceae
Calophyllum sp.
√
√
Garcinia sp.
√
√
Garcinia nervosa Miq.
√
√
Crypteronia griffithii C.B.Clarke
√
√
Dilleniaceae
Dillenia eximia Miq.
√
√
Dipterocarpaceae
Parashorea smythiesii Wyatt-Smith ex P.S. Ashton
√
Crypteroniaceae
Shorea sp
√
√
Shorea balangeran Burck
√
Shorea fallax Meijer
√
Dipterocarpus sp
√
√
Vatica rassak Blume
√
√
Shorea parvifolia Dyer
√
√
Ebenaceae
Diospyros borneensis Hiern
√
Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea macrocarpa
√
Macaranga sp
√
Aporosa grandistipula Merril
√
√
Baccaurea angulata Merrill
√
√
Baccaurea dulcis Muell. Arg.
√
√
√
√
Bridelia sp
√
Pimeleodendron papaveriodes J.J.Smith
√
√
√
√
Fabaceae
Koompassia malaccensis Maing.
√
√
Fagaceae
Lithocarpus sp.
√
√
Lithocarpus gracilis (Korht.) Soepadmo
√
√
Parkia speciosa Hassk.
√
45
Icacinaceae
Stemonurus sp
Lauraceae
Actinodaphne sp.
√
√
Actinodaphne glabra Blume.
√
√
Alseodaphne paludosa Gamble
√
√
Beilschmiedia sp.
√
√
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Ex Blume
√
√
Eusideroxylon zwagery Teijsm. & Binn.
√
√
Litsea grandis Hook.f.
√
√
Litsea orientalis C.E.Chang
√
√
Lecytidaceae
Barringtonia macrostachya Kurz
Loganiaceae
Fagraea racemosa Jack
√
√
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) H.P. Nooteboom
√
√
Malvaceae
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn.
√
√
Melastomataceae
Pternandra sp.
√
Pternandra rostrata (Cogn.) N.P.Nayar
Meliaceae
√
√
Aglaia odoratissima Benth.
√
√
Chisocheton sandoricocarpus Koord. & Valet.
√
√
Dysoxylum alliaceum Blume
√
Aglaia sp.
Moraceae
√
√
Artocarpus elastic Reinw.
√
√
√
√
Artocarpus odoratissima Blanco.
√
Ficus uncinulata Corner
√
√
Knema sp.
Myrtaceae
√
√
Knema cinerea Warb.
√
Myristica beccarii Warb.
Myrsinaceae
√
√
Ficus sp.
Myristicaceae
√
√
√
√
Ardisia sp.
√
Ardisia lanceolata
√
Syzygium veasteegii (Lauterb.) Merill & Perry.
√
Syzigium sp.
√
Ochnaceae
Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis
Olacaceae
Ochanostachys amentacea Mast.
√
√
Gomphandra javanica Valeton.
√
√
Oleaceae
Chionanthus oligatus (Merrill) R. Kiew
√
√
Polygalaceae
Xanthophyllum sp.
√
√
√
Rhizophoraceae
Gynotroches axillaris Blume
√
√
Rosaceae
Prunus sp.
√
√
Anthocephalus chinensis Hassk.
√
Rubiaceae
Urophyllum sp.
√
√
46
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Nauclea sp.
√
√
Neonauclea sp.
√
√
Urophyllum corymbosum Korth.
√
Euodia glabrifolia (Champ.ex Benth.) C.C.Huang
√
√
Nephelium cuspidatum Blume
√
√
Nephelium mangayi Hiern.
√
√
Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) P.W. Leenhouts
√
√
Nephelium sp.
√
√
Pometia pinnata Forst
√
√
Madhuca sp.
√
Madhuca kingiana H.J.Lam.
√
√
√
√
Palaquium sp.
√
√
√
√
Sterculia oblongifolia A. Cheval.
√
√
Symplocaceae
Symplocos sp.
√
√
Thymelaeaceae
Aquilaria malaccensis Benth.
√
√
Tiliaceae
Pentace sp.
Sapotaceae
Sterculiaceae
√
Microcos sp.
√
√
Urticaceae
Gironniera nervosa Planch.
√
√
Villebrunea sp.
√
Verbenaceae
Vitex rufescens A.Juss.
√
√
Notes √ = species recorded in the category of forest trees or belta
47
48
A Preliminary Survey of Termites (Insecta : Dictyoptera)
in Tau Lumbis Area, East Kalimantan
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF TERMITES
(INSECTA : DICTYOPTERA)
IN TAU LUMBIS AREA, EAST KALIMANTAN
Anggoro Hadi Prasetyo
Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
ABSTRACT
During the research, the researcher collected Termites (Insecta : Dictyoptera)
from three sites around Tau Lumbis area, East Kalimantan. Soil, wood, litter,
termite nests and arboreal microhabitats were sampled using casual sampling
collection. A total of 19 species were collected from the three sites surveyed. 10
species were collected from the site near Lumbis River. Three species were
collected from the site near Sainalor River and 12 species were collected from
Kabalob Area. The differences in the number of species collected from the three
areas were attributed not only to differences in collecting effort in each site from
two days in the site near Sainalor river to five days in Kabalob area, but also to
the characteristic of the sites which ranged from unirrigaated agricultural field
(lading) currently used by the villagers near Sainalor river to 40 years old secondary
forest almost primary forest in Kabalob site.
INTRODUCTION
Termites are the most important arthropods decomposers in tropical rain forests (Wood
& Sands 1978; Collins 1989). They are very important ecological players in tropical
ecosystem, in which they are assigned the role of soil ecosystem engineers (Lawton et al.
1996). Termites are sensitive to disturbance, especially to forest canopy loss (Eggleton et al.
1996; 1997). They are predominantly tropical in distribution, with the highest species
richness in equatorial rain forests, and generally declining with increasing latitude (Collins
1983).
Although termites had been variously studied in several places in Borneo (Eggleton et al.
1997; Homathevi & Bignell 1999; Gathorne-Hardy et al. 2002), however they had never
been studied within the Tau Lumbis Area. The aim of this study was to provide a record of
termite fauna from the Tau Lumbis area.
METHODS
Study sites
Termites collections was conducted at three sites around Tau Lumbis area of East
Kalimantan. The three sites are as follows:
- Three days collection along 2.5 km track to the Lumbis River, north east of Tau Lumbis
Village, characterized by 5 to 8 years old secondary forest ex-unirrigated agricultural
field (hereafter ladang).
49
·
-
Two days collection along 3 km track to the Sainalor River, North West of Tau Lumbis
village, characterized by old secondary forest to lading currently used by villager for
crops.
Two days collection along 5 km track to Kabalob of South Tau Lumbis village, and three
days collection within Kabalob Area, characterized by ex- ladang to almost 40 years old
secondary forest near primary forest.
The vegetation of the Tau Lumbis area has been described by Sadili (2009, this volume).
Collection Methods
Casual collections were employed instead of standardized belt transects as time and man
power resources was not permitted to do so. Termites were sampled from various
microhabitats such as soil, litter, mounds, carton sheeting and tunnel at the bark of trees,
and arboreal nests, and all dead wood including small branch and standing dead tree. Termites
were collected and stored in 80% ethanol.
Identification and Functional Group Classification
The termites were identified at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), CibinongBogor. Specimens were identified to species using the taxonomic works of Thapa (1981)
and Tho (1992), and with the MZB reference collection. If the specimens could not be
identified to species, they will be placed in numbered morphospecies.
Termites were assigned into one of five functional groups according to known feeding
habits (see Eggleton et al. 1997; Jones & Brendell 1998; Jones 2000) and worker gut content
analyses (Sleaford et al. 1996). The five functional groups are:
1. Wood-feeders: Those are termites feeding on dead wood at any stage of decay except
those feeding on extremely decayed and friable wood.
2. Litter feeders: Those are termites feeding predominantly on leaf-litter and small items of
woody trash.
3. Soil/wood interface-feeders: Those are termites feeding on extremely decayed wood
that has lost its structure and has become friable and soil-like.
4. Soil-feeders: Those are termites feeding on humus and mineral soil.
5. Epiphyte-feeders: Hospitalitermes and Grallatotermes are the only two genera in Southeast
Asia known to feed on lichens and other free-living non vascular plants which they graze
from the surface of tree trunks (Jones & Gathorne-Hardy 1995).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The total of 19 species, comprising 14 genera and six subfamilies were collected (Table
1). Of these 16 were described species and three were morphotypes which could only be
assigned to genus. Higher termites dominated the assemblage, with Nasutitermitinae the
largest single subfamily (10 spp.) followed by the Termitinae (4 spp.), Coptotermitinae (2
spp.) and one species each from the following subfamilies: Rhinotermitinae, Heterotermitinae
and Macrotermitinae. 10 species were collected from the site near Lumbis River. Three
species were collected from the site near Sainalor River and 12 species were collected from
50
A Preliminary Survey of Termites (Insecta : Dictyoptera)
in Tau Lumbis Area, East Kalimantan
Kabalob Area. The differences in the number of species collected from the three areas were
attributed not only to differences in collecting effort in each site from two days in site near
Sainalor river, three days in the site near Lumbis River and five days in Kabalob area, but
also to the characteristic of the sites which ranged from ladang currently used by the villagers
to 3 to 5 years old ex-ladang near Sainalor River; 5 to 8 years old secondary forest ex-ladang
in the site near Lumbis River and 40 years old secondary forest almost primary forest within
Kabalob site.
REFERENCES
Collins, N.M. 1983. Termite populations and their role in litter removal in Malaysian rain forests.
In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management (eds S.L. Sutton, T.C. Whitmore and
A.C. Chadwick), pp. 311-325. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Collins, N.M. 1989. Termites. In Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Biogeographical and Ecological Studies
(eds H. Lieth and M.J.A. Werger), pp. 455-471. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Eggleton, P., Bignell, D.E., Sands. W.A., Mawdsley. N.A., Lawton, J.H., Wood, T.G. & Bignell,
N.C. 1996. The diversity, abundance, and biomass of termites under differing levels
of disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern Cameroon. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 351: 51-68.
Eggleton, P., Homathevi, R., Jeeva, D., Jones, D.T., Davies, R.G. & Maryati, M. 1997. The species
richness and composition of termites (Isoptera) in primary and regenerating lowland
dipterocarp forest in Sabah, east Malaysia. Ecotropica 3: 119-128.
Gathorne-Hardy, F.J., Syaukani, Davies, R.G., Eggleton, P. & Jones, D.T. 2002. Quaternary
rainforest refugia in southeast Asia: using termites (Isoptera) as indicators. Bio-Journal
of the Linnean Society 75:453 -466.
Homathevi & Bignell .1999. A Preliminary survey of termites (Insecta: Isoptera) in primary forest
stands in the Tabin wildlife reserve, Eastern Sabah, Tabin Scientific Expedition: 121-127.
Jones, D.T. & Brendell, M.J.D. 1998. The termite (Insecta: Isoptera) fauna of Pasoh Forest
Reserve, Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 46: 79-91.
Jones, D.T. & Gathorne-Hardy, F. 1995. Foraging activity of the processional termite
Hospitalitermes hospitalis (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) in the rain forest of Brunei,
north-west Borneo. Insectes Sociaux 42: 359-369.
Jones, D.T. 2000. Termite assemblages in two distinct montane forest types at 1000 m elevation
in Maliau Basin, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 271 -286.
Lawton, J.H., Bignell, D.E., Bloemers, G.F., Eggleton, P. & Hodda, M.E. 1996. Carbon flux and
diversity of nematodes and termites in Cameroon forest soils. Biodiversity and
Conservation 5: 261—273.
Sleaford, F., Bignell, D. E. & Eggleton, P. 1996. A pilot analysis of gut contents in termites from
the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Ecological Entomology 21: 279-288.
Thapa, R.S. 1981. Termites of Sabah. Sabah Forest Record 12: 1-374.
Tho, Y.P. 1992. Termites of Peninsular Malaysia. (Kirton, L.G. Ed.). Malayan Forest Records, No.
36: 224 pp. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong.
Wood, T.G. & Sands, W.A. 1978. The role of termites in ecosystems. In Production Ecology of Ants
and Termites (ed M.V. Brian), pp. 245-292. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
51
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Coptotermes travians
Schedorhinotermes malaccensis
Dicuspiditermes nemor osus
Microcerotermes serrula
Prohamitermes mirabilis
Amitermes dentatus
Bulbitermes flavicans
Bulbitermes constrictiformis
Nasutitermes havilandi
Nasutitermes longinasus
Nasutitermes sp1
Hospitalitermes hospitalis
Havilanditermes atripennis
Lacessititermes sp1.
Lacessititermes sp2.
Longipeditermes longipes
Macrotermes malaccensis
Termitidae
+
Coptotermes curvignathus
Coptotermitinae
52
Macrotermitinae
Nasutitermitinae
Termitinae
Rhinotermitinae
-
Heterotermes tenuior
Heterotermitinae
Rhinotermitidae
Near Lumbis
River
Subfamily
Family
Species name
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
Near Sainalor
River
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
Kabalob
w/l
w/l
w
w
l
e
w
w
w
w
w
w
s/w
w
s
w
w
w
w
Feeding
group
e
h
a
a
h
a/e
a
a
a
a
a
w
h
a
e
w
w
w
w
Nesting
type
Table 1. List of termite species collected from three sites within Tau Lumbis area, with classification of feeding and nesting type. For
feeding groups, l = litter feeders; s = soil feeders; s/w = soil/wood feeders; w = wood feeders; w/l = wood and litter feeders;
e = epiphyte feeders; (f) = fungus growers. For nesting types, a = arboreal; e = epigeal; h = hypogeal; w = in dead wood. + =
present, - = absent.
A Preliminary Study on the Ichtyofauna Community in Tau Lumbis Area,
Nunukan District, East Kalimantan
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ICHTYOFAUNA COMMUNITY
IN TAU LUMBIS AREA, NUNUKAN DISTRICT,
EAST KALIMANTAN
Renny Kurnia Hadiaty & Sopian Sauri
ABSTRACT
Brief inventory of fish community was conducted in seven rivers in Tau Lumbis
and its tributaries. Collections were made mainly by using electrics fishing gear.
A total of 28 species from 6 families were recorded. Fish from Cyprinidae and
Balitoridae made up the most number in all areas surveyed. Several species were
economically potential to be developed for captive breeding and economic
empowering of local people through sustainable harvesting.
INTRODUCTION
Ichtyofauna community around Kayan Mentarang National Park had been documented
in many parts, such as Bahau River, Pujungan River and Lalut Birai (Haryono 1992 and
Wirjoatmojo 1999 among others), including Tau Lumbis area. Fish inventory in Lumbis
River had been carried out around 2000 by WWF giving the number of fish up to 28 species
(Suhudi & Limbong 2000). While the basic data was already available; results of this survey
might update the status of ichtyofauna in Lumbis River systems.
METHODS
Inventories were carried out at seven rivers i.e Lumbis River, Selalir River, Sainalor
River, Inayan River, Tiniku River, Upper Kabalob River and Lower Kabalob River.
Ecosystem types along Lumbis and Selalir River were varied from villages, cultivated area,
and secondary forest and near primary forest up north to the border of Indonesian Malaysia.
Seinalor river system was surrounded by active cultivated land. Meanwhile Inayan, Tiniku
and Kabalob River were relatively isolated deep inside the near pristine forest of Kabalob
and Akang Gilin.
Fish were collected mainly by electric fishing that used 12 V GS Astra dry cell batteries.
Electrocuted fish were immediately taken out from water using scoop. Gill net with 0.5-1
cm mesh was also used. It was set up perpendicularly across river stream and checked every
two hours. After a day, gill net was closed and moved to other spot on the next subsequent
days.
Specimens were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and brought to Museum Zoologicum
Bogoriense for later processing. Fish were identified based on Kottelat et al. (1993) and Tan
(2000).
53
The total of 344 specimens from 28 species and 6 families were recorded and collected
during survey times (Appendix 1). Lumbis River harboured the most diverse fish than other
rivers from which 17 species were found, meanwhile the number of species found from the
other rivers ranged between 4 to 9 species (Figure 1).
95
93
83
32
26
17
8
2.15
LUMBIS
8
1.44
1.78
INAYAN
SEINALOR
N individu
9 7
6 4
1.32
1.88
SELALIR
N species
TINIKU
6
1.79
5
1.42
KABALOB
HULU
KABALOB
HILIR
Shannon Indices of Diversity
Figure 1. Species richness among river systems in Tau Lumbis area.
Most of the families were recorded in Lumbis River. Members of Cyprinidae made up
the most of the fish community found in surveyed areas, especially at Lumbis and Selalir
River (figure 2) and it was followed by Balitoridae. These results were similar to those found
at the Pa’ Raye, Kayan Mentarang National Park. Several other families were only found at
Lumbis River and missed altogether in the other rivers.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
S.LUMBIS
ANGUILLIDAE
S.INAYAN
S.SEINALOR
CYPRINIDAE
S.SELALIR
BALITORIDAE
S.TINIKU
BAGRIDAE
S.KABALOB S.KABALOB
HULU
HILIR
SISORIDAE
MASTACEMBELIDAE
Figure 2. Numbers of species members accounted per family among survey sites.
54
Within river system, the most abundant fish were varied (Appendix 1). The highest
abundant fish in Lumbis River was Garra borneensis (Cyprinidae) of which comprised 34%
of total fish abundance. While in Selalir River, two species of Cyprinid i.e. Nematabramis cf
everetti and Osteochilus hasselti made up 44% of total abundance from which both fish shared
22% relative abundance. Other cyprinids at Tiniku River also dominated the numbers of
individuals collected, which were Hampala macrolepidota that accounted for 33% of relative
abundance and Nematabramis cf everetti at the same figure. Members of Balitoridae family
dominated the numbers of individual in the other rivers.
Gatromyzon cf borneensis and Protomyzon cf borneensis were the most abundant fish in
Inayan River (25% and 34% of relative abundance respectively). While in Seinalor River,
the most abundance fish was Protomyzon cf borneensis (45% of relative abundance). At the
Kabalob upstream and downstream, Gastromyzon cf borneensis, Gastromyzon cf lepidogaster,
Protomyzon cf borneensis were accounted for around 27% to 38% of relative abundance.
REFERENCE:
Haryono. 1992. Perikanan dan aspek budidayanya pada masyarakat Dayak di sekitar kawasan
Cagar Alam Kayan Mentarang. Paper presented at The Borneo Council Second Biennial
International Conference. Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Kottelat, M., A. J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari & S. Wirjoatmodjo. 1993. Freshwater fishes of western
Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions Hong Kong.
Suhudi, M. & R. Limbong. 2000. Keanekaragaman fauna ikan dalam kawasan Taman Nasional
Kayan Mentarang Kalimantan Timur (Unpublished report). WWF-Indonesia.
Wirdjoatmojo, S. 1999. Laporan Pelaksanaan Pelatihan Pengenalan Jenis dan Survai Ikan di Taman
Nasional Kayan Mentarang (Unpublished report). Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi-LIPI.
Tan, H.H. 2000. The Bornoe Suckers. Natural History Publication (Borneo).
55
5%
0%
0%
1%
3%
0%
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
Lobocheilus cf bo
Lobocheilus falcifer
Nematabramis cf everetti
Osteochilus hasselti
Puntius binotatus
Puntius cf sealei
Rasbora argyrotaenia
Tor soro
Tor tambra
Tor tambroides
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
56
3%
1%
0
1
18
3
Gastromyzon sp
Protomyzon cf borneensis
Protomyzon sp
Homaloptera sp
Homaloptera stephensoni
19
20
21
22
23
24
32
8
1%
3%
2%
1
3
2
95
17
2.15
Mystus sp
Glyptothorax cf platypogon
Mastacembelus sp
N Individu
N species
Shannon diversity indices
SISORIDAE
MASTACEMBELIDAE
26
27
28
1.78
0
0
0
2
0
0
0%
1
Mystus cf planiceps
0
0
0
11
Leicasis sp
0%
0
0
0
8
0
0
3
2
0
3
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
INAYAN
25
BAGRIDAE
1%
19%
0
Gastromyzon cf lepidogaster
18
0%
0%
0
Gastromyzon cf fasciatus
9%
11%
9
10
Gastromyzon cf borneensis
1%
0%
0%
17
BALITORIDAE
2%
2
Hampala macrolepidota
5
1%
34%
32
Garra borneensis
4
0%
0
0
0%
2
Barbodes cf balleroides
2%
RA
Barbodes collingwoodii
CYPRINIDAE
LUMBIS
Anguilla borneensis
Species
3
ANGUILLIDAE
2
Family
1
No
Appendix 1. Checklist of ichtyofauna from Tau Lumbis Area.
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
0%
0%
0%
34%
0%
0%
0%
25%
0%
0%
9%
6%
0%
9%
0%
6%
0%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
RA
1.44
8
93
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
42
0
3
0
0
0
0
17
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
SEINALOR
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
24%
0%
45%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
18%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
RA
1.88
7
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
SELALIR
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
11%
0%
0%
0%
0%
22%
22%
11%
0%
11%
0%
11%
11%
0%
RA
1.32
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
TINIKU
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
33%
0%
0%
33%
17%
0%
0%
0%
RA
1.79
6
83
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
17
8
0
0
22
0
0
3
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
UPPER
KABALOB
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
12%
0%
20%
10%
0%
0%
27%
0%
0%
4%
0%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
7%
RA
1.42
5
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
8
0
10
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LOWER
KABALOB
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
8%
0%
31%
0%
38%
0%
0%
0%
0%
12%
0%
12%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
KR
57
58
Collection on Reptiles and Amphibians of Tau Lumbis,
Northern Kalimantan, Indonesia
COLLECTION ON REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF TAU LUMBIS,
NORTHERN KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Irvan Sidik1 and Hendriadi Dasra2
1
Balai Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang
2
ABSTRACT
The island of Kalimantan is the largest land area of the Sundaland and its
preservation is of the utmost important to the conservation of tropical forests
island. Despite this, there had been very little work conducted in northern
peripheral forest that bordered on another country. We had collected the species
diversity of amphibians and reptiles from peripheral rainforest of Kalimantan.
The Tau Lumbis herpetofauna species list probably resembled those of Sabah
species, for example 26 species of amphibians and 18 species of reptiles, including
a number of rare species snake, such as Amphiesma flavifrons. The high level of
deforestation of the Tau Lumbis region heightened the importance of forest
protection for northern part Kalimantan, primarily those bordering on lowland
rainforest.
INTRODUCTION
The biodiversity of Sundaland and Wallacea has long been recognized to have a complex
history of faunal elements from Southeast Asia (Mayr, 1944). The classical accounts of
biogeography model near Wallace line is Kalimantan. The island of Kalimantan represents
a zoogeographic region of wetland and upland transition (Inger, 1966) and is probably the
richest island in the Sunda Shelf for herpetofauna diversity, accounting for 254 reptiles
(24% endemic) and approximately 100 amphibians (Mackinnon et al. 2000). Kalimantan is
known to be more diverse than both Sumatra (217 reptiles and 70 amphibians) and Java
(173 reptiles and 36 amphibians). In contrast, Sabah and Sarawak occupy only one-third of
Kalimantan, however these Malaysian regions hold the largest number of herpetofauna
(259 reptiles and 150 amphibians (Inger & Stuebing 1997; Stuebing & Inger 1999; Lim &
Das 1999). Getting closer to the border of Indonesia-Malaysia at the southern part of Sabah,
the Nunukan district in Kalimantan (Indonesia) is a unique place because it is separated
from several hilly areas, from the Crocker to Iran mountain range. Starting with research
questions to explore the herpetofauna of this region, we would surely discover many
interesting species.
The Tau Lumbis lowland forest was located at the northern part of East Kalimantan
Province (Figure 1). We chose this location as study site for the inventory of reptiles and
amphibians. This area contained diverse natural environments that provided suitable habitats
for herpetofauna. However, there had not been sufficient data regarding herpetofauna in this
59
Kalimantan Trans-Border Exploration
forest. Therefore, this fieldwork was aimed at gathering data on herpetofauna species diversity
and distribution serving as basic data. Hopefully, this study would contribute to species
conservation and future ecological research for the natural habitat management of this area.
METHODOLOGY
Study site
The Tau Lumbis lowland forest was an area of mostly tropical rain forest. Notably the
area was regenerated old used area from unirrigated agricultural field (ldanga) and logged
forest around 30 years ago that was characterized by a unique succession forest. There were
three main study sites for collecting specimen, Lumbis-Seinalor, Selalir-Inayan and KabalobTiniku. Unfortunately, this area was also under threat of large-scale illegal logging activities
near the poorly established boundaries of this conserved forest.
Specimen Collection
Two types of sample collections were employed in order to obtain herpetofauna as
broadly as possible. First, night collection was conducted particularly for observing
amphibians (some reptiles) along the streams/rivers. Headlamp was used to scan the area
near the rivers or riverbank. Second, day collection was conducted primarily for observing
reptiles. Herpetofauna was collected by cruising within the tree buttress areas, where some
reptiles hid behind rocks or in the holes of dead bark and searched for any skin shed or eggs.
All caught herpetofauna were identified, photographed, measured and noted. The
herpetofauna specimens were kept for collection in the museum.
Indonesia had the largest number of globally threatened amphibian and reptile species
(128 species) of which 87 were endemic to the archipelago and Kalimantan. The large
proportion of Kalimantan endemism was caused by amphibians and reptiles following
mammals that were believed to be the most threatened species. The status and distribution
of many of these herpetofauna species were very poorly known. After Java and Sumatra,
the island of Kalimantan contributed to more threatened endemic herpetofauna than any
other island in Asia. These enthusiastic views forced Indonesia to explore biodiversity
more continuously.
On the other hand, in Kalimantan especially at the lowland area where forests were most
easily deforested, we were still largely ignorant of many basic facts concerning the natural
forests. This phenomenon rose several questions. What was the biodiversity of herpetofauna
in an undisturbed and disturbed forest? How could we maintain biodiversity? How important
were biotic interactions in this condition? How forest exploitation affected them? Protection
of the forest covering on these lowlands was obviously essential to the future and should
therefore be one of the major priority as far as environmental planning in Kalimantan is
concerned.
60
During concise inventory activities of Tau Lumbis, herpetofauna were investigated for
three week period from June 14 to July 4, 2009. A number of amphibian and reptile species
were directly observed in the area during this time. Following that work, we interviewed
local people. The research came up with 139 specimens, about 29 species were represented
including 28 species of amphibians (8 toads, 2 megophryds, 11 frogs, 2 microhylids, and 5
rhacophorids) and 20 species of reptiles (4 geckoes, 3 agamids, 2 skinks, 1 monitor, 8
snakes, 1 freshwater turtle and 1 soft-shell turtle).
These figures represented the distribution of all habitat from which the species were
collected, including one female species of Pedostibes hosei with mottled variation color
which was a very rare individual we have found. Further information on the extensive
habitat data collected will allow definition of the niches of the species found. All along
upstream of Kabalob river, Staurois natator and Limnonectes blythi were abundant species,
because they were presented in the largest numbers sighted. All amphibians and reptiles
presently known from the Tau Lumbis were listed in Table 1.
Table 1. List of amphibians and reptiles from several sites at Tau Lumbis lowland forest.
Species
Lumbis Inayan Seinalor Selalir Tiniku Kabalob
Amphibia
Bufonidae:
Ansonia leptopus
Ansonia longidigita
Ansonia spinulifer
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Pedostibes hosii
Pedostibes rugosus
Phrynoidis aspera
Phrynoidis juxtasper
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Microhylidae:
Microhyla perparva
Kaloula baleata
•
•
Megophryidae:
Leptobrachella mjobergi
Megophrys nasuta
Ranidae:
Fejervarya cancrivora
Fejervarya limnocharis
Hylarana chalconota
Hylarana erythraea
Hylarana nicobariensis
Limnonectes blythi
Meristogenys orphnocnemis
Meristogenys phaeomerus
Odorrana hosii
Staurois latopalmatus
Staurois natator
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
61
Rhacophoridae:
Philautus tectus
Polypedates leucomystax
Polypedates macrotis
Rhacophorus everetti
Rhacophorus pardalis
•
•
•
•
•
Reptilia
Lacertilia:
Aphaniotis ornata
Cyrtodactylus marmoratus
Eutropis multifasciata
Gecko gecko
Gonocephalus grandis
Gonocephalus liogaster
Hemidactylus frenatus
Ptychozoon kuhli
Sphenomorphus sp.
Varanus salvator
Ophidia:
Dendrelaphis formosus
Dendrelaphis pictus
Enhydris enhydris
Macropistodon rhodomelas
Ophiophagus hannah
Python reticulatus
Amphiesma flavifrons
Xenochrophis trianguligerus
Testudinata:
Cyclemys dentata
Dogania subplana
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
REFERENCES
Inger, R.F. 1966. The Systematics and Zoogeography of The Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana:Zoology
52:5-15. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA.
Inger, R.F. & Stuebing, R. B. 1997. A Field Guide to the Frogs of Borneo. Natural History Publications
(Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. 205 p.
Lim, B. L. & Das, I .1999. Turtles of Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications
Mackinnon, K., Hatta, G. & Mangalik, A. 2000. The Ecology of Kalimantan. Ecology of Indonesia
Series Book III. Prehallindo. Jakarta.
Mayr, E. 1944. Wallace’s Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Q.Rev.Biol. 19:114.
Stuebing, R. B. & Inger, R.F. 1999. A Field Guide to the Snakes of Borneo. Natural History Publications
62
63
64
65
66
A Preliminary Checklist of Avifauna in Tau Lumbis Area,
Nunukan District, East Kalimantan Indonesia
A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF AVIFAUNA IN TAU LUMBIS AREA,
NUNUKAN DISTRICT, EAST KALIMANTAN INDONESIA
Mohammad Irham
ABSTRACT
Rapid avifauna survey was conducted at Tau Lumbis area of Nunukan District,
East Kalimantan. Birds were recorded opportunistically following forest trails
and tracks. Mist-netting was also applied for three consecutive days. The total of
61 species representing 26 families were recorded in which 51 individuals from 21
species were captured by mist-nets.
INTRODUCTION
A preliminary avifauna survey had been carried out in Tau Lumbis area, District of
Nunukan, East Kalimantan Province. There were very little to none records available for
bird community residing in the most northern area of East Kalimantan especially those that
directly bordered with Malaysia. The only faunistic data were provided by WWF carrying
out rapid biodiversity survey at Upper Sulon River.
Tau Lumbis was an interesting area from avifauna point of view. Several species of birds
from Malaysian region of Borneo never seemed to cross the border. Thus, they were confined
to Sabah and Sarawak. Several checklists and field guides, therefore, distinguished Malay as
separate entity from their relatives in Kalimantan (see MacKinnon 1998).
This study provided the baseline data of avifauna from Tau Lumbis that would be
beneficial not only for ornithological science but also conservation management on the
trans-border region of Indonesia-Malaysia.
METHODS
This brief avifauna survey applied two methods in order to obtain the most comprehensive
bird list, which were; opportunistic surveys and mist-netting (Bibby et al. 1998). Most
fieldwork was carried out opportunistically to allow as many species as possible to be
found. I searched for birds in a range of terrestrial habitat following main roads, tracks, and
forest trails across the area. Upon an encounter with birds, the following data were collected;
species, number of individuals, habitat type, behavior, and location. If possible, birds songs/
calls were also recorded and photographes were taken as well. Opportunistic survey was
carried out at Tau Lumbis village and its surrounding area up to the border of IndonesiaMalaysia to the north; and Kebalob area to the south.
I used 10 mist-nets of 12 x 2.6 m in Kebalob, southern Tau Lumbis village for three day
replication, thus comprising 30 mist-netting days. Mist-nets were used in sites with the
67
distance at around 300 m apart. At each site, mist-nets were set up in a series of five mistnets.
All birds caught were identified, photographed, measured, marked, and bled for samples.
Several bird species were collected for further examination in the museum. Duplicate birds
were banded before being released. All samples and specimens were deposited at Museum
Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) Cibinong.
In order to get more information, local people were also interviewed and shown pictures
of the birds. Fieldworks started from 05.30 to 18.00. For bird identification, the researcher
referred to MacKinnon (1998) and Sonobe & Usui (1993). I followed Dickinson (2003) and
Sukmantoro et al. (2007) for taxonomical status and vernacular names.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 61 species from 26 families was recorded by which most of them were resulted
from opportunistic observation; meanwhile, 51 individuals were captured by mist-nets
comprising 21 species representing 10 families (Appendix 1). Of the list, 15 species were
marked with the status of Near Threatened and 1 (one) species has been assigned as Vulnerable
(IUCN, 2008). Four species of Bornean endemic birds were recorded which were Blueheaded Pitta (Pitta baudii), Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker (Prionochilus xanthopygius), Whitecrowned Shama (Copsychus stricklandii) and Dusky Munia (Lonchura fuscans).
In spite of relatively good lowland forest at the most sites observed, several expected
groups of birds such as woodpeckers, trogons, pitta, and broadbill, which characterized of
avian community in primary and old secondary forest, were found to be very rare.
For example; whilst Kalimantan is well known as the richest island for woodpeckers’
community with no less than 15 species present on the island; only two species were captured
by mist-nets and no drumming or pecking sounds was heard. Furthermore, none of the birds
from the group of Columbidae were detected.
The disturbance degree in Tau Lumbis was not as much as it is in other area in Kalimantan.
The changed landscape was only connected to the shifting cultivation around villages that
rotated every five years. There were no intensive logging activities going on. The landscape
features of Tau Lumbis, however, was very hilly with relatively steep slope ranged from
30°-60°; yet the highest part was below 500 m asl.
Other studies showed that the hill forest had the poorest species as much as 40-45 species
compared to lowland forest (Setiorini & Lammertink 2004). Furthermore, records from
Upper Sulon River area revealed that there were only 44 species of birds (Mardiastuti &
Suhartono 2003). It seemed, therefore, the avian community in secondary and primary
forest at Tau Lumbis could be influenced more by the landscape features rather than by
vegetation composition. However, careful and more systematic studies were needed to
understand the pattern of community in this area.
68
REFERENCE
Mardiastuti, A. & T. Suhartono (eds). 2003. Biodiversity inventory in Kayan Mentarang National Park.
Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. WWF Indonesia. ITTO. Jakarta
Bibby, C., Jones, M. & Marsden, S. 1998. Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys. London: Royal
Geographic Society.
Dickinson, E.C. (editor). 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd
Edition. London: Christopher Helm.
MacKinnon, J., K. Phillips & Bas van Balen. 1998. Burung-Burung Di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali Dan
Kalimantan (Termasuk Sabah, Sarawak, Dan Brunei Darussalam). Puslit Biologi-LIPI &
Birdlife-IP.
Setiorini, U & M. Lammertink. 2004. Rich birds communities in logged lowland forests: the
conservation value of logged Bornean lowland forests compared to that of primary
lowland forests and hill forests. M. Lammertink, U. Setiorini, D. Prawiradilaga (eds). As
a phoenix from the flames? The recovery potential of biodiversity after logging, fire and agroforestry
in Kalimantan and Sumatra. NOW (Netherlands Science Foundation), LIPI (Lembaga
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) & PILI-NGO (Pusat Informasi Lingkungan Hidup).
Sukmantoro, W. M. Irham, W. Novarino, F. Hasudungan, N. Kemp & M. Muchtar. 2007. Daftar
Burung Indonesia No. 2. Indonesian Ornithologists’ Union. Bogor.
69
70
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Accipitridae
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Eurylaimidae
Hirundinidae
Estrildidae
Dicaeidae
Chloropseidae
Corvidae
Cuculidae
Capitonidae
Bucerotidae
Apodidae
Alcedinidae
Family
No
Pentis Kalimantan
Bondol Kalimantan
Bondol Rawa
Sempurhujan Darat
Layanglayang Batu
Kapinisjarum Gedang
Kangkareng Hitam
Enggang Klihingan
Enggang Cula
Rangkong Gading
Takur Tenggeret
Takur Tutut
Cicadaun Sayap-biru
Gagak Kampung
Wiwik Lurik
Bubut Alang-alang
Kadalan Selaya
Kedasi Hitam
Cabai Bunga-api
Pentis Raja
Elang Hitam
Elangular Bido
Udang Api
Cekakak Cina
Walet Linchi
Indonesian Name
Appendix 1. Bird list of Tau Lumbis area.
Brown-backed Needletail
Black Hornbill
Bushy-crested Hornbill
Rhinoceros Hornbill
Helmeted Hornbill
Blue-eared Barbet
Red-crowned Barbet
Blue-winged Leafbird
Large-billed Crow
Banded Bay Cuckoo
Greater Coucal
Raffles's Malkoha
Drongo Cuckoo
Orange-bellied Flowerpecker
Yellow-breasted
Flowerpecker
Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker
Dusky Munia
Tricoloured Munia
Black-and-yellow Broadbill
Pacific Swallow
Black Eagle
Crested Serpent-eagle
Black-backed Kingfisher
Black-capped Kingfisher
Cave Swiftlet
English Name
Prionochilus xanthopygius
Lonchura fuscans
Lonchura malacca
Eurylaimus ochromalus
Hirundo tahitica
Hirundapus giganteus
Anthracoceros malayanus
Anorrhinus galeritus
Buceros rhinoceros
Rhinoplax vigil
Megalaima australis
Megalaima rafflesii
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
Corvus macrorhynchos
Cacomantis sonneratii
Centropus sinensis
Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus
Surniculus lugubris
Dicaeum trigonostigma
Prionochilus maculatus
Ictinaetus malayensis
Spilornis cheela
Ceyx erithaca
Halcyon pileata
Collocalia linchi
(Temminck, 1822)
(Latham, 1790)
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Boddaert, 1783)
(Horsfield & Moore,
1854)
(Temminck, 1825)
(Raffles, 1822)
(Temminck, 1831)
Linnaeus, 1758
(Forster, 1781)
(Horsfield, 1821)
(Lesson, 1839)
(Gmelin, 1788)
Wagler, 1827
(Latham, 1790)
(Stephens, 1815)
(Raffles, 1822)
(Horsfield, 1821)
(Scopoli, 1786)
(Temminck &
Laugier, 1836)
Salvadori, 1868
(Cassin, 1852)
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Raffles, 1822
Gmelin, 1789
Scientific Name
LC
LC
LC
NT
LC
LC
NT
LC
NT
NT
LC
NT
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
IUCN
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
29.
30.
26.
27.
28.
71
Timaliidae
Rhipiduridae
Sturnidae
Sylviidae
Pycnonotidae
Pittidae
Oriolidae
Pachycephalidae
Phasianidae
Picidae
Nectariniidae
Muscicapidae
Empuloh Janggut
Empuloh Irang
Brinji Mata-putih
Cucak Kuricang
Merbah Mata-merah
Merbah Belukar
Brinji Rambut-tunggir
Kipasan Mutiara
Tiong Emas
Cinenen Merah
Perenjak Jawa
Wergan Coklat
Ciungair Coreng
Pelanduk Ekor-pendek
Asi Topi-sisik
Sikatan Besar
Sikatan Bodo
Philentoma Sayapmerah
Seriwang Asia
Burungmadu Ekormerah
Pijantung Kecil
Burungmadu Rimba
Kepudang Hitam
Kancilan Bakau
Kuwau Raja
Caladi Badok
Tukik Tikus
Paok Kepala-biru
Grey-cheeked Bulbul
Yellow-bellied Bulbul
Buff-vented Bulbul
Black-headed Bulbul
Red-eyed Bulbul
Olive-winged Bulbul
Hairy-backed Bulbul
Spotted Fantail
Hill Myna
Rufous-tailed Tailorbird
Yellow-bellied Prinia
Brown Fulvetta
Pin-striped Tit-babbler
Short-tailed Babbler
Scaly-crowned Babbler
Little Spiderhunter
Purple-naped Sunbird
Dark-throated Oriole
Mangrove Whistler
Great Argus
Buff-necked Woodpecker
Rufous Piculet
Blue-headed Pitta
Asian Paradise-flycatcher
Temminck's Sunbird
White-tailed Flycatcher
Snowy-browed Flycatcher
Rufous-winged Philentoma
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(Müller, 1843)
(Latham, 1790)
Müller, 1843
Horsfield, 1821
(Blyth, 1843)
(Linnaeus, 1766)
(Lesson, 1839)
(Temminck, 1825)
Müller & Schlegel,
1845
(Lesson, 1832)
(Hartlaub, 1844)
Blyth, 1844
(Temminck, 1822)
Blyth, 1845
Blyth, 1845
(Blyth, 1845)
Müller, 1843
Linnaeus, 1758
Temminck ,1836
(Delessert, 1840)
(Salvadori, 1879)
(Horsfield, 1822)
(Hartlaub, 1844)
Eyton, 1839
Terpsiphone paradisi
Aethopyga temminckii
Arachnothera longirostra
Hypogramma hypogrammicum
Oriolus xanthonotus
Pachycephala grisola
Argusianus argus
Meiglyptes tukki
Sasia abnormis
Pitta baudii
Alophoixus bres
Alophoixus phaeocephalus
Iole olivacea
Pycnonotus atriceps
Pycnonotus brunneus
Pycnonotus plumosus
Tricholestes criniger
Rhipidura perlata
Gracula religiosa
Orthotomus sericeus
Prinia flaviventris
Alcippe brunneicauda
Macronous gularis
Malacocincla malaccensis
Malacopteron cinereum
(Müller, 1835)
(Blyth, 1843)
(Temminck, 1836)
Cyornis concretus
Ficedula hyperythra
Philentoma pyrhoptera
LC
LC
NT
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NT
LC
NT
LC
LC
LC
NT
LC
NT
NT
LC
VU
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
60
61
54
55
56
57
58
59
Trogonidae
Turdidae
Meninting Besar
Meninting Cegar
Tepus Merbah-sampah
Tepus Telinga-putih
Tepus Tunggir-merah
Tepus Kepala-kelabu
Luntur Diard
Kucica Kalimantan
White-crowned Forktail
Chestnut-naped Forktail
Chestnut-winged Babbler
White-necked Babbler
Chestnut-rumped Babbler
Grey-headed Babbler
Diard's Trogon
White-crowned Shama
Enicurus leschenaulti
Enicurus ruficapillus
Stachyris erythroptera
Stachyris leucotis
Stachyris maculata
Stachyris poliocephala
Harpactes diardii
Copsychus stricklandii
(Blyth, 1842)
(Strickland, 1848)
(Temminck, 1836)
(Temminck, 1836)
(Temminck, 1832)
Motley & Dillwyn
1855
(Vieillot, 1818)
Temminck, 1823
LC
NT
LC
NT
NT
LC
NT
LC
72
73
Pycnonotidae
12.
Tepus Telingaputih
Tepus Tunggirmerah
Tepus Kepalakelabu
21.
20.
Asi Topi-sisik
19.
Wergan Coklat
18.
Rhipiduridae
Timaliidae
Brinji Rambuttunggir
Kipasan Mutiara
15.
17.
Brinji Mata-putih
14.
16.
Empuloh Irang
13.
Empuloh Janggut
Paok Kepala-biru
Pittidae
11.
Caladi Badok
Tukik Tikus
Picidae
10.
9.
8.
Nectariniidae
6.
7.
Sikatan Bodo
Philentoma Sayapmerah
Burungmadu Ekormerah
Pijantung Kecil
5.
Sikatan Besar
Pentis Raja
Pentis Kalimantan
Muscicapidae
Dicaeidae
2.
Udang Api
4.
Alcedinidae
1.
Indonesian Names
3.
Family
No
Susuit Lolop
Susuit Lolop
Susuit Lolop
Pompolok
Pompolok
Pompolok
Pompolok
Angopi
Susuit Buong
Apuy-apuy
Susuit Buong
Susuit Buong
Mantis
Local Names
Grey-headed Babbler
Chestnut-rumped Babbler
White-necked Babbler
Scaly-crowned Babbler
Brown Fulvetta
Spotted Fantail
Hairy-backed Bulbul
Buff-vented Bulbul
Yellow-bellied Bulbul
Grey-cheeked Bulbul
Blue-headed Pitta
Rufous Piculet
Buff-necked Woodpecker
Little Spiderhunter
Temminck's Sunbird
Rufous-winged Philentoma
Snowy-browed Flycatcher
White-tailed Flycatcher
Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker
Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker
Black-backed Kingfisher
English Names
Appendix II. Bird caught by mistnets at Kabalob survey site
Eyton, 1839
(Temminck, 1836)
(Temminck, 1836)
Stachyris maculata
Stachyris poliocephala
(Salvadori, 1879)
Alcippe brunneicauda
(Strickland, 1848)
Müller, 1843
Rhipidura perlata
Malacopteron cinereum
(Blyth, 1845)
Tricholestes criniger
Stachyris leucotis
Blyth, 1844
Meiglyptes tukki
Iole olivacea
(Lesson, 1839)
Arachnothera longirostra
(Hartlaub, 1844)
(Latham, 1790)
Aethopyga temminckii
Alophoixus phaeocephalus
(Müller, 1843)
Philentoma pyrhoptera
Alophoixus bres
(Temminck, 1836)
Ficedula hyperythra
Müller & Schlegel,
1845
(Lesson, 1832)
(Blyth, 1843)
Cyornis concretus
Pitta baudii
(Müller, 1835)
Prionochilus xanthopygius
(Temminck, 1825)
(Temminck & Laugier,
1836)
Salvadori, 1868
Prionochilus maculatus
Sasia abnormis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Ceyx erithaca
Scientific Name
LC
NT
NT
LC
NT
LC
LC
NT
LC
LC
VU
LC
NT
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
IUCN
5
5
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
Numbers
74
75
ISBN 9789797994655

Taulumbis rev.MDI - Pusat Penelitian Biologi

Transcription

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