Domótica com Arduino e interface Web Relatório da Prova de

Transcription

Escola Secundária Afonso Lopes Vieira
Curso Profissional de Técnico de Instalações Elétricas
2010/2013
Domótica com Arduino e interface Web
Relatório da Prova de Aptidão Profissional
Ricardo Jorge Cachola Sénica, n.º 18209, 3.º IE
Leiria, junho de 2013
Curso Profissional de Técnico de Instalações Elétricas
2010/2013
Relatório da Prova de Aptidão Profissional
Ricardo Jorge Cachola Sénica, n.º 18209, 3.º IE
Orientador – Paulo Manuel Martins dos Santos
Coorientadores – Carlos Jorge Camarinho e Susana de Jesus Teodoro
Leiria, junho de 2013
Relatório da Prova de Aptidão Profissional – Ricardo Jorge C. Sénica
Lema de vida
Se queremos ser alguém, temos de fazer com que nos
vejam com outros olhos, não com os olhos de ser mais um.
-i-
Agradecimentos
Começo por agradecer ao Diretor da Escola Secundária Afonso Lopes Vieira, Dr. Luís Pedro
Costa de Melo Biscaia, por me ter proporcionado este curso e o seu apoio ao longo desta
etapa da minha vida.
Agradeço, também, ao Diretor de Turma e de Curso, Dr. Carlos Jorge Camarinho, pela sua
persistência neste curso e pela ajuda proporcionada ao longo destes três anos.
Também agradeço ao professor Paulo Manuel Martins dos Santos por, neste último ano,
aquando da realização e preparação para Prova de Aptidão Profissional, me ter apoiado, pois
sem ele nada disto teria sido possível.
O meu muito obrigado à minha família.
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Índice geral
Agradecimentos..........................................................................................................................ii
Índice geral................................................................................................................................iii
Outros índices ou listas..............................................................................................................iv
Índice de figuras....................................................................................................................iv
Índice de tabelas....................................................................................................................iv
Resumo........................................................................................................................................v
Palavras-chave........................................................................................................................v
1.Introdução...............................................................................................................................1
1.1.Apresentação de ideias e linhas fundamentais................................................................1
1.2.Objetivos a alcançar........................................................................................................1
1.3.Estrutura do relatório.......................................................................................................1
2.Desenvolvimento....................................................................................................................3
2.1.Fundamentação do projeto..............................................................................................3
2.1.1.Domótica......................................................................................................................3
O que é a domótica............................................................................................................3
Aplicações da domótica.....................................................................................................5
Áreas da domótica.............................................................................................................6
Circuitos domóticos...........................................................................................................6
2.1.2.Plataforma Arduino......................................................................................................7
2.2.Métodos e técnicas utilizadas..........................................................................................9
2.3.Execução do projeto........................................................................................................9
3.Conclusão..............................................................................................................................33
Bibliografia...............................................................................................................................34
Anexos......................................................................................................................................36
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Outros índices ou listas
Índice de figuras
Figura 1: Componentes mais comuns de um sistema domótico.................................................4
Figura 2: Casa do futuro..............................................................................................................5
Figura 3: Placa K8000 da Velleman para domótica....................................................................7
Figura 4: Protótipo de um sistema automático de rega comandado pelo telemóvel...................7
Figura 5: Diversas placas Arduino..............................................................................................8
Figura 6: Esquemático do sistema desenvolvido......................................................................10
Figura 7: Fotografia do sistema de recolha de dados ambientais..............................................12
Figura 8: Representação gráfica dos dados recolhidos durante 24 horas..................................13
Figura 9: Fotografia do sistema domótico desenvolvido..........................................................14
Figura 10: Página Web de comando do sistema domótico desenvolvido.................................32
Índice de tabelas
Tabela 1 – Lista de material......................................................................................................10
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Resumo
Os projetos de domótica são muito interessantes pois visam a automação do lar. Atualmente,
podemos controlar toda uma panóplia de equipamentos da nossa casa, tanto localmente como
remotamente através da Internet em qualquer parte do mundo, fazendo uso de um
smarthphone, tablet, portátil ou outro tipo de computador. Com esta tecnologia podemos
poupar energia e melhorar o conforto/comodidade, pois se nos esquecermos de algo ligado,
podemos a qualquer momento desligar à distância, ou vice-versa.
Este projeto visa a criação de um sistema que permita o comando de três componentes
importantes de uma casa: as lâmpadas; as persianas motorizadas; e também a
ventilação/climatização. Para além do comando via Internet, o sistema deverá possuir ainda
um modo de funcionamento automático que detete a luminosidade e a temperatura ambientes
e que em função destes parâmetros acenda ou apague uma lâmpada, ligue ou desligue um
ventilador e suba ou desça um estore motorizado.
Será utilizada a placa Arduino Uno, baseada no microcontrolador ATmega328, à qual será
acoplada uma placa de rede (Ethernet Shield) com cartão microSD que fará a ligação à rede
informática. A programação será feita em linguagem C no software Arduino em ambiente
Linux Ubuntu, tudo software livre, gratuito e compatível.
Palavras-chave
Microcontrolador; Arduino; domótica; interface web
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1. Introdução
Neste documento vou-vos demonstrar algumas das coisas que se pode fazer com a Rede sem
ser só jogar, estar no Facebook ou ver vídeos malucos no YouTube.
Vou fazer uma apresentação ao trabalho da minha PAP e mostrar que se podem fazer coisas
extraordinárias com nossa rede.
Neste pequeno trabalho irei falar-vos um pouco sobre domótica e a sua história.
1.1. Apresentação de ideias e linhas fundamentais
No início nunca pensei em fazer a minha PAP em domótica mas o professor lançou a ideia e
eu como adoro desafios, então aceitei, mas como não percebia muito de domótica, o professor
Paulo Santos ajudou-me a compreender muito bem os sistemas e a elaborar um trabalho
espetacular.
1.2. Objetivos a alcançar
Os meus objetivos neste trabalho foram poder alcançar algumas das ferramentas da minha
casa a partir de qualquer parte do mundo através da rede Internet. Poder ligar-me à minha casa
pelo telemóvel, pelo computador, pelo tablet, ou outro dispositivo análogo. Poder abrir uma
janela, fechá-la, acender ou desligar uma luz, ligar uma ventoinha ou desligá-la, isto tudo a
partir do meu telemóvel. Não esquecendo um modo automático para quando escurecer, a luz
acender e os estores baixarem.
1.3. Estrutura do relatório
O meu relatório começa por um lema de vida com o qual me identifico. De seguida, fiz os
agradecimentos a quem me apoiou nestes três anos de curso. Depois figuram os índices. Para
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finalizar, inclui-se o resumo onde faço uma breve apresentação do meu projeto.
Neste capítulo, apresentaram-se de uma forma sucinta as linhas fundamentais do projeto bem
como os objetivos a alcançar.
No capítulo do desenvolvimento pretendo abordar com mais pormenor o meu trabalho. Na
fundamentação, faço uma breve abordagem à domótica, de seguida apresento as técnicas e os
métodos que utilizei para a concretização do projeto.
Por fim, no capítulo da conclusão, faço um balanço do trabalho realizado e apresento as
maiores dificuldades sentidas, assim como a forma como foram superadas.
Apresento ainda a bibliografia utilizada e incluo em anexo as folhas de dados dos principais
componentes.
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2. Desenvolvimento
No capítulo irei apresentar com mais detalhe o meu trabalho. Na fundamentação faço uma
breve abordagem à domótica e à plataforma de hardware livre Arduino. Depois apresentarei
as técnicas e os métodos que utilizei para a concretização do meu projeto.
2.1. Fundamentação do projeto
2.1.1.
Domótica
O que é a domótica
A Domótica é uma tecnologia recente que permite a gestão de todos ou parte dos recursos
habitacionais.
O termo “Domótica” resulta da junção da palavra latina “Domus” (casa) com “Robótica”
(controlo automatizado de algo) e visa a automação do lar, simplificando a vida diária das
pessoas, satisfazendo as suas necessidades de comunicação, de conforto e segurança. Quando
a domótica surgiu, nos edifícios dos anos 80s do século passado, pretendia-se controlar a
iluminação, a climatização, a segurança e a interligação entre estes três sistemas.
Nos nossos dias, a ideia base é a mesma, a diferença é o contexto para o qual o sistema está
pensado, já não um contexto militar, comercial ou industrial, mas doméstico. Apesar de ainda
ser pouco conhecida e divulgada, mas pelo conforto e comodidade que pode proporcionar, a
domótica promete vir a ter muitos adeptos no futuro.
Desta forma permite o uso de dispositivos para automatizar as rotinas e tarefas de uma casa.
Normalmente são feitos controlos de temperatura ambiente, iluminação e som, distinto dos
controlos normais por ter uma central que comanda tudo, que às vezes é acoplada a um
computador e/ou Internet.
O projeto de automação prevê todos os pontos de comunicação (Internet, telefone e TV),
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todos os pontos de áudio (som ambiente e home theater), todas as cargas que deverão ser
controladas (luzes, cortinas, etc.), a posição de todos os quadros de controlo, lógicos e de
automação, a posição de todas as tomadas e da central de aspiração, entre muitos outros itens
que são estabelecidos com base no gosto e interesses das pessoas.
Figura 1: Componentes mais comuns de um sistema domótico.
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Aplicações da domótica
A domótica utiliza vários elementos de uma forma sistémica. Vai aliar as vantagens dos meios
eletrónicos aos informáticos, de forma a obter uma utilização e uma gestão integrada dos
diversos equipamentos de uma habitação. A domótica vem tornar a vida mais confortável,
mais segura e até mais divertida. Vem permitir que as tarefas mais rotineiras e aborrecidas
sejam executadas automaticamente. No manuseamento do sistema poderá fazê-lo de acordo
com as nossas próprias necessidades. Poderá optar por um manuseamento mais ou menos
automático. Nos sistemas passivos, o elemento reage só quando lhe é transmitida uma ordem,
dada diretamente pelo utilizador (interruptor) ou por um comando (poderá ser uma ordem ou
um conjunto de ordens – macros).
Nos sistemas mais avançados, com mais “inteligência”, não só interpretam parâmetros, como
reagem às circunstâncias (informação que é transmitida pelos sensores), por exemplo: detetar
que uma janela está aberta e avisa o utilizador; ou que a temperatura está a diminuir e ligar o
aquecimento.
O controlo remoto de casas de habitação deixa de ser uma utopia. A domótica permite o
acesso às funções vitais da casa a partir da Internet ou do nosso telemóvel.
Figura 2: Casa do futuro.
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Áreas da domótica
As área abrangidas pela domótica são:
•
Deteção de intrusão;
•
Controlo de iluminação;
•
Segurança e controlo de fugas de água e gás;
•
Alarmes médicos;
•
Controlo remoto;
•
Domoporteiro;
•
Monitorização remota de alarmes;
•
Controlo de climatização;
•
Ligação e controlo via Internet;
•
Ligação e controlo via GSM;
•
Controlo de acessos.
Circuitos domóticos
O circuito de automação mais conhecido e mais divulgado é o X10, existindo um sem número
de aplicações, software e hardware para este protocolo. Existe uma placa da Velleman,
denominada K8000, que permite uma ligação direta ao um computador. A vantagem deste
dispositivo, é a de permitir a ligação a uma série de circuitos comuns, permitindo o controlo
não só através de software mais ou menos sofisticado ou apenas através de uma simples folha
de cálculo.
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Figura 3: Placa K8000 da Velleman para domótica.
Figura 4: Protótipo de um sistema automático de rega
comandado pelo telemóvel.
2.1.2.
Plataforma Arduino
O arduino é uma plataforma livre de desenvolvimento de hardware eletrónico, uma simples
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placa de circuito impresso com o microcontrolador Atmel AVR (ATmega328P ou outros) e
mais alguns componentes.
Este microcontrolador tem várias caraterísticas principais com por exemplo; a simplicidade de
utilização da programação utilizada; multisistema operativo (Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X
e Linux); baixo custo; código livre (open source); e também a possibilidade de atuar no
ambiente que o rodeia lendo os valores provenientes de sensores (acelerómetros, LDRs,
ultrassons, …) e acionando dispositivos de visualização (LEDs, displays/LCDs, ...) e
atuadores (motores, trincos, ...).
A figura 5 mostra algumas placas Arduino que existem.
Figura 5: Diversas placas Arduino.
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2.2. Métodos e técnicas utilizadas
Iniciei o meu trabalho, utilizando o EAGLE para fazer o esquemático do circuito do projeto.
Ao longo da elaboração do esquemático, foram feitos alguns ajustes até encontrar a solução
final.
Depois de concluído o esquemático, iniciei a montagem do circuito numa placa de ensaio
(breadboard).
De seguida, comecei a trabalhar na elaboração do código para programação do Arduino, numa
aplicação chamada também Arduino no sistema operativo Linux/Ubuntu. Conforme ia
desenvolvendo o código com a ajuda do professor Paulo Santos, também ia testando o mesmo
e programando o microcontrolador.
Desenvolvi ainda o código para um sistema de recolha de dados ambientais, nomeadamente
luminosidade e temperatura, cujo objetivo foi o de obter valores que me ajudassem a definir
os parâmetros de ajuste do sistema domótico principal do trabalho que será apresentado ao
Júri da PAP.
Por fim, comecei a elaborar este relatório no LibreOffice Writer, que é uma suite de
aplicações de escritório livre e existe para vários sistemas operativos (Microsoft Windows,
Macintosh e Linux).
2.3. Execução do projeto
Nesta secção vai ser explicado com todos os detalhes, tudo o que foi feito ao longo deste ano
no projeto para a minha PAP, desde o esquemático, a lista de material, o código fonte da
programação e ainda outras explicações e detalhes de tudo o que foi importante ao longo desta
jornada, e de tudo o que foi feito para que o projeto final pudesse ser concluído e funcionasse.
Para iniciar o meu projeto, resolvi aproveitar a sugestão do tema feita pelo professor. Cheguei
ao esquemático que apresento na figura 6, após muita pesquisa na Internet e constantes trocas
de opiniões com o meu orientador e professor da disciplina de Eletricidade e Eletrónica, Dr.
Paulo Santos.
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Figura 6: Esquemático do sistema desenvolvido.
Na tabela 1 encontra-se listado todo o material utilizado no projeto.
Tabela 1 – Lista de material
Item n.º
1
Nome
R1,
R3,
R5,
R8,
Quantidade
6
Descrição/Valor
Resistência de 10kΩ ¼W
- 10 -
R9, R11
R2,
R4,
R6,
R7,
Resistência de 330Ω ¼W
3
R12, R13
Resistência de 2,2kΩ ¼W
4
NTC1
1
Termístor de 10kΩ
5
LDR1
1
Fotoresistência de 100kΩ (VT90N4)
6
C1
1
Condensador eletrolítico de 47μF 16V
3
Condensador cerâmico de 100nF
2
R10
7
C2,
C3,
C4
8
D1..4
4
Díodo rápido 1N4148
9
T1..4
4
Transístor bipolar NPN de silício 2N222
10
Q1
1
Cristal de quartzo de 32,768KHz
Circuito integrado relógio de tempo real (RTC) para
11
IC1
1
barramento série I2C com memória não volátil de
64x8bit
12
IC2
1
Circuito integrado termómetro digital e termostato
13
BB1
1
14
SP1
1
Besouro
15
MOD1
1
Arduino Uno + Arduino Ethernet Shield
16
LED1
1
LED amarelo Ø5mm
17
LED2
1
LED branco Ø5mm
18
LED3
1
LED azul Ø5mm
19
LED4
1
LED verde Ø5mm
20
LED5
1
LED vermelho Ø5mm
21
K1..4
4
Relé Finder 40.52 para circuito impresso
Pilha de lítio CR2032 (tipo botão) com suporte para
circuito impresso
- 11 -
22
CON1
1
Barra de 3 ligadores para circuito impresso com
intervalo de 5mm
23
CON2,
CON3
2
Barra de 2 ligadores para circuito impresso com
intervalo de 5mm
Depois de ter elaborado o esquemático e de o meu orientador o ter revisto, comecei a montálo numa placa de ensaio, primeiro numa versão de recolha de dados atmosféricos, conforme
ilustra a figura 7. Este circuito foi colocado em funcionamento e deixado durante 24 horas na
Biblioteca da Escola a recolher dados da luz e temperatura ambiente. Os dados foram
gravados num cartão de memória Flash Micro SD, inserido num suporte adequado que existe
na placa de rede do Arduino (Arduino Ethernet Shield), e depois tratados com a folha de
cálculo LibreOffice Calc dos quais se obteve o gráfico da figura 8.
Figura 7: Fotografia do sistema de recolha de dados ambientais.
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Figura 8: Representação gráfica dos dados recolhidos durante 24 horas.
Na figura 9, pode-se ver uma fotografia do meu trabalho finalizado e testado com um
computador da sala 14 e com o smartphone Android do meu orientador. Em cima, à esquerda
pode observar-se o besouro, enquanto à direita encontra-se a placa de ensaio com os LEDs e
os transístores de controlo dos relés. Em baixo, à esquerda, pode observar-se os quatro relés
para comutação das cargas elétricas (lâmpada, ventilador e subida e descida da persiana), do
lado direito encontram-se o Arduino e a sua placa de rede Ethernet encaixada superior.
Refira-se que a ligação do Arduino ao computador foi feita através de um cabo USB A-B, mas
numa situação normal de operação deve utilizar-se uma fonte de alimentação de corrente
contínua de 12V que debite pelo menos 1000mA na sua saída, e, claro, a placa de rede do
Arduino deve ser ligada à rede informática, e por conseguinte à Internet, através de um
chicote de rede Ethernet Cat. 5E com ligadores RJ45.
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Figura 9: Fotografia do sistema domótico desenvolvido.
Depois fiz pesquisas na Internet sobre o microcontrolador Arduino, nomeadamente sobre as
suas especificações e programação em linguagem C, sobre os restantes componentes
eletrónicos ativos e analisei também vários exemplos de código fonte que outras pessoas
disponibilizaram na Net e que me foram de extrema utilidade para por tudo a funcionar como
esperava.
Segue-se a listagem de código para o sistema de recolha e registo dos dados ambientais:
/*
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Nome do ficheiro:
regista_dados.ino
Nome do programa:
Recolha de dados atmosféricos com Arduino e registo
em cartão micro SD
Descrição:
Sistema baseado na placa Arduino Uno que permite
recolher dados de luminosidade e de temperatura
durante um período de 24 horas. Para a luminosidade
recorre-se a uma LDR e para a temperatura a uma NTC,
existe ainda o relógio de tempo real (RTC) DS1037
para controlo horário e o termómetro/termostato
digital DS1620. Os dados recolhidos são guardados
num cartão micro SD integrado na placa de rede
(Ethernet Shield) Arduino.
Autor:
10 - Ricardo Sénica
Orientador:
Prof. Paulo Santos
Turma:
3.º IE
Disciplina:
Eletricidade e Eletrónica;
Prova de Aptidão Profissional (PAP)
Curso:
C P de Técnico de Instalações Elétricas
Escola:
Data:
22/01/2013
*/
/* evocação das bibliotecas necessárias */
#include <Wire.h>
// comunicação pelo barramento I2C
#include <SD.h>
// comunicação com cartão micro SD
#include "RTClib.h"
// relógio e tempo real utilizando a função
//
millis() ou o DS1307 com barramento I2C
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#include "DS1620Lib.h"
// comunicação com o termómetro digital DS1620
// A Ethernet Shield comunica com o Arduino Uno através do barramento SPI
//
que utiliza os pinos 10 (CS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) e 13 (SCK), não
//
podendo assim ser utilizados para outras funções.
const int chipSelect = 4;
// pino CS do cartão micro SD da Ethernet
//
const int LEDpin = 6;
Shield
// define o pino ao qual se encontra ligado o
//
LED sinalizador
// funções de data e hora recorrendo ao relógio e tempo real DS1307, ligado
//
através do barramento I2C e utilizando a biblioteca Wire RTC_DS1307
//
RTC;
/* definição de variáveis */
int CountLoops = 0;
// para contagem dos ciclos do programa principal //
loop()
String dataString = "";
// cria uma cadeia de carateres para montar os
//
dados para registo
// define os pinos para a comunicação série de 3 linhas com o DS1620
int dq = 9;
// linha de dados
int clk = 5;
// linha de relógio
int rst = 3;
// linha de reinicialização
// chama o construtor DS1620 usando como variáveis os pinos
DS1620 thermo = DS1620(dq, clk, rst);
/* função de inicialização do microcontrolador, executada uma só vez */
void setup()
{
// define pinos de saída
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
// mesmo não sendo utilizado torna o pino CS da
- 16 -
//
Ethernet Shield como saída
pinMode(chipSelect, OUTPUT);
// torna o pino CS do cartão micro SD como
//
pinMode(LEDpin, OUTPUT);
saída
// torna o pino 6 do Arduino como saída - LED
//
de sinalização
// inicia a comunicação série para depuração
Serial.begin(9600);
// inicia a comunicação com o relógio de tempo real DS1307 pelo
//
barramento I2C
Wire.begin();
RTC.begin();
if (! RTC.isrunning()) {
Serial.println("O RTC nao se encontra em funcionamento!");
return;
// a linha seguinte acerta o RTC para a data e hora da compilação deste
//
programa
// RTC.adjust(DateTime(__DATE__, __TIME__));
}
// escreve a configuração pretendida no registo de configuração/estado do
//
DS1620
// 10 decimal = 00001010 binário
// ativa CPU-Mode e desativa 1-Shot Mode
// para mais detalhes consultar a folha de dados do componente
//
http://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/DS1620.pdf
thermo.write_config(10);
// inicia conversão contínua da temperatura
// a leitura pode ser feita aproximadamente de segundo a segundo
thermo.start_conv();
delay(750);
// aguarda a conversão da temperatura
thermo.read_temp();
// faz uma primeira leitura inválida
Serial.print("Cartão micro SD em inicialização ... ");
// verifica se o cartão micro SD está presente e se pode ser inicializado
if (!SD.begin(chipSelect)) {
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Serial.println("Falha no cartão SD, ou o mesmo não está presente.");
// não faz mais nada
return;
}
Serial.println("Cartão inicializado com sucesso.");
// abre o ficheiro para escrita, apenas um ficheiro pode ser aberto de
//
cada vez
File dataFile = SD.open("datalog.csv", FILE_WRITE);
// se o ficheiro está disponível, escreve nele a cadeia de carateres
if (dataFile) {
dataFile.println();
dataFile.print("\"Recolha de dados iniciada em ");
DateTime now = RTC.now();
// lê a data e hora do relógio de tempo
//
real
// cria uma cadeia de carateres para montar os dados para registo
String dataString = "";
// monta os dados para registo na cadeia de carateres
dataString += String(now.year());
dataString += "-";
dataString += String(now.month());
dataString += "-";
dataString += String(now.day());
dataString += " ";
dataString += String(now.hour());
dataString += ":";
dataString += String(now.minute());
dataString += ":";
dataString += String(now.second());
dataString += "\"";
dataFile.println(dataString);
dataFile.println("\"==================================================\"");
dataFile.println("\"Hora(hh:mm:ss)\",\"LDR(ADC10\",\"NTC(ADC10)\",\"Temp.
(DS1620)\"");
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dataFile.close();
Serial.println("");
Serial.print("\"Recolha de dados iniciada em ");
Serial.println(dataString);
Serial.println("==================================================");
Serial.println("\"Hora(hh:mm:ss)\",\"LDR(ADC10\",\"NTC(ADC10)\",\"Temp.
(DS1620)\"");
}
// se o ficheiro não foi aberto, mostra uma mensagem de erro
else {
Serial.println("Erro ao abrir o ficheiro para registo de dados.");
return;
}
digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
// acende o LED sinalizador
delay(500);
// aguarda meio segundo
digitalWrite(LEDpin, LOW);
// apaga o LED sinalizador
}
/* função principal do programa, executada continuamente */
void loop()
{
DateTime now = RTC.now();
// lê a data e hora do relógio de tempo real
// inicia a montagem de dados de registo na cadeia de carateres
dataString += String(now.hour());
dataString += ":";
dataString += String(now.minute());
dataString += ":";
dataString += String(now.second());
dataString += ",";
// lê os dois sensores (LDR e NTC) e acrescenta os valores à cadeia de
//
carateres
for (int analogPin = 0; analogPin < 2; analogPin++) {
int sensor = analogRead(analogPin);
dataString += String(sensor);
- 19 -
dataString += ",";
}
// lê a temperatura em ºC do DS1620 e acrescenta o valor à cadeia de
//
carateres
dataString += String(thermo.read_temp());
// abre o ficheiro para escrita, apenas um ficheiro pode ser aberto de
//
cada vez
File dataFile = SD.open("datalog.csv", FILE_WRITE);
// se o ficheiro está disponível, escreve nele a cadeia de carateres
if (dataFile) {
dataFile.println(dataString);
dataFile.close();
// envia a cadeia de carateres também para a porta de comunicação para
// depuração
Serial.println(dataString);
digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
// acende o LED sinalizador
delay(100);
// aguarda 100 milissegundos
digitalWrite(LEDpin, LOW);
// apaga o LED sinalizador
}
// se o ficheiro não foi aberto, mostra uma mensagem de erro
else {
Serial.println("Erro ao abrir o ficheiro para registo de dados.");
return;
}
delay(59918);
// aguarda o tempo necessário para que o ciclo de
//
CountLoops ++;
dataString = "";
programa se repita a cada minuto
// incrementa o contador de ciclos de programa
// limpa a cadeia de carateres, preparando-a assim
//
para nova leitura
// verifica se o registo de dados foi feito por um período de 24 horas
if (CountLoops >= 1440) {
Serial.println("");
- 20 -
Serial.println("Recolha de dados concluída ...");
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("Até à próxima :-)");
Serial.println("");
Serial.flush(); // aguarda que a transmissão de saída esteja concluída
do {
// não faz mais nada após conclusão da recolha de dados
} while (1);
}
}
Segue-se a listagem do código utilizado na programação do sistema principal do meu projeto:
/*
Nome do ficheiro:
domotica.ino
Nome do programa:
Descrição:
Sistema baseado na placa Arduino Uno que permite
comandar via rede informática três componentes
elétricos importantes de uma casa: uma lâmpada; um
ventilador e uma persiana de janela. A comunicação
via rede será assegurada pela placa de rede
(Ethernet Shield) Arduino.
Autor:
Orientador:
Prof. Paulo Santos
Turma:
3.º IE
Disciplina:
- 21 -
Curso:
Escola:
Data:
22/01/2013
*/
/* evocação das bibliotecas necessárias à utilização da Ethernet Shield */
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
// endereço físico (MAC) da Arduino Ethernet Shield
byte mac[] = { 0x90, 0xA2, 0xDA, 0x00, 0x40, 0x3E };
// endereço físico (MAC) da Arduino Ethernet Shield R3
// byte mac[] = { 0x90, 0xA2, 0xDA, 0x0D, 0x35, 0x3D };
// endereço IP da Arduino Ethernet Shield na rede de área local (LAN)
byte ip[] = { 172, 16, 0, 206 };
// endereço IP da Arduino Ethernet Shield R3 na rede de área local (LAN)
// byte ip[] = { 192, 168, 1, 2 };
// endereço IP da porta de ligação à Internet (gateway/router)
byte gateway[] = { 172, 16, 0, 254 };
// endereço IP da porta de ligação à Internet (gateway/router)
// byte gateway[] = { 192, 168, 1, 254 };
byte subnet[] = { 255, 255, 252, 0 };
// byte subnet[] = { 255, 255, 255, 0 };
// máscara da subrede
// máscara da subrede
// porta TCP/IP para comunicação via rede utilizando o HTTP
EthernetServer server(80);
- 22 -
/* definição de constantes, basicamente para dar nome aos pinos mais fácil
de memorizar pelos humanos */
const int LampPin =
6;
const int BuzzerPin =
// número do pino ao qual liga o relé da lâmpada
const int FanPin =
3;
2;
// número do pino ao qual liga o besouro
// número do pino ao qual liga o relé da ventoinha
// número do pino ao qual liga o relé de subida da persiana
const int BlindUpPin =
8;
// número do pino ao qual liga o relé de descida da persiana
const int BlindDownPin =
const int LDRPin =
7;
A0;
// número do pino analógico de entrada ao
//
const int NTCPin =
A1;
qual está lidada a LDR (luminosidade)
// número do pino analógico de entrada ao
//
qual está lidada a NTC (temperatura)
const int LDR_THRESHOLD = 300;
// define the value for the light threshold
const int NTC_THRESHOLD = 500;
// define the value for the temperature
//
threshold
/* definição de variáveis */
String textString;
// utilizada para compor as mensagens de texto a
//
String readString;
enviar pela rede e através da ligação série
// utilizada para guardar as respostas provenientes
//
int LampState = 0;
da rede
// guarda o estado da lâmpada (0 - desligada,
//
int FanState = 0;
1 – ligada)
// guarda o estado da ventoinha (0 - desligada,
//
int AutoMode = 1;
1 – ligada)
// guarda o modo de operação (0 - manual,
//
1 – automático)
/* função de inicialização do microcontrolador, executada uma só vez */
void setup(){
// define os pinos digitais como saídas
pinMode(LampPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(FanPin, OUTPUT);
- 23 -
pinMode(BlindUpPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BlindDownPin, OUTPUT);
// inicializa a Ethernet Shield
Ethernet.begin(mac, ip, gateway, subnet);
server.begin();
// inicializa a porta de comunicação série com o computador para
depuração
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Domotica com Arduino"); // envia mensagem inicial para
//
confirmação do funcionamento
Serial.println();
}
/* função principal do programa, executada continuamente */
void loop(){
// cria uma ligação de rede com o cliente
EthernetClient client = server.available();
if (client) {
while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
char c = client.read();
// lê caráter a caráter o pedido HTTP
if (readString.length() < 100) {
// guarda os carateres recebidos na cadeia
readString += c;
}
// se o pedido HTTP terminou
if (c == '\n') {
Serial.println(readString);
// envia a mensagem recebida via
//
- 24 -
porta série para depuração
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); // envia nova página através
// da rede Ethernet utilizando HTTP
client.println("Content-Type: text/html");
client.println();
client.println("<HTML>");
// início do código HTML
client.println("<HEAD>");
// cabeçalho da página HTML
client.println("<meta name=\"apple-mobile-web-app-capable\"
content=\"yes\" />");
client.println("<meta name=\"apple-mobile-web-app-status-barstyle\" content=\"black-translucent\" />");
client.println("<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"initialscale=1.5, user-scalable=no\" />");
client.println("<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\"
href=\"http://goo.gl/2dJCD\" />");
client.println("<TITLE>Domótica com Arduino</TITLE>");
client.println("</HEAD>");
client.println("<BODY>");
// corpo da página HTML
client.println("<H1>Domótica com Arduino</H1>");
client.println("<hr />");
client.println("<br />");
// botões para comando dos pinos Arduino aos quais estão ligados
//
a lâmpada, o ventilador e os dois movimentos possíveis com o
//
motor da persiana
client.println("<a href=\"/?LampOn\">Acender a
lâmpada</a>");
client.println("<a href=\"/?LampOff\">Apagar a
lâmpada</a><br />");
client.println("<br /><br />");
client.println("<a href=\"/?FanOn\">Ligar o ventilador</a>");
client.println("<a href=\"/?FanOff\">Desligar o ventilador</a><br
/>");
client.println("<a href=\"/?BlindUp\">Subir a persiana</a>");
client.println("<a href=\"/?BlindDown\">Descer a
- 25 -
persiana</a><br />");
// botão para ativação do modo automático
client.println("<a href=\"/?AutoMode\">Ativar funcionamento
automático</a>");
// exibição de alguns dados sobre o estado ambiental e do Arduino
textString = "<p>LDR: ";
textString += String(analogRead(LDRPin), DEC);
textString += " — NTC: ";
textString += String(analogRead(NTCPin), DEC);
textString += " — Lâmp.: ";
textString += String(LampState, DEC);
textString += " — Vent.: ";
textString += String(FanState, DEC);
textString += "</p>";
client.println(textString);
// exibição de créditos
client.println("<H4>Ricardo Sénica, 3.º IE (CPTIE)<br
/>ESALV, junho de 2013</H4>");
client.println("<a href=\"/\">Recarregar a
página</a><br />");
client.println("</BODY>");
client.println("</HTML>");
// fim da página HTML
delay(1);
// termina ligação com o cliente
client.stop();
/* controlo dos pinos do Arduino */
if(readString.indexOf("?LampOn") > 0) {
// verifica se é para
//
digitalWrite(LampPin, HIGH);
- 26 -
acender a lâmpada
// coloca no estado lógico alto
//
LampState = 1;
o pino da lâmpada
AutoMode = 0;
// atualiza o estado da variável
// desativa o modo automático, ou seja, coloca
//
no modo manual
Serial.println("Lampada ligada");
//
// envia informação através
da porta série para depuração
} else {
if(readString.indexOf("?LampOff") > 0) {
//
para apagar a lâmpada
digitalWrite(LampPin, LOW);
// coloca no estado lógico
//
LampState = 0;
// verifica se é
baixo o pino da lâmpada
AutoMode = 0;
// desativa o modo automático, ou seja,
//
coloca no modo manual
Serial.println("Lampada desligada");
//
// envia informação
através da porta série para depuração
} else {
if(readString.indexOf("?FanOn") > 0) {
//
// verifica se é
para ligar o ventilador
digitalWrite(FanPin, HIGH);
//
alto o pino do ventilador
FanState = 1;
AutoMode = 0;
//
Serial.println("Ventilador ligado");
//
// envia informação
através da porta série para depuração
} else {
if(readString.indexOf("?FanOff") > 0) {
//
// verifica se é
para desligar o ventilador
digitalWrite(FanPin, LOW);
//
baixo o pino do ventilador
FanState = 0;
AutoMode = 0;
//
// envia informação através da porta série para depuração
Serial.println("Ventilador desligado");
} else {
if(readString.indexOf("?BlindUp") > 0) {
//
é para subir a persiana
- 27 -
// verifica se
digitalWrite(BlindUpPin, HIGH);
//
// coloca no estado
delay(250);
lógico alto o pino de subida da persiana
//
// tempo de duração do pulso de comando
do motor da persiana
digitalWrite(BlindUpPin, LOW);
//
// coloca no estado
lógico baixo o pino de subida da persiana
Serial.println("Subir a persiana");
//
// envia
informação através da porta série para depuração
} else{
if(readString.indexOf("?BlindDown") > 0) {
//
se é para descer a persiana
digitalWrite(BlindDownPin, HIGH);
//
// verifica
// coloca no
estado lógico alto o pino de descida da persiana
delay(250);
// tempo de duração do pulso de comando
//
do motor da persiana
digitalWrite(BlindDownPin, LOW);
//
// coloca no estado
lógico baixo o pino de descida da persiana
Serial.println("Descer a persiana");
//
// envia
informação através da porta série para depuração
} else {
if(readString.indexOf("?AutoMode") > 0) {
//
// verifica
se é para ativar o modo operação automático
AutoMode = 1;
// atualiza variável para modo de
//
funcionamento automático
Serial.println("Modo automático selecionado");
} else {
// verifica se é para ativar o modo operação manual
if(readString.indexOf("?ManualMode") > 0) {
AutoMode = 0;
// atualiza variável para modo de
//
funcionamento manual
Serial.println("Modo manual selecionado");
}
}
}
}
}
}
- 28 -
}
}
readString = "";
// limpa a cadeia de carateres, preparando-a
//
assim para nova leitura
}
}
}
}
if (AutoMode == 1) {
// atua as saídas da lâmpada e do ventilador no
//
modo automático
if (analogRead(LDRPin) < LDR_THRESHOLD) {
//
digitalWrite(LampPin, HIGH);
LampState = 1;
} else {
// se a luminosidade for
inferior ao valor predefinido
// acende a lâmpada
// caso contrário
digitalWrite(LampPin, LOW);
LampState = 0;
// apaga a lâmpada
}
if (analogRead(NTCPin) > NTC_THRESHOLD) {
//
digitalWrite(FanPin, HIGH);
FanState = 1;
} else {
// se a temperatura for
inferior ao valor predefinido
// liga o ventilador
// senão
digitalWrite(FanPin, LOW);
FanState = 0;
// desliga o ventilador
}
}
}
Por último, lista-se o código da página de estilo utilizado pela página Web que o sistema envia
ao cliente que se lhe ligue. Devido às limitações de memória do microcontrolador Arduino, o
ficheiro contendo este código CSS foi colocado num servidor de Internet. Segue-se então a
listagem:
- 29 -
/*
Nome do ficheiro:
domotica.css
Descrição:
Informação de estilo para a interface Web utilizada
na interface Web com o Arduino. A Cascading Style
Sheets, ou simplesmente CSS, é uma linguagem de
estilo utilizada para definir a apresentação de
documentos escritos em HTML ou XML.
Autor:
Orientador:
Prof. Paulo Santos
Turma:
3.º IE
Disciplina:
Curso:
Escola:
Data:
22/01/2013
*/
body {
margin: 10px 10px; padding: 0px;
text-align: center;
}
h1 {
text-align: center;
font-family: "Trebuchet MS",Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}
h4 {
text-align: center;
}
- 30 -
p {
color :#696969;
}
a {
text-decoration: none;
width: 75px;
height: 50px;
border-color: black;
border-top: 2px solid;
border-bottom: 2px solid;
border-right: 2px solid;
border-left: 2px solid;
border-radius: 10px 10px 10px;
-o-border-radius: 10px 10px 10px;
-webkit-border-radius: 10px 10px 10px;
-moz-border-radius: 10px 10px 10px;
background-color: #696969;
padding: 8px;
text-align: center;
}
a:link {color: white;}
/* cor da ligação não visitada
a:visited {color: white;}
/* cor da ligação visitada */
a:hover {color: white;}
/* cor da ligação quando o cursor do rato
/*
a:active {color: white;}
*/
está sobre ela */
/* cor da ligação selecionada */
hr {
height: 2px;
width: 360px;
color: #696969;
background-color: #696969;
}
Na figura 10, pode observar-se a página Web visualizada num dispositivo cliente do sistema
desenvolvido. Neste caso foi utilizado o software de navegação (browser) Opera. O endereço
IP na rede da Escola era 172.16.0.206, consequentemente a URL era http://172.16.0.206. Caso
- 31 -
houvesse conveniência poder-se-ia configurar a porta de ligação, ou router, da ligação da
Escola à Internet para que possibilitasse o acesso a partir do exterior da Escola.
Figura 10: Página Web de comando do sistema domótico desenvolvido.
- 32 -
3. Conclusão
No decorrer da realização do meu projeto senti várias dificuldades, tais como a dificuldade em
programar em C o microcontrolador Arduino, as quais só puderam ser ultrapassadas com a
capacidade de trabalho que foi desenvolvido em mim e com o apoio do professor Paulo
Santos.
Ao longo do trabalho, houve algumas dificuldades como por exemplo fazer o código para
comandar a persiana, uma lâmpada e um ventilador, mas com a ajuda do professor consegui
ultrapassar as dificuldades.
O esquemático também foi um bocado difícil de perceber, pois eu nunca tinha tido muito
contacto com estes materiais nem com um esquema assim tão complexo. Mas quando o
professor Paulo Santos me explicou vi que não era assim tão difícil de entender.
- 33 -
Bibliografia
[1]
Top 40 Arduino Projects of the Web, acedido a 11 de março de 2013, em
http://hacknmod.com/hack/top-40-arduino-projects-ofthe-web.
[2]
Arduino R3: Testing Ethernet Shield R3, acedido a 11 de março de 2013, em
http://www.homebrew-tech.com/arduino/brewingarduinoannouncement/arduinor3testingethernetshieldr3.
[3]
Ethernet Shield LED SERVER, acedido a 11 de março de 2013, em
http://www.instructables.com/id/Ethernet-Shield-LED-WEBSERVER.
[4]
Pin Control Over the Internet – Arduino + Ethernet, acedido a 11 de março de 2013,
em http://bildr.org/2011/06/arduino-ethernetpin-control.
[5]
Arduino: Basic Network Temp and Humidity monitor, acedido a 12 de março de 2013,
em http://www.yourwarrantyisvoid.com/2012/08/23/arduino-basic-network-temp-andhumiditymonitor.
[6]
Ethernet Web Server Showing Temperature and Humidity, acedido a 12 de março de
2013, em http://arduinoinfo.wikispaces.com/ethernet-temp-humidity.
[7]
Arduino temperature logging and webserver with RTC, acedido a 12 de março de
2013, em http://www.bajdi.com/arduinotemperature-logging-and-webserver-with-rtc.
[8]
Arduino
Ethernet+SD,
acedido
a
12
de
março
de
2013,
em
de
2013,
em
http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/ethfiles.html.
[9]
Introdução
ao
Arduino,
acedido
a
14
de
março
http://www.slideshare.net/desisant/introduao-ao-arduino-e-domticalatinoware-2012.
[10]
DS1307 RTC Real time clock mini-breakout, acedido a 14 de março de 2013, em
http://www.ladyada.net/learn/breakoutplus/ds1307rtc.html.
[11]
Arduino
DS1620
Library,
acedido
a
14
de
março
de
2013,
em
http://wiki.thinkhole.org/ds1620.
[12]
Arduino Webserver with Temperature Monitor / Control, acedido a 14 de março de
- 34 -
2013,
http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?
PHPSESSID=7defc535c0a14caa0b6deb3087b726fc&topic=114436.msg1008272#msg
1008272.
[13]
Domótica,
acedido
a
18
http://html.rincondelvago.com/domotica_4.html.
- 35 -
de
março
de
2013,
Anexos
- 36 -
Anexo 1 – Folhas de dados dos principais componentes
1N4148
–
Díodo rápido, VRRM=100V, IF=200mA, VF=1V
2N2222
–
Transístor bipolar NPN de silício, VCEO=60V, IC=800mA
Arduino Uno –
Placa baseada no microcontrolador ATmega328
Arduino Ethernet Shield
–
Placa de rede ethernet para o Arduino com suporte para
cartão microSD
DS1307
–
Relógio de tempo real (RTC) para barramento série I 2C com memória
não volátil de 64x8bit
DS1620
–
Termómetro digital e termostato
LDR
–
Célula fotocondutora
NTC
–
Termístor
Relé Finder 40.52 para circuito impresso
- 37 -
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448
Small Signal Diode
LL-34
DO-35
THE PLACEMENT OF THE EXPANSION GAP
HAS NO RELATIONSHIP TO THE LOCATION
OF THE CATHODE TERMINAL
Cathode is denoted with a black band
LL-34 COLOR BAND MARKING
DEVICE
1ST BAND 2ND BAND
FDLL914
BLACK
BROWN
FDLL914A
BLACK
GRAY
FDLL914B
BROWN
BLACK
FDLL916
BLACK
RED
FDLL916A
BLACK
WHITE
FDLL916B
BROWN
BROWN
FDLL4148
BLACK
BROWN
FDLL4448
BROWN
BLACK
-1st band denotes cathode terminal
and has wider width
Absolute Maximum Ratings* T =25°C unless otherwise noted
a
Symbol
Parameter
Value
Units
VRRM
Maximum Repetitive Reverse Voltage
100
V
IO
Average Rectified Forward Current
200
mA
IF
DC Forward Current
300
mA
if
Recurrent Peak Forward Current
400
mA
IFSM
Non-repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current
Pulse Width = 1.0 second
Pulse Width = 1.0 microsecond
1.0
4.0
A
A
TSTG
Storage Temperature Range
-65 to + 175
°C
TJ
Operating Junction Tempera
-65 to + 175
°C
* These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of the diode may be impaired.
NOTES:
1) These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 200 degrees C.
2) These are steady state limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations.
Thermal Characteristics
Symbol
Max.
Parameter
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 4148 / 4448
Units
PD
Power Dissipation
500
mW
RθJA
Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient
300
°C/W
©2007 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448 Rev. B2
1
www.fairchildsemi.com
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448 Small Signal Diode
January 2007
Symbol
TA=25°C unless otherwise noted
Parameter
VR
Breakdown Voltage
VF
Forward Voltage
IR
Reverse Leakage
CT
Total Capacitance
1N916A/B/4448
1N914A/B/4148
trr
Test Conditions
1N914B/4448
1N916B
1N914/916/4148
1N914A/916A
1N916B
1N914B/4448
Reverse Recovery Time
Min.
IR = 100µA
IR = 5.0µA
100
75
IF = 5.0mA
IF = 5.0mA
IF = 10mA
IF = 20mA
IF = 20mA
IF = 100mA
620
630
Max.
Units
V
V
720
730
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
mV
mV
V
V
V
V
VR = 20V
VR = 20V, TA = 150°C
VR = 75V
25
50
5.0
nA
µA
µA
VR = 0, f = 1.0MHz
VR = 0, f = 1.0MHz
2.0
4.0
pF
pF
IF = 10mA, VR = 6.0V (600mA)
Irr = 1.0mA, RL = 100Ω
4.0
ns
* Non-recurrent square wave PW = 8.3ms
Typical Characteristics
120
160
o
o
Ta= 25 C
[nA]
150
100
140
80
Reverse Current, I
Reverse Voltage, V
R
R
[V]
Ta=25 C
130
120
60
40
20
110
1
2
3
5
10
20
30
50
0
100
10
20
30
50
Reverse Voltage, VR [V]
Reverse Current, IR [uA]
70
100
GENERAL RULE: The Reverse Current of a diode will approximately
double for every ten (10) Degree C increase in Temperature
Figure 1. Reverse Voltage vs Reverse Current
BV - 1.0 to 100µA
Figure 2. Reverse Current vs Reverse Voltage
IR - 10 to 100V
750
550
o
Ta= 25 C
o
650
Forward Voltage, V
Forward Voltage, V
450
400
350
300
250
700
F
[mV]
500
R
[mV]
Ta= 25 C
600
550
500
450
1
2
3
5
10
20
30
50
0.1
100
Forward Current, IF [uA]
0.3
0.5
1
2
3
5
10
Forward Current, IF [mA]
Figure 3. Forward Voltage vs Forward Current
VF - 1 to 100µA
VF - 0.1 to 10mA
2
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448 Rev. B2
0.2
Electrical Characteristics*
(Continued)
900
1.6
o
Forward Voltage, V F [mV]
[mV]
Ta= 25 C
Typical
800
o
Ta= -40 C
700
Forward Voltage, V
F
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
o
Ta= 25 C
600
500
o
Ta= +65 C
400
300
0.6
10
20
30
50
100
200
300
500
800
0.01
0.3
0.1
0.03
3
1
10
VF - 10 to 800mA
Figure 6. Forward Voltage vs Ambient Temperature
VF - 0.01 - 20 mA (- 40 to +65°C)
4.0
0.90
o
Ta = 25 C
[ns]
o
3.5
Reverse Recovery Time, t
Total Capacitance (pF)
rr
TA = 25 C
0.85
0.80
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
10
0.75
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
20
30
40
50
60
Reverse Recovery Current, Irr [mA]
REVERSE VOLTAGE (V)
IF = 10mA , IRR = 1.0 mA , Rloop = 100 Ohms
Figure 8. Reverse Recovery Time vs
Reverse Recovery Current
Figure 7. Total Capacitance
500
Power Dissipation, PD [mW]
500
400
Current (mA)
400
DO-35
300
300
IF(
AV)
200
100
- AVE
RAG
E RE
CTIF
IED C
URRE
NT mA
SOT-23
200
100
0
0
0
50
100
0
150
100
150
200
Temperature [ C]
Ambient Temperature ( C)
Figure 10. Power Derating Curve
Figure 9. Average Rectified Current (IF(AV))
vs Ambient Temperature (TA)
3
1N/FDLL 914/A/B / 916/A/B / 4148 / 4448 Rev. B2
50
o
o
Typical Characteristics
PN2222A / MMBT2222A / PZT2222A
NPN General Purpose Amplifier
Features
• This device is for use as a medium power amplifier and switch requiring collector currents up to 500mA.
• Sourced from process 19.
MMBT2222A
PN2222A
PZT2222A
C
C
E
E
TO-92
SOT-23
SOT-223
B
Mark:1P
EBC
C
B
Absolute Maximum Ratings * Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted
Symbol
Value
Units
VCEO
Collector-Emitter Voltage
40
V
VCBO
Collector-Base Voltage
75
V
VEBO
Emitter-Base Voltage
6.0
V
IC
TSTG
Parameter
Collector Current
Operating and Storage Junction Temperature Range
1.0
A
- 55 ~ 150
°C
* This ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired.
NOTES:
1) These rating are based on a maximum junction temperature of 150 degrees C.
2) These are steady limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle
operations.
Thermal Characteristics Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted
Symbol
Max.
Parameter
PN2222A
*MMBT2222A
**PZT2222A
Total Device Dissipation
Derate above 25°C
625
5.0
350
2.8
1,000
8.0
RθJC
Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case
83.3
RθJA
Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient
200
PD
Units
mW
mW/°C
°C/W
357
°C/W
125
* Device mounted on FR-4 PCB 1.6” × 1.6” × 0.06”.
** Device mounted on FR-4 PCB 36mm × 18mm × 1.5mm; mounting pad for the collector lead min. 6cm2.
© 2010 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
PN2222A / MMBT2222A / PZT2222A Rev. A3
1
PN2222A / MMBT2222A / PZT2222A — NPN General Purpose Amplifier
August 2010
Symbol
Ta = 25°C unless otherwise noted
Parameter
Test Condition
Min.
Max.
Units
Off Characteristics
BV(BR)CEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage * IC = 10mA, IB = 0
IC = 10μA, IE = 0
BV(BR)CBO Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage
40
V
75
V
BV(BR)EBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage
6.0
IE = 10μA, IC = 0
V
ICEX
Collector Cutoff Current
VCE = 60V, VEB(off) = 3.0V
ICBO
Collector Cutoff Current
VCB = 60V, IE = 0
VCB = 60V, IE = 0, Ta = 125°C
IEBO
Emitter Cutoff Current
VEB = 3.0V, IC = 0
10
nA
Base Cutoff Current
VCE = 60V, VEB(off) = 3.0V
20
nA
IBL
10
nA
0.01
10
μA
μA
On Characteristics
hFE
DC Current Gain
IC = 0.1mA, VCE = 10V
IC = 1.0mA, VCE = 10V
IC = 10mA, VCE = 10V
IC = 10mA, VCE = 10V, Ta = -55°C
IC = 150mA, VCE = 10V *
IC = 150mA, VCE = 1V *
IC = 500mA, VCE = 10V *
35
50
75
35
100
50
40
VCE(sat)
Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage *
IC = 150mA, IB = 15mA
IC = 500mA, IB = 50mA
VBE(sat)
Base-Emitter Saturation Voltage *
IC = 150mA, IB = 15mA
IC = 500mA, IB = 50mA
0.6
IC = 20mA, VCE = 20V, f = 100MHz
300
300
0.3
1.0
V
V
1.2
2.0
V
V
Small Signal Characteristics
fT
Current Gain Bandwidth Product
MHz
Cobo
Output Capacitance
VCB = 10V, IE = 0, f = 1MHz
8.0
pF
Cibo
Input Capacitance
VEB = 0.5V, IC = 0, f = 1MHz
25
pF
rb’Cc
Collector Base Time Constant
IC = 20mA, VCB = 20V, f = 31.8MHz
150
pS
Noise Figure
IC = 100μA, VCE = 10V,
RS = 1.0KΩ, f = 1.0KHz
4.0
dB
Real Part of Common-Emitter
High Frequency Input Impedance
IC = 20mA, VCE = 20V, f = 300MHz
60
Ω
VCC = 30V, VEB(off) = 0.5V,
IC = 150mA, IB1 = 15mA
10
ns
25
ns
VCC = 30V, IC = 150mA,
IB1 = IB2 = 15mA
225
ns
60
ns
NF
Re(hie)
Switching Characteristics
td
Delay Time
tr
Rise Time
ts
Storage Time
tf
Fall Time
* Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300μs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2.0%
2
Electrical Characteristics
V CESAT - COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (V)
h FE - TYPICAL PULSED CURRENT GAIN
Typical Pulsed Current Gain
vs Collector Current
500
V CE = 5V
400
125 °C
300
200
25 °C
100
- 40 °C
0
0.1
0.3
1
3
10
30
100
I C - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
300
Collector-Emitter Saturation
Voltage vs Collector Current
0.4
β = 10
0.3
25 °C
캜
0.1
β = 10
- 40 °C
캜
25°C
캜
125 °C
캜
0.6
0.4
1
10
100
I ICC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (m A)
1
500
1
VCE = 5V
0.8
25 °C
0.6
125 °C
0.4
0.2
0.1
20
= 40V
CAPACITANCE (pF)
I CBO - COLLECTOR CURRENT (nA)
1
10
I ICC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
25
Emitter Transition and Output
Capacitance vs Reverse Bias Voltage
500
CB
- 40 °C
Figure 4. Base-Emitter On Voltage
Collector-Cutoff Current
vs Ambient Temperature
V
500
Base-Emitter ON Voltage vs
Collector Current
Figure 3. Base-Emitter Saturation Voltage
100
10
100
Figure 2. Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage
Base-Emitter Saturation
Voltage vs Collector Current
0.8
- 40°C
캜
V BE(ON) - BASE-EMITTER ON VOLTAGE (V)
V BESAT- BASE-EMITTER VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 1. Typical Pulsed Current Gain
1
125°C
캜
0.2
10
1
0.1
f = 1 MHz
16
12
C te
8
C ob
4
25
50
75
100
125
T A - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
150
0.1
100
Figure 6. Emitter Transition and Output Capacitance
vs Reverse Bias Voltage
Figure 5. Collector Cutoff Current
vs Ambient Temperature
1
10
REVERSE BIAS VOLTAGE (V)
3
Typical Performance Characteristics
(Continued)
Switching Times
Turn On and Turn Off Times
400
I B1 = I B2 =
400
Ic
V cc = 25 V
TIME (nS)
TIME (nS)
V cc = 25 V
240
160
240
ts
160
tr
t off
tf
80
80
t on
0
10
td
100
I CIC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
0
10
1000
Figure 7. Turn On and Turn Off Times
CHAR. RELATIVE TO VALUES AT I C= 10mA
PD - POWER DISSIPATION (W)
1
SOT-223
0.75
TO-92
0.5
SOT-23
0.25
0
0
25
50
75
100
o
TEMPERATURE ( C)
125
150
2
h re
CHAR. RELATIVE TO VALUES AT VCE= 10V
Common Emitter Characteristics
V CE = 10 V
I C = 10 mA
h ie
h fe
1.6
h oe
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
20
40
60
80
T A - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ( o C)
100
Figure 11. Common Emitter Characteristics
8
V CE = 10 V
T A = 25oC
6
h oe
4
h re
2
h fe
h ie
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1.3
I C = 10 mA
T A = 25oC
1.25
h fe
1.2
1.15
h ie
1.1
1.05
1
h re
0.95
0.9
0.85
h oe
0.8
0.75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
VCE - COLLECTOR VOLTAGE (V)
35
1000
Figure 9. Power Dissipation vs
Ambient Temperature
2.4
100
I CIC - COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
Figure 8. Switching Times vs Collector Current
Power Dissipation vs
Ambient Temperature
CHAR. RELATIVE TO VALUES AT TA = 25oC
10
320
320
0
Ic
I B1 = I B2 =
10
4
Typical Performance Characteristics
Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno R3 Front
Arduino Uno R3 Back
Arduino Uno R2 Front
Arduino Uno SMD
Arduino Uno Front
Arduino Uno Back
Ov erv ie w
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the
RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be
compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with
3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be
the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Summar y
Microcontroller
ATmega328
Operating Voltage
5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)
6-20V
Digital I/O Pins
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
1
Analog Input Pins
6
DC Current per I/O Pin
40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM
2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM
1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed
16 MHz
Schemati c & Ref eren ce Desi gn
EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and newer)
Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an ATmega328, but an
Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors.
Pow er
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is
selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat
and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from
the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either
from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via
the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Inpu t and O utpu t
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an
internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
2
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when
the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range
using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which
block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is
identical.
Commu nic at ion
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0
(RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual
com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver
is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to
simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Progr ammi ng
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools >
Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,
C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is
loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting
the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put
into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new
firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this usercontributed tutorial for more information.
Automatic (Sof twar e) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that
allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
3
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is
asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to
allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the
bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it
resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader
is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code),
it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the
board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it
communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered
together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
USB O ve rcur ren t Prote ction
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent.
Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more
than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is
removed.
Physical Char ac teri sti cs
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power
jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note
that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other
pins.
4
Arduino Ethernet Shield R3 Front
Arduino Ethernet Shield R3 Back
Download: arduino-ethernet-shield-06-schematic.pdf, arduino-ethernet-shield-06-reference-design.zip
Overview
The Arduino Ethernet Shield connects your Arduino to the internet in mere minutes. Just plug this module onto your
Arduino board, connect it to your network with an RJ45 cable (not included) and follow a few simple instructions to
start controlling your world through the internet. As always with Arduino, every element of the platform – hardware,
software and documentation – is freely available and open-source. This means you can learn exactly how it's made and
use its design as the starting point for your own circuits. Hundreds of thousands of Arduino boards are already fueling
people’s creativity all over the world, everyday. Join us now, Arduino is you!
Requires and Arduino board (not included)
Operating voltage 5V (supplied from the Arduino Board)
Ethernet Controller: W5100 with internal 16K buffer
Connection speed: 10/100Mb
Connection with Arduino on SPI port
Des crip tio n
The Arduino Ethernet Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet. It is based on the Wiznet W5100
ethernet chip (datasheet). The Wiznet W5100 provides a network (IP) stack capable of both TCP and UDP. It supports
up to four simultaneous socket connections. Use the Ethernet library to write sketches which connect to the internet
using the shield. The ethernet shield connects to an Arduino board using long wire-wrap headers which extend through
the shield. This keeps the pin layout intact and allows another shield to be stacked on top.
The most recent revision of the board exposes the 1.0 pinout on rev 3 of the Arduino UNO board.
The Ethernet Shield has a standard RJ-45 connection, with an integrated line transformer and Power over Ethernet
enabled.
1
There is an onboard micro-SD card slot, which can be used to store files for serving over the network. It is compatible
with the Arduino Uno and Mega (using the Ethernet library). The onboard microSD card reader is accessible through
the SD Library. When working with this library, SS is on Pin 4. The original revision of the shield contained a full-size
SD card slot; this is not supported.
The shield also includes a reset controller, to ensure that the W5100 Ethernet module is properly reset on power-up.
Previous revisions of the shield were not compatible with the Mega and need to be manually reset after power-up.
The current shield has a Power over Ethernet (PoE) module designed to extract power from a conventional twisted pair
Category 5 Ethernet cable:
IEEE802.3af compliant
Low output ripple and noise (100mVpp)
Input voltage range 36V to 57V
Overload and short-circuit protection
9V Output
High efficiency DC/DC converter: typ 75% @ 50% load
1500V isolation (input to output)
NB: the Power over Ethernet module is proprietary hardware not made by Arduino, it is a third party accessory. For
more information, see the datasheet
The shield does not come with the PoE module built in, it is a separate component that must be added on.
Arduino communicates with both the W5100 and SD card using the SPI bus (through the ICSP header). This is on
digital pins 11, 12, and 13 on the Duemilanove and pins 50, 51, and 52 on the Mega. On both boards, pin 10 is used to
select the W5100 and pin 4 for the SD card. These pins cannot be used for general i/o. On the Mega, the hardware SS
pin, 53, is not used to select either the W5100 or the SD card, but it must be kept as an output or the SPI interface won't
work.
Note that because the W5100 and SD card share the SPI bus, only one can be active at a time. If you are using both
peripherals in your program, this should be taken care of by the corresponding libraries. If you're not using one of the
peripherals in your program, however, you'll need to explicitly deselect it. To do this with the SD card, set pin 4 as an
output and write a high to it. For the W5100, set digital pin 10 as a high output.
The shield provides a standard RJ45 ethernet jack.
The reset button on the shield resets both the W5100 and the Arduino board.
The shield contains a number of informational LEDs:
PWR: indicates that the board and shield are powered
LINK: indicates the presence of a network link and flashes when the shield transmits or receives data
FULLD: indicates that the network connection is full duplex
100M: indicates the presence of a 100 Mb/s network connection (as opposed to 10 Mb/s)
RX: flashes when the shield receives data
TX: flashes when the shield sends data
COLL: flashes when network collisions are detected
The solder jumper marked "INT" can be connected to allow the Arduino board to receive interrupt-driven notification
of events from the W5100, but this is not supported by the Ethernet library. The jumper connects the INT pin of the
W5100 to digital pin 2 of the Arduino.
See also: getting started with the ethernet shield and Ethernet library reference
2
LE
AVAILAB
DS1307
64 x 8, Serial, I C Real-Time Clock
2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a lowpower, full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar
plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Address and data are
2
transferred serially through an I C, bidirectional bus.
The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours,
day, date, month, and year information. The end of
the month date is automatically adjusted for months
with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap
year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a
built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures
and automatically switches to the backup supply.
Timekeeping operation continues while the part
operates from the backup supply.
FEATURES









Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds,
Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, Day of
the week, and Year with Leap-Year
Compensation Valid Up to 2100
56-Byte, Battery-Backed, General-Purpose RAM
with Unlimited Writes
2
I C Serial Interface
Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal
Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry
Consumes Less than 500nA in Battery-Backup
Mode with Oscillator Running
Optional Industrial Temperature Range:
-40°C to +85°C
Available in 8-Pin Plastic DIP or SO
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Recognized
TYPICAL OPERATING CIRCUIT
VCC
VCC
RPU
RPU
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
VCC
TOP VIEW
CRYSTAL
X1 X2
SCL
CPU
VCC
SQW/OUT
X1
VCC
X1
VCC
X2
SQW/OUT
X2
SQW/OUT
VBAT
SCL
VBAT
SCL
GND
SDA
GND
SDA
SO (150 mils)
PDIP (300 mils)
DS130
SDA
VBAT
GND
RPU = tr/Cb
Functional Diagrams
ORDERING INFORMATION
PART
DS1307+
DS1307N+
DS1307Z+
DS1307ZN+
DS1307Z+T&R
DS1307ZN+T&R
TEMP RANGE
VOLTAGE (V)
0°C to +70°C
-40°C to +85°C
0°C to +70°C
-40°C to +85°C
0°C to +70°C
-40°C to +85°C
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
PIN-PACKAGE
TOP MARK*
8 PDIP (300 mils)
8 PDIP (300 mils)
8 SO (150 mils)
8 SO (150 mils)
8 SO (150 mils) Tape and Reel
8 SO (150 mils) Tape and Reel
DS1307
DS1307N
DS1307
DS1307N
DS1307
DS1307N
+Denotes a lead-free/RoHS-compliant package.
*A “+” anywhere on the top mark indicates a lead-free package. An “N” anywhere on the top mark indicates an industrial temperature range
device.
Pin Configurations appear at end of data sheet.
Functional Diagrams continued at end of data sheet.
UCSP is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct
at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maximintegrated.com.
REV: 100208
2
DS1307 64 x 8, Serial, I C Real-Time Clock
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Voltage Range on Any Pin Relative to Ground ................................................................................ -0.5V to +7.0V
Operating Temperature Range (Noncondensing)
Commercial .......................................................................................................................... 0°C to +70°C
Industrial ............................................................................................................................ -40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range......................................................................................................... -55°C to +125°C
Soldering Temperature (DIP, leads) .................................................................................... +260°C for 10 seconds
Soldering Temperature (surface mount)…..……………………….Refer to the JPC/JEDEC J-STD-020 Specification.
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only,
and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is
not implied. Exposure to the absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
RECOMMENDED DC OPERATING CONDITIONS
(TA = 0°C to +70°C, TA = -40°C to +85°C.) (Notes 1, 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
5.0
5.5
V
Supply Voltage
VCC
4.5
Logic 1 Input
VIH
2.2
VCC + 0.3
V
Logic 0 Input
VIL
-0.3
+0.8
V
VBAT
2.0
3
3.5
V
TYP
MAX
UNITS
VBAT Battery Voltage
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = 0°C to +70°C, TA = -40°C to +85°C.) (Notes 1, 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
Input Leakage (SCL)
ILI
-1
1
µA
I/O Leakage (SDA, SQW/OUT)
ILO
-1
1
µA
Logic 0 Output (IOL = 5mA)
VOL
0.4
V
ICCA
1.5
mA
200
µA
5
50
nA
1.25 x
VBAT
1.284 x
VBAT
V
TYP
MAX
UNITS
Active Supply Current
(f SCL = 100kHz)
Standby Current
ICCS
VBAT Leakage Current
IBATLKG
Power-Fail Voltage (VBAT = 3.0V)
(Note 3)
1.216 x
VBAT
VPF
(VCC = 0V, VBAT = 3.0V; TA = 0°C to +70°C, TA = -40°C to +85°C.) (Notes 1, 2)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
VBAT Current (OSC ON);
SQW/OUT OFF
IBAT1
300
500
nA
VBAT Current (OSC ON);
SQW/OUT ON (32kHz)
IBAT2
480
800
nA
VBAT Data-Retention Current
(Oscillator Off)
IBATDR
10
100
nA
WARNING: Negative undershoots below -0.3V while the part is in battery-backed mode may cause loss of data.
2 of 14
2
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = 0°C to +70°C, TA = -40°C to +85°C.)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
SCL Clock Frequency
Bus Free Time Between a STOP and
START Condition
Hold Time (Repeated) START
Condition
f SCL
0
tBUF
4.7
µs
4.0
µs
tHD:STA
CONDITIONS
(Note 4)
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
100
kHz
LOW Period of SCL Clock
tLOW
4.7
µs
HIGH Period of SCL Clock
tHIGH
4.0
µs
Setup Time for a Repeated START
Condition
tSU:STA
4.7
µs
Data Hold Time
tHD:DAT
0
µs
Data Setup Time
tSU:DAT
250
ns
Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL
Signals
Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL
Signals
Setup Time for STOP Condition
(Notes 5, 6)
tR
1000
ns
tF
300
ns
tSU:STO
4.7
µs
CAPACITANCE
(TA = +25°C)
PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Pin Capacitance (SDA, SCL)
CI/O
Capacitance Load for Each Bus
Line
CB
CONDITIONS
(Note 7)
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
10
pF
400
pF
Note 6:
All voltages are referenced to ground.
Limits at -40°C are guaranteed by design and are not production tested.
ICCS specified with VCC = 5.0V and SDA, SCL = 5.0V.
After this period, the first clock pulse is generated.
A device must internally provide a hold time of at least 300ns for the SDA signal (referred to the VIH(MIN) of the SCL
signal) to bridge the undefined region of the falling edge of SCL.
The maximum tHD:DAT only has to be met if the device does not stretch the LOW period (tLOW ) of the SCL signal.
Note 7:
CB—total capacitance of one bus line in pF.
Note 1:
Note 2:
Note 3:
Note 4:
Note 5:
3 of 14
2
TIMING DIAGRAM
SDA
tBUF
tLOW
tR
tHD:STA
tF
SCL
t HD:STA
STOP
tSU:STA
tHIGH
START
tSU:STO
SU:DAT
REPEATED
START
tHD:DAT
Figure 1. Block Diagram
SQW/OUT
X1
CL
1Hz/4.096kHz/8.192kHz/32.768kHz
MUX/
BUFFER
1Hz
X2
CL
Oscillator
and divider
VCC
GND
POWER
CONTROL
CONTROL
LOGIC
VBAT
DS1307
SCL
SDA
SERIAL BUS
INTERFACE
AND ADDRESS
REGISTER
RAM
(56 X 8)
CLOCK,
CALENDAR,
AND CONTROL
REGISTERS
USER BUFFER
(7 BYTES)
4 of 14
N
2
TYPICAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 5.0V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
ICCS vs. VCC
120
IBAT vs. VBAT
V BAT=3.0V
V CC = 0V
400
SQW=32kHz
110
350
100
SUPPLY CURRENT (uA
SUPPLY CURRENT (nA
90
300
80
70
250
60
50
SQW off
200
40
30
150
20
10
100
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
VCC (V)
4.0
IBAT vs. Temperature
2.0
5.0
V CC=0V, V BAT=3.0
VBACKUP (V)
3.0
3.5
SQW/OUT vs. Supply Voltage
32768.5
SQW=32kHz
325.0
32768.4
FREQUENCY (Hz)
SUPPLY CURRENT (nA
2.5
275.0
225.0
32768.3
32768.2
32768.1
SQW off
32768
2.0
175.0
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Supply (V)
80
TEMPERATURE (°C)
5 of 14
4.5
5.0
5.5
2
PIN DESCRIPTION
PIN
NAME
1
X1
2
X2
3
VBAT
FUNCTION
Connections for Standard 32.768kHz Quartz Crystal. The internal oscillator circuitry is
designed for operation with a crystal having a specified load capacitance (CL) of 12.5pF.
X1 is the input to the oscillator and can optionally be connected to an external 32.768kHz
oscillator. The output of the internal oscillator, X2, is floated if an external oscillator is
connected to X1.
Note: For more information on crystal selection and crystal layout considerations, refer to
Application Note 58: Crystal Considerations with Dallas Real-Time Clocks.
Backup Supply Input for Any Standard 3V Lithium Cell or Other Energy Source. Battery
voltage must be held between the minimum and maximum limits for proper operation.
Diodes in series between the battery and the VBAT pin may prevent proper operation. If a
backup supply is not required, VBAT must be grounded. The nominal power-fail trip point
(VPF) voltage at which access to the RTC and user RAM is denied is set by the internal
circuitry as 1.25 x VBAT nominal. A lithium battery with 48mAh or greater will back up the
DS1307 for more than 10 years in the absence of power at +25°C.
UL recognized to ensure against reverse charging current when used with a lithium
battery. Go to: www.maxim-ic.com/qa/info/ul/.
4
GND
5
SDA
6
SCL
7
SQW/OUT
8
VCC
Ground
Serial Data Input/Output. SDA is the data input/output for the I2C serial interface. The
SDA pin is open drain and requires an external pullup resistor. The pullup voltage can be
up to 5.5V regardless of the voltage on VCC.
2
Serial Clock Input. SCL is the clock input for the I C interface and is used to synchronize
data movement on the serial interface. The pullup voltage can be up to 5.5V regardless of
the voltage on VCC.
Square Wave/Output Driver. When enabled, the SQWE bit set to 1, the SQW/OUT pin
outputs one of four square-wave frequencies (1Hz, 4kHz, 8kHz, 32kHz). The SQW/OUT
pin is open drain and requires an external pullup resistor. SQW/OUT operates with either
VCC or VBAT applied. The pullup voltage can be up to 5.5V regardless of the voltage on
VCC. If not used, this pin can be left floating.
Primary Power Supply. When voltage is applied within normal limits, the device is fully
accessible and data can be written and read. When a backup supply is connected to the
device and VCC is below VTP, read and writes are inhibited. However, the timekeeping
function continues unaffected by the lower input voltage.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery-backed SRAM. The clock/calendar provides
seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The date at the end of the month is automatically
adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The DS1307 operates as a slave
2
device on the I C bus. Access is obtained by implementing a START condition and providing a device identification
code followed by a register address. Subsequent registers can be accessed sequentially until a STOP condition is
executed. When VCC falls below 1.25 x VBAT, the device terminates an access in progress and resets the device
address counter. Inputs to the device will not be recognized at this time to prevent erroneous data from being
written to the device from an out-of-tolerance system. When VCC falls below VBAT, the device switches into a lowcurrent battery-backup mode. Upon power-up, the device switches from battery to VCC when VCC is greater than
VBAT +0.2V and recognizes inputs when VCC is greater than 1.25 x VBAT. The block diagram in Figure 1 shows the
main elements of the serial RTC.
6 of 14
2
OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
The DS1307 uses an external 32.768kHz crystal. The oscillator circuit does not require any external resistors or
capacitors to operate. Table 1 specifies several crystal parameters for the external crystal. Figure 1 shows a
functional schematic of the oscillator circuit. If using a crystal with the specified characteristics, the startup time is
usually less than one second.
CLOCK ACCURACY
The accuracy of the clock is dependent upon the accuracy of the crystal and the accuracy of the match between
the capacitive load of the oscillator circuit and the capacitive load for which the crystal was trimmed. Additional
error will be added by crystal frequency drift caused by temperature shifts. External circuit noise coupled into the
oscillator circuit may result in the clock running fast. Refer to Application Note 58: Crystal Considerations with
Dallas Real-Time Clocks for detailed information.
Table 1. Crystal Specifications*
PARAMETER
Nominal Frequency
Series Resistance
Load Capacitance
SYMBOL
fO
ESR
CL
MIN
TYP
32.768
MAX
45
12.5
UNITS
kHz
kΩ
pF
*The crystal, traces, and crystal input pins should be isolated from RF generating signals. Refer to
Application Note 58: Crystal Considerations for Dallas Real-Time Clocks for additional specifications.
Figure 2. Recommended Layout for Crystal
LOCAL GROUND PLANE (LAYER 2)
X1
CRYSTAL
X2
GND
NOTE: AVOID ROUTING SIGNAL LINES IN THE CROSSHATCHED
AREA (UPPER LEFT QUADRANT) OF THE PACKAGE UNLESS
THERE IS A GROUND PLANE BETWEEN THE SIGNAL LINE AND THE
DEVICE PACKAGE.
RTC AND RAM ADDRESS MAP
Table 2 shows the address map for the DS1307 RTC and RAM registers. The RTC registers are located in address
locations 00h to 07h. The RAM registers are located in address locations 08h to 3Fh. During a multibyte access,
when the address pointer reaches 3Fh, the end of RAM space, it wraps around to location 00h, the beginning of
the clock space.
7 of 14
2
CLOCK AND CALENDAR
The time and calendar information is obtained by reading the appropriate register bytes. Table 2 shows the RTC
registers. The time and calendar are set or initialized by writing the appropriate register bytes. The contents of the
time and calendar registers are in the BCD format. The day-of-week register increments at midnight. Values that
correspond to the day of week are user-defined but must be sequential (i.e., if 1 equals Sunday, then 2 equals
Monday, and so on.) Illogical time and date entries result in undefined operation. Bit 7 of Register 0 is the clock halt
(CH) bit. When this bit is set to 1, the oscillator is disabled. When cleared to 0, the oscillator is enabled. On first
application of power to the device the time and date registers are typically reset to 01/01/00 01 00:00:00
(MM/DD/YY DOW HH:MM:SS). The CH bit in the seconds register will be set to a 1. The clock can be halted
whenever the timekeeping functions are not required, which minimizes current (IBATDR).
The DS1307 can be run in either 12-hour or 24-hour mode. Bit 6 of the hours register is defined as the 12-hour or
24-hour mode-select bit. When high, the 12-hour mode is selected. In the 12-hour mode, bit 5 is the AM/PM bit with
logic high being PM. In the 24-hour mode, bit 5 is the second 10-hour bit (20 to 23 hours). The hours value must be
re-entered whenever the 12/24-hour mode bit is changed.
When reading or writing the time and date registers, secondary (user) buffers are used to prevent errors when the
internal registers update. When reading the time and date registers, the user buffers are synchronized to the
2
internal registers on any I C START. The time information is read from these secondary registers while the clock
continues to run. This eliminates the need to re-read the registers in case the internal registers update during a
2
read. The divider chain is reset whenever the seconds register is written. Write transfers occur on the I C
acknowledge from the DS1307. Once the divider chain is reset, to avoid rollover issues, the remaining time and
date registers must be written within one second.
Table 2. Timekeeper Registers
ADDRESS
00h
01h
BIT 7
CH
0
02h
0
03h
04h
0
0
05h
0
06h
07h
OUT
BIT 6
BIT 5
BIT 4
10 Seconds
10 Minutes
10
12
Hour
10
Hour
PM/
24
AM
0
0
0
0
10 Date
10
0
0
Month
10 Year
0
0
SQWE
BIT 3
BIT 2
BIT 1
Seconds
Minutes
0
BIT 0
FUNCTION
Seconds
Minutes
RANGE
00–59
00–59
Hours
Hours
1–12
+AM/PM
00–23
DAY
Date
Day
Date
01–07
01–31
Month
01–12
Year
Control
RAM
56 x 8
00–99
—
Month
0
08h–3Fh
0 = Always reads back as 0.
8 of 14
0
Year
RS1
RS0
00h–FFh
2
CONTROL REGISTER
The DS1307 control register is used to control the operation of the SQW/OUT pin.
BIT 7
OUT
BIT 6
0
BIT 5
0
BIT 4
SQWE
BIT 3
0
BIT 2
0
BIT 1
RS1
BIT 0
RS0
Bit 7: Output Control (OUT). This bit controls the output level of the SQW/OUT pin when the square-wave output
is disabled. If SQWE = 0, the logic level on the SQW/OUT pin is 1 if OUT = 1 and is 0 if OUT = 0. On initial
application of power to the device, this bit is typically set to a 0.
Bit 4: Square-Wave Enable (SQWE). This bit, when set to logic 1, enables the oscillator output. The frequency of
the square-wave output depends upon the value of the RS0 and RS1 bits. With the square-wave output set to 1Hz,
the clock registers update on the falling edge of the square wave. On initial application of power to the device, this
bit is typically set to a 0.
Bits 1 and 0: Rate Select (RS[1:0]). These bits control the frequency of the square-wave output when the squarewave output has been enabled. The following table lists the square-wave frequencies that can be selected with the
RS bits. On initial application of power to the device, these bits are typically set to a 1.
RS1
0
0
1
1
X
X
RS0
0
1
0
1
X
X
SQW/OUT OUTPUT
1Hz
4.096kHz
8.192kHz
32.768kHz
0
1
9 of 14
SQWE
1
1
1
1
0
0
OUT
X
X
X
X
0
1
2
I2C DATA BUS
The DS1307 supports the I2C protocol. A device that sends data onto the bus is defined as a transmitter and a
device receiving data as a receiver. The device that controls the message is called a master. The devices that are
controlled by the master are referred to as slaves. The bus must be controlled by a master device that generates
the serial clock (SCL), controls the bus access, and generates the START and STOP conditions. The DS1307
2
operates as a slave on the I C bus.
2
Figures 3, 4, and 5 detail how data is transferred on the I C bus.


Data transfer can be initiated only when the bus is not busy.
During data transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock line is HIGH. Changes in the data
line while the clock line is high will be interpreted as control signals.
Accordingly, the following bus conditions have been defined:
Bus not busy: Both data and clock lines remain HIGH.
START data transfer: A change in the state of the data line, from HIGH to LOW, while the clock is HIGH,
defines a START condition.
STOP data transfer: A change in the state of the data line, from LOW to HIGH, while the clock line is HIGH,
defines the STOP condition.
Data valid: The state of the data line represents valid data when, after a START condition, the data line is
stable for the duration of the HIGH period of the clock signal. The data on the line must be changed during the
LOW period of the clock signal. There is one clock pulse per bit of data.
Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and terminated with a STOP condition. The number of
data bytes transferred between START and STOP conditions is not limited, and is determined by the master
device. The information is transferred byte-wise and each receiver acknowledges with a ninth bit. Within the
2
I C bus specifications a standard mode (100kHz clock rate) and a fast mode (400kHz clock rate) are defined.
The DS1307 operates in the standard mode (100kHz) only.
Acknowledge: Each receiving device, when addressed, is obliged to generate an acknowledge after the
reception of each byte. The master device must generate an extra clock pulse which is associated with this
acknowledge bit.
A device that acknowledges must pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse in such a way
that the SDA line is stable LOW during the HIGH period of the acknowledge related clock pulse. Of course,
setup and hold times must be taken into account. A master must signal an end of data to the slave by not
generating an acknowledge bit on the last byte that has been clocked out of the slave. In this case, the slave
must leave the data line HIGH to enable the master to generate the STOP condition.
10 of 14
2
Figure 3. Data Transfer on I2C Serial Bus
SDA
MSB
R/W
DIRECTION
BIT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SIGNAL FROM RECEIVER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SIGNAL FROM RECEIVER
SCL
1
START
CONDITION
2
6
7
8
9
1
2
3-7
ACK
8
9
ACK
REPEATED IF MORE BYTES
ARE TRANSFERED
STOP
CONDITION
OR
REPEATED
START
CONDITION
Depending upon the state of the R/W bit, two types of data transfer are possible:
1. Data transfer from a master transmitter to a slave receiver. The first byte transmitted by the master is the
slave address. Next follows a number of data bytes. The slave returns an acknowledge bit after each received
byte. Data is transferred with the most significant bit (MSB) first.
2. Data transfer from a slave transmitter to a master receiver. The first byte (the slave address) is transmitted
by the master. The slave then returns an acknowledge bit. This is followed by the slave transmitting a number
of data bytes. The master returns an acknowledge bit after all received bytes other than the last byte. At the
end of the last received byte, a “not acknowledge” is returned.
The master device generates all the serial clock pulses and the START and STOP conditions. A transfer is
ended with a STOP condition or with a repeated START condition. Since a repeated START condition is also
the beginning of the next serial transfer, the bus will not be released. Data is transferred with the most
significant bit (MSB) first.
11 of 14
2
The DS1307 can operate in the following two modes:
1. Slave Receiver Mode (Write Mode): Serial data and clock are received through SDA and SCL. After
each byte is received an acknowledge bit is transmitted. START and STOP conditions are recognized
as the beginning and end of a serial transfer. Hardware performs address recognition after reception of
the slave address and direction bit (see Figure 4). The slave address byte is the first byte received
after the master generates the START condition. The slave address byte contains the 7-bit DS1307
address, which is 1101000, followed by the direction bit (R/W), which for a write is 0. After receiving and
decoding the slave address byte, the DS1307 outputs an acknowledge on SDA. After the DS1307
acknowledges the slave address + write bit, the master transmits a word address to the DS1307. This
sets the register pointer on the DS1307, with the DS1307 acknowledging the transfer. The master can
then transmit zero or more bytes of data with the DS1307 acknowledging each byte received. The
register pointer automatically increments after each data byte are written. The master will generate a
STOP condition to terminate the data write.
2. Slave Transmitter Mode (Read Mode): The first byte is received and handled as in the slave receiver
mode. However, in this mode, the direction bit will indicate that the transfer direction is reversed. The
DS1307 transmits serial data on SDA while the serial clock is input on SCL. START and STOP
conditions are recognized as the beginning and end of a serial transfer (see Figure 5). The slave
address byte is the first byte received after the START condition is generated by the master. The slave
address byte contains the 7-bit DS1307 address, which is 1101000, followed by the direction bit (R/W),
which is 1 for a read. After receiving and decoding the slave address the DS1307 outputs an
acknowledge on SDA. The DS1307 then begins to transmit data starting with the register address
pointed to by the register pointer. If the register pointer is not written to before the initiation of a read
mode the first address that is read is the last one stored in the register pointer. The register pointer
automatically increments after each byte are read. The DS1307 must receive a Not Acknowledge to
end a read.
<RW>
Figure 4. Data Write—Slave Receiver Mode
<Slave Address>
S
1101000
0
<Word Address (n)>
A XXXXXXXX
<Data(n)>
A XXXXXXXX
<Data(n+1)>
A XXXXXXXX
<Data(n+X)>
A ... XXXXXXXX
A P
Master to slave
S - Start
A - Acknowledge (ACK)
P - Stop
DATA TRANSFERRED
(X+1 BYTES + ACKNOWLEDGE)
Slave to master
<RW>
Figure 5. Data Read—Slave Transmitter Mode
<Slave Address>
S
1101000
1
<Data(n)>
<Data(n+1)>
A XXXXXXXX
S - Start
P - Stop
A - Not Acknowledge (NACK)
A XXXXXXXX
Master to slave
Slave to master
<Data(n+2)>
A XXXXXXXX
<Data(n+X)>
A ... XXXXXXXX
A P
DATA TRANSFERRED
(X+1 BYTES + ACKNOWLEDGE); NOTE: LAST DATA BYTE IS
FOLLOWED BY A NOT ACKNOWLEDGE (A) SIGNAL)
12 of 14
2
<Slave Address>
S
1101000
0
<Word Address (n)>
A XXXXXXXX
<Data(n)>
XXXXXXXX
<Data(n+1)>
A XXXXXXXX
S - Start
Sr - Repeated Start
P - Stop
A - Not Acknowledge (NACK)
<Slave Address>
A Sr
1101000
<Data(n+2)>
Slave to master
1
A
<Data(n+X)>
A XXXXXXXX
Master to slave
<RW>
<RW>
Figure 6. Data Read (Write Pointer, Then Read)—Slave Receive and Transmit
A ... XXXXXXXX
A P
DATA TRANSFERRED
(X+1 BYTES + ACKNOWLEDGE); NOTE: LAST DATA BYTE IS
FOLLOWED BY A NOT ACKNOWLEDGE (A) SIGNAL)
PACKAGE INFORMATION
For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.
PACKAGE TYPE
PACKAGE CODE
DOCUMENT NO.
8 PDIP
—
21-0043
8 SO
—
21-0041
13 of 14
2
REVISION HISTORY
REVISION
DATE
100208
Moved the Typical Operating Circuit and Pin Configurations to first page.
PAGES
CHANGED
1
Removed the leaded part numbers from the Ordering Information table.
1
Added an open-drain transistor to SQW/OUT in the block diagram (Figure 1).
Added the pullup voltage range for SDA, SCL, and SQW/OUT to the Pin
Description table and noted that SQW/OUT can be left open if not used.
Added default time and date values on first application of power to the Clock
and Calendar section and deleted the note that initial power-on state is not
defined.
Added default on initial application of power to bit info in the Control Register
section.
Updated the Package Information section to reflect new package outline
drawing numbers.
4
DESCRIPTION
6
8
9
13
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied.
Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical
Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.
Maxim Integrated 160 Rio Robles, San Jose, CA 95134 USA 1-408-601-1000
© Maxim Integrated
14
The Maxim logo and Maxim Integrated are trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
DS1620
Digital Thermometer and
Thermostat
www.maxim-ic.com
FEATURES
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
Requires no external components
Supply voltage range covers from 2.7V to
5.5V
Measures temperatures from -55°C to +125°C
in 0.5°C increments; Fahrenheit equivalent is
-67°F to +257°F in 0.9°F increments
Temperature is read as a 9-bit value
Converts temperature to digital word in 750
ms (max)
Thermostatic settings are user-definable and
nonvolatile
Data is read from/written via a 3-wire serial
interface (CLK, DQ, RST )
Applications include thermostatic controls,
industrial systems, consumer products,
thermometers, or any thermally sensitive
system
8-pin DIP or SOIC (208-mil) packages
PIN ASSIGNMENT
DQ
1
8
VDD
CLK/CONV
2
7
THIGH
RST
3
6
TLOW
GND
4
5
TCOM
DS1620S 8-Pin SOIC (208-mil)
DQ
1
8
VDD
CLK/CONV
2
7
THIGH
RST
3
6
TLOW
GND
4
5
TCOM
DS1620 8-Pin DIP (300-mil)
PIN DESCRIPTION
DQ
CLK/ CONV
RST
GND
THIGH
TLOW
TCOM
VDD
- 3-Wire Input/Output
- 3-Wire Clock Input and
Stand-alone Convert Input
- 3-Wire Reset Input
- Ground
- High Temperature Trigger
- Low Temperature Trigger
- High/Low Combination Trigger
- Power Supply Voltage (3V - 5V)
DESCRIPTION
The DS1620 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat provides 9–bit temperature readings which indicate
the temperature of the device. With three thermal alarm outputs, the DS1620 can also act as a thermostat.
THIGH is driven high if the DS1620’s temperature is greater than or equal to a user–defined temperature
TH. TLOW is driven high if the DS1620’s temperature is less than or equal to a user–defined temperature
TL. TCOM is driven high when the temperature exceeds TH and stays high until the temperature falls
below that of TL.
1 of 12
053105
DS1620
User–defined temperature settings are stored in nonvolatile memory, so parts can be programmed prior to
insertion in a system, as well as used in standalone applications without a CPU. Temperature settings and
temperature readings are all communicated to/from the DS1620 over a simple 3–wire interface.
ORDERING INFORMATION
PART
DS1620
DS1620+
DS1620S
DS1620S+
DS1620S/T&R
DS1620S+T&R
PACKAGE MARKING
DS1620
DS1620 (See Note)
DS1620
DS1620 (See Note)
DS1620
DS1620 (See Note)
DESCRIPTION
8-Pin DIP (300 mil)
Lead-Free 8-Pin DIP (300 mil)
8-Pin SOIC (208 mil)
Lead-Free 8-Pin SOIC (208 mil)
8-Pin SOIC (208 mil), 2000-Piece Tape-and-Reel
Lead-Free 8-Pin SOIC (208 mil), 2000-Piece
Tape-and-Reel
Note: A “+” symbol will also be marked on the package near the Pin 1 indicator
DETAILED PIN DESCRIPTION Table 1
PIN
1
2
SYMBOL
DQ
CLK/ CONV
3
4
5
GND
TCOM
6
7
8
TLOW
THIGH
VDD
RST
DESCRIPTION
Data Input/Output pin for 3-wire communication port.
Clock input pin for 3-wire communication port. When the DS1620 is used in a
stand-alone application with no 3–wire port, this pin can be used as a convert
pin. Temperature conversion will begin on the falling edge of CONV .
Reset input pin for 3-wire communication port.
Ground pin.
High/Low Combination Trigger. Goes high when temperature exceeds TH;
will reset to low when temperature falls below TL.
Low Temperature Trigger. Goes high when temperature falls below TL.
High Temperature Trigger. Goes high when temperature exceeds TH.
Supply Voltage. 2.7V – 5.5V input power pin.
Table 2. DS1620 REGISTER SUMMARY
REGISTER NAME
(USER ACCESS)
Temperature
(Read Only)
SIZE
MEMORY
TYPE
9 Bits
SRAM
TH
(Read/Write)
9 Bits
EEPROM
TL
(Read/Write)
9 Bits
EEPROM
REGISTER CONTENTS
AND POWER-UP/POR STATE
Measured Temperature (Two’s Complement)
Power-Up/POR State: -60ºC (1 1000 1000)
Upper Alarm Trip Point (Two’s Complement)
Power-Up/POR State: User-Defined.
Initial State from Factory: +15°C (0 0001 1110)
Lower Alarm Trip Point (Two’s Complement)
Power-Up/POR State: User-Defined.
Initial State from Factory: +10°C (0 0001 0100)
OPERATION-MEASURING TEMPERATURE
A block diagram of the DS1620 is shown in Figure 1.
..
2 of 12
DS1620
DS1620 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 1
The DS1620 measures temperature using a bandgap-based temperature sensor. The temperature reading
is provided in a 9–bit, two’s complement reading by issuing a READ TEMPERATURE command. The
data is transmitted serially through the 3–wire serial interface, LSB first. The DS1620 can measure
temperature over the range of -55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C increments. For Fahrenheit usage, a lookup table
or conversion factor must be used.
Since data is transmitted over the 3–wire bus LSB first, temperature data can be written to/read from the
DS1620 as either a 9–bit word (taking RST low after the 9th (MSB) bit), or as two transfers of 8–bit
words, with the most significant 7 bits being ignored or set to 0, as illustrated in Table 3. After the MSB,
the DS1620 will output 0s.
Note that temperature is represented in the DS1620 in terms of a ½°C LSB, yielding the 9–bit format
shown in Figure 2.
TEMPERATURE, TH, and TL REGISTER FORMAT Figure 2
MSB
X
LSB
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
T = -25°C
3 of 12
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
DS1620
Table 3 describes the exact relationship of output data to measured temperature.
.
TEMPERATURE/DATA RELATIONSHIPS Table 3
TEMP
+125˚C
+25˚C
+½˚C
+0˚C
-½˚C
-25˚C
-55˚C
DIGITAL OUTPUT
(Binary)
0 11111010
0 00110010
0 00000001
0 00000000
1 11111111
1 11001110
1 10010010
DIGITAL OUTPUT
(Hex)
00FA
0032h
0001h
0000h
01FFh
01CEh
0192h
Higher resolutions may be obtained by reading the temperature, and truncating the 0.5°C bit (the LSB)
from the read value. This value is TEMP_READ. The value left in the counter may then be read by
issuing a READ COUNTER command. This value is the count remaining (COUNT_REMAIN) after the
gate period has ceased. By loading the value of the slope accumulator into the count register (using the
READ SLOPE command), this value may then be read, yielding the number of counts per degree C
(COUNT_PER_C) at that temperature. The actual temperature may be then be calculated by the user
using the following:
TEMPERATURE=TEMP_READ-0.25 +
(COUNT_PER_C - COUNT_REMAIN)
COUNT_PER_C
OPERATION–THERMOSTAT CONTROLS
Three thermally triggered outputs, THIGH, TLOW, and TCOM, are provided to allow the DS1620 to be used
as a thermostat, as shown in Figure 3. When the DS1620’s temperature meets or exceeds the value stored
in the high temperature trip register, the output THIGH becomes active (high) and remains active until the
DS1620’s measured temperature becomes less than the stored value in the high temperature register, TH.
The THIGH output can be used to indicate that a high temperature tolerance boundary has been met or
exceeded, or it can be used as part of a closed loop system to activate a cooling system and deactivate it
when the system temperature returns to tolerance.
The TLOW output functions similarly to the THIGH output. When the DS1620’s measured temperature
equals or falls below the value stored in the low temperature register, the TLOW output becomes active.
TLOW remains active until the DS1620’s temperature becomes greater than the value stored in the low
temperature register, TL. The TLOW output can be used to indicate that a low temperature tolerance
boundary has been met or exceeded, or as part of a closed loop system it can be used to activate a heating
system and deactivate it when the system temperature returns to tolerance.
The TCOM output goes high when the measured temperature meets or exceeds TH, and will stay high until
the temperature equals or falls below TL. In this way, any amount of hysteresis can be obtained.
4 of 12
DS1620
THERMOSTAT OUTPUT OPERATION Figure 3
THIGH
TLOW
TCOM
TH
TL
T(°C)
OPERATION AND CONTROL
The DS1620 must have temperature settings resident in the TH and TL registers for thermostatic
operation. A configuration/status register also determines the method of operation that the DS1620 will
use in a particular application and indicates the status of the temperature conversion operation. The
configuration register is defined as follows:
CONFIGURATION/STATUS REGISTER
DONE
THF
TLF
NVB
1
0
CPU
1SHOT
where
DONE = Conversion Done Bit. 1=conversion complete, 0=conversion in progress. The power-up/POR
state is a 1.
THF
= Temperature High Flag. This bit will be set to 1 when the temperature is greater than or equal
to the value of TH. It will remain 1 until reset by writing 0 into this location or by removing power from
the device. This feature provides a method of determining if the DS1620 has ever been subjected to
temperatures above TH while power has been applied. The power-up/POR state is a 0.
TLF
= Temperature Low Flag. This bit will be set to 1 when the temperature is less than or equal to
the value of TL. It will remain 1 until reset by writing 0 into this location or by removing power from the
device. This feature provides a method of determining if the DS1620 has ever been subjected to
temperatures below TL while power has been applied. The power-up/POR state is a 0.
NVB = Nonvolatile Memory Busy Flag. 1=write to an E2 memory cell in progress. 0=nonvolatile
memory is not busy. A copy to E2 may take up to 10 ms. The power-up/POR state is a 0.
CPU
= CPU Use Bit. If CPU=0, the CLK/ CONV pin acts as a conversion start control, when RST is
low. If CPU is 1, the DS1620 will be used with a CPU communicating to it over the 3–wire port, and the
operation of the CLK/ CONV pin is as a normal clock in concert with DQ and RST . This bit is stored in
nonvolatile E2 memory, capable of at least 50,000 writes. The DS1620 is shipped with CPU=0.
5 of 12
DS1620
1SHOT = One–Shot Mode. If 1SHOT is 1, the DS1620 will perform one temperature conversion upon
reception of the Start Convert T protocol. If 1SHOT is 0, the DS1620 will continuously perform
temperature conversion. This bit is stored in nonvolatile E2 memory, capable of at least 50,000 writes. The
DS1620 is shipped with 1SHOT=0.
For typical thermostat operation, the DS1620 will operate in continuous mode. However, for applications
where only one reading is needed at certain times or to conserve power, the one–shot mode may be used.
Note that the thermostat outputs (THIGH, TLOW, TCOM) will remain in the state they were in after the last
valid temperature conversion cycle when operating in one–shot mode.
OPERATION IN STAND–ALONE MODE
In applications where the DS1620 is used as a simple thermostat, no CPU is required. Since the
temperature limits are nonvolatile, the DS1620 can be programmed prior to insertion in the system. In
order to facilitate operation without a CPU, the CLK/ CONV pin (pin 2) can be used to initiate
conversions. Note that the CPU bit must be set to 0 in the configuration register to use this mode of
operation. Whether CPU=0 or 1, the 3–wire port is active. Setting CPU=1 disables the stand–alone mode.
To use the CLK/ CONV pin to initiate conversions, RST must be low and CLK/ CONV must be high. If
CLK/ CONV is driven low and then brought high in less than 10 ms, one temperature conversion will be
performed and then the DS1620 will return to an idle state. If CLK/ CONV is driven low and remains low,
continuous conversions will take place until CLK/ CONV is brought high again. With the CPU bit set to 0,
the CLK/ CONV will override the 1SHOT bit if it is equal to 1. This means that even if the part is set for
one–shot mode, driving CLK/ CONV low will initiate conversions.
3–WIRE COMMUNICATIONS
The 3–wire bus is comprised of three signals. These are the RST (reset) signal, the CLK (clock) signal,
and the DQ (data) signal. All data transfers are initiated by driving the RST input high. Driving the RST
input low terminates communication. (See Figures 4 and 5.) A clock cycle is a sequence of a falling edge
followed by a rising edge. For data inputs, the data must be valid during the rising edge of a clock cycle.
Data bits are output on the falling edge of the clock and remain valid through the rising edge.
When reading data from the DS1620, the DQ pin goes to a high-impedance state while the clock is high.
Taking RST low will terminate any communication and cause the DQ pin to go to a high-impedance
state.
Data over the 3–wire interface is communicated LSB first. The command set for the 3–wire interface as
shown in Table 4 is as follows.
Read Temperature [AAh]
This command reads the contents of the register which contains the last temperature conversion result.
The next nine clock cycles will output the contents of this register.
Write TH [01h]
This command writes to the TH (HIGH TEMPERATURE) register. After issuing this command the next
nine clock cycles clock in the 9–bit temperature limit which will set the threshold for operation of the
THIGH output.
6 of 12
DS1620
Write TL [02h]
This command writes to the TL (LOW TEMPERATURE) register. After issuing this command the next
nine clock cycles clock in the 9–bit temperature limit which will set the threshold for operation of the
TLOW output.
Read TH [A1h]
This command reads the value of the TH (HIGH TEMPERATURE) register. After issuing this command
the next nine clock cycles clock out the 9–bit temperature limit which sets the threshold for operation of
the THIGH output.
Read TL [A2h]
This command reads the value of the TL (LOW TEMPERATURE) register. After issuing this command
the next nine clock cycles clock out the 9–bit temperature limit which sets the threshold for operation of
the TLOW output.
Read Counter [A0h]
This command reads the value of the counter byte. The next nine clock cycles will output the contents of
this register.
Read Slope [A9h]
This command reads the value of the slope counter byte from the DS1620. The next nine clock cycles
will output the contents of this register.
Start Convert T [EEh]
This command begins a temperature conversion. No further data is required. In one–shot mode the
temperature conversion will be performed and then the DS1620 will remain idle. In continuous mode this
command will initiate continuous conversions.
Stop Convert T [22h]
This command stops temperature conversion. No further data is required. This command may be used to
halt a DS1620 in continuous conversion mode. After issuing this command the current temperature
measurement will be completed and then the DS1620 will remain idle until a Start Convert T is issued to
resume continuous operation.
Write Config [0Ch]
This command writes to the configuration register. After issuing this command the next eight clock cycles
clock in the value of the configuration register.
Read Config [ACh]
This command reads the value in the configuration register. After issuing this command the next eight
clock cycles output the value of the configuration register.
7 of 12
DS1620
DS1620 COMMAND SET Table 4
INSTRUCTION
Read Temperature
Read Counter
Read Slope
Start Convert T
Stop Convert T
Write TH
Write TL
Read TH
Read TL
Write Config
Read Config
3-WIRE BUS
DATA AFTER
ISSUING
DESCRIPTION
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION COMMANDS
Reads last converted temperature
AAh
<read data>
value from temperature register.
Reads value of count remaining
A0h
<read data>
from counter.
Reads value of the slope
A9h
<read data>
accumulator.
Initiates temperature conversion.
EEh
Idle
Halts temperature conversion.
22h
Idle
THERMOSTAT COMMANDS
Writes high temperature limit value
01h
<write data>
into TH register.
Writes low temperature limit value
02h
<write data>
into TL register.
Reads stored value of high
A1h
<read data>
temperature limit from TH register.
Reads stored value of low
A2h
<read data>
temperature limit from TL register.
Writes configuration data to
0Ch
<write data>
configuration register.
Reads configuration data from
ACh
<read data>
configuration register.
NOTES
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
NOTES:
1. In continuous conversion mode, a Stop Convert T command will halt continuous conversion. To
restart, the Start Convert T command must be issued. In one–shot mode, a Start Convert T command
must be issued for every temperature reading desired.
2. Writing to the E2 requires up to 10 ms at room temperature. After issuing a write command no further
writes should be requested for at least 10 ms.
8 of 12
DS1620
FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Example: CPU sets up DS1620 for continuous conversion and thermostatic function.
DS1620 MODE
CPU MODE
(3-WIRE)
DATA (LSB FIRST)
COMMENTS
TX
RX
0Ch
CPU issues Write Config command
TX
RX
00h
CPU sets DS1620 up for continuous
conversion
CPU issues Reset to DS1620
TX
RX
Toggle RST
TX
RX
01h
CPU issues Write TH command
TX
RX
0050h
CPU sends data for TH limit of +40˚C
TX
RX
Toggle RST
TX
RX
02h
CPU issues Write TL command
TX
RX
0014h
CPU sends data for TL limit of +10˚C
TX
RX
CPU
issues Reset to DS1620
Toggle RST
TX
RX
A1h
CPU issues Read TH command
RX
TX
0050h
DS1620 sends back stored value of TH for
CPU to verify
TX
RX
Toggle RST
TX
RX
A2h
CPU issues Read TL command
RX
TX
0014h
DS1620 sends back stored value of TL for
CPU to verify
TX
RX
Toggle RST
TX
RX
EEh
CPU issues Start Convert T command
TX
RX
CPU
issues Reset to DS1620
Drop RST
READ DATA TRANSFER Figure 4
9 of 12
DS1620
WRITE DATA TRANSFER Figure 5
NOTE: tCL, tCH, tR, and tF apply to both read and write data transfer.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*
Voltage on Any Pin Relative to Ground
Operating Temperature
Storage Temperature
Soldering Temperature
–0.5V to +6.0V
–55°C to +125°C
–55°C to +125°C
260°C for 10 seconds
* This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above
those indicated in the operation sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time may affect reliability.
RECOMMENDED DC OPERATING CONDITIONS
PARAMETER
Supply
Logic 1
Logic 0
SYMBOL
VDD
VIH
VIL
MIN
2.7
0.7 x VDD
-0.3
TYP
10 of 12
MAX
5.5
VCC + 0.3
0.3 x VDD
UNITS
V
V
V
NOTES
1,2
1
1
DS1620
PARAMETER
Thermometer Error
Thermometer Resolution
Logic 0 Output
Logic 1 Output
Input Resistance
Active Supply Current
Standby Supply Current
Input Current on Each
Pin
Thermal Drift
SYMBOL
TERR
VOL
VOH
RI
ICC
ISTBY
(-55°C to +125°C; VDD=2.7V to 5.5V)
CONDITION
0°C to +70°C
3.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V
0°C to +70°C
2.7V ≤ VDD < 3.0V
-55°C to +125°C
MIN
MAX
±0.5
NOTES
2
±1.25
±2.0
12
0.4
RST to GND
DQ, CLK to VDD
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0.4 < VI/O < 0.9 x VDD
UNITS
°C
1
1.5
+10
Bits
V
V
MW
MW
mA
µA
µA
±0.2
°C
2.4
1
1
-10
4
5
6
6
7
SINGLE CONVERT TIMING DIAGRAM (STAND-ALONE MODE)
CONV
tCNV
PARAMETERS
Temperature Conversion Time
Data to CLK Setup
CLK to Data Hold
CLK to Data Delay
CLK Low Time
CLK High Time
CLK Frequency
CLK Rise and Fall
RST to CLK Setup
CLK to RST Hold
RST Inactive Time
CLK High to I/O High-Z
RST Low to I/O High-Z
Convert Pulse Width
SYMBOL
TTC
tDC
tCDH
tCDD
tCL
tCH
fCLK
tR , tF
tCC
tCCH
tCWH
tCDZ
tRDZ
tCNV
(-55°C to +125°C; VDD=2.7V to 5.5V)
MIN
TYP
MAX
750
35
40
150
285
285
DC
1.75
500
100
40
125
250 ns
11 of 12
50
50
500 ms
UNITS
ms
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
NOTES
8
8
8, 9, 10
8
8
8
8
8
8, 11
8
8
12
DS1620
PARAMETER
Input Capacitance
I/O Capacitance
EEPROM
SYMBOL
CI
CI/O
(-55°C to +125°C; VDD=2.7V to 5.5V)
MIN
TYP
5
10
MAX
UNITS
pF
pF
NOTES
(-55°C to +125°C; VDD=2.7V to 5.5V)
PARAMETER
EEPROM Write Cycle Time
EEPROM Writes
EEPROM Data Retention
CONDITIONS
MIN
-55°C to +55°C
-55°C to +55°C
50k
10
TYP
4
MAX
10
UNITS
Ms
Writes
Years
NOTES:
1. All voltages are referenced to ground.
2. Valid for design revisions D1 and above. The supply range for Rev. C2 and below is 4.5V < 5.5V.
3. Thermometer error reflects temperature accuracy as tested during calibration.
4. Logic 0 voltages are specified at a sink current of 4 mA
5. Logic 1 voltages are specified at a source current of 1 mA.
6. ISTBY, ICC specified with DQ, CLK/ CONV = VDD, and RST = GND.
7. Drift data is based on a 1000hr stress test at +125°C with VDD = 5.5V
8. Measured at VIH = 0.7 x VDD or VIL = 0.3 x VDD.
9. Measured at VOH = 2.4V or VOL = 0.4V.
10. Load capacitance = 50 pF.
11. tCWH must be 10 ms minimum following any write command that involves the E2 memory.
12. 250ns is the guaranteed minimum pulse width for a conversion to start; however, a smaller pulse
width may start a conversion.
12 of 12
Photoconductive Cell
VT900 Series
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS inch (mm)
5
2
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Parameter
Continuous Power Dissipation
Derate Above 25°C
Temperature Range
Operating and Storage
Symbol
Rating
Units
PD
∆PD / ∆T
80
1.6
mW
mW/°C
TA
–40 to +75
°C
ELECTRO-OPTICAL CHARACTERICTICS @ 25°C (16 hrs. light adapt, min.)
Resistance (Ohms) 3 6
10 lux
2850 K
Sensitivity
(γ, typ.)
2 fc
2850 K
Response Time @ 1 fc
(ms, typ.)
Dark
Part
Number
Material
Type
Typ.
4
Min.
LOG (R10/R100)
------------------------------------LOG (100/10)
Maximum
Voltage
(V, pk)
Min.
Typ.
Max.
sec.
Rise (1-1/e)
Fall (1/e)
VT9ØN1
6k
12 k
18 k
6k
200 k
5
Ø
0.80
100
78
8
VT9ØN2
12 k
24 k
36 k
12 k
500 k
5
Ø
0.80
100
78
8
VT9ØN3
25 k
50 k
75 k
25 k
1M
5
Ø
0.85
100
78
8
VT9ØN4
50 k
100 k
150 k
50 k
2M
5
Ø
0.90
100
78
8
VT93N1
12 k
24 k
36 k
12 k
300 k
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
VT93N2
24 k
48 k
72 k
24 k
500 k
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
VT93N3
50 k
100 k
150 k
50 k
500 k
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
VT93N4
100 k
200 k
300 k
100 k
500 k
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
Group A
10 k
18.5 k
27 k
9.3 k
1M
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
1 Group B
20 k
29 k
38 k
15 k
1M
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
Group C
31 k
40.5 k
50 k
20 k
1M
5
3
0.90
100
35
5
VT935G
See page 13 for notes.
PerkinElmer Optoelectronics, 10900 Page Ave., St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
Phone: 314-423-4900 Fax: 314-423-3956 Web: www.perkinelmer.com/opto
14
NTCLE100E3
www.vishay.com
Vishay BCcomponents
NTC Thermistors, Radial Leaded, Standard Precision
FEATURES
• Accuracy over a wide temperature range
• High stability over a long life
• Excellent price/performance ratio
• UL recognized, file E148885
• Material categorization:
For definitions of compliance please see
www.vishay.com/doc?99912
APPLICATIONS
QUICK REFERENCE DATA
PARAMETER
VALUE
UNIT
Resistance value at 25 °C
3.3 to 470K

Tolerance on R25-value
± 2; ± 3; ± 5
%
B25/85-value
2880 to 4570
K
± 0.5 to ± 3
%
At zero power dissipation;
continuously
- 40 to + 125
°C
At zero power dissipation;
for short periods
 150
Response time (in oil)
 1.2
s
15
s
Tolerance on B25/85-value
Operating temperature range:
Thermal time constant 
(for information only)
mW/K
8.5
(for R25-value  680 )
Maximum power dissipation
at 55 °C
Climatic category
(LCT/UCT/days)
500
mW
40/125/56
-
 0.3
g
Weight
DESCRIPTION
These thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient.
The device consists of a chip with two solid copper tin
plated leads. It is grey lacquered and color coded, but not
insulated.
PACKAGING
7
Dissipation factor 
(for information only)
• Temperature measurement, sensing and control,
temperature compensation in industrial and consumer
electronics
The thermistors are packed in bulk or tape on reel; see code
numbers and relevant packaging quantities.
DESIGN-IN SUPPORT
For complete Curve Computation, visit:
www.vishay.com/resistors-non-linear/curve-computation-list/
MARKING
The thermistors are marked with colored bands; see
dimensions drawing and “Electrical data and ordering
information”.
MOUNTING
By soldering in any position.
Not intended for potted applications.
ELECTRICAL DATA AND ORDERING INFORMATION
R25
()
3.3
4.7
6.8
10
15
22
33
47
68
100
150
220
330
B25/85-VALUE
(K)
2880
2880
2880
2990
3041
3136
3390
3390
3390
3560
3560
3560
3560
Revision: 24-Aug-12
(± %)
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
UL APPROVED
(Y/N)
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
SAP MATERIAL NUMBER
NTCLE100E3....B0/T1/T2
338*B0
478*B0
688*B0
109*B0
159*B0
229*B0
339*B0
479*B0
689*B0
101*B0
151*B0
221*B0
331*B0
(2)
OLD 12NC CODE
2381 640 3/4/6....
*338
*478
*688
*109
*159
*229
*339
*479
*689
*101
*151
*221
*331
(1)
COLOR CODE (3)
I
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Brown
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Brown
Brown
Red
Orange
II
Orange
Violet
Grey
Black
Green
Red
Orange
Violet
Grey
Black
Green
Red
Orange
III
Gold
Gold
Gold
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Document Number: 29049
1
For technical questions, contact: nlr@vishay.com
THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT
ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
NTCLE100E3
www.vishay.com
Vishay BCcomponents
ELECTRICAL DATA AND ORDERING INFORMATION
R25
()
470
680
1000
1500
2000
2200
2700
3300
4700
5000
6800
10 000
12 000
15 000
22 000
33 000
47 000
50 000
68 000
100 000
150 000
220 000
330 000
470 000
B25/85-VALUE
(K)
3560
3560
3528
3528
3528
3977
3977
3977
3977
3977
3977
3977
3740
3740
3740
4090
4090
4190
4190
4190
4370
4370
4570
4570
UL APPROVED
(± %)
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
2
2
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
SAP MATERIAL NUMBER
(Y/N)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
NTCLE100E3....B0/T1/T2
471*B0
681*B0
102*B0
152*B0
202*B0
222*B0
272*B0
332*B0
472*B0
502*B0
682*B0
103*B0
123*B0
153*B0
223*B0
333*B0
473*B0
503*B0
683*B0
104*B0
154*B0
224*B0
334*B0
474*B0
(2)
COLOR CODE (3)
OLD 12NC CODE
2381 640 3/4/6....
*471
*681
*102
*152
*202
*222
*272
*332
*472
*502
*682
*103
*123
*153
*223
*333
*473
*503
*683
*104
*154
*224
*334
*474
(1)
I
Yellow
Blue
Brown
Brown
Red
Red
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Brown
Brown
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Brown
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
II
Violet
Grey
Black
Green
Black
Red
violet
Orange
Violet
Black
Grey
Black
Red
Green
Red
Orange
Violet
Black
Grey
Black
Green
Red
Orange
Violet
III
Brown
Brown
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Notes
(1) Replace * in 12NC by 3 for 5 %, 6 for 3 %, 4 for 2 %
(2) Replace * in SAP by J for 5 %, H for 3 %, G for 2 %
(3) For R ± 2 % band IV is red, ± 3 % band IV is orange, ± 5 % band IV is gold
25
DIMENSIONS in millimeters
B
DERATING AND TEMPERATURE TOLERANCES
T
IV
III
II
I
Power derating curve
P
(%)
100
H2
H1
L
0
- 40
0
55
150
125
Tamb (°C)
85
d
P
Note
• Zero power is considered as measuring power max. 1 % of max.
power.
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS FOR RELEVANT TYPE (all dimensions in millimeters)
R25-VALUE
3.3  to 220 
330  to 470 k
Revision: 24-Aug-12
BMAX.
d
5.0
3.3 ± 0.5
H1
H2 MAX.
L
P
TMAX.
4.0
6.0
24 ± 1.5
2.54
4.0
3.0
6.0
24 ± 1.5
2.54
3.0
MIN.
MAX.
0.6 ± 0.06
1.0
0.6 ± 0.06
1.0
2
NTCLE100E3
www.vishay.com
Vishay BCcomponents
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION AS A FUNCTION
OF THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
3.0
1
ΔT
(K)
2.5
2
2.0
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION AS A FUNCTION
5
Curves valid for 2.2 kΩ to 10 kΩ
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
Curve 4: ΔR25/R25 = 1 %
(for NTCLE203E3 series only)
1
ΔT
(K)
4
2
Curves valid for 12 kΩ to 22 kΩ
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
3
3
3
1.5
4
2
1.0
1
0.5
0
- 40
0
40
80
0
- 40
160
120
0
40
80
T (°C)
ΔT
(K)
4.0
1
3.5
2
3.0
3
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
Curve 4: ΔR25/R25 = 1 %
ΔT
(K)
4.0
1
3.5
2
3.0
2.5
3
2.5
4
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0
40
80
0
- 40
160
120
0
40
80
120
6
5
1
4
2
3
160
T (°C)
T (°C)
ΔT
(K)
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
Curve 4: ΔR25/R25 = 1 %
4
2.0
0
- 40
160
120
T (°C)
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
ΔT
(K)
4.0
1
3.5
3.0
2
2.5
3
Curve 1: ΔR25/R25 = 5 %
Curve 2: ΔR25/R25 = 3 %
Curve 3: ΔR25/R25 = 2 %
2.0
3
1.5
2
1.0
1
0.5
0
- 40
0
40
80
120
160
T (°C)
Revision: 24-Aug-12
0
- 40
0
40
80
120
160
T (°C)
3
NTCLE100E3
www.vishay.com
Vishay BCcomponents
RT VALUE AND TOLERANCE
These thermistors have a narrow tolerance on the B-value,
the result of which provides a very small tolerance on the
nominal resistance value over a wide temperature range. For
this reason the usual graphs of R = f(T) are replaced by
Resistance Values at Intermediate Temperatures Tables,
together with a formula to calculate the characteristics with
a high precision.
FORMULAE TO DETERMINE NOMINAL
RESISTANCE VALUES
The resistance values at intermediate temperatures, or the
operating temperature values, can be calculated using the
following interpolation laws (extended “Steinhart and Hart”):
2
3
A + B  T + C  T + D  T 
T R 
R  T  = R ref  e
2 R
3 R –1
R
=  A 1 + B 1 ln ---------- + C 1 ln ---------- + D 1 ln ----------

R ref
R ref
R ref
(1)
(2)
where:
A, B, C, D, A1, B1, C1 and D1 are constant values
depending on the material concerned; see table below.
Rref. is the resistance value at a reference temperature (in
this event 25 °C, Rref. = R25).
T is the temperature in K.
Formulae numbered and are interchangeable with an
error of max. 0.005 °C in the range 25 °C to 125 °C and
max. 0.015 °C in the range - 40 °C to + 25 °C.
DETERMINATION OF THE
RESISTANCE/TEMPERATURE DEVIATION
FROM NOMINAL VALUE
The total resistance deviation is obtained by combining
the “R25-tolerance” and the “resistance deviation due to
B-tolerance”.
When:
X = R25-tolerance
Y = resistance deviation due to B-tolerance
Z = complete resistance deviation,
X
Y
then: Z =  1 + ----------   1 + ---------- – 1  100 % or Z  X + Y

100 
100
When:
TCR = temperature coefficient
T = temperature deviation,
Z
then: T = ----------TCR
The temperature tolerances are plotted in the graphs on the
previous page.
Example: at 0 °C, assume X = 5 %, Y = 0.89 % and
TCR = 5.08 %/K (see table ), then:


5
0.89
Z =  1 + ----------  1 + ----------- – 1   100%
100
100


=  1.05  1.0089 – 1   100 % = 5.9345 % (  5.93 %)
Z
5.93
T = ------------ = ----------- = 1.167 C   1.17  C
TCR 5.08
A NTC with a R25-value of 10 k has a value of 32.56 k
between - 1.17 °C and + 1.17 °C.
PARAMETER FOR DETERMINING NOMINAL RESISTANCE VALUES
NUMBER B25/85
(K)
1
2880
2
2990
3
3041
4
3136
5
3390
6
3528
(1)
3528
(2)
7
3560
8
3740
9
3977
10
4090
11
4190
12
4370
13
4570
NAME
Mat O. with
Bn = 2880K
Mat P. with
Bn = 3990K
Mat Q. with
Bn = 3041K
Mat R. with
Bn = 3136K
Mat S. with
Bn = 3390K
Mat I. with
Bn = 3528K
Mat H. with
Bn = 3560K
Mat B. with
Bn = 3740K
Mat A. with
Bn =3977K
Mat C. with
Bn = 4090K
Mat D. with
Bn = 4190K
Mat E. with
Bn = 4370K
Mat F. with
Bn = 4570K
C
(K2)
D
(K3)
B1
(K-1)
C1
(K-2)
D1
(K-3)
TOL. B
(%)
A
B
(K)
3
- 9.094
2251.74
229098 - 2.744820E+07 3.354016E-03 3.495020E-04 2.095959E-06 4.260615E-07
3
- 10.2296 2887.62
132336 - 2.502510E+07 3.354016E-03 3.415560E-04 4.955455E-06 4.364236E-07
3
- 11.1334 3658.73
- 102895 5.166520E+05 3.354016E-03 3.349290E-04 3.683843E-06 7.050455E-07
3
- 12.4493 4702.74
- 402687 3.196830E+07 3.354016E-03 3.243880E-04 2.658012E-06 - 2.701560E-07
3
- 12.6814 4391.97
- 232807 1.509643E+07 3.354016E-03 2.993410E-04 2.135133E-06 - 5.672000E-09
0.5
1.5
2
A1
- 12.0596 3687.667 - 7617.13 - 5.914730E+06 3.354016E-03 2.909670E-04 1.632136E-06 7.192200E-08
- 21.0704 11903.95 - 2504699 2.470338E+08 3.354016E-03 2.933908E-04 3.494314E-06 - 7.712690E-07
- 13.0723 4190.574 - 47158.4 - 1.199256E+07 3.354016E-03 2.884193E-04 4.118032E-06 1.786790E-07
- 13.8973 4557.725
- 98275 - 7.522357E+06 3.354016E-03 2.744032E-04 3.666944E-06 1.375492E-07
0.75
- 14.6337 4791.842 - 115334 - 3.730535E+06 3.354016E-03 2.569850E-04 2.620131E-06 6.383091E-08
1.5
- 15.5322 5229.973 - 160451 - 5.414091E+06 3.354016E-03 2.519107E-04 3.510939E-06 1.105179E-07
1.5
- 16.0349 5459.339 - 191141 - 3.328322E+06 3.354016E-03 2.460382E-04 3.405377E-06 1.034240E-07
2.5
- 16.8717 5759.15
1.5
- 17.6439 6022.726 - 203157 - 7.183526E+06 3.354016E-03 2.264097E-04 3.278184E-06 1.097628E-07
- 194267 - 6.869149E+06 3.354016E-03 2.367720E-04 3.585140E-06 1.255349E-07
Notes
(1) Temperature < 25 °C
(2) Temperature  25 °C
Revision: 24-Aug-12
4
NTCLE100E3
www.vishay.com
Vishay BCcomponents
For complete Curve Computation, visit: www.vishay.com/resistors-non-linear/curve-computation-list/
RESISTANCE VALUES AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES WITH R25 AT (2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 4.7, 5.0, 6.8, 10) k
RT
()
RT
()
RT
()
RT
()
RT
()
RT
()
RT
()
R/R
DUE
TCR
TO
(%/K)
Btol.
(%)
- 40
73 061
89 665
109 591
156 084
166 047
225 824
332 094
- 6.62 2.79
- 35
52 778
64 773
79 167
112 753
119 950
163 132
239 900
- 6.39 2.52
- 30
38 544
47 304
57 816
82 344
87 600
119 136
175 200
- 6.18 2.26
- 25
28 443
34 907
42 665
60 765
64 643
87 915
129 287
- 5.98 2.02
- 20
21 199
26 017
31 798
45 288
48 179
65 524
96 358
- 5.78 1.78
- 15
15 950
19 575
23 925
34 075
36 250
49 300
72 500
- 5.60 1.55
- 10
12 110
14 862
18 165
25 872
27 523
37 431
55 046
- 5.42 1.33
-5
9275
11 382
13 912
19 814
21 078
28 667
42 157
- 5.25 1.12
0
7162
8790
10 743
15 300
16 277
22 137
32 554
- 5.09 0.92
5
5574
6841
8362
11 909
12 669
17 230
25 339
- 4.93 0.72
10
4372
5365
6558
9340
9936
13 513
19 872
- 4.79 0.53
15
3454
4239
5180
7378
7849
10 675
15 698
- 4.64 0.35
20
2747
3372
4121
5869
6244
8492
12 488
- 4.51 0.17
25
2200
2700
3300
4700
5000
6800
10 000
- 4.38 0.00
30
1773
2176
2659
3788
4030
5480
8059
- 4.25 0.17
35
1438
1764
2156
3071
3267
4444
6535
- 4.13 0.32
40
1173
1439
1759
2505
2665
3624
5330
- 4.02 0.48
45
961.8
1180
1443
2055
2186
2973
4372
- 3.91 0.63
50
793.2
973.4
1190
1694
1803
2452
3605
- 3.80 0.77
55
657.5
806.9
986.3
1405
1494
2032
2989
- 3.70 0.91
60
547.8
672.3
821.7
1170
1245
1693
2490
- 3.60 1.05
65
458.6
562.8
687.9
979.7
1042
1417
2084
- 3.51 1.18
70
385.7
473.3
578.5
823.9
876.5
1192
1753
- 3.42 1.31
75
325.8
399.8
488.7
696.0
740.5
1007
1481
- 3.33 1.44
80
276.4
339.2
414.6
590.5
628.2
854.3
1256
- 3.25 1.56
85
235.5
289.0
353.2
503.0
535.2
727.8
1070
- 3.17 1.68
90
201.4
247.2
302.1
430.2
457.7
622.5
915.4
- 3.09 1.79
TOPER
(°C)
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
PART NUMBER
NTCLE100E3222*** NTCLE100E3272*** NTCLE100E3332*** NTCLE100E3472*** NTCLE100E3502*** NTCLE100E3682*** NTCLE100E3103***
95
172.9
212.2
259.4
369.4
393.0
534.5
786.0
- 3.01 1.90
100
149.0
182.9
223.5
318.3
338.6
460.6
677.3
- 2.94 2.01
105
128.9
158.2
193.3
275.3
292.9
398.3
585.7
- 2.87 2.12
110
111.8
137.2
167.7
238.9
254.2
345.7
508.3
- 2.80 2.22
115
97.37
119.5
146.1
208.0
221.3
301.0
442.6
- 2.74 2.32
120
85.05
104.4
127.6
181.7
193.3
262.9
386.6
- 2.67 2.42
125
74.52
91.46
111.8
159.2
169.4
230.3
338.7
- 2.61 2.51
130
65.49
80.38
98.24
139.9
148.8
202.4
297.7
- 2.55 2.61
135
57.72
70.84
86.59
123.3
131.2
178.4
262.4
- 2.50 2.70
140
51.02
62.62
76.53
109.0
116.0
157.7
231.9
- 2.44 2.78
145
45.22
55.49
67.83
96.60
102.8
139.8
205.5
- 2.39 2.87
150
40.18
49.31
60.27
85.84
91.32
124.2
182.6
- 2.34 2.96
Revision: 24-Aug-12
10
Série 40 - Relé para circuito impresso plug-in 8 - 10 - 16 A
Características
40.31
40.51
40.52
Relé com 1 ou 2 contatos
40.31 - 1 contato 10 A (3.5 mm distância pinos)
40.51 - 1 contato 10 A (5 mm distância pinos)
40.52 - 2 contatos 8 A (5 mm distância pinos)
Montagem em circuito impresso
- direta ou em base para circuito impresso
Montagem em trilho 35 mm (EN 60715)
- em base com conexões a parafuso ou a mola
Bobina DC (standard ou sensível) e bobina AC
Versões de contatos sem Cádmio
• 8 mm, 6 kV (1.2/50 μs) de isolação entre a
bobina e os contatos
• UL Listing: determinadas combinações de
relés/bases
• A prova de fluxo: RT II standard, (disponível
versão RT III)
• Bases série 95
• Módulos de sinalização e proteção EMC
• Módulos temporizadores Série 86
•
•
PARA CARGA DE MOTOR E CARGA PILOT DUTY HOMOLOGADAS
PELA UL, VEJA “Informações técnica gerais” página V
3.5 mm distância entre pinos
1 contato 10 A
• Montagem em circuito
impresso ou bases série 95
5 mm distância entre pinos
1 contato 10 A
2 contatos 8 A
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vista lado cobre
Vista lado cobre
Vista lado cobre
1 reversível
1 reversível
2 reversíveis
Características dos contatos
Configurações dos contatos
Corrente nominal/Máx corrente instantânea A
Tensão nominal/Máx tensão comutável
V AC
Carga nominal em AC1
VA
Carga nominal em AC15 (230 V AC)
Potência motor monofásico (230 V AC)
10/20
8/15
250/400
250/400
2500
2500
2000
VA
500
500
400
kW
0.37
0.37
0.3
10/0.3/0.12
10/0.3/0.12
8/0.3/0.12
300 (5/5)
300 (5/5)
300 (5/5)
AgNi
AgNi
AgNi
Capacidade de ruptura em DC1: 30/110/220 V A
Carga mínima comutável
10/20
250/400
mW (V/mA)
Material dos contatos standard
Características da bobina
Tensão de alimentação
V AC (50/60 Hz)
nominal (UN)
V DC
6 - 12 - 24 - 48 - 60 - 110 - 120 - 230 - 240
5 - 6 - 7 - 9 - 12 - 14 - 18 - 21 - 24 - 28 - 36 - 48 - 60 - 90 - 110 - 125
Potência nominal AC/DC/DC sens. VA (50 Hz)/W/W
1.2/0.65/0.5
1.2/0.65/0.5
1.2/0.65/0.5
Campo de funcionamento
(0.8…1.1)UN
(0.8…1.1)UN
(0.8…1.1)UN
AC
DC/DC sens. (0.73…1.5)UN/(0.73…1.75)UN
(0.73…1.5)UN/(0.73…1.75)UN
(0.73…1.5)UN/(0.73…1.75)UN
Tensão de retenção
AC/DC
0.8 UN /0.4 UN
0.8 UN /0.4 UN
0.8 UN /0.4 UN
Tensão de desoperação
AC/DC
0.2 UN /0.1 UN
0.2 UN /0.1 UN
0.2 UN /0.1 UN
X-2012, www.findernet.com
Características gerais
Vida mecânica AC/DC
ciclos
10 · 106/20 · 106
10 · 106/20 · 106
10 · 106/20 · 106
Vida elétrica a carga nominal em AC1
ciclos
200 · 103
200 · 103
100 · 103
Tempo de atuação: operação/desoperação ms
7/3 - (12/4 sensível)
7/3 - (12/4 sensível)
7/3 - (12/4 sensível)
Isolamento entre a bobina e os contatos (1.2/50 μs) kV
6 (8 mm)
6 (8 mm)
6 (8 mm)
Rigidez dielétrica entre contatos abertos V AC
1000
1000
1000
–40…+85
–40…+85
–40…+85
RT II**
RT II**
RT II**
Temperatura ambiente
Grau de proteção
°C
Homologações (segundo o tipo)
** Ver informações técnicas “Orientações para processos de soldagem de fluxo automatico” página II.
1
Série 40 - Relé para circuito impresso plug-in 8 - 10 - 16 A
Codificação
Exemplo: série 40, relé para circuito impresso, 2 reversíveis, tensão bobina 230 V AC.
A
4 0 . 5
Série
Tipo
1 = Circuito Impresso,
3.5 mm distância entre pinos,
perfil baixo
5 = Circuito Impresso
6 = Circuito Impresso
2 . 8 . 2 3 0 . 0
B
C
D
0
0
0
A: Material dos contatos
0 = Standard AgNi
para 40.31/51/52,
AgCdO para 40.61
2 = AgCdO (standard
para 40.11/41)
4 = AgSnO2
5 = AgNi + Au (5 μm)
D: Utilizações especiais
0 = Standard
1 = Versão selada (RT III)
3 = Alta temperatura (+ 125 °C)
versão selada
C: Variantes
0 = Nenhuma
16 = Corrente nominal 16 A (para 40.11)
B: Versão do contato
0 = Reversível
3 = NA
Número de contatos
1 = 1 reversível
para: 40.11, 10 A/16 A
40.31, 10 A
40.41, 10 A
40.51, 10 A
40.61, 16 A
2 = 2 reversíveis
para: 40.52, 8 A
Versão da bobina
6 = AC/DC remanência
7 = DC sensível
8 = AC (50/60 Hz)
9 = DC
Tensão nominal bobina
Vide características da bobina
Seleção de opções: somente combinações na mesma fila são possíveis.
Preferencialmente selecione para melhor disponibilidade os números mostrados em negrito.
Versão bobina
Tipo
40.11
40.11
40.41
40.31/51
40.31/51
DC sensível
DC sensível
DC sensível
AC-DC sensível
DC
A
2-4
2-4
0-2
0-2-5
0-2-5
B
0
0
0-3
0-3
0-3
C
0
16
0
0
0
D
0
/
0
0-1
0-1-3
40.52
40.52
AC-DC sensível 0 - 2 - 5
DC
0-2-5
0-3
0-3
0
0
0-1
0-1-3
0-3
0-3
0
0
0-1
0-1-3
0
0
0
X-2012, www.findernet.com
40.61
AC-DC sensível 0 - 4
40.61
DC
0-4
40.31/51/ remanência
0
52/61
4

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