Fire incidents durion construction work of tunnels

Transcription

Fire incidents durion construction work of
tunnels - Model scale experiments
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
Anders Lönnermark, Jonatan Hugosson, and Haukur Ingason
Fire Technology
SP Report 2010:86
Fires in a tunnel during construction Model scale experiments
Anders Lönnermark, Jonatan Hugosson and Haukur
Ingason
3
Abstract
Fires in a tunnel during construction - Model scale
experiments
The report describes a series of model scale tests (1:40 scale) describing the situation
before breakthrough in a tunnel during construction. In such a situation this means that
there is only one access tunnel, the rest is a system of tunnels with no connection to the
surface other than through the inlet tunnel. The tests were carried out in order to
investigate the effects of smoke spread and ventilation in a tunnel during construction.
The tunnel was tested during different ventilation conditions, lengths and slope. The
tunnel consisted of an access part which simulated the access tunnel to the main tunnel.
The access tunnel was sloped and the main tunnel was horizontal, directed in two equal
distances from the access tunnel. The main tunnel had two dead ends, and a ventilation
system that was provided through an air duct in the ceiling. The air duct outlet length and
location was varied in the tests. A total of 36 tests were performed. The fire source was a
propane burner, delivering a heat release rate equivalent to a full-scale fire of 10 MW.
Fibreboard blocks, of different sizes, drenched with heptane were also used to represent
the heat release rate of a construction machine.
The main findings concerned the effect of the ventilation on the fire development. If the
fire occurs before the breakthrough and the fire is too small it will be difficult to obtain
fresh air from the access entrance and the fire will decreases in intensity and finally
extinguish due to lack of oxygen caused by consumption of oxygen and recirculation of
vitiated products back to the fire.
Key words: tunnel, fire safety, model scale experiments, ventilation, construction
SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut
SP Report 2010:86
ISBN 978-91-86622-36-7
ISSN 0284-5172
Borås, Sweden
4
Contents
Abstract
3
Contents
4
Preface
5
1
Introduction
7
2
Theory
8
2.1
2.2
Scale modelling
Scaling laws
8
8
3
Experimental setup
10
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Geometry
Measurements
Fire source
Fire positions
Ventilation
10
13
15
16
17
4
Experimental procedure
18
5
Results
19
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.4
Tunnel A
Ventilation
Open or closed tunnel end
With and without slope
Tunnel A+B
Ventilation
Fire size
Air inlet above the fire
Fire position
Tunnel A, A+B, A+B+C
Self-extinguished fires
19
19
21
23
25
25
27
29
31
33
35
6
Discussion
37
7
Conclusions
38
8
References
39
Appendix 1 Time-resolved graphs
40
5
Preface
This report describes a portion of work in a large research project that was carried out for
the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) during the time period 2008 – 2010. The
work was supported by a national advisory group consisting of numerous representatives
from industry and authorities:
Andreas Johansson, Gothenburg Fire Brigade
Arne Brodin, Faveo Projektledning AB
Bo Wahlström, Faveo Projektledning AB
Kenneth Rosell, Swedish Transport Administration
Kjell Hasselrot, Fireconsulting AB
Lars-Erik Johansson, Swedish Work Environment Authority
Marie Skogsberg, SKB Swedish Nuclear Fuel
and Waste Management Co
Rolf Åkerstedt, SL Stockholm Public Transport
Staffan Bengtsson, Brandskyddslaget AB
Stefan Jidling, Stockholm Fire Brigade
Sören Lundström, MSB Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
The authors want to thank the advisory group for their efforts during this project and the
Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) for their supporting role. We would also
like to thank the technicians that assisted in carrying out the model scale tests: SvenGunnar Gustafsson, Lars Gustavsson, and Tarmo Karjalainen.
6
7
1
Introduction
Several large and complex tunnel systems in Sweden are at present either under
construction, at the design stage, or at the planning stage. The consequences of a fire
during the construction stage can be very serious, in the form of injuries, damage to
property, delays to the project or environmental problems. All this imposes demanding
requirements concerning knowledge of what is needed and what can be done to prevent
problems from arising. However, the available knowledge is limited. Therefore a research
project aimed is underway to identify and deal with problem areas.
A tunnel construction site is a workplace for many persons over a long period of time.
Several fires have already occurred at such sites, causing death or injuries to individuals
and losses of and damage to equipment and the structure of the tunnel itself. The
consequences of these fires depend not only on where they occurred in the tunnel, but
also on their intensity, the nature of the fire and facilities, response of the rescue service,
and resources in the form of personnel and equipment. Understanding the fire phenomena
is of great importance when studying these subjects.
Together with the Lund University and the Mälardalen University, SP has conducted a
three-year research project, financed by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB),
to investigate fire safety in a tunnel during construction. The results presented here are
also presented in a summarised form in the main report for that project [1].
A model scale study has been conducted in the project (the results of which are presented
here) in order to better understand the basic fire development phenomena that are at play
in tunnels during construction. The most important aspect of such tunnels is that much of
the time they are under construction no breakthrough, i.e. connection between one or
more tunnels with inlet tunnels, has been obtained. Our traditional understanding of fire
dynamics in tunnels is based on the assumption that tunnels have at least two openings
(which is true only after breakthrough, i.e. for completed tunnels). Therefore we were
interested in phenomena that are related to the geometry, the fuel, the ventilation and
many other parameters. The project group came up with a list of questions to be answered
in a model scale study:
How significant is the chimney effect caused by access tunnels used as escape
routes?
-
How do fires behave when there is only one opening?
-
What happens in terms of purely physical events and processes, and how
accurately do present-day computer models reflect the observed behaviour?
-
How should the ventilation system be designed in order to facilitate escape?
-
Can a fire be 'shut in', and thus self-extinguish, and under what conditions is this
possible or even appropriate?
Using model scale experiments is a well know technique [2-13] to investigate the impact
of a variety of different parameters on fire development. The model used in the present
study was built in scale 1:40, which means that the size of the tunnel is scaled
geometrically according to this ratio. This report describes basic scaling theory, the
experimental set-up and test procedures and presents all the results obtained from the
tests.
8
2
Theory
2.1
Scale modelling
The method of scaling used in the tests presented here is arguably the most widely used
method, i.e. Froude scaling. Clearly, it is neither necessary nor possible to preserve all the
terms obtained by scaling theory simultaneously in model scale tests. The terms that are
most important and most related to the study can be preserved. The thermal inertia of the
material involved, the turbulence intensity and radiation are not explicitly scaled, but we
scale the HRR, the time, flow rates, the energy content and mass. Our experience of
model tunnel fire tests shows there is a good agreement between the model scale and
large scale for many application fields. In scale modelling research it is, however, often
the fundamental behaviour and not the absolutely correct scale modelling of all behaviour
that is important.
SP Fire Technology has a long experience of using scale models and these studies have
clearly illustrated the many advantages of using scale models. SP has, for example, used
scale models for fires in rack storage [2], fires on ferries [3], road tanker fire [4],
reconstruction of the discotheque fire in Gothenburg [5] and in particular for tunnels [612]. These projects have demonstrated that the results obtained using scale models
correlate well with results from full-scale trials where such a comparison has been
possible. Due to the logistical difficulties associated with extremely large scale tests (and
their cost), the use of scale models has been chosen as a suitable vehicle for the
investigations conducted within this project.
2.2
Scaling laws
When using scale modelling it is important that the similarity between the full-scale
situation and the scale model is well-defined. A complete similarity involves for example
both gas flow conditions and the effect of material properties. The gas flow conditions
can be described by a number of non-dimensional numbers, e.g. the Froude number, the
Reynolds number, and the Richardson number. For perfect scaling, all of these numbers
should be the same in the scale model and in the full-scale case. This is, however, in most
cases not possible and it is often enough to focus on the Froude number:
Fr
u2
gL
(1)
where u is the velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity, and L is the length. This method,
often referred to as Froude scaling, has been used in the present study, i.e. the Froude
number alone has been used to scale the conditions from the large scale to the model
scale and vice versa. Information about scaling theories can be obtained for example from
references [14-17]. The scaling of the most important parameters for this study using this
method is presented in Table 2.1.
9
Table 2.1
A list of scaling correlations for the model tunnel.
Type of unit
Heat Release Rate, HRR (kW)
Scaling modela)
Q F
L
Q M F
LM
Time (s)
tF
tM
Energy (kJ)
QF
QM
LF
LM
q"M
LF
LM
Heat Flux (kW/m2)
q" F
Temperature (K)
LF
LM
TF
TM
5/ 2
1/ 2
3
1/ 2
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
a) Index M corresponds to the model scale and index F to the full scale (L M=1 and LF=20 in the present
case).
10
3
Experimental setup
To study the environment during a fire in a tunnel under construction, a scale model was
constructed in one of the fire halls at SP. The model scale tunnel was constructed in scale
1:40. Froude scaling was used for the scaling of different parameters (see Chapter 2 for
more information).
3.1
Geometry
When constructing a tunnel or a tunnel system, very often a special access tunnel or
entrance tunnel is constructed. This tunnel is in itself not part of the final tunnel system
but is needed to rapidly reach a point in the system from which the real tunnels can be
constructed. The debris from the blasting is also transported away through the access
tunnel. To limit the length of the access tunnel it may be relatively steep.
A model scale tunnel system (scale 1:40) was designed to include both an access tunnel,
which ended in a T, with the two arms of the T having different lengths. This means that
the system consisted of three parts: A, B and C (Figure 3.1) where the tunnel opening is
located in tunnel A and both tunnel B and C have closed ends. Tunnels A and B were
3.0 m long while tunnel C was 1.5 m long. The height and width of all tunnels was
0.15 m. This corresponds to a cross-section of 6 m × 6 m in real scale. The A tunnel had a
slope of 10° while tunnel B and C were horizontal. In some tests only tunnel A was used,
in some tests all three tunnels and in most cases tunnel A and tunnel B. A ventilation pipe
(0.04 m in diameter) entered tunnel A, reaching 2.25 m into the tunnel, i.e. 0.75 m from
the end of the tunnel when only tunnel A was used. When tunnels A+B or A+B+C were
used, the ventilation tube passed through tunnel A and ended 0.75 m from the end of
tunnel B and 0.75 m from the end of tunnel C (the ventilation tube was divided into two:
one entering tunnel B and one entering tunnel C). In one of the tests with only tunnel A,
the tunnel was positioned horizontally for comparison.
Three different locations of the fire were tested: positions 1, 2 and 3 (see Figure 3.1).
Position 1 was located 0.375 m from the lower end of tunnel A. Positions 2 and 3 were
located 0.375 m and 1.5 m, respectively, from the closed end of tunnel B.
11
x
2
3.00
y
3
B
A
0.15
1
1.50
3.00
C
0.15
Figure 3.1
The geometry of model scale tunnel. Dimensions in m.
0.15
0.04
0.15
Figure 3.2
Cross-section of the model scale tunnel. The ring represents the ventilation
tube. Dimensions in m.
The coordinate system in Figure 3.1 is defined so that x=0 represents the end of tunnel A
and y=0 represents the end of tunnel B. This coordinate system has been used when
presenting the experimental results.
The tunnel was constructed in Promatect H, 10 mm thick with an outer layer of 18 mm
plywood (see Figure 3.4). On one side of tunnel A and tunnel B, several windows were
installed to allow visual observations of the fire and the smoke.
12
3.00
10°
Figure 3.3
Side view of tunnel A showing its inclination and the ventilation tube
passing tunnel A into tunnel B.
Figure 3.4
The model scale tunnel system before the walls and windows were fully
installed.
13
Figure 3.5
3.2
The lower part of section A with the exit of the ventilation tube and some
instrumentation near fire position 1.
Measurements
In addition to visual observations, a number of measurements were performed during the
tests: gas temperatures and O2, CO, and CO2 concentrations. Below the measurements are
further described.
Gas analysis
The probes for gas sampling were placed 0.188 m after and before the fire, i.e. 0.187 m
and 0.563 m, respectively, from the end of the tunnel when the fire is in that position. In
tunnel B a third position 1.688 m from the end of the tunnel was used. The height of the
measurement was 0.075 m, i.e. half the tunnel height.
Temperatures
Temperatures were measured with thermocouples (type K, 0.25 mm) both near the ceiling
along the tunnel and in thermocouple trees in selected positions. The thermocouple trees
had five thermocouples at heights: 13 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm and 125 mm,
measured from the ceiling.
In a few positions thermocouples with a diameter of 0.8 mm were used. In Table 3.1 this
is written as “TC 0.8mm”. In the same position, an additional thermocouple with a
diameter of 0.25 mm, was also mounted. The height of the two thermocouples was
75 mm. The reason for having two thermocouples of different size was that from these
measurements the “real” gas temperature could be calculated.
The descriptions “Left” and “Right” are defined facing away from the fire towards the
opening. These positions were located 50 mm from the centreline, i.e., 25 mm from the
wall.
14
Temperatures were measured in many different position and in Table 3.1 all the
measurement positions/channels are described. Distances are given both from the fire and
from the end of the tunnel. Note that the for Tunnel A the distances are measured along
the x-axis and for the Tunnel B+C along the y-axis (see Figure 3.1)
Table 3.1
No
Description of measurement positions.
Distance
Dist from
L, C, R Temperature
c)
from fire
end of
tunnel
Channel
Tunnel
A
1
9
0.188
0.563 Right
TC tree
TC 75mm;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC tree
TC 75mm;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
b)
18
0.375
0.5
1
1.125
1.125
1.5
2
2.5
2.5
0.75
0.875
1.375
1.5
1.5
1.875
2.375
2.875
2.875
TC 20 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 75mm
2
b)
3
4
5
6
7
8
b)
19
Tunnel B+C
20
b)
21
-0.188
-0.188
0.187 Left
0.187 Centre
-0.188
0
0
0
0.188
0.188
0.187
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.563
0.563
Centre
Left
Left
Left
Right
Left
Left
Left
Centre
2.875 Right
TC 13 mm
-0.188
-0.188
0.187 Left
0.187 Centre
22
23
24
25
26
b)
27
-0.188
0
0
0
0.188
0.188
0.187
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.563
0.563
28
0.188
0.563 Right
TC tree
TC tree;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC tree
TC tree;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
29
30
31
0.375
0.5
0.938
0.938
0.75
0.875
1.312
1.312
0.938
1
1.125
1.312 Right
1.375 Left
1.5 Left
32
33
34
35
2.5
Right
Left
Centre
Right
Left
Centre
Right
Left
Centre
Right
Left
Centre
Centre
Left
Left
Centre
TC 20 mm
TC 13 mm
TC tree
TC 75mm;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
a)
a)
Ch 1-5
Ch6, Ch 7
Gas: Ch 113, 114, 115
Ch 8-12
Ch 13
Ch 14
Ch 15
Ch 16-20
Ch 21, Ch 22
Gas: Ch 116, 117, 118
Ch 23-27
Centre of tube outlet
Ch 28
Ch 29
Ch 30
Ch 31
Ch 32
Ch 33
Ch 34
Ch 35
d)
Ch 36
Gas: Ch 108, 119, 120
Ch 37
Ch 38-42
Ch 43-47, Ch 48
Gas: Ch 113, 114, 115
Ch 49-53
Ch 54
Ch 55
Ch 56
Ch 57-61
Ch 62-66, Ch 67
Gas: Ch 116, 117, 118
Ch 68-72
Ch 73
Ch 74
Ch 75-79
Ch 80, ch 81
Ch 82-86
Ch 87
Ch 88
15
No
Distance
c)
from fire
Dist from
end of
tunnel
L, C, R
36
37
b)
38
1.125
1.313
1.313
1.5 Right
1.687 Left
1.687 Centre
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
1.313
1.5
2
2.5
2.5
2.625
2.775
1.687
1.875
2.375
2.875
2.875
3
3.15
Right
Left
Left
Left
Right
Left
Left
Temperature
Channel
TC 13 mm
TC tree
TC 75mm;
TC 0.8mm
TC tree
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
TC 13 mm
Ch 89
Ch 90-94
Ch 95 Ch 96
Gas: Ch 108, 119, 120
Ch 97-101
Ch 102
Ch 103
Ch 104
Ch 105
Ch 106
Ch 107
Ch 109
Ch 110
Ch 111
Ch 112
a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
46
3.375
3.75 Centre TC 20 mm
47
3.75
4.125 Left
TC 13 mm
48
3.75
4.125 Centre TC 13 mm
49
3.75
4.125 Right
TC 13 mm
At the centre of the air tube opening.
Gas measurements of O2, CO and CO2. Only three positions at the same time. When
only Tunnel A was used, the positions 2, 8, and 18 were used. When Tunnel A+B were
used, the positions 21, 27, and 38 were used.
For Tunnel B and C, the distance from fire is referring to the fire position located at the
end of the tunnel.
In Test 1 to Test 4 the TC in Ch 36 was positioned above the tube while from Test 5 it
was moved to the height 75 mm, i.e., at the sampling point for gas.
3.3
Fire source
Four different fire sources were used including: one propane burner and pieces of fibre
board soaked with heptane and wrapped in a piece of polyethene. Their characteristics are
summarised in Table 3.2. The different fire sources are shown in the pictures in Figure
3.6.
Table 3.2
Fire source
1
2
3
4
Summary of properties of the fire sources.
Size,
L×W×H
[mm3]
Propane
burner
10×10×12
30×30×24
50×100×48
Heptane
[mL]
Time to
HRRmax
[s]
-
Burning
time [s]
-
Heat
release rate
[kW]
1
0.5
3
9
0.4
1.3
3.2
10
20
30
120
250
300
∞
The maximum HRRs of 1 kW, 0.4 kW, 1.3 kW and 3.2 kW, represent 10 MW, 4.4 MW,
14 MW and 33 MW, respectively, in full scale.
16
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Figure 3.6
3.4
Fire sources used in the test series. The gas burner, a) and b), was mounted
so that only the upper 1 cm was above the floor level. The fire sources made
out of fibre board, c) 0.4 kW, d) 1.3 kW and e) 3.2 kW, were wrapped in
plastics. They were placed on a piece of aluminium foil to facilitate weighing
of the debris after the test.
Fire positions
To study the effect of the tunnel system and the position of the fire, three different fire
positions were used during the test series:
1. End of tunnel A (0.375 m from the end of tunnel A, i.e. x = 0.375 m)
2. End of tunnel B (0.375 m from the end of tunnel B, y = 0.375 m)
3. In middle of tunnel B, i.e. y = 1.5 m
The fire positions are also shown in Figure 3.1. Fire position 1 was only used in the tests
when only Tunnel A was used. Fire positions 1 and 2 represents a fire near the tunnel
face, while position 3 was included to simulate a fire further from the tunnel face and to
study the effect if this fire led to rupture of the ventilation tube.
17
3.5
Ventilation
The ventilation in the tunnel was arranged in a similar way as in a real tunnel, i.e. by
leading the inlet air through a circular tube to a position not far from tunnel face. In this
case the tube was made of PVC (PVC-U 50x3.7 DEKADUR) with a outer diameter of
5 cm and inner diameter of 4.2 cm. The end of the tube was positioned 0.75 m from the
end of the tunnel (tunnel face). In some tests this was in Tunnel A (if only Tunnel A was
used), and in the other tests in Tunnel B (and Tunnel C, if used). In the case when the fire
source was placed in position 3 (centre of tunnel B), the air inlet was either at the end of
the tube or above the fire. The air flow was achieved using compressed air controlled by a
rotameter. In addition to the case without ventilation, four different ventilation flows were
used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0.0 m3/s
0.0001 m3/s (60 m3/min)
0.0002 m3/s (120 m3/min)
0.001 m3/s (600 m3/min)
0.00356 m3/s (2200 m3/min)
The values within parentheses is the corresponding value in full scale. In Table 4.1 the
ventilation used in each test is presented.
18
4
Experimental procedure
In total 36 different experiments were performed. The main parameters varied were the
fire position, tunnel geometry, ventilation rate and the position of the ventilation inlet.
The conditions in each test are presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
Test
1
2
3
4
Summary of the test conditions during the test series
Tunnel
Fire size Fire position
Ventilation Ventilation
geometry (kW)
(m3/s)
(L/s)
A
1
A
1
A
1
A
1
5a) A
1
6 A+B
1
a)
7 A+B
1
8 A+B
1
9 A+B
1
10 A+B
1
11 A+B
0.4
12a) A+B
0.4
13 A+B
0.4
14 A+B
1.3
15 A+B
1.3
16 A+B
3.2
17 A+B
3.2
18 A+B
1.3
19 A+B
1.3
20 A+B
3.2
21 A+B
1
22 A+B+C
1
23 A+B+C
1
24b) A+B
1
b)
25 A+B
1.3
26b) A+B
3.2
27d) A
1
28 A
1
b)
29 A+B
1
30b) A+B
1.3
31b) A+B
3.2
32 A+B
1.3
33 A+B
1.3
34 A+B
3.2
35 A+B
1
36c) A
1
a) Repetition test
b) Air inlet above the fire
c) No slope
d) Open also at the lower end
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
End of tunnel A
End of tunnel A
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
Centre of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel B
End of tunnel A
0
0.0001
0.001
0.0002
0.001
0
0
0.0001
0.001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0.00356
0
0
0.1
1
0.2
1
0
0
0.1
1
0.2
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
0
The tests with fibre board ignition sources were run until the fire self-extinguished. The
tests with gas were finished by turning off the gas, except for Test 36 when the fire selfextinguished before the gas was turned off.
19
5
Results
Main results and observation are stated in this chapter for the different experiments. The
result are divided into different sections dependent of the tunnel geometry and different
parameters studied. The chapter contains summaries and comparisons of the results. More
comprehensive results are presented in Appendix 1.
5.1
Tunnel A
In this section results from “I-shaped” tunnel, tunnel A (see Figure 3.1) are presented.
5.1.1
Ventilation
The different ventilation velocities tested in tunnel A were: 0, 0.1, 0.2, 1 and 3.6 L/s, all
with a fire size of 1 kW (gas burner). For the oxygen concentration 0.188 m from the fire,
on either side, there is no significant difference for four of the ventilation rates (see
Figure 5.1). For the high ventilation of 3.56 L/s there is a difference towards the tunnel
end, where the O2 concentration decreases down to approximately 20 % compared to
17 % for the other ventilation rates. Towards the tunnel opening the ventilation rate of
1 L/s shows the highest O2 concentration of about 20 %, and not the higher ventilation
(3.56 L/s) as would have been expected. A possible explanation for these differences is
that different flow patterns occur. The flames are also affected by the flow field, however
the complete flow field was not visible during the actual test.
O2 concentration at different ventilation rates 0.188m from fire,
towards tunnel end
22
Concentration [%]
20
0 L/s
18
0.1L/s
16
0.2L/s
1 L/s
14
3.56 L/s
12
10
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
O2 concentration at different ventilation rates 0.188m from fire,
towards tunnel opening
Concentration [%]
22
20
0 L/s
18
0.1L/s
0.2 L/s
16
1 L/s
14
3.56 L/s
12
10
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
Figure 5.1 O2 concentration at different ventilation rates, 0.188 m on either side of the fire.
Close to the ceiling (13mm) the temperature increases with a decreasing ventilation rate.
Closer to the bottom of the tunnel the differences are smaller and a higher ventilation rate
gives a higher temperature. A higher ventilation rate results in more mixing which gives a
more even temperature distribution across the height of the tunnel. There is no difference
between left and right side of the tunnel. Figure 5.2 shows the temperature at the left side
of the tunnel 0.188 m from the fire towards the end of the tunnel while Figure 5.3
20
presents the temperature at the left side of the tunnel 0.188 m from the fire towards the
tunnel opening.
Temperature 13mm from ceiling at different ventilation rates,
0.188m from fire towards tunnel end, left side
Temperature [°C]
300
250
0 L/s
200
0.1 L/s
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
300
Temperature [°C]
250
0 L/s
0.1 L/s
200
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
Temperature [°C]
300
250
0 L/s
200
0.1 L/s
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
Figure 5.2
Temperature at the left side of the tunnel at 13 mm, 50 mm and 125 mm
from the ceiling, 0.188 m from the fire towards the end of the tunnel.
21
0.188m from fire towards tunnel opening, left side
300
Temperature [°C]
250
0 L/s
0.1 L/s
200
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
300
Temperature [°C]
250
0 L/s
0.1 L/s
200
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
300
Temperature [°C]
250
0 L/s
0.1 L/s
200
0.2 L/s
150
1 L/s
100
3.56 L/s
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time [min]
Figure 5.3
5.1.2
Temperature at the left side of the tunnel at 13 mm, 50 mm and 125 mm
from the ceiling, 0.188 m from the fire towards the tunnel opening.
Open or closed tunnel end
One of the experiments in tunnel A was carried out with the lower tunnel end open also.
This was made with no ventilation and a fire size of 1 kW. As expected, the O2
concentration 0.188 m from the fire (towards the lower end) was higher in the case when
the tunnel end was open on both sides of the fire. At a position 2.5 m from the fire,
towards the upper opening there was no difference in the O2 concentration between the
two cases.
22
Figure 5.4 O2 concentration for open and closed tunnel at different distances from fire.
The temperature 0.188 m from the fire, towards the lower end of the tunnel, is higher
when the tunnel is closed than when it is open, in particular close to the ceiling. For the
case of an open tunnel the temperature is more even distributed across the tunnel height.
Towards the upper tunnel opening, the temperature is fluctuating much more when the
lower tunnel end is open than when it is closed. Close to the ceiling and close to the floor
there is no great temperature difference for the open and closed tunnel, but in the centre
the temperature is higher for an open tunnel.
23
Figure 5.5 Temperature at different distances from ceiling for open and closed tunnel.
5.1.3
With and without slope
Tunnel A was tested both horizontally, i.e. without slope, and with an inclination of 10°.
In the two cases compared in this section, the forced ventilation was turned off and the
lower end of the tunnel was closed. In Figure 5.6 the O2 concentrations at different
positions are presented for the two cases. It can be seen that the oxygen concentration
decreased rapidly in the case of no slope compared to the tunnel with a slope. When the
concentration reached approximately 11 %, the fire was extinguished and the oxygen
concentration started to increase. Closer to the tunnel opening, 2.5 m from the fire, no
decrease is seen of the oxygen concentration for the tunnel without slope.
24
Figure 5.6 O2 concentration for tunnel with and without slope.
When there is no slope, the temperature increases rapidly close to the ceiling and then
decreases after the fire has self-extinguished (see Figure 5.7). Closer to the floor the
temperature increase is much smaller, but similar to that close to the ceiling. In the case
of the tunnel with a slope, the temperature increase is not as great closest to the ceiling.
Closer to the floor the initial part of the temperature curves are similar for the two cases.
The difference close to the ceiling is probably due to differences in position of the flame.
25
Figure 5.7 Temperature at different distances from ceiling for open and closed tunnel.
5.2
Tunnel A+B
The main geometry during the test series was the access tunnel A connected to the
perpendicular tunnel B.
5.2.1
Ventilation
In this section the results for the five different ventilation cases (0, 0.1, 0.2, 1.0 and
3.56 L/s) are presented. In Figure 5.8 the O2 concentrations for different ventilation rates
are compared. For the lower ventilation rates the oxygen concentration quickly decreases
and the fire self-extinguished. After extinguishment, the oxygen concentration increased
again. For a ventilation rate of 1 L/s, the fire burned well and for a long period of time.
For the highest ventilation rate we also observe the highest level of oxygen.
26
For the rate 1 L/s the O2 concentration goes down to approximately 16 % 0.188 m from
the fire towards the tunnel end and 2.5 m from fire, towards tunnel opening. At the
location 0.188 m from fire towards the opening, however, the O2 concentration only
decreases to just below 20 %. This could be due to a particular flow pattern, and one
indicator of such a flow pattern in this experiment was that the smoke at the exit was
quite cold and thus low. However, during the experiment particular flow patterns could
not be observed due to lack of smoke (the flame gave no indication of clear differences
between the tests).
Figure 5.8 O2 concentration at different ventilation rates. Fire in position 2.
The temperature at different heights from the ceiling for the different ventilation rates can
be seen in Figure 5.9. Close to the ceiling the temperature is higher towards the tunnel
opening than towards the tunnel end, in particular for the highest ventilation rate
(3.56 L/s). Closer to the floor there is no significant difference between the two positions.
27
Figure 5.9 Temperature at different distances from ceiling for different ventilation rates, at
two different positions near the fire.
5.2.2
Fire size
The fire size was varied from 0.4 kW up to 3.2 kW. The fire size of 1 kW was produced
by a gas burner. In this section results from tests with different fire sizes are compared.
The oxygen concentration is shown in Figure 5.10. It can be seen that close to the fire,
towards the tunnel opening, there is no significant change in the oxygen concentration. At
the same distance, towards the tunnel end, the difference is much larger. This is due to the
position of the air inlet and the flow pattern in the tunnel.
28
Figure 5.10 O2 concentration for different fire sizes.
The temperature at different distances from the ceiling, 0.188 m on either side of the fire
is shown in Figure 5.11. As expected the temperature is much higher for the larger fire
sizes. The temperatures gradients at the two different sides of the fire are similar to each
other, with the largest difference in the beginning of the tests.
Figure 5.11
Temperature at different distances from the ceiling for different fire sizes.
29
5.2.3
Air inlet above the fire
The air inlet tube, guiding the air to a position near the end of the tunnel, is often made of
plastic in real tunnel construction. In case of a fire such a ventilation tube could burst. It
was therefore interesting to study what consequences could be expected from such a
situation. In this section results for cases with different position of air inlet are compared.
Two different ventilation conditions are presented: one with 3.56 L/s (Figure 5.13) and
one with 0.1 L/s (Figure 5.14). For each case, graphs for three different positions for the
O2 sampling are included: 0.187 m from the tunnel end (Pos 21), 0.563 m from the tunnel
end (Pos 27), and 0.188 m from the fire (towards the tunnel opening; Pos 27 and 38,
respectively), see Figure 5.12 and Table 3.1. This means that in the first and second graph
“Centre” and “End” correspond to the same position of the O2 sampling, while in the
third case the positions are different since they are related to the position of the fire and
not the tunnel end. “Centre” refers to fire position 3 and “End” refers to fire position 2. In
each graph results for three fire sizes (1 kW, 1.3 kW and 3.2 kW) are included. For the
tests presented in Figure 5.13 and Figure 5.14, there was a hole in the tube above fire
position 3, when the fire was in position 3 (but not when the fire was in position 2).
38
27
3
Figure 5.12
21
2
Positions of O2 sampling (21, 27 and 38) in relation to position of fire (2 and
3).
There are differences between the two ventilation rates. Starting with 3.56 L/s, for the two
cases with sampling position measured from the tunnel end the fire near the end of the
tunnel gave lower O2 concentration than the corresponding cases with the fire in the
centre of the tunnel. The lowest values were measured near the tunnel end. For the case
with sampling 0.188 m from the fire it is interesting to note that the results for each pair
of fire size are almost identical to each other. The results indicate that the fire controls
much of the flow pattern and the conditions near the fire. For the high ventilation rate
much of the inlet air reaches the end of the tunnel despite the hole in the tube.
30
Figure 5.13
O2 concentration at different positions (a. 21, b. 27, c. 38 and 27) for
different positions of the fire, different fire sizes and an airflow of 3.56 L/s.
When the fire was in the “Centre” there was a hole in the tube above the
fire.
For the case with 0.1 L/s the results look different. In almost all cases the O2
concentrations for the centre fire position are lower than the corresponding case near the
end of the tunnel. Overall the concentrations are significantly lower than the 3.56 L/s case
above. Note that some of the fires were self-extinguished earlier than in the free-burning
case (see Table 5.1).
31
Figure 5.14
5.2.4
When the fire was in the “Centre” there was a hole in the tube above the
fire.
Fire position
In this section results for two different fire positions are compared, end of tunnel B (Pos
2) and centre of tunnel B (Pos 3). The air inlet was in all these cases through the end of
the tube near the end of the tunnel, contrary to Section 5.2.3 where there was a hole above
the fire when the fire was positioned at the centre (Pos 3). In Figure 5.15 results for 0.1
L/s are presented and in Figure 5.16 for 1 L/s.
For 0.1 L/s the O2 concentrations 0.187 from the tunnel end are relatively similar for the
two fire positions. The difference is much larger when the air flow rate is 1 L/s, where the
concentration for the fire in Pos 2 is significantly lower than the corresponding one when
the fire is in Pos 3. For sampling position 27 (0.563 m from the tunnel end) the situation
32
the opposite. Here the concentration are very similar for 1 L/s, while for 0.1 L/s the O2
concentration is lower when the fire (1.3 kW) is in position 3 than in Pos 2.
When the gas sampling is made 0.188 m from the fire (Pos 27 or 38), the O2
concentration is lower when the fire is in the centre, both for 0.1 L/s and 1 L/s.
Figure 5.15
33
Figure 5.16
5.3
different positions of the fire, different fire sizes and an airflow of 1 L/s.
Tunnel A, A+B, A+B+C
The results obtained using tunnel A+B+C show no significant difference compared to
when Tunnel A+B was used. The fire does not really “see” the extra space. However
compared to tunnel A there is a significant difference in both temperature and oxygen rate
and, as can be seen in Figure 5.17 and Figure 5.18. When the fire is positioned in tunnel
B the oxygen rate is much lower. For the sampling position 0.188 m from the fire towards
the tunnel opening there is a difference between Tunnel A+B and Tunnel A+B+C. For the
temperature there is a difference in the position towards the tunnel end, but not as large as
the difference compared to Tunnel A. Note also the fire burned completely differently in
Tunnel A.
34
Figure 5.17
Comparison of temperature measurements near the fire in three different
tunnel geometries.
Figure 5.18
Comparison of O2 concentration measurements near the fire in three
different tunnel geometries.
35
5.4
Self-extinguished fires
In many of the test cases, the oxygen concentration decreased to such a low level that the
fire was self-extinguished. In Table 5.1 a summary of the conditions where this occurred
is presented. In the table some cases when the fire was extinguished later than the time
reach in the free-burn test (see Table 3.2) are also included; these are given in italics. The
mass consumed during a test is also included, when available. In some cases the mass loss
continued long after the fire (flame) was extinguished and no exact mass loss could be
presented.
Table 5.1
Test
case
Summary over all case where the fire was self-extinguished.
Fire
Ventilation Expected
Tunnel Fire
Time when Consumed
size
position (L/s)
extinguish
extinguished massa) (g)
(kW)
time (min:sec) (min:sec)
6
A+B
1
2
0
Never
7
A+B
1
2
0.1
Never
8
A+B
1
2
0.1
Never
10
A+B
1
2
0.2
Never
11
A+B
0.4
2
0.1
2:00
12
A+B
0.4
2
0.1
2:00
13
A+B
0.4
2
1
2:00
14
A+B
1.3
2
0.1
4:10
15
A+B
1.3
2
1
4:10
16
A+B
3.7
2
0.1
5:00
17
A+B
3.7
2
1
5:00
18
A+B
1.3
3
0.1
4:10
19
A+B
1.3
3
1
4:10
20
A+B
3.7
3
1
5:00
21
A+B
1
3
0.1
Never
22
A+B+C 1
2
0.1
Never
23
A+B+C 1
3
0.1
Never
24
A+B
1
3
0.1
Never
25
A+B
1.3
3
0.1
4:10
26
A+B
3.7
3
0.1
5:00
30
A+B
1.3
3
3.56
4:10
31
A+B
3.7
3
3.56
5:00
32
A+B
1.3
3
3.56
4:10
33
A+B
1.3
2
3.56
4:10
34
A+B
3.7
2
3.56
5:00
36b) A
1
1
0
Never
a) Value within parentheses represents mass before test.
b) No Slope
c) Mass continued to decrease also after extinguishment.
NA = Not available
2:37
2:41
2:39
2:53
2:41
2:20
2:30
2:24
5:12
2:03
7:39
2:53
3:56
6:16
2:27
2:46
2:55
3:02
4:01
2:23
4:11
5.56
6:54
4:13
6:31
2:32
NA
0.7 (0.7)
0.6 (0.7)
5c) (9.3)
7.8 (9.4)
7.2 (82.8)
NAc)
6.7 (9.2)
7.3 (9.2)
NAc)
6.8 (9.0)
NAc)
NA
41 (82.9)
6.7 (9.5)
6 (9.2)
30.4 (82.8)
-
Observe that in tests 29 and 35 the burner was turned off and the fire did not selfextinguish as might be concluded from looking at the graphs. It can be can observed that
all times when the fire did self-extinguish, the ventilation rate was very low. Furthermore
the fire is placed in Tunnel B in all cases except for test 36, which was different to all
other tests as it did not have any inclination, i.e. Tunnel A was horizontal. It can also be
36
noted that when the fire size is 0.4 kW it is not extinguished even though the ventilation
rate is low (0.1 L/s in test 11 and 12)
37
6
Discussion
In the test series a scale model was used. It was constructed as an access tunnel (10°)
reaching a horizontal T-shaped tunnel. In a real construction situation the tunnel system
can be very complicated and will vary from site to site. The number of tunnels starting
from the bottom of the access tunnel as well as the lengths of each tunnel will be site
specific. However, generally the basic concept is similar, i.e. a sloping access tunnel is
constructed to reach a starting point for horizontal tunnels (these tunnels can of course
also have a slope), each with a closed end before the breakthrough. Therefore, the general
trends and conclusions should be valid.
Similarly, the installations for “comfort” ventilation might vary between different sites,
but a very common way to solve the issue is to guide the inlet air through large tubes near
the ceiling from large fans outside to a position near the work site at the closed tunnel
end. The ventilation affects both the flow pattern and the development of the fire. A large
fire might have the power to start a circulation of the air all the way from the opening,
while a smaller fire will not. If the ventilation rate is low this could lead to selfextinguishment of the fire.
Further, the ventilation creates a flow near the ceiling. Therefore, the ventilation affects
the flow pattern and together with the forces from the fire, creates a circulation “behind”
the fire. This in turn leads to a recirculation of vitiated fire products. The consumption of
oxygen together with the recirculation of vitiated products can also cause the fires to selfextinguish. The flames try to find oxygen and it was observed in some cases during the
test series how the flames extended into the ventilation tube in search of oxygen in the
entering fresh air. For these reasons (availability of oxygen and flow pattern) the position
and flow rate of the ventilation are important for the conditions during a fire in a tunnel
under construction. During the test series, the effect of a simulated hole (caused by the
fire) on the ventilation tube was also studied. An effect could be seen, which might have
been larger if it had been combined with an obstruction of the ventilation tube after the
hole. This was, however, not tested during the test series.
38
7
Conclusions
The report describes a series of model scale tests in scale 1:40 describing the situation
before breakthrough in a tunnel during construction. The tunnel was constructed as an
access tunnel (10°) reaching a horizontal T-shaped tunnel. In a real construction situation
the tunnel system can be very complicated and will vary from site to site. The number of
tunnels starting from the bottom of the access tunnel will be site dependent and vary.
However, generally the basic concept is similar, i.e. a sloping access tunnel is constructed
to reach a starting point for more horizontal tunnels (these tunnels can of course also have
a slope) with closed end before the breakthrough. Therefore, the general trends and
conclusions should be valid. The “comfort” ventilation will also vary between different
sites, but a very common way to solve the issue is to guide the inlet air through large
tubes near the ceiling from large fans outside to a position near the work site at the closed
tunnel end. The ventilation therefore affects both the flow pattern in the tunnel and the
development of the fire.
Ventilation before breakthrough consists of mechanical comfort ventilation and after
breakthrough is dominated by natural ventilation. Comfort ventilation transports fresh air
through the ventilation pipes of plastic to the workplace where drill or blasting is carried
out (at the dead end). The fresh air is in turn, transported back from the workplace to the
tunnel portal. The model scale experiments show that if the fire occurs before the
breakthrough and the fire is small (a few MW) it will be difficult to obtain fresh air from
the entrance. Therefore the fire is totally dependent on the oxygen delivered by the
comfort ventilation system. If the comfort ventilation is shut off, the consequences will be
that the fire decreases in intensity and finally extinguishes due to lack of oxygen caused
by consumption of oxygen and recirculation of vitiated products back to the fire.
A large fire might have the power to induce circulation of the air all the way from the
opening, while a smaller fire will not. If the ventilation rate is low this could result in selfextinguishment of the fire. The ventilation creates a flow near the ceiling. This affects the
flow pattern and together with the forces from the fire, creates a circulation “behind” the
fire.
It was observed that when the fire self-extinguished, the ventilation rate was very low. In
many of the test cases, the oxygen concentration decreased to such a low level that the
fire was self-extinguished. The results for tunnel A+B+C showed no significant
difference compared to when Tunnel A+B was used, i.e. the fire does not really “see” the
extra space. However, compared to tunnel A there was a significant difference in both
temperature and oxygen rate. When the fire was positioned in tunnel B the oxygen rate
was much lower. For the sampling position 0.188 m from the fire towards the tunnel
opening there was a difference between Tunnel A+B and Tunnel A+B+C. For the
temperature there was a difference in the position towards the tunnel end, but not as large
as the difference compared to Tunnel A.
39
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
References
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during construction work of tunnels", SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden,
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Lönnermark, A., and Ingason, H., "Fire Spread in Large Industrial Premises and
Warehouses", SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report
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Larsson, I., Ingason, H., and Arvidson, M., "Model Scale Fire Tests on a Vehicle
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September 2008.
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40
Appendix 1 Time-resolved graphs
In this section graphs from each test are presented. The position in the tunnel is described
by a x or y coordinate, where x = 0 is at the end of tunnel A and y = 0 is the end of tunnel
B (see Figure 3.1). The descriptions “Left” and “Right” are defined by looking from the
fire towards the opening. These positions are 50 mm from the centreline. In one graph the
temperatures at different distances relative to the fire are compared.
Gas analysis
The gas concentrations are measured at three positions, all at a height of 0.75 m, which is
half the tunnel height. Two gas analysers are placed at 0.187 m and 0.563 m from the end
of the tunnel. When the fire is placed in the end of the tunnel (position 1 and 2) these
positions represent a distance of 0.188 m before and after the fire. A third position of
measurement at 2.875 m from the end of the tunnel in tunnel A and 1.687 from the end of
the tunnel in tunnel B is also used.
Comparison of thermocouples
At two locations in each tunnel, two different kinds of thermocouples where used at the
same position, with diameters 0.8 mm and 0.25 mm, these are marked with “TC 0.8” and
“TC 0.25”. At all other positions, thermocouples with a diameter of 0.25 mm were used.
Some of the positions with thermocouples of different size were relatively close to the
fire and there the effect of the radiation from the fire can be seen.
41
Test 1 - Tunnel A
CO concentration Tunnel A
O2 concentration Tunnel A
0.1
0.09
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
Concentration [vol-%]
22
10
0.08
0.07
0.06
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
0.05
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.04
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
8
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
CO2 concentration Tunnel A
20
Tunnel A: Temperature at position of fire, 13mm from ceiling
3
800
700
2.5
2
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
1
Temperature [°C]
15
Time [min]
Time [min]
0.5
600
500
Left
400
Centre
300
Right
200
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
15
20
Time [min]
Time [min]
Tunnel A: Temperature at 75mm from ceiling, centre
Tunnel A: Temperature at 13mm from ceiling, left
250
80
70
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
60
50
x = 0.187m
40
x = 0.563m
30
20
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
Tunnel A: Comparison of temperature from two different
thermocouples at x = 0.563m, 75mm from ceiling.
15
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
0
10
Time [min]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
42
Test 1 – Tunnel A
Tunnel A: Temperature at x = 0.187m, left
Tunnel A: Temperature at x = 0.187m, right
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
15
20
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
43
Test 2 - Tunnel A
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.05
10
0
8
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
15
20
Time [min]
Time [min]
2.5
800
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
1
Temperature [°C]
700
2
0.5
600
500
Left
400
Centre
300
Right
200
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
15
20
Time [min]
Time [min]
250
100
90
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
80
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
70
60
x = 0.187m
50
x = 0.563m
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
100
90
80
70
60
TC 0.25mm
50
40
30
20
10
0
TC 0.8mm
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
15
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
0
10
Time [min]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
44
Test 2 – Tunnel A
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
15
20
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
45
Test 3 - Tunnel A
0.3
20
0.25
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
22
0.2
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.1
0.05
10
0
8
0
0
5
10
15
5
10
20
15
20
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
3
800
2
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
1
Temperature [°C]
900
2.5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
250
100
90
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
80
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
70
60
x = 0.187m
50
x = 0.563m
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
15
20
120
120
100
100
80
TC 0.25mm
60
TC 0.8mm
40
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
80
TC 0.25mm
60
TC 0.8mm
40
20
20
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
46
Test 3 – Tunnel A
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
15
20
350
350
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
47
Test 4 - Tunnel A
0.14
20
0.12
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
22
0.1
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.04
0.02
10
0
8
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
20
2.5
800
700
2
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
1
0.5
Temperature [°C]
15
Time [min]
Time [min]
600
500
Left
400
Centre
300
Right
200
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
100
250
90
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
80
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
70
60
x = 0.187m
50
x = 0.563m
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
15
20
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
60
TC 0.25mm
50
TC 0.8mm
40
30
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
70
60
TC 0.25mm
50
TC 0.8mm
40
30
20
10
10
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
48
Test 4 – Tunnel A
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
15
20
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
49
Test 5 - Tunnel A
0.2
0.18
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
22
10
0.16
0.14
0.12
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
0.1
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.08
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
8
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
15
20
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
3
800
2
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
1.5
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
1
Temperature [°C]
900
2.5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
250
100
90
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
9.
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
80
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
70
60
x = 0.187m
50
x = 0.563m
40
x = 2.875m
30
20
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
15
20
120
120
100
100
80
TC 0.25mm
60
TC 0.8mm
40
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
80
TC 0.25mm
60
TC 0.8mm
40
20
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
50
Test 5 – Tunnel A
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
15
20
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
51
Test 6 – Tunnel A+B
CO concentration Tunnel B
0.3
20
0.25
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
O2 concentration Tunnel B
22
10
0.2
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.15
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
0
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
Tunnel B: Temperature at position of fire, 13mm from ceiling
CO2 concentration Tunnel B
1000
6
800
4
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
Temperature [°C]
900
5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
Tunnel B: Temperature at 75mm from ceiling, centre
Tunnel B: Temperature at 13mm from ceiling, left
250
50
45
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
40
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
35
y = 0.187m
30
y = 0.563m
25
y = 1.313m
20
y = 1.688m
15
10
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
3
4
5
Tunnel B: Comparison of temperature from two different
thermocouples at y = 1.688m, 75mm from ceiling.
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
2
Time [min]
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
52
Tunnel B: Temperature at y = 0.563m, centre
Tunnel B: Temperature at y = 0.187m, centre.
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
Tunnel B: Temperature at y = 1.313m, left
5
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
350
300
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Tunnel B: Temperature at y = 1.688m, right
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
300
Temperature [°C]
3
350
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
2
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
53
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.668m
0.05
0
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
6
800
4
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.668m
2
Temperature [°C]
900
5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
5
70
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
60
200
Temperature [°C]
4
250
50
y = 0.187m
40
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
30
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
54
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
300
Temperature [°C]
5
350
350
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
350
350
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
55
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.668m
12
22
10
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.668m
0.05
0
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
6
800
4
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.668m
2
Temperature [°C]
900
5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
80
250
Temperature [°C]
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
70
200
60
y = 0.187m
50
y = 0.563m
40
y = 1.313m
30
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
2
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
56
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
5
300
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
25
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
300
Temperature [°C]
2
20
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
57
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y =1.668m
12
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.668m
0.05
10
0
8
0
5
10
15
0
20
5
10
4.5
1000
4
900
3.5
800
3
2.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.668m
1.5
1
Temperature [°C]
20
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
5
10
15
0
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
140
250
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
120
200
Temperature [°C]
15
Time [min]
Time [min]
100
y = 0.187m
y = 0.563m
80
y = 1.313m
60
y = 1.688m
40
20
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
15
20
70
70
60
60
50
40
TC 0.25mm
30
TC 0.8mm
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
50
40
TC 0.25mm
30
TC 0.8mm
20
10
10
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
58
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
20
350
300
50
13mm from ceiling
250
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
350
350
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
15
350
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
20
Time [min]
35
50
45
30
40
25
x = 0.187m
20
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
35
13mm from ceiling
30
50mm from ceiling
25
75mm from ceiling
20
100mm from ceiling
15
125mm from ceiling
10
5
5
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
20
59
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.05
10
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
6
800
4
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
Temperature [°C]
900
5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
250
70
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
60
200
Temperature [°C]
3
50
y = 0.187m
40
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
30
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
6
8
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
60
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
Time [min]
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
61
0.14
20
0.12
18
16
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
14
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.1
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
0
Time [min]
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
500
0.9
450
0.8
400
0.7
0.6
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.4
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.3
Temperature [°C]
1
0.2
350
300
Left
250
Centre
200
Right
150
100
0.1
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
5
35
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
25
y = 0.187m
20
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
62
120
120
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
100
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
5
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
100
13mm from ceiling
80
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
120
120
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
60
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
100
Temperature [°C]
4
120
100
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
120
Temperature [°C]
2
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
63
0.16
20
0.14
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.12
0.1
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
8
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
500
0.9
0.8
450
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.5
0.4
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.3
0.2
350
300
Left
250
Centre
200
Right
150
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
90
35
80
30
70
0.5m from fire
60
1m from fire
50
1.5m from fire
40
2m from fire
30
2.5m from fire
20
3.75m from fire
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
5
400
0.7
0.6
0.1
0
25
y = 0.187m
20
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
10
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
1
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
64
120
120
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
100
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
5
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
60
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
100
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
120
120
100
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
120
120
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
Temperature [°C]
2
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
65
0.12
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.1
0.08
1
2
3
4
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
8
0
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.06
0
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
450
1.2
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.8
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.6
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.4
Temperature [°C]
400
1
350
300
Left
250
Centre
200
Right
150
100
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
50
70
45
60
0.5m from fire
50
1m from fire
40
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
30
2.5m from fire
20
3.75m from fire
40
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
5
0.2
35
y = 0.187m
30
y = 0.563m
25
y = 1.313m
20
y = 1.688m
15
10
10
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
500
1.4
3
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
66
120
120
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
60
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
100
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
100
Temperature [°C]
5
120
120
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
Time [min]
120
120
100
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
100
Temperature [°C]
4
20
13mm from ceiling
80
50mm from ceiling
60
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
40
125mm from ceiling
20
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
67
0.35
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.3
0.25
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.2
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
1000
4
900
800
3.5
3
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
2
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1.5
1
Temperature [°C]
4.5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
250
60
200
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
y = 0.187m
40
y = 0.563m
30
y = 1.313m
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
68
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
8
300
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
69
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.05
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
8
4.5
1000
4
900
3.5
800
3
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
2
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1.5
1
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
250
90
Temperature [°C]
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
2m from fire
100
2.5m from fire
3.75m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
80
200
70
y = 0.187m
60
y = 0.563m
50
y = 1.313m
40
y = 1.688m
30
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
6
8
35
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
70
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
300
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
6
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
15
x = 0.187m
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
71
22
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.3
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.2
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
1000
4.5
900
4
800
3.5
3
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
2
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1.5
1
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
6
7
90
180
80
160
1m from fire
120
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
80
60
2.5m from fire
40
3.75m from fire
70
Temperature [°C]
0.5m from fire
140
y = 0.187m
60
y = 0.563m
50
y = 1.313m
40
y = 1.688m
30
20
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
30
30
25
25
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
Temperature [°C]
35
20
TC 0.25mm
15
TC 0.8mm
10
5
5
0
0
0
8
Time [min]
200
Temperature [°C]
8
5
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
72
250
250
Temperature [°C]
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
200
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
250
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
Temperature [°C]
200
Temperature [°C]
6
250
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
73
22
0.5
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
0.45
20
0.4
0.35
0.3
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.25
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.2
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.15
0.1
0.05
8
0
0
5
10
15
0
5
10
Time [min]
1000
8
900
7
800
6
5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
4
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
3
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
Temperature [°C]
15
Time [min]
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
300
100
90
0.5m from fire
200
1m from fire
1.5m from fire
150
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
100
3.75m from fire
80
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
70
y = 0.187m
60
y = 0.563m
50
y = 1.313m
40
y = 1.688m
30
20
50
10
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
5
Time [min]
15
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
74
450
400
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
450
50
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
5
Time [min]
450
400
400
300
13mm from ceiling
250
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
15
450
350
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
50
0
0
0
5
10
0
15
5
10
15
Time [min]
Time [min]
450
450
400
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
50
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
Time [min]
25
25
24.5
24
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
20
13mm from ceiling
23.5
50mm from ceiling
23
75mm from ceiling
22.5
100mm from ceiling
22
125mm from ceiling
21.5
5
21
20.5
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
75
0.4
20
0.35
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.3
0.25
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.2
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
8
10
3.5
1000
900
3
800
2.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
1.5
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
700
600
Left
500
Right
400
300
200
0.5
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
8
10
300
35
30
250
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
200
Y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
150
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
y = 3m; 1.5m from fire
100
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
25
y = 0.187m
20
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
40
40
35
35
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
76
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
200
Temperature [°C]
10
250
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
250
250
200
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
77
0.14
20
0.12
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.1
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
8
1.4
1000
900
1.2
800
1
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.8
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.6
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.4
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
700
600
Left
500
Right
400
300
200
0.2
100
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
5
6
7
8
40
350
35
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
300
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
250
y =1.875m; 0.375m from fire
200
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
150
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
400
30
y = 0.187m
25
y = 0.563m
20
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
50
5
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
40
40
35
35
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
78
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
300
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
15
x = 0.187m
x = 0.563m
10
x = 2.875m
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
10
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
79
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.05
10
0
8
0
5
10
0
15
5
1000
900
2.5
800
2
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1
0.5
Temperature [°C]
15
3
700
600
Left
500
Right
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
0
15
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
60
800
700
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
600
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
500
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
400
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
300
200
100
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
40
y = 0.187m
y = 0.563m
30
y = 1.313m
y = 1.688m
20
10
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
0
0
5
10
0
15
0
Time [min]
5
10
15
Time [min]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
80
600
600
500
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
300
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
500
100
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
300
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
100
0
0
0
5
10
15
0
5
Time [min]
600
500
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
300
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
500
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
300
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
100
100
0
0
0
5
10
0
15
5
10
15
Time [min]
Time [min]
600
600
500
500
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
300
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
15
600
100
13mm from ceiling
400
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
300
100mm from ceiling
200
125mm from ceiling
100
0
0
5
10
0
15
0
5
Time [min]
10
15
Time [min]
25
30
25
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
5
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
20
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
10
125mm from ceiling
5
0
0
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
0
5
10
Time [min]
15
81
0.4
20
0.35
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.3
0.25
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.2
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
10
0
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
1
2
4
5
1200
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1000
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
Time [min]
800
Left
600
Right
400
200
0
1
2
3
4
0
5
0
Time [min]
1
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
800
40
35
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
600
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
500
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
400
300
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
200
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
700
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
1
2
3
4
y = 0.187m
25
y = 0.563m
20
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
0
0
30
0
5
0
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
40
40
35
35
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
1
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
82
500
500
450
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
100
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
Time [min]
500
450
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
5
50mm from ceiling
400
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
100
125mm from ceiling
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
500
500
450
400
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
250
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
500
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
350
13mm from ceiling
300
250
50mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
Time [min]
2
3
4
5
Time [min]
25
25
20
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
3
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
0
1
2
3
Time [min]
4
5
83
Test 22 – Tunnel A+B+C
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.05
10
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
8
6
800
5
700
4
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
1
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
600
500
Left
400
Centre
Right
300
200
100
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
Time [min]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
250
60
50
1m from fire
150
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
0.5m from fire
200
3.75m from fire
2
4
6
y = 0.563m
30
y = 1.313m
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
0
y = 0.187m
40
8
0
Time [min]
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
40
40
35
35
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
84
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
Time [min]
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
85
0.4
20
0.35
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.3
0.25
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.2
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
0
8
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
8
5
4.5
4
800
700
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1
0.5
0
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
600
500
Left
400
Right
300
200
100
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
Time [min]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
300
40
200
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
35
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
30
y = 1.875M; 0.375m from fire
150
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
100
y = 3m, 1.5m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
y = 0.187m
25
y = 0.563m
20
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
Time [min]
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
40
40
35
35
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
30
25
TC 0.25mm
20
TC 0.8mm
15
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
86
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
50
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
Time [min]
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
300
Temperature [°C]
6
350
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
87
0.3
20
0.25
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.2
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.15
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
10
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
1200
6
1000
5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
4
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
3
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
Temperature [°C]
8
7
1
800
Left
600
Right
400
200
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
1
2
Time [min]
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time [min]
450
45
400
40
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
350
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
300
250
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
200
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
150
100
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
35
y = 0.187m
30
y = 0.563m
25
y = 1.313m
20
y = 1.688m
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
0
8
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
88
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
50
13mm from ceiling
250
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
350
300
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
350
350
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
350
50
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
89
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
8
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
4
12
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
Time [min]
800
3.5
700
3
2.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
1.5
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1
Temperature [°C]
4
0.5
600
500
Left
400
Right
300
200
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
40
350
35
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
30
200
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
150
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
100
Temperature [°C]
50
Temperature [°C]
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
250
300
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
2
4
6
8
10
y = 0.563m
20
y = 1.313m
15
y = 1.688m
10
5
0
0
y = 0.187m
25
0
12
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
90
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
50
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
2
4
12
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
250
200
50
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
200
Temperature [°C]
8
250
50
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
25
25
20
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
15
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
10
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
91
0.35
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.3
0.25
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.2
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.15
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
900
6
800
5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
4
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
3
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
2
Temperature [°C]
12
1000
700
600
Left
500
Right
400
300
200
1
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
50
700
45
600
40
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
500
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
400
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
300
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
200
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
7
35
y = 0.187m
30
y = 0.563m
25
y = 1.313m
20
y = 1.688m
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
8
10
12
Temperature [°C]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
6
Time [min]
Temperature [°C]
8
Time [min]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
92
500
500
450
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
400
100
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
500
450
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
10
12
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
100
125mm from ceiling
400
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
500
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
500
500
450
450
400
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
100
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
Time [min]
25
30
25
x = 0.187m
15
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
10
5
Temperature [°C]
20
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
20
50mm from ceiling
15
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
10
125mm from ceiling
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
93
Test 27 - Tunnel A
0.04
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
22
0.035
0.03
0.025
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
0.02
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.015
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.01
0.005
10
0
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
4
6
12
8
10
12
Time [min]
Time [min]
800
0.9
0.8
700
0.7
0.6
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
0.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
0.4
0.3
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
0.2
0.1
Temperature [°C]
1
600
500
Left
400
Centre
300
Right
200
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
10
12
250
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
50
200
Temperature [°C]
200
Temperature [°C]
8
250
0
2
4
6
8
10
x = 0.187m
150
x = 0.563m
x = 2.875m
100
50
0
0
12
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
250
250
200
150
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
100
50
0
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
200
150
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
100
50
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
94
Test 27 – Tunnel A
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
12
2
4
8
10
12
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
300
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
95
Test 28 - Tunnel A
0.1
0.09
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
10
22
0.08
0.07
0.06
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
0.05
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.04
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.03
0.02
0.01
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
200
2.5
160
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
1
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
0.5
Temperature [°C]
180
2
140
120
Left
100
Centre
80
Right
60
40
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
10
12
14
350
250
300
200
0.5m from fire
1m from fire
150
1.125m from fire
1.5m from fire
100
2m from fire
50
2.5m from fire
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
Time [min]
250
x = 0.187m
200
x = 0.563m
150
x = 2.875m
100
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
14
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
350
300
200
150
TC 0.25mm
100
TC 0.8mm
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
250
200
TC 0.25mm
150
TC 0.8mm
100
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
96
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
14
2
4
8
10
12
14
350
300
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
97
0.1
20
0.09
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y =1.688m
12
10
22
0.08
0.07
0.06
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.05
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.04
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.03
0.02
0.01
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
10
12
600
1
500
0.8
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.6
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.4
0.2
Temperature [°C]
8
1.2
400
Left
300
Right
200
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
1
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
Burner was manually turned off after 6 minutes, so the fire did not self-extinguish as might be
concluded from looking at the graphs
98
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
Time [min]
10
12
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
300
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
2
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [min]
Burner was manually turned off after 6 minutes, so the fire did not self-extinguish as might be
concluded from the graphs.
99
0.09
22
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
0.08
20
10
0.07
0.06
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.05
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.04
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.03
0.02
0.01
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
8
10
1.4
400
1.2
350
1
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.8
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.6
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.4
Temperature [°C]
6
Tim e [m in]
300
250
Left
200
Right
150
100
0.2
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
8
10
180
180
140
120
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
160
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
140
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
100
80
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
60
40
20
Temperature [°C]
160
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
2
4
6
8
y = 0.187m
100
y = 0.563m
y = 1.313m
80
y = 1.688m
60
40
20
0
0
120
10
0
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
100
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
50
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
8
10
250
200
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
250
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
200
200
Temperature [°C]
4
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
60
50
45
50
35
x = 0.187m
30
x = 0.563m
25
x = 2.875m
20
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
40
13mm from ceiling
40
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
30
100mm from ceiling
20
125mm from ceiling
10
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
101
0.25
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.2
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.15
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.05
0
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
14
2
4
6
Time [min]
2
800
1.8
700
1.4
1.2
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
1
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.8
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.6
Temperature [°C]
1.6
0.4
0
14
600
500
Left
400
Right
300
200
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
200
350
300
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
250
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
200
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
150
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
100
180
160
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
12
100
0.2
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
50
140
y = 0.187m
120
y = 0.563m
100
y = 1.313m
80
y = 1.688m
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
14
0
2
4
Time [min]
120
100
80
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
60
40
20
0
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
Temperature [°C]
160
140
2
8
10
12
14
200
180
0
6
Time [min]
Temperature [°C]
10
8
Time [min]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
102
500
500
450
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
250
50mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
100
50
50
75mm from ceiling
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
14
5
500
450
400
13mm from ceiling
350
300
250
200
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
500
450
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
50mm from ceiling
250
75mm from ceiling
200
100mm from ceiling
150
125mm from ceiling
100
50
0
5
0
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
12
14
Time [min]
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
500
450
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
400
350
13mm from ceiling
300
250
200
50mm from ceiling
150
100
125mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
5
Time [min]
10
Time [min]
50
60
45
50
35
30
x = 0.187m
25
x = 0.563m
20
x = 2.875m
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
40
13mm from ceiling
40
50mm from ceiling
30
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
20
125mm from ceiling
10
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
Time [min]
10
12
14
103
0.08
20
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
0.07
0.06
0.05
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.04
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.03
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.02
0.01
10
0
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
400
0.4
350
0.35
0.3
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
0.25
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
0.2
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
0.15
0.1
0.05
10
300
250
Left
200
Right
150
100
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
Time [min]
60
200
180
y = 0.875m; 0.625m from fire
160
140
120
y = 1.375m; 0.125m from fire
y = 1.875m; 0.375m from fire
100
80
60
40
y = 2.375m; 0.875m from fire
50
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
0.45
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
y = 4.125m; 2.625m from fire
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
y = 0.187m
40
y = 0.563m
30
y = 1.313m
y = 1.688m
20
10
0
10
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
104
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
8
10
300
250
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
300
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
Time [min]
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
50
60
45
50
35
x = 0.187m
30
x = 0.563m
25
x = 2.875m
20
15
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
40
13mm from ceiling
40
50mm from ceiling
30
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
20
125mm from ceiling
10
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
105
0.16
20
0.14
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.12
0.1
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
0
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
500
2.5
400
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
1.5
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
1
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
Temperature [°C]
450
2
0.5
350
300
Left
250
Centre
200
Right
150
100
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
10
120
100
100
0.5m from fire
80
1m from fire
1.5m from fire
60
2m from fire
2.5m from fire
40
3.75m from fire
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
120
20
80
y = 0.187m
y = 0.563m
60
y = 1.313m
y = 1.688m
40
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
Time [min]
60
60
50
50
40
TC 0.25mm
30
TC 0.8mm
20
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
40
TC 0.25mm
30
TC 0.8mm
20
10
10
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
106
200
200
180
180
160
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
60
125mm from ceiling
40
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
160
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
60
125mm from ceiling
40
20
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
8
10
200
200
180
180
160
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
60
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
160
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
60
125mm from ceiling
40
40
20
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
200
200
180
180
160
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
40
60
40
20
20
140
13mm from ceiling
120
50mm from ceiling
100
75mm from ceiling
80
100mm from ceiling
60
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
160
Temperature [°C]
4
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
30
50
45
40
20
x = 0.187m
x = 0.563m
15
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
25
35
13mm from ceiling
30
50mm from ceiling
25
75mm from ceiling
20
100mm from ceiling
15
125mm from ceiling
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
107
0.3
20
0.25
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
10
22
0.2
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.15
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.1
0.05
8
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
900
3.5
2.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
2
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
1.5
Ch 120; y = 1.688m
1
Temperature [°C]
800
3
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
100
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
Time [min]
160
160
140
140
120
0.5m from fire
100
1m from fire
1.5m from fire
80
2m from fire
60
2.5m from fire
40
3.75m from fire
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
10
0.5
20
120
y = 0.187m
100
y = 0.563m
80
y = 1.313m
60
y = 1.688m
40
20
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
Time [min]
80
80
70
70
60
50
TC 0.25mm
40
TC 0.8mm
30
20
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
8
1000
4
6
Time [min]
60
50
TC 0.25mm
40
TC 0.8mm
30
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
108
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
8
10
350
350
300
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
300
Temperature [°C]
6
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
350
350
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
Time [min]
50
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
200
75mm from ceiling
150
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
50
30
45
40
20
x = 0.187m
x = 0.563m
15
x = 2.875m
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
25
35
13mm from ceiling
30
50mm from ceiling
25
75mm from ceiling
20
100mm from ceiling
15
125mm from ceiling
10
5
5
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
109
0.14
20
0.12
18
Ch 113; y = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; y = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; y = 1.688m
12
22
10
0.1
Ch 114; y = 0.187m
0.08
Ch 117; y = 0.563m
0.06
Ch 119; y = 1.688m
0.04
0.02
0
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
8
10
2.5
600
2
500
1.5
Ch 115; y = 0.187m
Ch 118; y = 0.563m
1
Ch 120; y =1.688m
0.5
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
Time [min]
400
Left
300
Centre
Right
200
100
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
3
Burner was manually turned off after 5 min 45s, so the fire did not self-extinguish as might be
concluded from the graphs.
110
250
250
200
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
200
50
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
Time [min]
8
10
250
200
200
13mm from ceiling
150
50mm from ceiling
75mm from ceiling
100
100mm from ceiling
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
250
13mm from ceiling
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
4
4
8
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Burner was manually turned off after 5 min 45 s, so the fire did not self-extinguish as might be
concluded from looking at the graphs.
111
Test 36 - Tunnel A
22
20
18
Ch 113; x = 0.187m
16
Ch 116; x = 0.563m
14
Ch 108; x = 2.875m
12
0.25
0.2
0.15
Ch 114; x = 0.187m
Ch 117; x = 0.563m
0.1
Ch 119; x = 2.875m
0.05
10
0
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
Time [min]
1000
6
800
4
Ch 115; x = 0.187m
3
Ch 118; x = 0.563m
Ch 120; x = 2.875m
2
Temperature [°C]
900
5
700
600
Left
500
Centre
400
Right
300
200
1
100
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
2
4
Time [min]
8
10
180
50
160
45
140
0.5m from fire
120
1m from fire
100
1.125m from fire
80
1.5m from fire
60
2m from fire
40
2.5m from fire
40
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
6
Time [min]
35
x = 0.187m
30
x = 0.563m
25
x = 2.875m
20
15
10
20
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
0
Time [min]
2
4
6
8
10
Time [min]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TC 0.25mm
TC 0.8mm
0
2
4
Time [min]
6
8
10
112
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
250
50
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
2
6
8
10
300
300
250
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
Temperature [°C]
250
Temperature [°C]
4
Time [min]
Time [min]
13mm from ceiling
200
50mm from ceiling
150
75mm from ceiling
100mm from ceiling
100
125mm from ceiling
50
50
0
0
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
0
2
4
6
Time [min]
8
10
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Fire incidents durion construction work of tunnels

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