Diversify crop mix Heart of the pulse trade Heat on weed spraying

December 2012
Diversify crop mix
Soil secrets
Heart of the pulse trade
Is bigger better?
Maximise profits
Domestic demand in the
Indian sub-continent
Heat on weed spraying
Take spray drift seriously
Carbon critical for healthy soils
Expanding the family farm
SARDI Sowing Guide 2013
Next season’s best varieties
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CONTENTS
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Cover note:
Harvesting at dusk in Balaklava,
South Australia
PHOTO: Tom Roschi
from TRP Photography
tom@trp.com.au
At Grain Business, we
want to provide useful,
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information in each and
every issue. If there are
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1
2012 Harvest edition
3
Profit from a diverse crop mix
Breaking the continuous cropping cycle
is a risk management strategy
6
IPM keeps your powder dry
8
The heartbeat of the pulse trade
10
In Brief
12
Farm profile
Cawarra
18
Heat on summer weed spraying
Take spray drift seriously this summer
22
Slow down to reduce drift risk
Spraying at the right ground speed can
reduce drift and improve spray accuracy
24
DNA tests reveal soil secrets
28
Pros and cons of disc seeding
30
Sowing the good seed
Clean up to maximise crop establishment in 2013
32
Is bigger better?
34
Wanted: Professional agriculturalists
37
Special Grain Business Supplement
SARDI Sowing Guide
94
Wool update
Optimise your wool price
Grain Marketing Options
• Cash
• Contract
• Pools
Contact your local Customer Relationship
Manager today or call 1800 018 205
Foreword
2012 Harvest edition
Welcome to the harvest edition of Viterra’s Grain
Business magazine. This edition features a variety
of articles designed to help you with a range of
elements across your cropping and wool enterprises.
Crop rotations seem to have
fallen out of favour recently,
however there may be benefits in
ensuring your soil has a mix of
crops grown over successive years.
This edition of Grain Business
explores various methods of crop
rotation along with the short and
long term benefits involved.
As the Australian Pesticides and
Veterinary Medicines Authority
(APVMA) undertakes a review into
the risks of spray drift, this Grain
Business edition looks at methods
to control your spraying, including
droplet size, spraying speed, and
understanding weather conditions.
We also have Viterra’s pulse
trader’s insight on the Indian
sub-continent pulse trade and
why pricing pulses in Australia
is so complex and 10 practical
management tips to influence the
quality and price of your wool.
This harvest edition of Grain
Business features the 2013
SARDI Sowing Guide. While the
information in this guide is based
on trials in South Australia, the
guide has proven useful for growers
across Australia.
With the Australian Bureau
of Agricultural and Resource
Economics and Sciences (ABARES)
predicting the 2012/13 winter crop
will be smaller than the past two
record seasons, it is still forecast to
be 17% above the five-year average.
As we progress through harvest,
we wish you all a safe and
successful season.
Dean McQueen
Executive Manager Grain
December 2012
01
The Right Rotation
Profit from a
diverse crop mix
Breaking the continuous cropping
cycle is a risk management strategy
words/ Graeme Jennings
Rotation - growing crops in ‘order’
so each paddock carries the same
sequence - was once standard practice.
In recent years rotations, designed
to maintain soil health, avoid disease
or pest build-up and often to add
nitrogen, have lost favour, with many
growers growing only wheat; a decision
justified by claims that wheat is the
most reliable crop, particularly in
low-rainfall districts.
However, with diseases like yellow
spot and other stubble-borne diseases
building up as a result of ‘continuous
wheat’ programs, the pendulum is
swinging back, although modern
rotations can look quite different from
those of even 20 years ago.
In Australia, ‘rotation’ tends to be
code for including broad-leafed crops,
typically a legume or canola, in a
cropping program. These crops are
commonly referred to as ‘break’ crops;
a revealing terminology that implies
they are seen not as an integral part
of the cropping program but a ‘break’
from the main game, which is seen as
cereal production.
CSIRO Plant Industry Deputy Chief
Mark Peoples, who heads the GRDC’s
crop sequencing initiative, believes
Australian agriculture, and farmers,
would benefit from a more diverse
crop mix.
“Most grain-growers recognise
they should include broadleaf species
in their cropping program to reduce
disease incidence for cereals, control
weeds and to improve nitrogen
fertility,” Dr Peoples said.
“However, the area sown to pulse
legume crops or canola declined
dramatically between 1999 and 2009
because of the run of late, dry seasons
and a wide-spread perception that
broad-leafed crops are higher risk and
not as profitable as cereals.
“The focus on short-term financial
returns, in many cases driven by debt
levels and increasing input costs,
means many growers have lost sight
of the potential longer-term beneficial
impacts of broad-leafed crops on the
performance of following crops and the
resulting financial benefits.
“Growers in southern cropping
districts recognise that continuous
wheat carries a yield penalty. This
reduction is generally considered to be
about 15%, but research data indicates
an average yield increase of 20 to 50%
in wheat crops grown without nitrogen
CSIRO Plant Industry
Deputy Chief Mark Peoples:
Diverse cereal rotations can
lead to bigger profits.
fertiliser but following a legume, and
an additional 0.8 t/ha from wheat grown
after canola.”
These yield gains may be due to
improved weed control, breaking
cereal disease cycles, changes in soil
structural characteristics or carry-over
of residual soil water, he suggests.
“If the broad-leafed crop is a
legume, the effects on soil biology and
increased availability of nitrogen and
other nutrients can also contribute
significantly. These benefits often
extend to several subsequent cereal
crops, not just the crop immediately
following the legume.
“On the other hand, growing
extended sequences of successive
cereal crops leads to a build-up of
cereal diseases, pests and grass
weeds, resulting in increased fungicide,
pesticide and herbicide costs. It also
leads to a decline in soil fertility or
an unreliable response to fertiliser
because of increased incidence of
root disease.
“At the end of the day more fertiliser
is needed to supply the required
nutrients and ultimately wheat
yields decline.”
The CSIRO crop sequencing initiative
December 2012
03
The Right Rotation
Northern rotations
includes projects to quantify the
rotational benefits of broadleaf crops
or pastures for cereals and identify
more profitable broadleaf cropping
sequences for low, medium and high
rainfall zones and irrigated systems.
Work is also underway on guidelines
and economic data that growers
and advisers can use to increase the
diversity of species grown in rotation,
and identify when broad-leafed crops
or pastures are likely to provide the
greatest benefits.
Opportunity crop
In recent years discussion about
rotations has tended to centre on
economic issues and frequently
04
Getting crop sequences right
also pays dividends in northern
cropping systems.
Malcolm Ryley, from Agri-Science
Queensland, believes crop sequencing
can help growers minimise populations
of Fusarium fungi species and the
main pathogen that causes charcoal
rot and sorghum stalk rot.
“Where charcoal rot has been
a problem in sorghum serious
consideration should be given to
growing a series of winter crops
in sequence.
“These fungi have a limited host
range, so non-host crops such as
winter cereal and broadleaf crops can
be beneficial to future sorghum crops.”
Dr Ryley has found that summer
crops can harbour fungal diseases
that cause major yield losses in
subsequent winter crops, with the
disease link between sorghum and
fusarium head blight in winter cereals
a major concern.
“Sorghum can assist the disease
organism to survive and sorghum
crops should not be planted into or
near winter cereal stubble likely to be
infected with the pathogen,” he said.
Maize also hosts the fungus,
particularly on the Liverpool Plains.
become a comparison of planned
rotations and ‘opportunistic’ cropping
aimed at maximising returns in the
short term.
Many good growers combine
these two concepts, starting with
a conceptual rotation – or several
rotations, if they have a variety of soil
types – and making changes within that
base structure in response to prices,
seasonal conditions and cultural
factors such as weed populations.
Risk, often closely linked to debt, can
be a major influence on whether or
not a grower is inclined to ‘opportunity
crop’ or stick more closely to a planned
rotation. Accepting more risk, often in
the form of outlaying more on cropping
inputs, can bring higher rewards in
the form of more income in the short
term but also means bigger losses
if the season doesn’t pan out or the
anticipated prices don’t eventuate.
A grower with low debt and money
in the bank can afford to aim for
maximum returns – reward – on at
least some of their paddocks because
the business can survive a loss if things
go wrong. A similar result could see
someone with high debt and no cash
buffer lose their business.
The farming environment is also a
factor, with growers in ‘better’ districts
having more crop options, giving them
more flexibility to capitalise on market
opportunities and achieve agronomic
The Right Rotation
objectives including weed, disease and
pest management.
“The higher and more reliable
the rainfall, and the better the soils,
the more options a grower has,”
said consultant Mick Faulkner,
principal of SA-based Agrilink
Agricultural Consultants.
“The lower the rainfall and the poorer
the soil the less flexibility he has.”
According to Mike Krause, principal
of Applied Economic Solutions, most
farmers are not ‘profit maximisers’ but,
he points out, opportunistic cropping
does not necessarily mean ‘going for
broke’. In some circumstances it might
mean growing an extra paddock of
lentils or canola instead of another
paddock of wheat.
How likely a farmer is to adopt a
more flexible, opportunistic approach,
will be influenced by how comfortable
he is with risk, agronomic issues like
weeds and diseases and farm viability,
Mr Krause said.
A grower with less than 60% equity
in his business would probably be well
advised to take a more conservative,
long-term approach, he suggests.
“For growers considering a higherrisk, opportunistic approach the real
question is whether or not they are
in a position to take the risk they are
considering. Can they cover it if the
opportunity goes sour and produces a
loss rather than improving returns?”
Count your losses
Philip O’Callaghan, principal of
Bendigo-based ORM Consulting, says
that based on an analysis of 10 years of
data from farms across south-eastern
Australia, containing losses is the key
to profitability.
“In low-income years the size of the
business loss is determined by total
costs, and in the period we reviewed,
below-average income years were
more frequent than above-average
years,” he said.
“Businesses with higher total costs
per hectare require a higher yield to
break even financially. When yields are
limited by seasonal factors such as
rainfall, high-cost businesses incur
financial losses in more years.
“In the late 1990s our sample of
Wimmera farms spent less than
$400,000 a year on operating costs
plus depreciation. Today, 15 years
later, the same farms spend more
than $800,000 a year. Costs have
doubled while the profit remains
similar, which means return on
business investment has halved.”
This suggests a conservative
approach is more sustainable and
produces better long-term outcomes,
he said.
“Profitable farming businesses
diversify to spread the risk, growing
a mixture of crops and often having
livestock in their farming systems.
“They also take measures to lower
their whole-farm costs, which reduces
the return needed to cover costs and
break even.”
His most profitable clients also
aim for optimum, not maximum
yields, which is a factor in containing
production costs and reduces variation
in income levels from season to
season, enabling them to budget for
profits in ‘average’ income years.
Crop rotation spreads risk and
can reduce costs, and evidence is
emerging that ‘break’ crops can be
at least as profitable as wheat in the
right conditions.
In trials run by CSIRO in association
with the FarmLink grower group at
Junee in southern NSW, as part of
the GRDC crop sequencing project,
all but three of the break crop options
evaluated in 2011 had higher gross
margins than barley or wheat. The
exceptions were chickpeas, peas and
lupins grown for brown manure rather
than grain.
Wheat grown by the Birchip
Cropping Group (BCG) and CSIRO at
Hopetoun in the Victorian southern
Mallee in 2011 yielded more where
a break crop had been grown in
either 2009 or 2010, with sequences
involving break crops generating
more profit over three years than
continuous wheat.
CSIRO Plant Industry Deputy Chief
Mark Peoples believes crop sequences
will be most profitable when broadleafed crops are grown to address
agronomic issues such as grass weeds,
root disease or low soil nitrogen levels.
GRDC-funded trials in the Katanning
district of WA have shown that break
crops can improve the performance of
following wheat crops, with the yield
from wheat grown after lupins more
than 20% better than wheat after
wheat, but over the period of the trial
continuous wheat was more profitable
than most of the other sequences
except those containing oaten hay.
In NSW, however, researchers found
that returns from a brown manure crop
– sowing then spraying out a crop and
leaving it to break down in the paddock
to improve the soil – were equal to
those from continuous cropping.
According to Rob Patterson, a
director of NSW consultancy Rural
Management Strategies, “a crop
sequence of brown manure field peas
followed by canola and two wheat
crops can be as profitable at current
commodity prices as continuous
cropping, or mixed farming involving
cropping and Merino sheep.
“A crop production system involving
brown manure field peas has less
production and financial risk compared
to continuous cropping, due to lower
input and operating costs.”
He believes such a system is likely to
be more sustainable than continuous
cropping and similar to mixed farming,
requiring less herbicide and fertiliser
nitrogen and maintaining higher levels
of ground cover.
CSIRO scientist Vadakattu Gupta has
recently shown that rotations can also
influence rhizoctonia. He has found
that levels of the disease are highest
after cereals and lowest after canola
or mustard, with the levels after noncereal options such as pulses, fallow or
grass-free pasture between those
two extremes.
December 2012
05
Integrated
Pest Management
IPM keeps your
powder dry
Backing off on insecticide sprays will ensure you
have the big guns ready when you need them.
words/ Graeme Jennings
Many farmers believe in integrated pest management - but
how many actually put it into practice?
According to Dr Rohan Rainbow, GRDC Senior Manager,
Plant Health the size of Australian cropping enterprises
makes IPM a challenge for grain growers.
“It’s an issue of scale for many growers - how do you
monitor insect populations in a 500 ha paddock and what
does it cost,” Dr Rainbow said.
“Given that tank-mixing an insecticide with a herbicide
spray adds only a few cents a hectare to the cost of the spray
a lot of farmers thinks it makes good economic sense to
add a shot of insecticide when going out to spray weeds in a
canola crop, for example, just in case there might be a few
insects about.
“But a percentage of those ‘few insects’ are likely to
be beneficial predators or parasitoids helping keep pest
populations at bay.
“So spraying might actually trigger a pest problem,
rather than prevent it. This is a problem which has been
reported in southern crops and is well documented in the
cotton industry.”
According to Dr Rainbow, entomologists working in the
cotton industry have developed an ‘Impacts Table’ that sets
out the wider effects of using a variety of insecticides. It
lists the target pests and persistence rating of 30 chemicals
or chemical groups, their impact on 13 beneficial insects
or groups of invertebrates and whether or not they are
likely to increase the chances of pests re-establishing at
damaging levels.
The bad news is that 12 of the insecticides listed actually
increased the chances of pests developing after their use.
But even without the environmental considerations,
which include the risk of developing resistance in insect
populations, the conventional ‘spray just in case’ approach
may not be the most economical, based on preliminary
results from trials by cesar in conjunction with Birchip
Cropping Group (BCG).
06
Profit less protection
The researchers found that using the conventional
prophylactic or protective approach in a canola crop cost
$11/ha compared with a total cost of $1.35/ha for a strategic
treatment, in which a spray was applied only when pest
numbers were high.
There was no difference in plant assessments or pest
damage scores in the two treatments during the season and
no significant difference in yield.
“These results suggest a combination of routine
monitoring, accurate identification of pest and beneficial
species and strategic use of chemicals could be the most
viable approach to pest control,” said cesar director Dr
Paul Umina.
Dr Rainbow sees prophylactic application of insecticides
as a major issue for the grain industry.
“The up-front cost appears low because many growers
apply insecticides as a tank mix with a herbicide, so
there is no extra time or application cost, only the cost of
the chemical.
“However, repeated routine use of the same or similar
chemicals is a recipe for resistance and has the potential to
leave growers without effective insecticides when they are
needed to control high pest populations. It is far better to
spray only when it is necessary.”
The industry cannot continue to rely only on chemicals and
in many instances the quick fix may not be the best option,
Dr Rainbow said.
“Chemicals will always have a role in crop protection but
if growers continue to apply insecticides when they are not
needed they increase the risk of developing resistant pest
populations, which makes the chemicals ineffective.”
Pest resistance
“We already have resistant populations of cotton bollworm,
diamondback moth, silverleaf whitefly, Western flower thrip,
redlegged earth mite and green peach aphid and every extra
spray selects for more resistance,” Dr Rainbow said.
Integrated
Pest Management
“This is a big challenge that can really be addressed
only by growers educating themselves on the issues, and
limiting use of insecticides to times when there are major
pest problems.
“When a spray is needed it makes sense to use a chemical
specific to the pest. Using an aphicide such as pirimicarb,
for example, will control aphids but have minimal impact
on other insects including beneficials that might be helping
keep pest numbers down.
“Growers worried about protecting seedlings should
consider using a seed dressing product that targets the
specific pest and can provide good protection without the risk
of off-target impacts that come with using a foliar spray.
“For some pests a border spray or targeted spot spraying
might protect the crop and reduce pest numbers sufficiently
for beneficials to keep the pest population low.”
The development of guidelines for integrated pest
management in southern cropping systems, expected to
be released next year, is expected to re-focus attention
on the benefits of IPM and how it might work in southern
farming systems.
The guidelines, which are being developed by a national
team headed by Queensland entomologist Dr Melina Miles,
will bring together all the IPM-related knowledge relevant
to southern cropping with the aim of providing growers and
their advisers with the information they need to implement
and manage effective IPM programs.
Dr Rainbow believes the guidelines will highlight the
potential for good management decisions and better farm
hygiene to reduce pest pressure, with insecticides held in
reserve as a last resort to deal with serious problems.
“There is much more to IPM than chemicals, which have
the potential to throw natural systems out of balance and
make problems worse.
“Simple measures like keeping fence lines free of host
plants, that can shelter pests over summer or winter,
and eliminating ‘green bridge’ vegetation that could serve
as nurseries for pest build up ahead of seeding, can go
a long way towards reducing pest pressure and the need
for insecticides.
“Changing the crop sequence or rotation or adjusting the
time of planting can also help avoid or reduce the risk of pest
damage in some circumstances.”
Regional or district advice or alerts about pest activity or
conditions likely to trigger pest problems could help make
IPM more achievable for growers, Dr Rainbow said, with the
Pest Facts, Pest Fax and Beatsheetblog services providing
this sort of information.
These free email services, which contain pest-related
reports from consultants, agronomists, entomologists
and growers, are provided as part of the GRDC’s National
Invertebrate Pest Initiative (NIPI).
There is much more to
IPM than chemicals,
which have the potential
to throw natural systems
out of balance and make
problems worse.
To subscribe:
PestFacts SA: email Jon Lamb Communications jlcom@chariot.net.au – with ‘Crop Watch request’ in the subject line.
PestFacts South-Eastern: visit cesaraustralia.com, click on
Sustainable Agriculture / PestFacts / ‘subscribe’.
PestFax (WA): email PestFax@agric.wa.gov.au and request
free subscription.
December 2012
07
Grain Marketing
The heartbeat of
the pulse trade
Pulses are a major part of the diet in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. The sub-continent, which is made up of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
and Bangladesh, is the world’s largest consumer and importer of pulses. With
a growing population and more cereal and oilseed crops being planted and
consumed, there remains high domestic demand for the net importing region.
words/ Mostyn Gregg, Pulses Trader, Viterra
In India itself, the Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry
of India (ASSOCHAM) has predicted that
if Indian population growth continues
at its current rate, India will consume
just short of 22 million tonnes of
pulses annually by 2015. The demand
for pulses in the subcontinent is such
that both the Indian and Pakistani
governments have banned the export
of pulses, apart from the lucrative but
illiquid market in kabuli chickpeas.
Given the increasing population
and high demand for pulses, it would
appear reasonable to expect that India
would continue to demand more and
pay higher prices to Australian growers
for their crops. However this has not
proven to be the case.
One of the main reasons has been
the depreciation of India’s currency.
The Indian rupee (INR) has depreciated
against the United States dollar over
the past year from around 44 rupees
to the dollar to its present level of 53.
In actual fact it has been as high as 57
08
and other currencies of the region, the
Bangladeshi taka and the Sri Lankan
rupee, have also suffered similar fates.
Australian pulse prices have suffered
as a result. While our destination
currencies have been punished, our high
yielding Australian dollar continues to
remain above parity to the US dollar. So
what has been the cause? In its simplest
terms, it’s all about risk aversion.
Historically the Indian rupee has
been depreciating roughly in line with
the fall in its purchasing power parity
(PPP). However the recent depreciation
is a result of Government debt default
concerns in the Euro zone. What has
eventuated is that long holders of the
Euro (EUR) have sold and bought USD,
which is the market’s natural risk
aversion measure. These holders of
EUR also exited their long positions
of riskier assets, including the
Brazilian real, speculative stocks and
Indian rupees.
Ashutosh Raina, head of foreign
exchange trading at HDFC Bank, one of
the biggest four Indian banks, has said
“the rupee weakness is basically due to
the European crisis and has nothing to
do with the domestic economy.”1.
This European government debt
default concern (particularly in Greece,
Spain and Portugal) has also tightened
the ability of other governments to
access credit. At the same time the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) needs to
borrow foreign funds to buy INR to
support its currency. The borrowing
cost of this has increased, impeding
their actions. In addition, the market for
international pulses is denominated in
US dollars so volatility in the AUD/USD
currency pair also affects the prices
growers are paid.
Where to from here? The pulse
market is strongly influenced by global
currencies and the currency market
is highly complex. In India, the rupee’s
current problems are worsened by the
fact that inflation is currently above the
RBI’s target of 5% for headline inflation.
As inflation is the natural depreciator
Grain Marketing
Given the increasing
population and
high demand for
pulses, it would
appear reasonable
to expect that India
would continue to
demand more and
pay higher prices to
Australian growers
for their crops.
of money, a slowdown of India’s growth
due to onerous interest rates and
its inflation issue has led to foreign
investors avoiding the country. This in
turn has led to a weakening of the Indian
currency and a further increase in its
current account deficit.
The RBI has recently instituted
reforms aimed at reducing inflation.
Subir Gokarn, deputy governor of
the RBI, said “Continuing reform
momentum will have benefits on the
economy and inflation too as the rupee
strengthens.” 2.
Already we have seen that a reversal
of lending illiquidity and risk aversion
through stimulus measures has an
impact on the strength of the Indian
rupee. After the US government
announced a further quantitative easing
stimulus measure in mid-September,
the INR immediately stabilised and
appreciated. If global currencies
continue to move in this way, along
with the implementation of the Indian
government’s own measures to reduce
inflation, the chances of a more stable
INR look much improved.
The fluctuation of the Indian rupee
is just one facet of the complex market
that is the international trade in pulses
and does not take into account basic
supply and demand pressures on the
market. It is something for growers
to consider when they look to market
their pulses.
When Europe sneezes, India catches
a cold. Marketing pulses has many
complexities over and above that of
other grains due to credit risk, country
risk and currency risk, exacerbated
by illiquidity and a lack of a futures
market. This goes towards explaining
why prices are not always published for
pulses. One way of increasing liquidity
is for Australian growers to work with
grain trading companies on their price
expectation for pulses.
1. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/india-business/30184199_1_depreciates-dollar-inflows-rupee
2. http://www.nasdaq.com/article/indias-reforms-may-lower-inflation-strengthen-rupee---central-banker-20120925-00820
December 2012
09
In Brief
New freight and receival
facilities to boost grain exports
The Wimmera Intermodal Freight
Terminal opened in August, with
operations expected to streamline
storage and handling of local grain
production and enhance the region’s
capacity to meet the increased global
demand for Australian grains.
The Wimmera is one of the world’s
largest grain, pulse and oilseed
growing regions and the new facility,
located in Dooen, east of Horsham
in regional Western Victoria, has the
ability to double the processing capacity
of the existing Horsham facility within
the next five years.
Viterra has construced a $10 million,
200,000 tonne capacity grain receival
facility at Dooen which integrates with
the intermodal facility, giving exporters
in the region more direct rail access
to ports in both South Australia and
Victoria, improving speed to port and
freight costs.
The 23.5 ha terminal site on the
Adelaide to Melbourne train line will
reduce the handling costs for local
grain producers and significantly
increase the region’s overall
productivity by providing improved
access to ports and processing plants.
The Victorian Coalition Government,
local councils, private enterprises and
the Federal Labor Government jointly
funded the multi million-dollar facility.
It was one of the largest investments
made by the Australian Government in
recent times to support the Australian
grains sector.
Price pain threshold
As grain growers approach the
pointy end of the season it is important
to closely track your yield outlook
against forward selling commitments.
NAB Agribusiness Director of
Commodities Tim Glass says the trick
for both growers and users is to know
where the “pain threshold” lies.
“Updating your yield forecast
regularly is essential at this time
of year,” Mr Glass says. “If your
estimated yield has fallen due to
10
seasonal conditions, your percentage
hedged may have increased without
you making any more sales.
“If the amount forward sold
moves above 50 per cent and the
market is rallying, then you are
going backwards.
“On the flip side, if prices are
coming down you may want to lock
in more grain at the current prices to
ensure you meet that pain threshold.”
Mr Glass acknowledged that every
grower would have varying yields, cost
variability and equity levels in land and
machinery. All these factors will drive
risk appetite and where an individual
grower can comfortably manage their
price risk.
“We advise that growers actively
understand their true cost of
production first, and then target a
margin above and beyond one that
services everything they require, and
manage their risk accordingly.”
In Brief
Headspace expands regional reach
Youth mental health support service
Headspace will open 15 new centres
in a number of regional, as well as
metropolitan locations, across Australia
next year.
These centres will offer assistance to
people aged between 12-25 to overcome
issues such as anxiety and depression and
will provide a range of support services
that have previously been limited to
urban centres.
Located in regional areas such as
Upper Spencer Gulf, Tamworth, Ballarat,
Mackay and Bunbury, the decentralisation
decision was based on the growth
of mental health problems amongst
rural youth.
The Australian Government has backed
the expansion of youth mental health
support services, with $197.3 million
worth of funding committed to the project.
Introducing these new centres will bring
the total number of Headspace outlets
to 55, increasing the overall accessibility
to services and developing a stronger
support network for Australia’s youth.
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December 2012
11
farm profile
Cawarra
12
farm profile
Business Owners/Managers
Ian (66) and Pamela Peacock
Son Brad (31) and wife Cristen - children
Kala (10), Bailey (7) and Amelia (2.5)
Son Glenn (31) and wife Jen - children Miley
(3) and a new baby, born in November.
Property name and location
Cawarra, Gairdner, Shire of
Jerramungup, Albany Zone
South East Coast of Western Australia
approximately 500 kilometres from Perth
Annual rainfall Approx 450mm per annum
Total area/arable land
5000 hectares
Cropping area/program
Half the property (approximately
2500 ha) is used for cropping rotation
of canola, wheat and barley.
Number / type of livestock
Half the property provides pasture for
6000 head of sheep and 100 head of
mainly Pure Angus cattle. There are two
different sheep enterprises: a Merino
enterprise and a prime lamb enterprise.
Number of employees
The three family members (Ian, Brad and
Glenn) are full time and use contractors
for jobs such as cutting hay (around
400 rolls a year for cattle), fertiliser
spreading and grain and stock cartage.
Photographs in the Farm Profile of the last issue
of Grain Business, July 2012 were taken by Tanya
Friend Photography, Wagga Wagga.
December 2012
13
farm profile
The secret is not to get too down in the mouth
when things go wrong - swear at the dog
then get over it and get on with it. If you can’t
control something there’s no good getting upset
and uptight about it. Enjoy the good times.
When was the farming district settled?
Jerramungup was settled in 1954 by eight original families
when the government opened up war service land settlement
blocks and later Conditional Purchase blocks in the mid
1960s and 1970s. The original settlers were known as the
“mad eight” because they were setting out to farm some
pretty unforgiving land.
I moved to Gairdner in 1960 with my parents. My father
drove a B250 tractor over from Coonamble in NSW with a
trailer carrying all our belongings in it. We still have the
trailer and I recently bought the tractor back to add to my
collection of 22 vintage tractors.
I have been living here for 52 years and have certainly seen
some changes in the last five decades.
The main change has been farm build up - buying up the
neighbour’s land. While there are only five original families
left, quite a lot of us now have four or five of the original
Conditional Purchase blocks that were released during the
1960s and 1970s.
Farm build up leads to a raft of other issues like lack
of population for football teams, employees to service
the town and schools. There were about 114 kids at the
Gairdner School in 1961 with one teacher covering seven
14
grades. Today there would only be around 30 kids. What’s
happened here is no different to what’s happening in farming
communities all over Australia.
Jerramungup has been at the forefront of land
conservation for many years. We were the third district and
the first Shire in WA to be recognised for land conservation.
I was involved in initiating the original Jerramungup Land
Conservation District Committee (LCDC) in the early 1980s
and it has evolved into a big thing for the area over the last 30
years. A lot of good environmental work has been achieved.
One of the biggest problems in the shire has been the
rising of salinity in the water which we’ve now got under
control thanks to the LCDC.
The salinity comes from the land’s origins being ancient
sedimentary seabed. When native vegetation was removed
during early settlement it took less than a decade for salt to
start appearing. We’ve tackled this using various methods
from growing lucerne to surface drainage and revegetation.
It’s been a combination of these and other things that
have resolved the issue. I drive around now and see areas
completely rejuvenated that were salty areas 20 years ago.
What made you want to run a farming business?
Farming is in the Peacock family, dating right back to
farm profile
the 1600s in Greenwich, England where my great, great
grandfather had a market garden.
I was brought up on a farm in Coonamble and then in
Gairdner and went to Agricultural School at the age of 14.
I worked in various jobs as a fencing contractor, truck driver
and shearer for about a decade before my father died. I then
had to make a decision about making a go of the family farm
which belonged to my mother. I chose to go back and go
shearing at age 22 and have been there ever since.
My boys followed a similar path attending school in
Perth and then Agricultural College. They returned to
Gairdner about 12 years ago and worked for a local shearing
contractor doing most of his crutching - about 80,000 sheep
a year.
Six years ago we had an opportunity to buy another farm
that adjoined our property and that’s when the boys came
into the partnership. The two latest farms we bought are in
their names and we now have four farms between the three
of us.
The partnership works well - I do the banking and
business side of things and they take care of the day-to-day
cropping and livestock operations. The agreement when we
went into partnership was that I would do the planning and
they would do the work, which suits me fine!
How do you manage your cropping program?
We have always grown wheat, barley and canola. We have a
three year rotation of pastures, canola and cereal.
We’ve been using Roundup Ready canola for three years
which has yielded up to half a tonne better than our other
crops and has created a cost saving of $25 a hectare from
cutting back on in-crop chemicals - we haven’t had to do any
selective in-crop spraying which has saved us even more on
chemicals. The paddocks sown to Roundup Ready canola
then go to wheat, then pasture.
The wheat we grow is generally one of the hard wheat
varieties (this year it is Mace and Castle Rock) and the barley
varieties are Vlamingh (malting) and Dash (feed).
One thing we do differently is use a semi-organic fertiliser.
We trialled this about five years ago when cropping fertiliser
prices went through the roof - I couldn’t get the price any
lower than $1900 / tonne. After investigating the semiorganic fertilisers, we found them to be cheaper and they
seemed to work just as well. An advantage is that we can
customise our orders to match our soil tests. If we want
more potassium and less nitrogen we can get the blend that
suits our needs.
December 2012
15
farm profile
Tell me about your livestock business?
The sheep enterprise is based on a Merino flock of 6000.
The majority of those have made it to Merino ram. The
cull hoggets and cast for age ewes end up in a prime lamb
flock of about 500. The lambs are Merino base with Poll
Dorset sire.
The property we bought four years ago was set up for
cattle so we purchased 42 head of Pure Angus and that is
now up around 100 head, including 50 calves this year. Not
being cattle people previously we are now starting to get
the hang of it but that enterprise probably won’t grow much
bigger. The property we bought four years ago has about
800 hectares of kikuyu pasture which gives us good green
pasture when we get rain during summer.
What does the future look like?
At this stage we have got the split about right for us
between livestock and crop. Our philosophy is to have our
fingers in more than one pie and to focus on using the time
16
we have to manage our enterprises well. I think we’ve found
the balance for the moment.
In the next 10 to 20 years I may slow down a little bit but
I don’t like the sound of retirement! Since I’ve left school I
have never really done anything that I haven’t enjoyed doing
- I really enjoy going to work and get very touchy when I can’t
be there. I’m not good at sitting still and while I’m fit and
healthy, don’t see why I shouldn’t be involved.
As for the future - I wouldn’t say no to further expansion if you ever say that’s enough you start going backwards. You
need to be open to opportunities.
Other than that, this year is this year, last year was last
year and next year will be next year. The problems and
triumphs and disappointments and satisfactions will be
different. The secret is not to get too down in the mouth
when things go wrong - swear at the dog then get over it and
get on with it. If you can’t control something there’s no good
getting upset and uptight about it. Enjoy the good times.
spray drift
Heat on
summer weed
spraying
Take spray drift seriously this summer
words/ Graeme Jennings
Failure to reduce spray drift from summer weed spraying
could see growers subjected to more restrictions and
even be denied access to valuable chemicals following a
spray drift risk review being carried out by the Australian
Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA),
The highly volatile 2,4-D ester 800 formulation is already
banned from use between September 1 and April 30 and
a suite of translocated chemicals including 2,4-D, Garlon,
MCPA, Dicamba and glyphosate are under threat if growers
and spray contractors cannot significantly reduce the risk
of chemicals drifting off-target and impacting other crops,
rural residents, water resources and vegetation.
APVMA officer Ken Young said 2,4-D and MCPA are
currently under review as part of the authority’s review of
spray drift risk, with the outcomes of that exercise still likely
to be 12 months away.
The spray drift risk review, which has already resulted in
down-wind no-spray buffer zones and droplet size limitations
for some chemicals, is designed to protect human health,
the environment and Australia’s trade, Dr Young said.
“The reality is that if you atomise a liquid some may not
go where it is intended and the challenge is to limit the risk
that poses.
“The APVMA has an obligation to consider the potentially
harmful consequences associated with spray drift and
18
determine whether it would be likely to harm human
health or the environment or unduly prejudice Australia’s
international trade.
“If the Authority, as part of the registration of a product,
finds that spray drift associated with a chemical application
would be likely to cause harm it cannot allow that product
to be used unless a way can be found to prevent that harm
from occurring.
“Safety margins are incorporated into any exposure
threshold used by the APVMA so the exposure risk is below
the threshold and can be considered negligible.”
The spray drift regulations contain provisions for smaller
down-wind no-spray zones when using approved Drift
Reduction Technologies such as nozzles that produce
no driftable droplets or shielded sprayers, but any such
decision would be based only on clear research data and no
technology had yet been approved, he said.
The agricultural chemical industry and the APVMA
are working through the issues around the spray drift
regulations with a view to ensuring they are based on
science and are realistic and sustainable.
“There has been serious discussion about banning or
removing products from sale but no one wants to get to that
point, nor do farmers need draconian restrictions on how
and when they spray,” said Mick Faulkner, principal of South
spray drift
Australian - based Agrilink Agricultural Consultants.
“Loss of these highly effective chemicals and restricted
operating conditions would leave growers with no option but
to go back to the plough; something no-one wants to see.”
For Mr Faulkner, spring and summer are the critical
periods, with control of droplet size and understanding of
weather conditions the big issues.
“There is always some risk of drift whenever a sprayer is
used but the issue becomes critical in spring and summer,”
he said.
“Particular care needs to be taken from September
until April to prevent damage to other crops such as grape
vines that are particularly sensitive to herbicide damage in
that period.
“Small droplets can travel 50 km or more under a
temperature inversion, and last season vines in the Riverland
were damaged by herbicide drift.
“Becoming familiar with the signs of inversion conditions
is important.”
He advocates that growers spray summer weeds only
when there is no inversion layer.
“In summer there is a temperature inversion at some
stage most days, so there are limited opportunities to spray
in what could be considered low-risk conditions. Generally,
vertical mixing of air from about two hours after sunrise
to about two hours before sunset means the safest time to
spray is during the day.
“The best option is to spray during the day at moderate
speeds, with the boom as low as possible, using very coarse
or extremely coarse droplets. In hot, dry conditions these
will be considerably smaller by the time they reach the
target weeds.
“The risk of drift is increased by spraying at night, when
inversion conditions are most likely, and by using speeds
and boom heights that increase the rate at which droplets
evaporate, so more chemical is suspended in the air instead
of deposited on the target.
“However, it is considered safe to spray on nights when
there is no inversion layer, usually indicated by full cloud
cover and wind speeds of more than 11 km/h.”
Growers should not be concerned about using large
droplets, he said.
“Translocated products should reach the target in coarse
or larger droplets. Because of the evaporation between
the boom and the target the only way to achieve that is to
have them leave the nozzles as very coarse or extra coarse,
keep the nozzles within 50 cm of the target and operate at a
moderate speed.”
He suggests growers pay less attention to Delta T – an
indication of evaporation potential - and focus on droplet
December 2012
19
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spray drift
For Mr Faulkner, spring and summer
are the critical periods, with control
of droplet size and understanding of
weather conditions the big issues.
size, weather conditions, boom height and speed and
whether or not there is a temperature inversion.
“With large droplet sizes Delta T is relatively unimportant.
In trial work done last year by the Hart Field Site group, the
Mid North High Rainfall Zone group and consultants, very
coarse and extremely coarse droplets provided acceptable
summer weed control in hot dry conditions with Delta T
values of 14 and 15; conditions in which medium droplets
would evaporate before they reach the target.
“In the trials we sprayed old heliotrope plants and silverleaf nightshade with translocated herbicides and Spray.
Seed, using big droplets and low water rates in far from
ideal conditions with high Delta T values and got acceptable
weed control.
“These chemicals do work with large droplets and high
Delta T values so there is no need to stop spraying during the
day unless it is too windy or there is an inversion layer.”
A code of practice has been developed by Department of
Primary Industries and Regions of South Australia (PIRSA)
for broad-acre summer spraying in SA, so good information
is available, he said.
“Growers need to familiarise themselves with the code,
comply with it, install appropriate nozzles and make sure
they set up and operate their sprayer so it produces the
droplet sizes needed to ensure they stay large enough to
reach the target weeds and don’t drift away.
“The bonus when drift is eliminated is that weed control
increases and overall herbicide use decreases.”
Weed growth stage is also an important factor.
“Spraying weeds when they are small allows farmers to
pick the best conditions and get effective control. Waiting
until weeds are large, and likely to be stressed, often results
in rash decisions to spray in inappropriate conditions.”
Sensor technology, such as that used by Weed Seeker or
Weedit, which enables sprayers to locate and target weeds
instead of blanket spraying, has the potential to significantly
reduce the amount of chemical used, with weeds on less
than 20% of the total area of some paddocks.
This reduction in chemical use lowers herbicide
cost for producers and reduces the load of herbicide in
the atmosphere.
However, because higher levels of fine, driftable droplets
are generated each time a nozzle shuts off, it is still best
to use this technology during the day in the absence of
inversion conditions, Mr Faulkner said.
Nozzle technology is also an issue.
“The ideal nozzle produces most droplets in the stated
size range across a range of pressures but many produce
significant ‘tails’ of fine droplets, even under relatively low
operating pressures, and most generate smaller droplets at
higher pressures.
“For spring and summer spraying growers should use a
nozzle that produces very coarse or extra coarse droplets
across the full range of operating pressures.”
The code of practice was developed by PIRSA in conjunction
with the SA Mid North Spray Drift Committee. For a copy of
the code or more information phone Biosecurity SA on 08 8226
0528 or email chemicaltrespass@sa.gov.au.
December 2012
21
spray drift
Spraying at the right ground speed can reduce
drift and improve spray accuracy.
words/ Graeme Jennings
That ‘right’ speed will vary with the
boom set up and target, but will usually
be less than 20 km/h, said spray
technology consultant Bill Gordon.
“High travel speeds increase the
amount of chemical left in the air
as the spray is applied, even when
spraying with coarser droplets,”
Bill said.
“In some circumstances, deposition
on larger targets can be improved by
using twin nozzles or nozzles angled
back from the boom.
“This helps neutralise some of
the forward motion of the boom,
so droplets are more likely to go
downwards toward the target.”
The drift risks posed by spraying
at high ground speeds have been
highlighted by recent research
in Canada that shows the risk of
spray drift is affected by a range of
factors including boom height, spray
22
quality, wind speed and particularly
operating speed.
These findings, by Tom Wolf, a
research scientist with Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, suggest growers
and spray operators should slow down
in windy conditions, Mr Gordon said.
Dr Wolf found that a boom operating
at 23 km/h and 90 cm above ground
level generated more ‘initial airborne’
drift five metres from the boom edge
and greater ‘downwind deposit’ than
the same boom operated at 13 km/h
and 60 cm above the ground.
Coarse sprays were needed to
reduce drift levels from the high, fast
configuration back down to those
from the low-boom configuration – a
finding that reinforces the Australian
requirements to use larger droplet
sizes for many herbicides.
Only about 25% of the spray that
became airborne drift returned to
the ground, which implied that in
inversion conditions about 75% of the
drift generated has the potential to be
carried off-target onto other crops,
native vegetation or waterways.
According to Dr Wolf, spray drift
increases linearly with wind speed for
any given combination of spray quality,
ground speed and boom height.
For example, an 8001 tip applying
50 L/ha will lose about 3% drift at a 10
km/h wind speed, 7% at 20 km/h and
11% at 30 km/h, he said.
Mr Gordon, the GRDC’s spray
consultant, advocates that growers and
spray operators limit operating speeds
to no more than 16 or 18 kph unless
boom height control is excellent and
their equipment is set up to minimise
the risk of drift, which includes use
of nozzles and pressures to generate
coarse droplets with a low percentage
of small, driftable particles.
spray drift
High travel speeds increase the amount of
chemical left in the air as the spray is applied,
even when spraying with coarser droplets.
December 2012
23
soils
DNA tests
reveal soil
secrets
Cutting-edge DNA technology is finding that carbon is a critical factor
in maintaining healthy soils full of hard working micro-organisms.
words/ Graeme Jennings
Researchers are using DNA profiling to identify groups of
soil organisms on the basis of their function and determine
the main influences on their abundance and activity.
Part of a GRDC Soils Biology Initiative headed up by
Pauline Mele, Associate Professor and Principal Research
Scientist in the BioSciences Research Division of the
Victorian Department of Primary Industries (DPI), the project
will eventually develop a comprehensive health monitoring
program for Australian cropping soils.
The information will help growers manage their soils to
enhance beneficial functions such as disease suppression
and nitrogen fixation, but it is already highlighting
the importance of soil carbon as a major driver of
microbial populations.
There are also indications that pH, ambient temperature
and water levels have a big impact on microbial communities
and activity.
These microbial DNA projects are being undertaken in
Victoria and Western Australia by teams headed by DPI
microbial ecologist Damian Bougoure and University of
Western Australia’s Professor Tony O’Donnell. A joint
Queensland - South Australian team is also exploring the
potential of nematodes as indicators of soil health.
Dr Bougoure said his team uses DNA sequencing
techniques that can screen hundreds of samples at a time,
24
targeting billions of genes.
“We amplify DNA from the soil with probes targeting
signature genes common across broad microbial groups,” he
said. “The more copies of each gene we see the greater the
microbe population.
“We are most interested in what the organisms do, so
we are using metagenomic shotgun sequencing to identify
genes associated with processes like nitrogen cycling,
phosphorous cycling, methane cycling, biodegradation and
carbon breakdown.
“The hard thing for the bioinformatics people in our
team is figuring out how to analyse all the sequence data
we generate.”
Powerful pH
Water, temperature and pH all affect soil microbes, Dr
Bourgoure said.
“We have found that pH is particularly important - get the
pH right and your bugs will be far happier.”
Carbon also has a vital role, with the link between carbon
and nitrogen proving to be significant.
“Carbon is bug food. The more carbon in the soil, the more
bugs you’re going to get and the more functional activity
there will be.
“A lot of people are touting that growers can make
soils
money from carbon in the soil but they don’t really take
into consideration that you’re going to have to use a lot of
nitrogen to break down and store all that carbon.”
Dr Bougoure and his team have recently begun analysing
the billions of DNA sequence results and are finding unique
gene sequences representing microbial groups and potential
functions never previously identified.
“This research is revealing that bugs are involved in
jobs within the soil we didn’t know anything about –
carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling, phosphorous cycling,
bioremediation and production of methane.
“By the end of the project we expect to be able to identify
the potential for nutrient and carbon cycling and storage in
a soil, taking account of the microbial communities present,
the soil type and the management practices used.
“We are also aiming to identify relationships between our
soil biology measures and more standard measures of soil
quality and relate them to improved management techniques
for long-term sustainability.”
Nematode health check
The nematode project, headed by South Australian
Research and Development Institute (SARDI) scientist Kathy
Ophel Keller and Graham Stirling, principal nematologist of
Brisbane-based Biological Crop Protection, is exploring the
potential to use soil nematodes as indicators of soil health.
Initial observations suggest the ‘health’ of most Australian
cropping soils is quite low, with far larger and more stable
nematode populations in non-cropping soils such as those
under permanent pastures.
Katherine Linsell, lead researcher on the project, is
using classic microscopic identification techniques to
explore linkages between groups of nematodes and
crops and management regimes in soils from across
southern Australia.
The SARDI team is also developing DNA tests that will
enable faster identification of nematode groups.
As part of the analytical work Ms Linsell has compared
nematode populations in ‘disease-suppressive’ and nonsuppressive soils and found populations in the suppressive
soils are dominated by fungus-eating nematodes.
‘Suppressive soils’ have the ability to protect crops
from attack by fungus diseases such as those caused
by rhizoctonia.
Soil nematodes feed on plant roots and other soil
organisms, so the composition of the nematode community
reflects the status of the soil food web, which is directly
linked to ‘soil health’, Ms Linsell said.
Nematodes are generally grouped into bacterial feeders,
fungal feeders, omnivores that have several food sources
December 2012
25
soils
Katherine Linsell, lead researcher from
SARDI, is using classic microscopic
identification techniques to explore
linkages between groups of nematodes,
crops and management regimes.
and predators that capture and consume nematodes and
other small animals. Some nematodes are also plant
parasites, a group that includes the three main pests of
cereals in Australia: cyst nematodes, lesion nematodes and
stunt nematodes.
Soil on the web
The Soil Quality web site, soilquality.org.au, is the gateway
to the Soil Biology Initiative for farmers.
The site, developed in WA but now national, is co-ordinated
by University of WA researcher Dr Dan Murphy.
Results from the nematode, soil organism and other
projects will eventually be built into the website, but its main
purpose is to draw together as much soil-related information
as possible from farmer sources.
It is structured so farmers and consultants can feed in soil
test results and compare their soils, based on those results,
with soils in their local district, their state and with similar
soil types Australia-wide.
While it is possible to probe the detail, it seems likely many
visitors to the site will use the innovative ‘traffic light’ bars it
26
features to obtain a one-glance indication of the status of the
soil or group of soils they are interested in.
A test result value that falls into the red zone indicates the
issue needs to be investigated urgently. An amber reading
indicates moderate risk and a value in the green zone
indicates low risk.
The cut-off points for the red, amber and green segments
are based on best available science and vary with the
characteristic, soil type and climate.
In addition to the comparison tools, the site provides
access to a series of computer-based calculators growers
can use to calculate the financial impact of turning a
paddock of crop into green manure or retaining stubble
instead of removing or burning it.
There are also calculators for wheat yield potential,
organic matter biomass, lime comparison and lime benefit
and gross margin, plus a Controlled Traffic Calculator
designed to assess the likely benefits of adopting a
controlled traffic farming system.
Farmers are being asked to contribute to the project
through the Soil Quality website: soilquality.org.au.
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Pros and cons of disc seeding
Growers are increasingly turning to disc seeders as they provide accurate
seed placement in thick residue with little soil disturbance, and are a
good choice for reducing weeds and conserving moisture.
words/ Graeme Jennings
However, disc seeders can be
complex so growers considering an
equipment change for the 2013 season
should consider their individual farm
set-up before they invest.
South Australian No-Till Farmers
Association Research and Development
Manager Greg Butler has some key
tips for growers who want to introduce
a disc seeder to their business.
“There is as much variation within
the disc seeder category, as there is
between a knife point seeder and a disc
28
seeder,” Mr Butler said. “Disc seeders
require a higher level of management
and there are a lot of options, so it
really comes down to fine-tuning to
achieve your individual requirements.”
The first step is to consider factors
which will affect soil penetration, such
as soil type, stubble retention, weed
burden, chemicals used, controlled or
random traffic, and whether livestock
are present.
“Disc size also impacts penetration.
Larger and thicker discs are harder to
penetrate; smaller and thinner discs
will penetrate easier but may suffer
more mechanical wear. With a lot of
discs on the market, it is important to
balance penetration with durability.”
Mr Butler said attempts to
concentrate the weed-seed population
on the soil surface should be frontof-mind for growers considering a
disc seeding system. Soil disturbance
from livestock or tillage can spread
the weed-seed burden through the
soil profile, increasing staggered
disc seeding
The first step is to consider factors which
will affect soil penetration, such as soil
type, stubble retention, weed burden,
chemicals used, controlled or random
traffic, and whether livestock are present.
germination that reduces the ability
of knock-down and pre-emergence
herbicides to control weed populations.
When choosing between a single or
double disc system, growers should
assess soil and crop type.
“Single discs generally penetrate
soils easier than double discs, but
can experience variable sowing depth
through different soil types due to the
changes in flowability of the soil back
over the seed,” Mr Butler said.
“Double discs are harder to
penetrate but allow for more accurate
seed placement because the soil is
held out while the seed is placed in
the furrow.”
Canola and cereals can be sown
shallower than lentils, faba beans or
other deep-sowing species.
Disc seeders can also incorporate
coulters to part the soil and form the
furrow, closing devices to push soil
back over the seed or gauge wheels to
control penetration depth.
Mr Butler says drawbacks of a disc
system include the potential for “hairpinning” if discs are too shallow or
“bull-nosing” if they are too deep.
“Stubble and soil cutting
performance is maximised when the
cutting blade of the disc is at 45o to the
soil surface.”
December 2012
29
Seed quality
Sowing the
good seed
Clean up to maximise crop establishment in 2013
words/ Rebecca Leigh
A good run of harvest weather prior
to 2010 allowed many growers to relax
their seed quality testing practices.
But Viterra senior agronomist Grant
Roberts says that after several years
of poor crop establishment, now is
the time to refocus on-farm efforts to
maintain seed quality through strategic
selection and storage.
“A combination of reduced
germination percentages and poor
vigour coupled with herbicide damage
and non-ideal soil conditions at
time of sowing, can lead to poor
establishment,” Dr Roberts said.
“Over the last two years we have
seen some establishment issues –
particularly in pulse crops – which
can often be traced back to poor crop
topping timing, seed harvest conditions
and on-farm seed storage transfer.”
As growers complete their final
herbicide spray before harvest, it
is a good time to think about which
paddock to use for seeds in 2013.
“Seed selection should not be an
after-thought,” Dr Roberts said.
“Identify the best parts of the best
paddocks where there are less
weeds and high nutrition. Reap these
30
areas first while temperature and
conditions are optimal to reduce seed
contamination and maintain viability.”
Pulses are most susceptible to
damage from sub-optimal conditions,
such as too much moisture or cracking
from over-thrashing, however Dr
Roberts encourages growers to
incorporate the following key steps
across their entire cropping enterprise,
regardless of variety.
Harvest conditions
The relationship between grain
moisture at harvest time and storage
bin temperature is critical, as
figure 1 shows.
Testing
It is important to test seeds before
planting. Growers can self-test on
farm; have it done by their seed grader;
or send samples for professional
testing such as at government Seed
Service Labs offered in each state.
Hygienic storage
Clean silos are critical for seed
quality. Silos should be completely
cleaned and debris should be removed
from the farm system to avoid
contamination. Treatment for grain
storage insect pests will reduce in-silo
damage. Cleaning augers and other
transfer equipment can avoid seed
pickle contamination if going to end
users at harvest but also avoids varietal
purity contamination for the future.
Seed selection
Growers should already be sourcing
new seed for next year. Forward seed
orders should be placed by October at
the latest, so seed companies can plan
their harvest and cleaning schedule.
Viterra has several new varieties being
released for next season [see breakout box]. If growers choose to source
seeds from within their local area, Dr
Roberts said it is important to identify
any weed problems which could impact
seed purity and contaminate paddocks.
Finally, when it comes to selecting
which seeds to keep, Dr Roberts said
the key factors are grain size – keep the
largest and highest quality seeds; and
harvest condition. Low temperature
and low moisture are optimal
conditions for reaping to minimise seed
damage and insects into the future.
Seed quality
Image: Rana Faba Beans
FIGURE 1 - SEED SURVIVAL
100
10% M/C
SEED GERMINATION %
80
60
13% M/C
40
20
12% M/C
14% M/C
0
4
8
12
16
STORAGE TIME - WEEKS
M/C = MOISTURE CONTENT
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
NOTE: This figure shows the seed survival curves
for barley stored at 350C and at a range of moisture
contents. CSIRO stored Grain Research Laboratory.
New releases
PBA Warda Faba Bean: suited to production in NSW
PBA Warda is the third faba bean variety to be
commercialised by Viterra.
PBA Warda has come out of the NSW DPI and Sydney
University Pulse Breeding program. The targeted growing
region is northern NSW and southern Qld, where it will be
marketed as a replacement for Doza faba bean.
Navigator Barley: to be released in NSW, Victoria and SA
Navigator barley is a domestic malting barley type
that is suited to medium to high rainfall growing regions
throughout Australia.
Navigator barley is a highly sought after, high
yielding variety that has a shorter plant height than
Commander barley.
Wombat Oats: released nationally
Wombat milling oats is the second variety to be released
by Viterra, and has come out of the SARDI national oat
breeding program. Wombat is a high yielding variety that has
a short to medium plant height.
These varieties are additional to the recently released
Gauntlet wheat and PBA Rana faba bean.
Gauntlet wheat is an adaptable high yielding variety suited
to NSW. It is a longer season variety and is an alternative
to EGA Gregory, which out-yields other mid-long season
varieties such as Janz, Lang and Sunvale.
LRPB Gauntlet has a final AH classification in NSW. It is
suited to main season planting windows, with mid to late
season maturity.
PBA Rana faba bean represents a new grain quality
category for faba bean production in Australia. Its seed is
larger than current faba bean varieties, and is considered to
be of high quality by the major Egyptian market.
PBA Rana is suited to high rainfall areas and has an
excellent disease package allowing producers to reduce
spray applications.
December 2012
31
Business Management
Is bigger better?
Thinking about expanding your farm?
Grain Business examines the options.
words/ Rebecca Leigh
Australian agriculture has undergone a structural change
in recent years – the number of farming families has steadily
decreased and broadacre farms are becoming larger, more
capital-intensive enterprises.
Purchasing land is often seen as the only way to grow an
enterprise and increase profits, but according to agricultural
consultant John Francis of Holmes Sackett, there are other
options for expanding your farm business.
“There are many reasons why farm businesses look to
expand, such as to create wealth, boost profitability, for
succession planning or to increase labour and machinery
efficiency,” Mr Francis said.
“A decision to increase scale is an investment decision,
so like any investment decision it should show the return
on investment, consider the risks and compare options,” Mr
Francis said. “And there are many other options available to
improve farm profits from existing land.”
Options for farm expansion can be separated into
two categories:
• Expansion by increasing the area under management
such as purchasing, leasing or sharefarming.
• Expansion by increasing the amount of production
from the existing area, to get ‘better not bigger’.
“Scale is only part of the path to improved profitability,
and the major focus should still be on productivity,” Mr
Francis said.
“Matching the overhead cost structure to the scale of
the business and generating optimum production is the
key to remaining profitable. There may be opportunities
in your existing business which will provide better returns
than expansion, such as improving the efficiency of labour
and machinery.”
There may even be ways of expanding production on the
existing area at no cost. For example, improving the timing
of management events such as sowing or spraying in a
cropping program costs nothing but can lead to significant
production and associated profit gains.
32
The power of people
Labour accounts for more than 50% of a farm’s overhead
expenses, so any gains in labour efficiency will lower the cost
of production.
Holmes Sackett assesses farm labour efficiency on the
basis that one labour unit is 240 days per year for eight
hours per day. A labour unit consists of all labour utilised
on farm including family, contractors, salary earners or
casual employees.
The benchmark for labour efficiency in southern
Australian cropping enterprises is 1500 hectares per
labour unit.
If existing labour units are not matched to this benchmark,
there are options to optimise labour use:
• Maintain your business model but spend only the portion
of time necessary to manage the business efficiently; e.g.
use half a labour unit to manage 750 hectares of crop.
• Farm the existing area and use surplus labour units by
working off farm or using machinery for contracting.
• Expand land area so labour supply matches
labour capacity, to spread overheads across
a greater production potential.
If expansion is necessary for succession planning,
Holmes Sackett suggests that an additional family labour
unit earning a living from a farm business should generate
another $350,000 in gross profit. If 35% of this is retained as
net profit at a target return of 6%, then another $2 million in
asset value is required to sustain the labour unit.
Is your machinery working for you?
The rationale behind optimising labour efficiency also
applies to machinery, especially in cropping intensive
businesses where depreciation is a significant overhead.
“Spreading the machinery plant over the maximum
number of hectares keeps the cost of machinery low,” Mr
Francis said. “Where there is spare or latent machinery
capacity expansion allows for an increase in profit by
Business Management
Before you expand
•Understand farm performance
•Know your risk profile
•Understand the financing limits
•Compare with other
opportunities
•Remember, being small isn’t a
constraint to being profitable
•Get better before you get bigger
Contact
John Francis
Holmes Sackett
02 6931 7110
john@holmessackett.com.au
holmessackett.com.au
spreading machinery overheads over more hectares.”
Purchasing additional plant or upgrading to wider
machinery may be necessary when expanding and this will
add to the additional capital invested and the overhead costs
on each additional hectare.
Leasing and sharefarming do not provide the capital
growth opportunities delivered by purchasing, but may offer
other opportunities such as optimising labour and machinery
efficiencies. These are useful expansion strategies where
there is insufficient capital to purchase.
Increase capital growth
Where to from here?
Farm owners who decide to expand by purchasing land
have the opportunity to create additional wealth via capital
growth. History shows capital growth in agricultural land
has been reliable over the long term, but there are barriers
to purchasing because it is very capital intensive and
operational returns may be inadequate to cover a completely
debt funded land purchase.
“Business managers looking at this approach to expansion
must have additional funds in reserve to support the afterinterest operating losses of the farm,” Mr Francis advised.
“The time for expansion depends on your motivation for
expansion, the proposed expansion method, and your ability
to fund the expansion,” Mr Francis said. “If there is no
ability to fund the expansion, regardless of the method or
motivation, then there is no appropriate time to expand.”
There are risks in undertaking farm expansion as losses
can be incurred as a result of poor seasons, or low rates of
capital growth, so it is prudent to develop an exit strategy. A
farm financial advisor can provide a cost-benefit analysis of
farm expansion opportunities.
December 2012
33
Careers
Professional
agriculturalists
While fewer people want to farm, there have never
been more jobs in agriculture in Australia.
words/ Olivia Fuller
For Edwina Cornish, living a double life of an “in-theblood” farmer and an urban research scientist, is a way of
balancing her intellectual and professional skills with her
spiritual need to connect with the land.
This talented scientist, who oversaw the genetic
engineering of the world’s first blue carnation in the 1990s,
now wears a suit rather than a white lab coat to work every
day, and manages the multi-million dollar research portfolio
of Monash University.
Yet she feels just as comfortable in Blundstones and jeans
on her family’s property, Wando Bridge near Casterton in
Victoria’s Western Districts.
Professor Cornish is worried that more and more young
people are struggling to see agriculture as a viable career.
Her concerns are supported by declining enrolments and
reduced course offerings in key agricultural courses around
Australia - and a lack of people to fill agricultural positions.
In fact a recent media report from South Australia’s
University of Adelaide, suggested that for every one of its
agricultural science students who graduate this year, there
will be five jobs for them to choose from.
“We have to face the reality that there will be fewer
people farming in the future,” Prof Cornish said. “Farms
are becoming larger, family farms are becoming fewer and
fewer. Plus there is a general ageing of the workforce and
younger people don’t want to do the hard work.
“Yet agriculture is an essential industry for Australia
- there will continue to be a need for the profession of
agriculture, as world food security grows in importance.
“We must tell young people that there can be rewarding,
satisfying careers in agriculture.”
Prof Cornish grew up understanding from her mother
Cecily, what a yearning for the land means.
While she was born and raised in suburban Melbourne
34
where her father was an industrial chemist, Prof Cornish’s
weekends and school holidays were spent at Wando Bridge,
satisfying her Mum’s need to maintain the family farm she
grew up on.
“Mum had a very traditional trajectory for a woman of
her era.” Prof Cornish said. “She got married and had kids
and that’s how she devoted her time. But she was always
absolutely driven by her passion for our farm.
“She didn’t pursue any tertiary qualifications in agriculture
but was always very interested in genetic improvements of
her stock, in pasture systems and productivity, even while
she was a suburban mum in Melbourne.”
Even though Prof Cornish had been brought up to love the
land, it was her mother’s interest in breeding and genetics
which would become her career rather than driving tractors.
She enrolled at the University of Melbourne in a Bachelor
of Science degree, graduating with honours in Biochemistry
before moving on to a doctorate in Microbiology.
Then she found herself drawn towards the practical
application of this pure research and in 1988 left academia
to join one of Australia’s first biotechnology companies,
Florigene Limited.
Over the next 11 years she played a key role in building it
into a global corporation, recognised internationally for its
pioneering work manipulating genes to create novel flower
colours for the ultra competitive cut-flower market – most
famously that blue carnation.
She eventually became managing director – making the
shift from research to management – and went on to help
Florigene market its products to the world, securing funding
and managing an enterprise that contracted growers across
the world.
When the company was eventually sold, Prof Cornish
decided it was time for a change of direction, re-entering the
Careers
Edwina and Cecily Cornish at Wando Bridge
academic world as Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research at
The University of Adelaide.
“God knows why I answered the ad. I didn’t even really
know what a deputy vice chancellor of research was,”
she jokes.
“But it was here that I started to understand the problems
of agricultural science as a career for young people.”
She learned about the wheat breeding program at
the internationally famous Waite Research Institute, the
importance of long term variety selection supported by
the Grains Research and Development Corporation and
was also appointed to the board of CIMMYT (International
Maize and Wheat Research Centre) in Mexico, which aims to
provide new wheat and maize varieties for the poor and the
developing world.
“This gave me a fabulous overview of the research which
underpins the improvement of cereal crops worldwide,”
she said. “I quickly came to understand the important role
Australia plays in food security.”
Despite this, Prof Cornish also became aware that demand
for agricultural courses was poor.
“Part of the issue is that there is a perception amongst
students and parents that the high paying jobs are in
medicine, law, accounting, finance, and engineering,”
she said.
“The agriculture industry doesn’t have a high enough
profile in schools as a professional degree.
“Yet the starting salary for students who do agricultural
science is relatively high and the pool of jobs is enormous.”
Prof Cornish says that because farms are getting bigger
and are using more machinery and less labour, there will
inevitably be fewer young people enrolling at practical
agricultural colleges. There are also more specialist
education providers entering the market to deliver on-thejob training for practical farm skills.
“But the real need is not for practical farmers but the
professionals who support them – in agronomy, finance,
business planning and of course productivity research.
“Australian farmers are not subsidised in the same way
that our competitors are.
“Australian agriculture has always prided itself on its very
high level of productivity and we have achieved that through
the adoption of new technologies that decrease costs and
new varieties that increase yields.
“But agriculture is a more exacting science than it was 50
years ago. There is a critical need for high quality education
and that has to be underpinned by world-class research that
helps the industry to become increasingly productive in a
changing environment.
“I think that is a fantastic opportunity for young people
who love the land and who want to make an important
contribution to the future of farming.”
After four years in Adelaide, Prof Cornish was appointed
to her current role as Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research
at Monash in 2004. With 15,000 staff and 62,000 students,
Monash has an extensive program embracing 150 fields
of study and 100 research centres, as well as campuses in
Malaysia and South Africa, a research and teaching centre in
Italy and a graduate research school in India.
But the farm will never be far away.
“When I retire I will return to Wando Bridge to pick up
the baton with help from my brothers and their children,”
she said.
“While I’m alive the farm will definitely stay in our family.
We recognise that it’s increasingly difficult to support
multiple families off a small enterprise like ours, but we
have agreed to keep it as a family farm.
“I hope the next generation will continue the tradition.”
Prof Cornish and her mother Cecily are profiled in Liz
Harfull’s book: Women of the Land.
December 2012
35
Wheat and oats varietiesfor2013
Gauntlet
Wheat
• Anadaptablehighyieldingvariety
• Mid-longseasonvarietyandisanalternativetoEGAGregory
• Suitedtomainseasonplantingwindows
• Goodearlyvigourwithmediumlengthcoleoptiles
• Hasshorttomediumplantheightatmaturity
• Largegrainsize
Bolac
Wombat
Yallara
Wheat
• BolachasbeenthehighestyieldingAHwheatvarietyinNVTlongseason
trialsfor2000–2008
• Suitedtohighrainfallenvironments
• RatedAPHinsouthernNSWandAHinVictoriaandSouthAustralia
• ExcellentresistancetostriperustwiththeYR4geneandhasacceptable
levelsofresistancetostemandleafrusts
• Bolachasproventobeareliablemillingwheatwithexcellentstrawstrength
• Suitableformildlyacidictoalkalinesoils
Oats
• Newmillingqualitydwarfoatvariety
• Firstdwarfvarietytocombinecerealcystnematoderesistance
andtolerancewithstemnematodetolerance
• Excellentgroatpercent
• MidseasonmaturitysimilartoPossumandEchidna
• Improvedvarietywithresistancetobarleyyellow
dwarfvirus(BYDV)andbacterialblightresistance
• UncleTobysapprovedvariety
Oats
• Premiummillinggrainqualityoat
• Suitedtogrowinginlow-medium/highrainfallzones
• Resistancetostemandleafrust
• UncleTobysapprovedvariety
www.viterra.com.au
ContactJasonScott-NationalWholesaleSeedsManageron0458009804
ortheViterraServiceCentreon1800018205
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Special Grain Business Supplement
SARDI
SOWINGguide2013
Grain Business Special Supplement
The SA Crop Variety Sowing Guide
has been compiled by Officers with
the South Australian Research
and Development Institute. It is
proudly sponsored by the South
Australian Grain Industry Trust in
association with the Grains Research
and Development Corporation and
Primary Industry and Resources SA.
The SARDI Sustainable Systems
Division Officers acknowledge the
sponsorship of this guide by the
SA Grain Industry Trust (SAGIT)
and the Grains Research and
Development Corporation (GRDC).
The contributions of New Variety
Agronomy and Oat Breeding research
and Rural Solutions staff in SA, as
as well as collaborative research
staff in Victoria in producing
results published in this edition is
also acknowledged.
The use of National Variety Trial
(NVT) results and the analysis of
individual and long term trial results
by officers within the National
Statistics Program is also most
appreciated. Farmer cooperators are
also to be thanked for the use of their
land for the trials which have resulted
in the data and information contained
in this edition of the SA Sowing Guide.
CONTENTS
38
Plant Breeder’s Rights
44
Wheat
50
Barley
55Lupins
57
Vetch
59
Chickpea
62
Herbicide tolerance
68
Canola
74
Oats
79Lentil
83
Pea
88
Triticale
Important notice: Although Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and staff of SARDI’s Crop Improvement Group have
taken all reasonable care in preparing fact sheets in this special section of Grain Business, neither PIRSA, SARDI, Viterra, nor their officers,
staff or servants involved in the editing and production of this magazine warrant the accuracy of the information contained in Grain Business
Magazine or accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained
in this document is subject to change without notice.
DECEMBER 2012
37
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Plant Breeder’s RightsA information
and variety update for 2013
By Rob Wheeler
and Peter McCormack, SARDI
inspection report and the seed analysis
certificate to make sure you are buying
the best available seed.
• When purchasing seed of a PBR
Cultivar you should purchase it in the
name or names of the entity or entities
in which you intend to deliver. You
should retain invoices to prove that
you have entitlement to that seed and
the crop produced.
• If farmers are unsure, they should
seek information from the owner,
commercial partner/licensee or the
selling agent (seed merchant).
This article explains some
of the origins, benefits and
restrictions associated with
PBR.
Key Points
• Most new varieties are protected by
PBR and growers need to be aware of
the implications.
• Seed of varieties with PBR protection
can only be bought from the owner,
commercial pa APDR1rtner/
licensee or an agent (seed merchant)
authorised by the owner.
• Once purchased, growers can
maintain seed of a variety
with PBR protection
to satisfy their seed
requirements for the
following season.
• Farmers can sell the
Plant Breeder’s Rights
products of a protected
PBR was introduced to
variety for commercial use
stimulate private investment in
as feed or food (e.g. deliver
plant breeding by conferring
to Viterra, AWB, flourmill or
Rob Wheeler
ownership rights to varieties
sell as animal feed) unless
and thereby the potential to market those
bound by a ‘closed loop’ contract.
rights as part of a commercialisation
• Farmers cannot sell, trade or give
process.
away the variety for seed without
The Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994
authorization of the owner.
as amended act no:148 2002 gives an
• Farmer to farmer trading of seed
owner of PBR the exclusive right to sell,
without authorisation of the owner will
produce or reproduce, import, export,
make them liable to prosecution.
stock or condition the seed of a variety
• Commercial marketing arrangements
protected by PBR (or license another
between the owners and the
person or organisation to undertake
licensee can vary between crops and
these activities).
varieties, and farmers must be aware
The rights are similar to patents or
of the conditions of the marketing
copyright, (these record ownership of the
arrangements.
genetic material) and are administered
• Before you take delivery of certified
under the Act.
seed of a new variety, you are
PBR protection can last up to 20 years
encouraged to request a copy of
for broadacre crops.
the paddock inspection report and
PBR guarantee ownership of a variety
the certificate of analysis report.
but do not specify how the variety should
It is important that you read the
be commercialised or whether or where
information contained in the
4 > SARDI Sowing Guide
38
2013
royalties should be charged.
In the absence of a contract stating
otherwise, farmers can sell the harvest
of a protected variety for direct
consumption as food or feed (for
example, deliver it for animal feed or to
a flour mill) but they are not permitted to
sell, trade or give away the variety for seed
without the authorisation of the owners
or licensee.
Royalties
• The concept generally referred to as
‘end point royalty’ collection gives the
licensee the right to collect royalties
on harvested grain.
• Increasingly more varieties being
grown by farmers use the ‘end point
royalty’ method of royalty collection.
• Farmers should carefully read
any documentation provided to be
fully aware of the conditions when
purchasing seed of a variety. While
the restrictions in the use of seed
under the PBR Act are clearly defined,
other contractual arrangements may
have been imposed by the licensee
following agreement by the owners.
For example, some contracts specify
that the harvested grain must be
delivered to certain collection
agencies; these are commonly called
‘closed loop’ marketing arrangements
or that EPR’s are on total grain
production of the variety excluding
seed saved for the following years
production, ‘farmer saved seed’.
• In some instances growers are
permitted to trade “farmer to farmer”
subject to a three party agreement
involving the farmers and the licensee.
This currently applies to Axe, Correll,
Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Mace and
Scout wheats.
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
WHEAT
Variety
Owner
AGT Katana
AGT Scythe
Axe
Barham
Bolac
Caparoi
Chara
Clearfield JNZ
Corack
Correll
Derrimut
Emu Rock
Espada
Estoc
GBA Ruby
Gladius
Grenade CL Plus
Hyperno
Justica CL Plus
Kalka
Kord CL Plus
Kukri
Longreach Catalina
Longreach Cobra
Longreach Guardian
Longreach Impala
Longreach Lincoln
Longreach Phantom
Longreach Scout
Mace
Magenta
Peake
Preston
Pugsley
Saintly
Shield
Tamaroi
AGT
AGT
AGT
AVS
AVS
NSW DPI
AVS
Intergrain
AGT
AGT
Nugrain/AGT
Intergrain
AGT
AGT
GBA
AGT
AGT
AGT
AGT
Uni of Adelaide
AGT
Uni of Adelaide
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
Longreach PB
AGT
Intergrain
Nugrain
HRZ Wheats
AGT
AGT
AGT
NSW Ag
Year of
registration
2009
2004
2007
2007
2006
2008
1999
2011
2006
2006
2011
2008
2010
2003
2006
2012
2009
2011
2003
2011
1999
2006
2011
2006
2011
2006
2012
2007
2007
2007
2007
2009
2002
2009
2012
1997
Commercial partner/
licensee
AGT
AGT
AGT #
Viterra
Viterra
SeedNet
SeedNet
Free to trade
AGT #
AGT #
Seedcell.
Intergrain
AGT #
AGT#
Heritage seeds
AGT #
AGT
AGT/DGA
AGT
Durum Growers Assoc
AGT
SeedNet
SeedNet
Pacific Seeds
SeedNet
Pacific Seeds
Pacific Seeds
Pacific Seeds
Pacific Seeds#
AGT
Intergrain
Seedcell
SeedNet
PlantTech/Viterra/AGT
AGT/DGA
AGT
Durum Growers Assoc
Royalty Type
($/tonne ex.GST)
EPR $3.00
EPR $1.50
EPR $2.50
EPR $2.00
EPR $2.10
EPR $2.60
EPR $1.00
EPR $1.12
EPR $3.00
EPR $2.00
EPR $2.95
EPR $3.50
EPR $2.50
EPR $3.00
EPR $3.00
EPR $2.50
EPR $3.80
EPR $3.00
EPR $3.55
EPR $1.50
EPR $3.55
EPR $1.00
EPR $2.50
EPR $3.50
EPR $2.50
EPR $3.50
EPR $2.50
EPR $3.80
EPR $2.80
EPR $3.00
EPR $3.00
EPR $2.95
EPR $3.50
EPR $1.50
EPR $3.00
EPR S3.25
Seed
Maximum
quality in SA
AH
APW
AH
Soft
AH
APDR1
AH
AH
APW (2013)
AH
AH
AH
APW
APW
ASW
AH
AH
APDR1
APW
APDR1
AH (2013)
AH
AH
APW
APW
ASFT
AH
AH
APW
AH
ASW
AH
APW (prelim.)
APW
APDR1
AH
APDR1
Comments
Tested as RAC1423
Tested as RAC1055
Tested as RAC1192
Tested as VO2697R
Tested as VQ2621
Tested as TD60F
Tested as VI341
Tested as VW2316
Tested as WI23322
Tested as NGSP005
Tested as IGW3167
Tested as RAC1263
Tested as RAC1412
Tested as GB 99-099
Tested as RAC1262
Tested as RAC1689R
Tested as WID22209
Tested as RAC1683
Tested as RAC 1669R
Tested as RAC820
Tested as LRPB0268
Tested as LPB07-0956
Tested as LRPB0617
Tested as C51021
Tested as LRPB0545
Tested as LPB06-1040
Tested as LPB05-1164
Tested as RAC 1372
Tested as WAWHT2726
Tested as NGSP006
Tested as WI 99069
Tested as WID22279
Tested as RAC1718
‘Over the fence’ trading
permitted
Tjilkuri
Uni of Adelaide
2010
Durum Growers Assoc
Seed
APDR1
Tested as WID801
Mackellar
CSIRO
2001
SeedNet
EPR $1.00
AWW/FEED
*See note below
Wyalkatchem
Intergrain
2001
Heritage seeds
EPR $1.92
APW
Tested as WAWHT2212
Yawa
Uni of Adelaide
2012
Durum Growers Assoc
Seed
APDR1
Tested as WID803
Yitpi
Uni of Adelaide
1999
SeedNet
EPR $1.00
AH
Tested as WI96080
All the varieties (with the exception of Tamaroi) listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded
over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.
·
These varieties may have ‘End Point’ (EP) royalty or ‘grazing fee’ depending on the ‘end use’ of the crop.
Growers purchasing seed of any of these varieties should seek information from the agent (seed merchant), or licensee regarding the type of royalty payment to be made.
·
# Farmer to Farmer trading of Axe, Espada, Estoc, Gladius, Correll, Corack, Mace and Scout is allowed subject to an agreement with the licensee where the original seed
was purchased through a recognized retailer.
LuPInS
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial partner/
licensee
Coromup
WA
2006
Coorow Seeds
Jenabillup
WA
2007
Viterra
Jindalee
NSW
2000
SeedNet
Mandelup
WA
2005
Viterra
PBA Gunyidi
WA
2011
SeedNet
Wonga
NSW
1995
Heritage Seeds
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or
authorisation of the owners or licensee.
Royalty (ex. GST)
Comments
EPR $1.67
Tested as WALAN2173M
EPR $2.40
Tested as WALAN2224
EPR $1.38
Tested as WL318
EPR $2.30
EPR $2.75
Tested as WALAN2289
Seed
given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 5
39
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
BARLEY
Variety
Owner
Year of
Commercial partner/
Royalty Type
Maximum quality Comments
registration
licensee
($/tonne ex.GST)
in SA
Bass
Intergrain
2011
Intergrain
EPR $3.50
Malting
Tested as WABAR2315
Baudin
DAFWA
2002
SeedNet
EPR $3.00
Malting
Tested as WABAR2080
Buloke
AVS
2005
SeedNet
EPR $2.00
Malting
Tested as VB0105
Commander
UofA
2008
Viterra
EPR $3.80
Malting
Tested as WI3416
Dhow
UofA
2002
Viterra/Heritage seeds
EPR $1.70
Malting
Tested as WI3102
Fathom
UofA
2011
Feed
Flagship
UofA
2005
Viterra/Heritage seeds
EPR $1.80
Malting
Tested as WI3408
Flinders
Intergrain
2012
Intergrain
Pending classif
Tested as WABAR2537
Fleet
UofA
2006
Viterra
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as WI3804
Henley
Nickersons
2010
Heritage seeds
Pending classif.
Hindmarsh
AVS
2006
SeedNet
EPR $1.50
Food
Tested as VB0324
Lockyer
DAFWA
2007
COGGO Seeds
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as WABAR2288
Navigator
UofA
2011
Malt
Tested as WI 4262
Oxford
Nickersons
2009
Heritage seeds
EPR $2.50
Feed
Roe
DAFWA
2007
COGGO Seeds
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as WABAR2310
Scope
AVS
2009
SeedNet
EPR $2.70
Pending classif
Tested as VB0805
Sloop SA
UofA
2002
Viterra/Heritage seeds
EPR $1.70
Malting
Tested as WI3167
Sloop Vic
AVS
2002
Viterra/Heritage seeds
EPR $1.70
Malting
Tested as VB9953
Torrens
UofA
2001
Viterra
No royalty
Feed
Tested as WI3107
Capstan
UofA
2002
Viterra
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as WI3385
Maritime
UofA
2002
Viterra
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as WI3297
Vlamingh
DAFWA
2005
Viterra
EPR $3.50
Malting
Tested as WABAR2175
Wimmera
UofA
2011
Pending classif
Tested as VB0432
Westminster
Nickersons
2010
Grainsearrch
EPR $3.00
Pending classif.
Tested as GS 5033
Yarra
AVS
2004
Viterra
EPR $1.50
Feed
Tested as VB0021
Most of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the
authorisation of the owners or licensee.
Some malting quality varieties attract a lower EPR when grain is sold as feed quality. These included Baudin (EPR $1.00 - feed), Flagship (EPR $1.50 – feed), Scope ( EPR
$3.50 if upgraded to malting), Vlamingh (EPR $1.50 – feed)A number of new varieties released in 2011 have been listed but appointment of licensee, EPR and classification
are pending. These include, Fathom, Navigator, Skipper, Wimmera.
OATS
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial partner/licensee
Royalty (ex. GST)
Quality
Brusher
SA
2002
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00*
Hay
Forester
SA
2011
AGF Seeds
Seed
Hay
Kangaroo
SA
2003
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00*
Hay
Mitika
SA
2004
Heritage seeds
EPR $2.00
Milling/Feed
Mulgara
SA
2009
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00*
Hay
Possum
SA
2002
SeedNet
EPR $1.70
Milling/Feed
Tammar
SA
2010
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00
Hay
Tungoo
SA
2008
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00*
Hay
Wintaroo
SA
2001
AEXCO Pty Ltd
EPR $1.00*
Hay
Wombat
SA
2011
Viterra
EPR $2.00
Milling/Feed
Yallara
SA
2008
Viterra
EPR $2.00
Milling/Feed
All the varieties listed above are covered by PBR and therefore the seed cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation
of the owners or licensee.
*Notes on hay varieties
Growers wanting to purchase seed of Mulgara, Tammar, Tungoo, Wintaroo, Brusher and Kangaroo need
to contact one of the AEXCO Export Hay Processors. Growers will be asked to declare ‘end use’ (ie export hay or on farm feed) at the point of sale so as to determine the
royalty type. Hay sold through an AEXCO export hay processor will incur an ‘end point’ royalty while hay for ‘domestic sale’ or ‘on farm use’ will incur a seed royalty.This
endpoint royalty will increase to $2.00 from October 2013.
6 > SARDI Sowing Guide
40
2013
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
CAnOLA
Variety
Year of registration
Commercial partner/licensee
Royalty
CB TM Tanami
2007
Canola Breeders
EPR $5.00
CB TM Telfer
2010
Canola Breeders
EPR $5.00
CB TM Scadden
2010
Canola Breeders
EPR $5.00
CB Henty HT
2013
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Jardee HT
2010
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Mallee HT
2010
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Tango C
2013
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Tumby HT
2010
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Agamax
2011
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Taurus
2011
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
CB Junee HT
2011
Canola Breeders
Seed (hybrid)
Victory V3001
2009
Cargill
Seed (hybrid)(closed loop with premium)
Victory V3002
2012
Cargill
Seed (hybrid) )(closed loop with premium)
Victory V3003
2012
Cargill
Seed (hybrid) )(closed loop with premium)
ATR Cobbler
2008
Nuseed
Seed
ATR Snapper
2011
Nuseed
Seed
ATR Stingray
2011
Nuseed
Seed
ATR Gem
2012
Nuseed
Seed
AV Garnet
2007
Nuseed
Seed
Monola 76TT
2008
Nuseed Crop Network
Seed
Monola 77TT
2008
Nuseed Crop Network
Seed
Monola 506TT
2012
Nuseed Crop Network
Seed (closed loop with premium)
Monola 605TT
2012
Nuseed Crop Network
Seed)(closed loop with premium)
Monola 707TT
2012
Nuseed Crop Network
Seed)(closed loop with premium)
Hyola 433
2010
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 751TT
2010
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 50
2007
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
CrusherTT
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Thumper TT
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Fighter TT
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Jackpot TT
2012
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Bonanza TT
2012
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Hurricane TT
2007
Pacific Seeds
Seed
Hyola 444 TT
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 555 TT
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 559 TT
2013
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 656TT
2013
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 575CL
2011
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 474CL
2012
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 930
2013
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Hyola 971CL
2013
Pacific Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
45Y82
2010
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed (hybrid)
44C79
2008
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed
43C80
2009
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed
44Y84
2011
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed (hybrid)
43Y85
2012
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed (hybrid)
46Y83
2011
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed (hybrid)
45Y86
2013
Pioneer Hi-Bred Australia
Seed (hybrid)
Archer
2013
Heritage Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Carbine
2013
Heritage Seeds
Seed (hybrid)
Oasis CL (Juncea)
2007
Viterra
EPR $5.00
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the
authorisation of the owners or licensee.This is NOT a complete list of PBR’s Canola varieties but a selection of recently released varieties. Space prevents us from listing all
varieties.If growers intend sowing seed of varieties other than those listed above they will need to check the PBR status of those varieties.
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 7
41
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Sowing Guide 2013
FIELD PEAS
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial partner/
licensee
Bundi
Vic
2005
Premier Seeds
Kaspa
Vic
2001
SeedNet
Maki
NSW
2008
AGT
Morgan
VIC/NSW
1998
Hart Bros Seed
Parafield
SA
1999
PlantTech Pty Ltd
PBA Gunyah
PBA
2010
SeedNet
PBA Hayman
PBA
2012
SeedNet
PBA Pearl
PBA
2012
SeedNet
PBA Percy
PBA
2011
SeedNet
PBA Oura
PBA
2011
SeedNet
PBA Twilight
PBA
2010
SeedNet
Sturt
Vic
2003
Premier Seeds
SW Celine
introduction
2006
Nuseed.
Yarrum
NSW
2004
AGT
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties, except Parafield, and Bundi and therefore seed of these varieties
over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee. # contact DPI Victoria for seed.
Royalty (ex. GST)
Comments
No EPR
EPR $2.00
EPR $4.00
No PBR –white seed
Blue field pea
‘Forage’ use also
Seed
No PBR
EPR $2.50
‘Kaspa’ seed type
Seed
Forage type
EPR $2.70
White seed
EPR $2.50
Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type
EPR $2.50
Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type
EPR $2.50
‘Kaspa’ seed type
Seed
White seed
EPR $3.00
White seed
EPR $4.00
Non ‘Kaspa’ seed type
cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded
TRITICALE
Variety
Commercial partner/ Royalty (ex. GST)
Comments
licensee
Berkshire
NSW
Waratah Seeds Co.
Bogong
UNE/NSW
Viterra
EPR $2.20
Canobolas
UNE/NSW
2008
Viterra
EPR $2.20
Chopper
SA
2010
AGT
EPR $3.00
Endeavour
NSW
Waratah Seeds Co.
Area based Royalty
Tested as AT528
Fusion
SA
2012
AGT
EPR $3.00
Tested as TSA 291
Hawkeye
SA
2007
AGT
EPR $2.50
Jackie
NSW
2001
Waratah Seeds Co.
Seed
Dual purpose/grazing
Jaywick
SA
2007
AGT
EPR $2.50
Kosciusko
NSW
2003
Wilson Bros.
Seed
Tobruk
NSW
Waratah Seeds Co.
Area based Royalty
Tested as AT574
Tuckerbox
SA
2010
Cooper/Elleway
No PBR or royalty
Speedee
SA
2003
Seed Distributors
No PBR or royalty
Yowie
SA
2010
Cooper/Elleway
Seed
Some of the varieties listed above are PBR varieties and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without
the authorisation of the owners or licensee. Credit, Rufus, Speedee, Tickit, Tahara, Tuckerbox, Treat and Yukuri are no longer covered by PBR and can be traded ‘over the
fence’.
42
8 > SARDI Sowing Guide
State of origin
2013
Year of registration
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Sowing Guide 2013
BEAnS
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial partner/ Royalty
Maximum quality Comments
licensee
Cairo
NSW
2003
Viterra
EPR $3.00
Doza
NSW
2007
Viterra
EPR $3.30
Farah
SA
2003
Heritgae Seeds
EPR $3.00
Fie grade 1
Tested as 483/3
Fiesta VF
SA
1998
Heritage Seeds
No PBR or royalty
Fie grade 1
Nura
SA
2005
SeedNet
EPR $3.00
Fie grade 1
PBA Kareema
SA
2009
PGG Wrightson
EPR $4.00
Broad bean
PBA Rana
SA
2011
Viterra
EPR $3.85
New category
Tested as 974*(611*974)/15-1
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor
can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.
CHICKPEAS
Variety
State of origin
Year of
Commercial partner/ Royalty
Maximum quality
Comments
registration
licensee
(ex GST)
Almaz
CLIMA
2005
SeedNet
EPR $6.50
Kabuli type
Med-large size
Ambar
WA
2012
Heritage Seeds
EPR $ 4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
Genesis™508
Vic
2004
AACT
EPR $5.00
Desi type
‘splitting’ enduse
Gensis™509
Vic
2005
AACT
EPR $5.00
Desi type
‘splitting’ enduse
Genesis™079
Vic
2007
AACT
Kabuli type
Small size 6-7mm
Genesis™090
Vic
2004
AACT
EPR $5.00
Kabuli type
Small size 7-8mm
Genesis™114
Vic
2007
AACT
Kabuli type
Med-large size
Kalkee
Vic
2011
AACT
EPR $5.00
Kabuli type
Large size
Genesis™425
Vic
2007
AACT
EPR $5.00
Kabuli type
Small size 7-8mm
Nafice
CLIMA
2005
SeedNet
EPR $6.50
Kabuli type
Med-large size
Neelam
WA
2012
Heritage Seeds
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
PBA Boundary
PBA
2011
SeedNet
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
PBA HatTrick
PBA
2009
SeedNet
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
PBA Pistol
PBA
2011
SeedNet
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
PBA Slasher
PBA
2009
SeedNet
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
PBA Striker
PBA
2012
SeedNet
EPR $4.00
Desi type
Splitting and direct consumption
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor
can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee
LEnTILS
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial
Royalty
Market restrictions
partner/licensee
(ex. GST)
Aldinga
SA
1994
AFCA
None
None
Boomer
CIPAL
2005
SeedNet
EPR $5.00
Delivery to nominated receivers
Nipper
CIPAL
2005
SeedNet
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
Northfield
SA
1996
AFCA
No royalty
Open marketing to authorised traders
Nugget
CIPAL
1999
Heritage seeds
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Ace
PBA
2012
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Bolt
PBA
2012
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Bounty
PBA
2009
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Flash
PBA
2009
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Herald XT
PBA
2011
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Jumbo
PBA
2010
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
PBA Blitz
PBA
2010
PB Seeds Pty Ltd
EPR $5.00
Open marketing to authorised traders
Tiara
CIPAL
2006
SeedNet
EPR $8.00
Under contract, AWB Seeds
All the varieties listed above, except Aldinga, Northfield and Digger, are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties
cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee
VETCH
Variety
State of origin
Year of registration
Commercial
Royalty
Comments
partner/licensee
Capello
SA
1999
Heritage seeds
Seed
Namoi alternative
Haymaker Plus
SA
1999
Heritage seeds
Seed
High level hard seed
Morava
SA
1999
Heritage seeds
Seed
Forage use
Rasina
SA
2006
Heritage seeds
Seed
Tested as SA34719
All the varieties listed above are PBR varieties or have ‘commercial marketing arrangements’ and therefore seed of these varieties cannot be sold, traded or given away, nor
can it be ‘traded over the fence’ without the authorisation of the owners or licensee.
Explanation of abbreviations
ABB
Barley
Board,Board,
AEXCOAEXCO
= Australian
Exporters Company,
AFCA
= Australian
Field=Crop
Association,
AVS=
AgVic
Services, AWB
= Australian
Wheat Board,
SAGIT
= South Australian
Industry Trust,
ABB==Australian
Australian
Barley
= Australian
Exporters
Company,
AFCA
Australian
Field
Crop
Association,
AVS=
AgVic Services,
AWB
= Australian
WheatGrains
Board,
AGT = Australian Grain Technologies, AAC = Australian Agricultural Commodities, CBWA = Western Australian Canola Breeders, COGGO = Council of Grain Grower Organisations, DAFWA= Dept Agriculture and Food
SAGIT
=
South
Australian
Grains
Industry
Trust,
AGT
=
Australian
Grain
Technologies,
AAC
=
Australian
Agricultural
Commodities,
CBWA
=
Western
Australian
Canola
Breeders,
Western Australia, DGA = Durum Growers Association, EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia, GBA = Grain Biotech Australia, PBA = Pulse Breeding Australia, UofA = University of Adelaide
COGGO = Council of Grain Grower Organisations, DAFWA= Dept Agriculture and Food Western Australia, DGA = Durum Growers Association, EGA = Enterprise Grains Australia,
GBA = Grain Biotech Australia, PBA = Pulse Breeding Australia, UofA = University of Adelaide
DECEMBER 2012 2 0 1 3 SARDI Sowing Guide43
<9
Sowing
Guide
2013
SARDI
sowing
guide
2013
Wheat variety sowing guide 2013
By Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist,
new Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI
T
his sowing guide provides data
and guidance on hard, soft and
durum wheat varieties for sowing
in South Australia in 2013.
Since publication of the 2012 sowing
guide, six varieties, namely Wallup,
G ren a d e CL Plus , L o n g r e a ch C o b r a ,
Longreach Phantom, Shield and Emu
Rock have been commercialised and may
have some application in SA. In previous
years these may not have been listed,
pending evaluation over many seasons,
but since they have disease resistances,
yield and quality combinations important
for the sustainability of SA wheat
production, it has been decided they
should be listed with comments to assist
decision making.
As with all new varieties, extensive
state-wide evaluation within SARDI and
National Variety Trials (NVT) over many
seasons will provide more confidence
in their suitability and any specific
adaptational requirements. Further yield
evaluation is needed for Grenade CL Plus,
Cobra, and Shield, as each have currently
only been evaluated for one year (2011)
within NVT and no yield data is included
within this guide.
Meanwhile further data from 2011
NVT has been gathered to support the
imidazolinone tolerant varieties KordCL
Plus and Justica CL Plus as suitable to be
grown in SA, and hence yield and other
data for them is now included within this
sowing guide.
The older varieties, Clearfield JNZ and
Frame, have been removed from the 2013
sowing guide owing to low production
and outclassed agronomic characteristics
when compared with more recently
released varieties.
Growers should note that a number of
newer varieties listed in this guide are
below acceptable industry standards
for rust resistance but offer other
important or useful attributes. If grown,
these varieties should be accompanied
10 > SARDI Sowing Guide
44
2013
by suitable rust preventative
MR/MS to yellow leaf spot and
strategies. Where varieties do
powdery mildew. CBH Grain
not meet minimum disease
may contract Katana for export
resistance standards for rust, as
with possible premiums above
set by industry, they are listed
AH1 passed to growers. Seed is
with a cautioning note.
available through AGT (Seed
Varieties have been listed
Sharing between farmers is
according to maximum market
allowed with conditions).
receival quality classification
Rob Wheeler
and are listed in alphabetical
Axe A . Axe (RAC1192) is a
order and not in order of preference
vigorous growing, very early flowering,
or recommendation. (See table on the next
AH quality variety. With large grain and
page).
low screenings losses, it has shown high
yield potential in SA under very dry and
Selection criteria
sharp finishing conditions albeit with
Information on the most important
more moderate yields under favourable
selection criteria, grain yield, quality,
spring conditions and is susceptible to
maturity and disease resistance for
sprouting. Axe has good resistance to
each variety can be found in tables 1
all rusts but is susceptible to CCN and
and 2. While the varieties listed below
yellow leaf spot and S-VS to septoria tritici
are considered likely to provide the
blotch. Seed is available through AGT
best return within each quality grade,
(Seed sharing between farmers is allowed
farmers need to consider their individual
with conditions).
farm and paddock situation and make
their selection based on all available
Bolac A . Bolac (VQ2621) is a long
information.
season, milling wheat, eligible for AH
Where possible, the growing of a single
and released by AGT. It is suitable for
variety only should be avoided. Climatic,
mildly acidic to alkaline soils and could
disease and price risks should be spread
be an alternative to feed wheats and later
by growing at least two or more varieties
varieties such as Chara, in the SE of South
with varying maturity, disease resistance
Australia. Bolac has good rust resistance,
and/or quality classification. Average
and is later flowering than Chara, but
protein content for current wheat
earlier than Kellalac. Seed is available
varieties is very similar and rarely varies
through Viterra.
by more than one percent when grown
under identical conditions. Perceived
CorackA. Corack (VW2316) is an early
differences in protein achieving capability
maturing APW (2013 harvest) quality
between varieties should be given only
wheat derived from Wyalkatchem. It has
minor emphasis and protein should be
CCN resistance and good yellow leaf spot
managed through good crop nutrition.
resistance but is moderately susceptible to
leaf and stripe rust and very susceptible
Notes on newer varieties
to powdery mildew. Trials, in SA NVT
during 2010 and 2011 indicates a high
AGT KatanaA. Katana (RAC1423) is an
yield potential, particularly in low to
medium rainfall situations. Corack has
early flowering, premium quality variety
only recently been released in Western
released for specific export markets.
Australia, with seed available through
Derived from Kukri, Katana has good
AGT (Seed sharing between farmers is
physical grain quality, similar to Yitpi, and
allowed with conditions).
yields similar to Wyalkatchem on average.
Katana has modest rust resistance and is
Correll A . Correll (WI23322), has an
moderately susceptible to CCN but rated
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Variety and current
max. grade
Suitability and significant features
HARD
AGT Katana
Low to medium rainfall districts with potential premium returns under contract to Grain
Pool
Axe
Low to medium rainfall districts, particularly areas with sharp dry finish, potential pre
harvest sprouting risk
Bolac
High rainfall districts especially South East region and Kangaroo Island
Catalina
Medium to high rainfall districts
Chara
Medium to high rainfall districts especially South East region but below minimum
standards for stripe rust resistance
Correll
All districts, avoid low test weight situations and wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot
susceptibility. Below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance
Derrimut
Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance
Emu Rock
Low to medium rainfall districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance
Gladius
All districts but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting risk
GrenadeCL Plus
All districts, imidazolinone tolerant
Kord CL Plus
All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but avoid areas with potential pre harvest sprouting
risk
Lincoln
All districts but marginal grain size and potential pre harvest sprouting risk, very
susceptible to crown rot
Mace
All districts but well below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance, wheat on
wheat option
Peake
Medium to high rainfall districts and marginal grain size
Phantom
All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility
Shield
Low to medium rainfall districts
Wallup
Medium to high rainfall districts
Yitpi
All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note well
below minimum standards for stem rust resistance
APW
Cobra
Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe rust
resistance
Corack
Low to medium rainfall districts and note below minimum standards for stripe and leaf
rust resistance
Espada
All districts but avoid areas with a potential pre harvest sprouting risk
Estoc
All districts
Forrest
Medium to high rainfall districts especially the South East region
Guardian
Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance
and marginal grain size
Justica CL Plus
All districts, imidazolinone tolerant but below minimum standards for leaf rust
resistance
Pugsley
Medium to high rainfall districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance
Scout
All districts, avoid wheat stubbles due to yellow leaf spot susceptibility and note below
minimum standards for stripe rust resistance
Wyalkatchem
All districts but below minimum standards for stripe rust resistance and now also more
susceptible to leaf rust
SOFT
Anlace
Soft wheat producing districts, noting that seed must be treated for bunt control
Barham
Soft wheat producing districts and Bowie replacement but below minimum standards
for stripe rust resistance
Impala
Soft wheat producing districts but below minimum standards for leaf rust resistance
DuRuM
Caparoi
All durum districts
Kalka
All durum districts including boron toxic soils although generally outclassed
Hyperno
All durum districts
Saintly
All durum districts and potential for hay production
Tamaroi
All durum districts although generally outclassed
Tjilkuri
All durum districts
Yawa
All durum districts but note marginal grain size
AH classification, is derived from Yitpi
and has a similar disease resistance
profile to Yitpi but improved stem rust
resistance. Correll is generally higher
in grain yield than Yitpi, but averages
around 3 kg/hl lower test weight and is
susceptible to sprouting. Correll is 2 to
5 days earlier flowering than Yitpi, and
considerably more when sown very early.
Seed is available through AGT (Seed
sharing between farmers is allowed with
conditions)
Emu Rock A . Released by Intergrain
and derived from Kukri, Emu Rock
(IGW3167) is a high yielding, AH (WA/
SA/Vic) variety for mid to late sowings
in a broad range of environments
across WA. This early maturing wheat,
is susceptible to CCN but has moderate
resistance to stem and stripe rust and
is MS/S to leaf rust and MS to yellow
spot. Across two seasons NVT in SA, Emu
Rock has shown high yields aligning with
Wyalkatchem.
Espada A . Espada (RAC1263) is a
sister line to Gladius, with high yield
potential. It is agronomically similar to
Gladius and moderately susceptible to
CCN, but features improved leaf rust
resistance. Espada has APW quality and
is susceptible to sprouting like Gladius.
Seed is available through AGT (Seed
Sharing between farmers is allowed with
conditions).
EstocA. Estoc (RAC1412) was released
in late 2010 and is related to Yitpi. It is
a mid to late maturing variety like Yitpi,
moderately resistant to CCN, S/VS to P.
neglectus, with good levels of resistance
to all rusts (MR/MS to Yr), slightly
better yellow leaf spot (S) resistance and
significantly higher grain yields. Estoc
is eligible for APW classification, has
good physical grain quality like Yitpi and
has shown good sprouting tolerance.
Seed is available through AGT (Seed
Sharing is allowed between farmers with
conditions).
ForrestA. Forrest was released by HRZ
wheats in 2011, targeting high rainfall
zones, as an APW (SA) quality wheat.
Forrest has late maturity and plump grain
coupled with triple rust resistance, MR/
MS to yellow leaf spot, MR to black point
and resistance/tolerance to wheat streak
mosaic virus. Forrest is susceptible to
CCN and S/VS to crown rot. Forrest is
commercialised by SeedNet.
Gladius A . Gladius (RAC1262) has an
AH classification and is broadly adapted,
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 11
45
Sowing
Guide
2013
SARDI
sowing
guide
2013
very high yielding, and is well adapted to
low rainfall environments. It has boron
tolerance, and has good resistance to
stem rust, MR-MS to stripe rust and MS to
leaf rust, CCN and yellow leaf spot.
Gladius has midseason maturity
and good grain size like Yitpi albeit
with slightly lower test weight, and is
susceptible to pre harvest sprouting.
Trials indicate Gladius to have a
lower tolerance to Ally® and Hussar®.
Seed is available through AGT (Seed
Sharing is allowed between farmers with
conditions).
GrenadeCL PlusA .Grenade (RAC1689R)
was released in 2012 and is an
imidazolinone herbicide tolerant
(Clear field type) replacement for
JusticaCL Plus.
It is early to mid season flowering with
moderate resistance to CCN, useful
rust resistance (stem rust – MR, stripe
rust (WA-Yr17) – MR/MS and leaf rust
- MS/S) and rated susceptible to yellow
leaf spot.
It has improved test weight and
sprouting tolerance over Justica and an
AH classification with seed available for
2013 from AGT Seeds. Grenade has only
been tested in 2010 NVT.
Justica CL PlusA. Released in early 2011,
Justica CL Plus (RAC1683) carries two genes
for Clearfield resistance and therefore
has improved levels of tolerance to
imidazolinone herbicides over Clearfield
JNZ and Clearfield STL. It is derived
from Gladius and Spear, is slightly later
maturing than Gladius and has similar
levels of disease resistance although it
is now rated MS/S to leaf rust. Justica
CL Plus has an APW classification and has
Table 1: Some agronomic characteristics of selected varieties under SA conditions
Variety
Max.
Flower- Coleoptile Boron
CCn
Sprouting Other features
Quality
ing
length
tol.
resis.
tolerance
AGT Katana
Axe
Barham
Bolac
Catalina
Cobra
Corack
Correll
Derrimut
Emu Rock
Espada
Estoc
Forrest
Gladius
Grenade CL Plus
Guardian
Impala
Kord CL Plus
Justica CL Plus
Lincoln
Mace
Peake
Phantom
Pugsley
Scout
Shield
Wallup
Wyalkatchem
Yitpi
AH
AH
ASFT
AH
AH
APW
APW
AH
AH
AH
APW
APW
APW
AH
AH
APW
ASFT
AH
APW
AH
AH
AH
AH
APW
APW
AH
AH
APW
AH
EM
E
EM
L
EM
EM
EM
M
EM
E
M
ML
ML
EM
EM
EM
EM
EM
M
EM
EM
EM
ML
ML
EM
EM
M
EM
ML
MS
M
-
MI
MI
MI
MI
ML
-
MT
MT
-
MT
MT
M
MT
M
MS
ML
ML
MT
MT
MT
MI
T
MT
MT
T
M
MS
M
I
MI
MT
S
S
MS
S
R
MR/MS
R/MR
MR
R
S
MS
MR
S
MS
MR
R
S
MR
MS
S
MR/MS
R
MR/MS
MS
R/MR
MR
MR
S
MR
MI*
I / VI
I*
I*
MI / I*
I
I / VI*
MI*
I / VI
MI
I / VI
MI
I*
I
I
MI
I / VI*
MI / I
MI*
MI / I
MI / I*
MI
MI / I*
I
MI / I
Strong dough properties like Kukri
Good early vigour, moderate test weight
Bowie plant type
Acid soil tolerance
“Yitpi like” grain size
Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust
Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust
Potential for low test weight
Short stiff straw
plump grain like ‘Kukri”
moderate test weight
Good test weight, susc to P.neglectus
tolerant to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus
moderate test weight, low tolerance of Hussar®
2 gene Imidolazine tolerant
‘Janz like’ grain size and susceptibility to sprouting
some crown rot tolerance, below minimum standards for leaf rust
2 gene Imidolazine tolerant
2 gene Imidolazine tolerant, below minimum standards for leaf rust
‘Janz like’ grain size, susceptible to crown rot
Well below minimum disease standards for stripe rust
‘Janz like’ grain size
potential early growth yellowing
lodging potential
Below minimum disease standards for stripe rust
moderate test weight
Short stiff straw, below minimum disease standards for stripe rust
Well below minimum disease standards for stem rust
Durums
Caparoi
APDR
M
MS
MI / I*
plump and high protein achiever
Hyperno
APDR
M
MS
I*
Some high temperature tolerance
Kalka
APDR
EM
M
MT
MS
MI / I*
Derived from Yallaroi, improved boron tolerance
Saintly
APDR
E
MS
MI / I*
Awnless head
Tamaroi
APDR
M
I
MS
MI / I*
Popular and widely adapted
Tjilkuri
APDR
M
MS
I*
Yawa
APDR
M
MS
potential for small grain size
* indicative rating more data needed
Flowering: E= early; EM= early to mid season; M= midseason; ML= mid to late season; L=late
Coleoptile: L = long; M = moderate; S = short
Boron tolerance: I = intolerant; MI = moderately intolerant; MT = moderately tolerant; T = tolerant
- variety yet to be fully evaluated.
CCN tolerance indicates the ability of the variety to grow and yield in the presence of CCN. Resistance refers to the ability of the variety to reduce CCN carryover.
Information on sprouting tolerance was provided by Prof Daryl Mares, University of Adelaide and disease resistances were provided by Dr Hugh Wallwork, SARDI
12 > SARDI Sowing Guide
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Sowing
Guide
20132013
SARDI
sowing
guide
pre-harvest sprouting tolerance similar to
Yitpi. Evaluated within NVT for the first
time in 2010, across two seasons in SA
NVT, Justica CL Plus has yielded similarly
to Yitpi. Seed is available through AGT.
Kord CL PlusA . Released in early 2011,
Kord CL Plus (RAC1669R) carries two genes
for Clearfield resistance and therefore
has improved levels of tolerance to
imidazolinone herbicides over Clearfield
JNZ and Clearfield STL.
It is derived from Gladius with similar
maturity and susceptibility to pre harvest
sprouting but improved resistance to
CCN being MR. Kord CL Plus is has an AH
classification.(2013 harvest) Evaluated
within NVT for the first time in 2010,
across two seasons in SA NVT, Kord CL
Plus has yielded around 5% below Gladius.
Seed is available through AGT.
Longreach CatalinaA . Catalina
(LPB0268) is an AH quality classification,
CCN resistant wheat suited to medium
to higher rainfall districts across SE
Australia. Catalina is several days earlier
flowering than Yitpi and has acceptable
physical grain quality.
Catalina has good resistance to stem
and leaf rust, moderate susceptibility
to stripe rust and is MS-S to yellow leaf
spot. Widespread SA NVT yield data
since 2006, show yield results slightly
below Yitpi and it has shown sensitivity
to Cadence® at recommended label rate
and timing. Catalina is available through
SeedNet.
Longreach Cobra A . Cobra (LPB070956) was recently released in Western
Australia as an early maturing Westonia
derivative with APW (pending
reclassification Oct 2012) quality
and high yield potential although
further evaluation in SA is required.
While resistant to CCN and MR/MS to
yellow leaf spot, Cobra has moderate
susceptibility to stripe (MS/S) and leaf
rust. Cobra has good grain size but is
moderately susceptible to pre-harvest
sprouting. Seed is licensed to Pacific
Seeds
Longreach LincolnA. Lincoln (LPB030545) was released from Longreach Plant
Breeders and is eligible for AH grade in
SA and is a moderate yielding (similar
or lower than Yitpi), rust resistant variety
with mid season maturity. It has excellent
resistance to all rusts including both WA
and WA+Yr17 stripe rust pathotypes and
MS to yellow leaf spot but does not have
CCN resistance and is very susceptible to
crown rot. Lincoln has grain size similar
to Janz and is susceptible to pre-harvest
sprouting. Seed is licensed to Pacific
Seeds
Longreach PhantomA . Phantom
(LRPB07-1040) is a recently released
mid to late flowering, moderate yielding
milling wheat with an AH classification.
It has resistance to CCN, good resistance
to powdery mildew and useful resistance
to all rusts (stem rust – MR, stripe rust–
MR and MR/MS to leaf rust). Phantom is
rated S/VS to yellow leaf spot. Phantom
has boron tolerance, low screenings and
acceptable test weight. Released from
Longreach PB, seed will be available for
2013 and is licensed to Pacific Seeds.
Longreach ScoutA. Scout (LPB05-1164)
is an APW quality variety with mid season
maturity, derived from Yitpi. It has good
resistance to stem and leaf rust and the
WA stripe rust pathotypes but carries
VPM and is rated MS to the WA+Yr17
pathotype in eastern Australia. Scout is R
to CCN and MR/MS to powdery mildew
but rated S/VS to yellow leaf spot like
Yitpi. Scout has good physical grain
quality and similar sprouting tolerance
to Yitpi but slight more susceptibility to
black point. Seed is licensed to Pacific
Seeds and farmer to farmer trading is
now permitted subject to conditions.
Mace A . Mace (RAC 1372 is derived
from Wyalkatchem, but has an AH
classification taller plant height, is MR/
MS to stem rust, MR to leaf rust and
is rated MR/MS to CCN. Although
Mace has good resistance to the older
WA stripe rust race, it is rated as S/VS
to the WA+ Yr17 stripe rust strain and
if grown, must be carefully monitored
and best avoided in districts prone to
stripe rust unless a fungicide regime is
in place. Mace has been widely tested
since 2009 in NVT in SA and is showing
wide adaptation coupled with high
yield potential with wheat on wheat
application. Seed is available through
AGT (Seed Sharing between farmers is
allowed with conditions).
Magenta A . Magenta was released
from DAFWA in 2007 as a mid season
flowering, milling wheat with an APW
classification in SA. In SA NVT, average
yields have been similar to Yitpi, although
improved on Eyre Peninsula, but while
Magenta has good resistance to stem, leaf
rust and yellow leaf spot, it is MS to stripe
rust and susceptible to CCN. Magenta
has a long coleoptile and seed is licensed
to Nuseed.
PeakeA. Peake (NGSP006) released in
2007, is a medium-short strawed, mid
maturing (5-6 days earlier than Yitpi)
variety and shows most potential in
medium to high rainfall zones. Peake is
MR/MS to stem and stripe rust and R to
leaf rust. Peake is CCN resistant, boron
tolerant and is S to yellow leaf spot. Peake
has AH quality and can produce small
grain under dry spring conditions. Peake
is available through Seedcell.
Shield A . Shield (RAC 1718) is a
recently released, early to mid season
flowering, moderate yielding milling
wheat with AH classification and acid soils
tolerance. Shield has resistance to CCN,
good resistance to all rusts (stem rust –
R/MR, stripe rust (WA-Yr17) – MR
and leaf rust – R) and rated S to yellow
leaf spot. Shield has good black point
resistance (MR/MS), acceptable test
weight and a low sprouting risk (MI).
Seed will be available for 2013 from
AGT Seeds. Shield has only been tested
in 2010 NVT and further evaluation is
needed.
Wallup A . Wallup (VV4978-1) was
released in 2011 for the Victorian
Wimmera and other medium to higher
rainfall regions. Wallup has AH quality
combined with early to mid season
maturity, CCN resistance, moderate
stem, stripe and leaf rust resistance,
and moderate (MS) levels of yellow leaf
spot resistance and good black point
resistance. It has useful resistance to
root lesion nematodes, excellent straw
strength and limited evaluation in
NVT shows a moderate yield potential.
Seed is available through AGT (Seed
Sharing between farmers is allowed with
conditions).
SOFT WHEATS
BarhamA. Barham (VO2697R) is closely
related to Bowie but has CCN resistance,
improved rust resistance albeit MS-S
to the WA + Yr17 strain of stripe rust,
improved grain yield and quality eligible
for the ASFT grade in SA. Barham is a
mid season variety with similar maturity
and plant type to Bowie and produces
large grain with low screenings losses
but low test weights like Bowie and is
moderately susceptible to black point.
Barham was released by AGT and
available through Viterra.
Longreach ImpalaA. Impala is an early
to midseason soft biscuit (ASFT) wheat
targeted to eastern Australia. Impala
has mid season maturity, is susceptible
to CCN but has good stem and stripe
rust resistance but is susceptible to leaf
rust. Impala produces large grain with
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 13
47
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2: Mean yield (% of trials average) of varieties from SARDI and NVT trials (2005-2011), and reaction to common disorders. (No of trials in italics)
Stem
Stripe
Leaf Septoria Yellow Powdery
Black
Agricultural district
Rust
Rust#
Rust
tritici
leaf
Mildew
point
Lower Eyre upper Eyre Murray
Mid north Yorke Pen. South East
blotch
spot
Pen
Pen
Mallee
AGT Katana
103 14 103 28 103 26 102 16 102
15 102 13
MS/S MR/MS
MS
MS
MR/MS MR/MS
S
Axe
99
20
98
39 102 38 103 24
98
21 100 16 MR/MS R/MR
MR
S/VS
S
MR/MS
S
Barham
98
19
97
16
MR
MS/S MR/MS MS/S
MS/S
S
MR/MS
Catalina
98
17
96
32
97
32
99
24
98
18
99
14
R/MR
MS
R
MS
MS/S
MS/S
S
Clearfield Jnz
95
8
87
17
88
15
95
10
96
9
96
8
MR
R/MR
MS
MS
MS/S
MS/S
Cobra
R/MR
MS/S
MS
MS
MR/MS
MS/S
MS/S
Corack
104
5
102 11 107 10 106
8
104
6
104
5
MR
MS
MS/S
MS/S
MR/MS
VS
MS/S
Correll
101 20 101 39 104 38 101 24 102
21 102 16
MR
MR/MS MS/S MR/MS
S/VS
MR/MS
MS
Derrimut
102 20
97
39 100 38 103 24 102
21 103 16
MR
#MS/S^
R
MS/S
S
MS
MS/S
MR
MR/MS MS/S
MS
S
MS/S
Grenade CL Plus
Emu Rock
100
5
98
11 100 10 102
8
101
6
101
5
MR/MS MR/MS MS/S
S
MS
MS/S
MS
Espada
103 17 105 32 105 32 102 20 103
18 103 14
R/MR MR/MS
R
S
MS
MS/S
S
Estoc
100 11 100 22 100 21 102 12 102
12 101 11
MR
MR/MS MR/MS
S
S
MS
MS
Forrest
93
6
R/MR
R/MR
MR
MR/MS MR/MS
MS
MR
Gladius
103 20 102 39 107 38 104 24 104
21 103 16
MR
MR/MS
MS
MS/S
MS
S
MS
Impala
101
8
101
8
R/MR
MR
S
S
MS/S
R
MR/MS
97
5
94
11
94
10
97
8
97
6
100
5
MR
MR/MS MS/S
S
S
S
S
Justica CL Plus
98
5
95
11
96
10
98
8
96
6
97
5
MR
MR/MS
MS
MS/S
MS/S
MS/S
MR
Kord CL Plus
Lincoln
100 14 100 28
99
32 100 20 100
18 101 13
MR
R
MR
S
MS
MR
Mace
106
8
110 17 107 15 107 10 105
9
107
8
MR/MS
S/VS
MR
MR/MS MR/MS
MS/S
MS
21 101 14
R/MR
MS
MR/MS MR/MS MR/MS
S
Magenta
101 20 103 39 102 38 100 24 102
Peake
101 20
96
39 100 38 102 24 100
21 102 16 MR/MS MR/MS
R
S
S
MS
MS/S
Phantom
100
5
98
11
98
10 101
8
102
6
101
5
MR
MR
MR/MS MR/MS
S/VS
MR/MS
MR
Scout
107
8
108 17 105 15 108 12 107
12 107
8
MR/MS
MS
R
MS
S/VS
MR/MS
S
Shield
R/MR
MR
R
MS/S
S
MR
MR/MS
Wallup
102
4
103
8
101
6
103
5
R/MR MR/MS
MS
MS/S
MS
S
MR/MS
Wyalkatchem
103 20 103 39 102 38 104 24 104
21 104 16 MR/MS
S
MS
MR
MR/MS
S/VS
MS
Yitpi
99
20
99
39 101 38 101 24 101
21 101 16
S
MR/MS
MS
MR/MS
S/VS
MR/MS
MS
av trial yield t/ha 3.35
1.67
1.75
3.48
3.46
3.84
Durums
Caparoi
99
20 100
18
R/MR
MR
R
R/MR
MR
MS/S
Hyperno
106 20 105
18
R
MR
R
R/MR
MS
MS
Kalka
99
24
99
21
R/MR
MR
R/MR MR/MS
MR
S
Saintly
106 20 104
18
R/MR
MR
MR/MS MR/MS
MR
MS
Tamaroi
99
24 100
21
R/MR
MR
R/MR
S
MR
MS
Tjilkuri
104 12 105
12
MR/MS
MR
MR
MR/MS
MR
MS/S
Yawa
117
9
114
9
R/MR
R/MR MR/MS R/MR
MR
MR
av yield t/ha
3.32
3.05
- insufficient data
R = resistant MR = moderately resistant MS = moderately susceptible S = susceptible VS = very susceptible - = variety yet to be fully evaluated
# = ratings for WA Yr17
strain. ^ = some susceptible plants in mix
Black Point is not a disease but is a physiological response to certain humid conditions.
Information on disease reaction was provided by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI) and compiled before the full data from 2012 was available. Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork
(08) 8303 9382.
improved test weight over Bowie and
low screenings losses and is MS to black
point. Seed is licensed to Pacific Seeds
DURUM WHEATS
Caparoi A . Caparoi (TD60F) was
developed and recently released by the
Tamworth Durum Program and has
been widely tested in SA, showing slightly
earlier flowering than Tamaroi, similar
yields and good semolina colour.
Caparoi has excellent physical grain
quality and high grain protein, Seed is
being commercialised by AWB Seeds.
14 > SARDI Sowing Guide
48
2013
HypernoA. Hyperno (WID22209) has a
similar maturity, adaptation and disease
resistance profile to Kalka and Tamaroi,
but generally offers greater yields,
improved semolina colour and better
sprouting and black point tolerance.
Hyperno is eligible for APDR grade in
SA and is being released from AGT with
seed available from the Durum Growers
Association.
SaintlyA. Saintly (WID22279) is
awnless, earlier flowering than Kalka and
Tamaroi, and has performed very well
in dry finishing conditions in SA. Saintly
has slightly lower stem and stripe rust
resistance compared to Hyperno.
Saintly is being released from AGT with
seed available from the Durum Growers
Association.
Tjilkuri A . Tjilkuri (WID801) has
a similar maturity, adaptation and
disease resistance profile to Tamaroi,
but generally offers greater yields, like
Hyperno together with improved
semolina colour.
Tjilkuri is eligible for APDR grade in SA
and was released from the University of
Adelaide in 2010 with seed available from
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
the Durum Growers Association.
YawaA . Yawa (WID803) has just been
released from the University of Adelaide
with seed available from the Durum
Growers Association.
Yawa has a similar maturity, adaptation
and disease resistance profile to Tamaroi,
but offers very high yields, albeit with
generally small grain size. Yawa has
excellent semolina colour and is eligible
for APDR grade in SA
WID802. WID802 has just been released
from the University of Adelaide with
seed available from the Durum Growers
Association.
WID802 is targeted for the SE of SA
(Tatiara districts) and has a similar
m a t u r i t y, a d a p t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s e
resistance profile to Tamaroi, but offers
high yields, albeit with sometimes small
grain size. WID802 is eligible for APDR
grade in SA
Domestic Flours Millers Wheat
Variety Preferences
Most of South Australia’s wheat is
exported to the Middle East for flat and
pan bread production, and to a lesser
extent noodle production. The domestic
flour millers purchase a small proportion
of South Australian wheat either from
marketers or directly from growers.
The domestic flour millers can have
different quality requirements to export
markets due to different end products
and processes employed.
Table 3 lists the flour millers’ variety
quality ratings, which provide growers
with an indication of the most highly
sought varieties.
For further information, contact Laucke
Flour Mills (03 5431 5201).
Extensibility
Max Resistance
Paste Viscosity
VG
VG
G
MED
/H&A
3
3
2
1
A
G
A
A
G
VP
A
P
A
VP
H&A
MED&A
G
2
2
G
A
G
G
G
MED&A
G
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
1
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
G
G
G
G
G
A/M
G
G
G
M
VP
G
A
A
P
H&A
MED&A
MED&A
MED&A
MED&A
A
G
G
G
G
AH
AH
AH
AH
1
1
3
3
G
G
M
G
P
P
Lincoln
Mace
Peake
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
3
3
3
2
1
1
A
G
G
A/G
G
A
A/G
G
A
A/M
A
G
A
A
A
MED/H
&A
MED&A
G
MED&A
Yitpi
AH
AH
3
2
G
A
A
A
A
Young
AH
AH
2
2
G
A
A
A
AGT Scythe
APW APW 2
1
Frame
APW APW 3
2
Scout
APW APW 2
1
Wyalkatchem APW APW 3
1
new varieties - indicative assessments only
Estoc
APW APW 2
1
G
G
G
G
A
M
A
A
M
G
M
M
A
A
Kord CL Plus
Justica CL Plus
Corack
GrenadeCL Plus
Cobra
APW
APW
APW
AH
APW
APW
APW
APW
AH
APW
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
A
M
A
G
A
Shield
Phantom
Wallup
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
3
3
1
1
1
2
A
A
A
Impala
Soft
SF1
Soft
AH
SF1
AH
1
Bolac
AH
AH
Catalina
Clearfield JNZ
Correll
Derrimut
Gladius
AH
AH
AH
AH
AH
AGT Katana
Kukri
Biscuit
2
Cake
Preferred Grade
Bowie
Axe
A/M A
A
A
A A-M
A A/M
A A/M
Mixing Time
Water Absorption
A
SF1
Rapid Dough
Flour Colour
G
Soft
Hot plate goods
2
Barham
Artisan breads
3
Plant Bakery
2
Max Class Grade
Milling Quality
Table 3 Domestic Flour Millers Assessment - S.A. Wheat Varieties (updated October 2012)
1 = not sought 2 = some requirement 3 = highly sought VG = very good, G = good, A = acceptable, M = marginal, P = poor, VP = very poor, H = High, PV - MED = Medium
Variety
End Product Category
Quality Parameters
Comments
Needs further biscuit test evaluation
G
A
G
Acceptable Biscuit quality
VP Very poor WA with strong inextensible dough, excessive
bakery mix time
P Has good water absorption and dough strength, but long mix
time
P Very strong dough with excessive mix time
G Acceptable Hard wheat quality
A Acceptable AH quality
A Appears acceptable for Plant bakery
VP Inextensible and bucky doughs with excessive Bakery mix
times.
Very strong variety. Closed loop release system.
VP Optimum value as separate segregation due to excess mix
requirement
G Suitable Domestic Mill quality
M suitable AH quality for Domestic Mills
A Good potential for Plant Bakery application - slightly long mix
time
A Acceptable Hard wheat quality.
G
M
MED/H
&A
MED&A
P
M
A
G
A
A
A
A
H&A
MED/H
G
A
M
VG
A
G
Marginal AH quality - has strong dough & long mix time.
Requires rapid test bake evaluation
A Marginal APW Quality
VG Good APW quality - has short extensibility
M Suitable as APW for Domestic Mills
G Good APW quality - but marginal WA
G
M
A
A
P
P
A
A
A
A
M
A
A
A
G
M
A
A
A
A
G
A
M
A
M
A
M
M
A
A
P
A
A
A
M
A
M
P
A
M
A
A
A
A
A
G
A
A
A
A
A
A
M
A
A
A
M
M
P
M
M
P
P
Marginal APW Quality expect some interest from Domestic
Mills
Appears suitable for Domestic Mills
Strong dough, suit specialist use only
Good usable APW. Appears suitable for Domestic Mills
Marginal Strong AH. Expect some interest from Dometiv Mills.
Appears suitble for Domestic Mills. Low viscosity & colour a
concern
Marginal strong AH. Should suit Domestic Mills.
Appears suitableas AH for Domestic Mills
Long Mix requirement. Suit specialist segregation. Limited
interest
Appears suitable for Domestic Mills as soft wheat
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 15
49
SARDI
sowing
guide
2013
Sowing
Guide
2013
Barley variety sowing guide 2013
by Rob Wheeler, Senior Scientist,
new Variety Agronomy Group, SARDI
T
Variety
BassA
Max. Grade
malting
Suitability and significant features
Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), new variety with malt markets yet
to establish
All areas except where leaf rust is a problem. Has low domestic and
established export brewing demand
All areas, except prone to net form net blotch. Established domestic and
increasing export brewing demand
All areas, with timely harvest a priority. High export but low domestic
brewing demand
Medium to high rainfall areas (>400 mm), now agronomically outclassed
South East region but prone to leaf rust, new variety with high domestic
brewing demand
All areas, and suitable for the Shochu market, moderate but declining
industry demand
All areas, with timely harvest or windrowing a priority. Avoid areas prone to
spot form net blotch. Low industry demand, now agronomically outclassed
All areas
All areas, except where high risk of leaf scald or net form net blotch
Medium to high rainfall areas where very high yields are targeted and test
weight is easily achieved.
Specialised variety for on-farm animal feed use in all areas. High powdery
mildew risk
All areas, particularly for districts with lower rainfall and light soils
All areas except deep sandy soils of lower fertility and avoid areas prone to
leaf rust
Medium to high rainfall areas (>400mm) especially where leaf rust is
prevalent
All areas except where leaf rust is a problem. Imizadoline tolerant, pending
malt accreditation
BulokeA
malting
his sowing guide provides data
and guidance on the most
CommanderA
malting
suitable barley varieties for sowing
in South Australia in 2013. During the
FlagshipA
malting
past 12 to 18 months, many new varieties
have been registered with potential to be
GairdnerA
malting
grown in SA.
A
Navigator
malting
These include, Bass, Fathom, Henley,
G r a n g e , S k i p p e r, N a v i g a t o r a n d
Schooner
malting
Wimmera. Most of these varieties are
potential malt quality varieties yet to be
Sloop SAA
malting
accredited by industry but some may
be available for contracted and limited
HindmarshA
food
production in 2013. National Variety Trial
BarqueA
feed
(NVT) data gathered across seasons for
CapstanA
feed
many of these varieties is limited and due
to limited seed release for 2012 they may
FinnissA
feed - hull-less
not have been included in the list below,
but are included within notes on new
FleetA
feed
varieties. Due to limited market demand
Keel
feed
and outclassed agronomic characteristics,
Baudin, Mundah and Yarra have been
OxfordA
feed
removed from the list.
Net form net blotch remains a
ScopeA
feed
significant disease threat to barley
production across South
Australia and growers should
• malting varietal storage
refrain from growing barley on
segregations in bulk storage
barley, or planting the variety
facilities;
Maritime, unless a vigilant
• disease resistance and
fungicide strategy is planned.
agronomic considerations
Varieties have been listed
( Ta b l e 2 a n d Ta b l e 3
below according to quality
respectively).
classification grade and in
alphabetical order and not in
For long term stability in farm
order of preference.
Rob Wheeler
returns and market supply
The decision to grow either
and demand, farmers now growing only
a malting or feed variety may depend on
feed varieties should consider including
one or more factors, including;
some malting varieties in their cropping.
• the difference in payments between
However, it is important that growers
malting and feed grades as related to
contact their grain marketers of choice
yield differences (Table 1). Furthermore,
to discuss market demand prior to sowing
differential pricing of varieties will
a malting variety. Malting barley is grown,
continue and growers need to consider
stored and sold on a variety-specific basis
market premiums and discounts in
and it is important to ascertain if the variety
addition to agronomic performance to
chosen is able to be stored and marketed in
maximize profitability;
your area.
• the probability of producing a malting
Cereal cyst nematode levels should be
grade barley;
16 > SARDI Sowing Guide
50
2013
carefully monitored when susceptible
varieties such as Schooner, Scope, Sloop,
Buloke, Baudin, Oxford and Gairdner
are grown.
Seed dressings having activity on powdery
mildew should be applied to all varieties
susceptible to powdery mildew, particularly
when sown before June.
Notes on older varieties
Buloke A . Buloke is a high yielding,
export quality profile malting variety
developed by VicDPI and released in
2005. It is a tall, midseason variety, with
a flowering time similar to or slightly
later than Schooner. Buloke offers high
yield potential, typically exhibiting a
10% yield advantage over Schooner. It
has good levels of resistance to net form
net blotch, better head retention than
Schooner, but is susceptible to CCN and
Barley varietiesfor2013
Fathom
Barley
•Earlymaturingfeedvarietywithbroadadaptation
•StrongdiseaseresistanceincludingCCN
•VerylowscreeningssimilartoMaritime
•Hightestweightwithconsistentlyhighgrainyield
•TallerplantheightthanHindmarsh
Navigator
Barley
•Semidwarfvarietywithverystiffstrawandflowering
timesimilartoGairdner
•Suitedtomedium-highrainfallareas
•GooddiseaseresistanceprofileincludingCCN,SFNB,
NFNB,andstrongresistancetoscald.Susceptibleto
leafrust
•MidseasonfloweringandmaturitysimilartoGairdner
•Goodresistancetolodging
Commander
Barley
•BarleyAustraliaaccreditedmaltingvariety
•Broadlyadapted,highyieldingmaltingbarleyvariety
acrossmanyregionsinSA,Victoria,NSW,southern
QLDandWA
•Plumpgrainvariety
•CCNresistantandmoderatelyresistanttopowdery
mildew
www.viterra.com.au
ContactJasonScott-NationalWholesaleSeedsManageron0458009804
ortheViterraServiceCentreon1800018205
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
has shown increased susceptibility to leaf
rust. Buloke has averaged similar grain
plumpness and screenings but slightly
inferior test weight to Schooner and is
moderately susceptible to black point.
Buloke has a moderately short coleoptile
and moderately slow early growth and
seed is available through SeedNet.
CommanderA. Commander is a
malting quality variety developed by
the University of Adelaide and suitable
for domestic and some export brewing
markets. Commander has mid to late
season maturity and across many seasons,
demonstrates wide adaptation and very
high yield relative to other malting
varieties, particularly in seasons with
favourable spring finishes. Commander
has excellent grain plumpness, but has
generally lower test weight relative to
Schooner and Flagship. Commander is
resistant to CCN but has modest foliar
disease resistance, being moderately
susceptible to most foliar diseases
including net form net blotch and
therefore should not be grown on barley
stubble and areas prone to net form
net blotch. Commander is moderately
resistant to powdery mildew. Seed is
available through Viterra.
FlagshipA. Flagship was developed and
released from the University of Adelaide
Barley Program in 2005 and has an
export malt quality profile. Flagship is a
tall, midseason maturity variety, similar
in plant type to Schooner and Sloop, but
typically exhibits a 5% yield advantage
over Schooner. Flagship has good early
vigour and weed competitiveness, but
modest straw strength with lodging
resistance similar to Schooner. Flagship
can show high levels of soil boron toxicity
symptoms which may reduce grain size
but otherwise has slightly lower retention
and higher screening than ‘Sloop types’.
Flagship is susceptible to sprouting and
timely harvest is recommended. Flagship
is available through Viterra and Heritage
Seeds.
Finniss A . Finniss is a hulless variety
released from the University of Adelaide
Barley Breeding Program and targeted
at food and animal feed markets. Finniss
has good straw strength and head
retention, and resistance to CCN, leaf
rust and to common strains of leaf scald.
Finniss is susceptible to powdery mildew.
It is a semi dwarf type with mid season
maturity like Schooner. Grain yield is
similar to Schooner and well above other
hulless types such as Torrens. Seed is
available through Viterra
FleetA. Fleet is a midseason maturing,
CCN resistant feed barley, developed
by the University of Adelaide as a
replacement option for Barque and
Mundah. Fleet has a long coleoptile,
and combines the plant type of Barque
with the yield potential of Keel, and
the adaptation to deep sandy soils of
Mundah. Fleet exhibits an excellent
disease resistance profile, although
variable resistance to leaf rust. Fleet
has plump grain but slightly lower
test weights than other feed types. It’s
strong awn can reduce threshability
and attention to concave and thresher
adjustment is important, especially in
maintaining test weight. Seed is available
through Viterra.
Hindmarsh A . Hindmarsh is an early
maturing (similar to Barque), semi-
Table 1: Yield of barley varieties in South Australian agricultural districts expressed as a percentage of trial site average yield (SARDI and NVT data 2005 - 2011 inclusive,
with number of observations in italics).
Region
Yorke Peninsula
Murray Mallee
Mid north
Lower Eyre
Central Eyre
South East
Peninsula
Peninsula
Yield
Obs No
Yield
Obs No
Yield
Obs No
Yield
Obs No
Yield
Obs No
Yield
Obs No
MALTInG (SA)
Bass
103
23
98
10
101
15
102
12
98
12
102
11
Baudin
95
32
93
19
95
21
97
20
92
21
96
13
Buloke
102
32
104
19
103
21
103
20
101
25
103
13
Commander
107
32
108
19
106
21
104
20
104
25
107
13
Flagship
99
32
101
19
99
21
99
20
98
25
101
13
Gairdner
96
32
97
13
96
21
95
17
93
9
97
13
Navigator
92
18
95
15
95
6
94
9
Schooner
92
32
90
19
94
21
94
20
90
25
94
13
Sloop SA
95
32
97
19
97
21
96
20
94
25
98
13
FOOD
Hindmarsh
111
27
110
16
110
18
109
17
109
21
108
11
FEED
Barque
103
32
103
19
101
21
100
18
103
25
102
8
Capstan
107
30
106
21
105
10
108
13
Fathom
110
9
111
6
109
6
109
6
111
8
109
3
Fleet
111
32
110
19
109
21
107
20
111
25
108
13
Keel
103
32
101
19
104
21
101
20
105
23
102
13
Maritime
101
32
98
19
99
21
100
20
97
25
99
12
Oxford
111
17
113
9
108
12
110
10
110
12
109
7
PEnDInG MALT ACCREDITATIOn
Scope
100
12
101
9
100
9
99
8
97
12
101
5
Skipper
106
12
106
9
105
9
105
8
105
12
106
5
Henley
107
12
106
9
104
9
105
8
104
12
105
5
Grange
111
9
112
6
108
6
109
6
111
8
109
3
Westminster
101
17
102
13
101
3
102
4
101
7
Wimmera
109
12
107
9
106
6
108
7
region av. yield (t/ha)
2.91
2.08
3.65
3.36
2.24
3.64
2013
52
SARDI Sowing Guide < 17
Sowing Guide 2013
dwarf, food quality variety developed by
VicDPI, and released in 2006. Hindmarsh
offers excellent yield potential, typically
similar to Keel, and grain quality at
least equivalent to Keel with resistance
to CCN, variable resistance to leaf rust
and leaf scald and susceptibility to spot
form net blotch. Hindmarsh has slow
early growth and a short coleoptile and
attention to seeding depth is important in
stubble systems. Where triadimenol seed
dressing and pre-emergent herbicide is
used, research has shown shallow sowing
to be more advantageous than deeper
sowing to avoid potential damage. Seed is
available from SeedNet.
Keel. Keel, an early flowering, high
yielding, feed quality variety was released
in 1999 and is now generally outclassed
by Hindmarsh and Fleet in SA. High
susceptibility to leaf rust and in recent
years, development of susceptibility to net
form net blotch, have further detracted
from this once very popular variety.
Maritime A . Maritime is a tall, early
maturing feed variety with CCN
resistance released by the University
of Adelaide in 2004. Maritime was
developed specifically for manganese
deficient soils where it exhibits good
adaptation. Maritime has a yield
SARDI sowing guide 2013
potential between Barque and Keel on
other soil types, and offered a good
disease resistance profile but is now very
susceptible to the net form net blotch.
Maritime has excellent physical grain
quality and early vigour, and is a good
option for lower rainfall environments
where tall straw and high test weights
are sought but areas of low risk of net
form net blotch. Seed is available through
Viterra
Oxford A .
Oxford is a feed quality
variety which has shown very high yield
potential in seasons with high spring
rainfall. Oxford has late maturity similar,
to Franklin, good straw strength and head
retention. While Oxford is susceptible
to CCN, leaf scald and spot form net
blotch, it has good resistance to leaf rust
and powdery mildew. Oxford is a useful
option for SE high rainfall districts and
has good black point resistance. Seed is
available through Heritage Seeds.
Scope. Scope is a tall, early to mid
season maturing, imidazolinone
tolerant barley with moderate to high
yield potential across a range of
medium rainfall environments. Its
disease resistance profile is very similar
to Buloke with the main concern being
susceptibility to some leaf rust strains. It
has been released as a feed variety but
also commenced Barley Australia malting
accreditation with scheduled completion
in March 2013. Scope has registration
for use with an appropriate BASF
Clearfield herbicide and this herbicide
tolerance makes Scope an attractive
option for brome and other grass control,
particularly in mallee type soils. Seed is
available through SeedNet.
SloopSA A . SloopSA, once a widely
grown malting variety developed by the
University of Adelaide, is now generally
outclassed by newer varieties, Buloke,
Commander and Flagship. Relative to
these varieties, SloopSA generally shows
at least 5% lower yield and is susceptible
to all foliar diseases other than net
form net blotch. It is also susceptible to
head loss under some conditions and
has limited malting and brewing market
demand. SloopSA is commercialised by
Viterra and Heritage Seeds.
Notes on New Varieties
B a s s A ( WA B A R 2 3 1 5 ) h a s b e e n
developed and recently released from
Intergrain as an export quality barley,
which has recently passed Barley Australia
malt accreditation. It is a mid to late
maturing variety targeted to Baudin
Table 2: Disease reaction of selected barley varieties
Variety
CCn
CCn
Powdery
Leaf
Leaf
net blotch
net blotch
resistance
tolerance
mildew
scald
rust
(spot form)
(net form)
Barque
R
T
MR
S/VS
MR/MS-S
R/MR
MS/S
Bass
S
T
MS
MR-S
R - MS
MS/S
MS/S
Baudin
S
T
S/VS
MS/S
MS-S/VS
S
MS
Buloke
S
T
MR
MS
MS-S/VS
MS
MR
Capstan
R
T
MR
MR-S
MS
MS/S
MS
Commander
R
T
MR
S
MS-S
MS
MS
Fathom
R
T
MR
MR
MR-S/VS
MR
MS/S
Flagship
R
T
MR/MS
MS
MR/MS-S
MR/MS
MR
Fleet
R
T
MR/MS
MR/MS
MR/MS-S
R/MR
MR
Gairdner
S
T
MR
R-S
MS-S
S
MR/MS
Grange
T
R
MS/S
MR
MS/S
MR
Henley
T
R
R-S/VS
MR-MR/MS
MS/S
MR
Hindmarsh
R
T
MS
R-S
MR/MS-S
S
MR
Keel
R
T
MR/MS
MS
VS
R/MR
MS
Maritime
R
T
S
MS/S
MS-S
MR/MS
VS
Navigator
R
T
R
R
VS
MR
MR
Oxford
S
T
R
MS-S
R-MR/MS
MS/S
MR
Schooner
VS
T
S
MS/S
S/VS
MS
MR
Scope
S
T
MR
MS/S
MS-S/VS
MS
MR
Skipper
R
T
MR
S
MS/S-S/VS
MR
MR
Sloop SA
R
T
S
S
S/VS
S/VS
MR
Wimmera
S
T
MR
MS/S
R-MR/MS
MS
MR
Yarra
R
T
S
S/VS
R-S
MS
MS
Disease rating codes: R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible; S = susceptible; VS = very susceptible; T = tolerant
Information on disease reaction was supplied by the Field Crop Pathology Unit (SARDI). Contact Dr Hugh Wallwork (08) 8303 9382
18 > SARDI Sowing Guide
Black
point
S
MS
MS
MS
S
S
MS/S
MS
MR
MS
MS
MS/S
S/VS
MS/S
MS/S
MR
MS
MS/S
MS
S
MR
S/VS
2013
DECEMBER 2012
53
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 3: Agronomic characteristics of selected barley varieties
Variety
coleoptile
Early
Tillering
Standing
Height
Earliness
Head
Ease of
Boron tox
Manganese
length
vigour
ability
ability
to head
to flower
retention
threshing
symptoms
efficiency
Barque
6
9
6
7
6
5
3
6
3
Bass
7
4
4
6
Baudin
4
5
8
6
4
4
7
7
7
Buloke
4
5
7
5
7
5
5
8
3
Capstan
4
9
8
3
3
8
7
6
Commander
6
6
7
5
6
5
5
7
6
Fathom
8
7
6
6
6
4
5
Flagship
5
5
7
5
6
5
7
7
8
Fleet
8
6
8
6
7
6
5
4
5
Gairdner
5
4
9
6
5
4
8
6
7
3
Henley
8
4
Hindmarsh
3
3
8
7
5
6
7
7
8
Keel
6
8
5
6
8
5
6
6
4
Maritime
7
8
7
4
6
6
7
7
8
7
Navigator
6
4
9
7
4
4
7
8
2
Oxford
8
9
8
4
3
8
7
7
Schooner
6
6
7
6
7
5
4
7
7
5
Scope
5
7
5
7
5
4
8
3
Skipper
6
6
7
5
6
6
6
7
3
Sloop SA
6
6
7
5
7
5
3
7
7
6
Wimmera
5
4
9
8
4
3
8
6
7
Yarra
3
8
7
4
5
8
Relative values based on a 0-9 scale, a high figure indicating the variety expresses the character to a high degree. These values are only a guide; growing conditions greatly
influence differences. * A high boron toxicity symptom score relates to high presence of leaf symptoms.
production areas in WA. Bass offers
variable resistance to scald and leaf rust,
resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus but
has no CCN resistance and is susceptible
to both net and spot form net blotch
and not recommended for growing in
SA where these diseases occur. Seed is
available from Intergrain for the 2013
season.
Fathom A (WI4483) is a feed quality
variety developed using wild barley to
improve stress tolerance and water use
efficiency. Widespread yield data from SA
NVT is limited to 2010 and 2011 where
Fathom has averaged yields similar to
Hindmarsh. Fathom has good levels of
resistance to CCN, scald, powdery mildew
and spot form net blotch. Fathom has
shown susceptibility to NFNB and is not
recommended for growing in high risk
situations unless an appropriate fungicide
strategy is applied. Seed will be available
for 2013 from Viterra
GrangeA is a high yielding European
malting barley licensed to Heritage Seeds
under evaluation in Australia. It is mid
to late maturing and targeted for areas
with more than 400mm rainfall. Grange
has good levels of resistance to powdery
mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch
but susceptibility to spot form net blotch
and leaf scald. Malting accreditation is
expected to be completed in 2013.
HenleyA is a European malting barley
licensed to Heritage Seeds under
evaluation in Australia. It is mid to late
maturing and targeted for areas with
more than 400mm rainfall. Henley has
good levels of resistance to powdery
mildew, leaf rust and net form net blotch,
susceptibility to spot form net blotch
and variable scald resistance. Malting
accreditation will not be completed
before March 2013
NavigatorA (WI4262) has been
developed by the University of Adelaide
and is a recently released and accredited,
domestic malt quality variety. Navigator is
mid to late maturing, similar to Gairdner
but offering 2-3% higher yield potential,
significantly improved physical grain
quality and a good disease resistance
profile with the exception of extreme
susceptibility to leaf rust.
Production will be targeted for the
South East region of SA. Seed is available
for 2013 and for further information
contact Viterra.
SkipperA (WI4446) has been
developed by the University of Adelaide
as an early maturing, potential malting
quality variety similar in phenology to
Hindmarsh and Barque. Data from across
NVT in SA since 2009 has shown Skipper
to yield similar to Commander. Skipper
is expected to complete Barley Australia
malt accreditation in 2014.
Skipper has good resistance to both
forms of net blotch, powdery mildew
and CCN but high susceptibility to some
strains of leaf rust and is susceptible to
leaf scald.
Seed is expected to be available for
commercial production in 2014 from
Viterra.
WimmeraA (VB0432) was developed by
the Victorian DPI and the University of
Adelaide as a potential malting quality,
mid to late maturing variety. Wimmera is
undergoing malt accreditation trials with
completion expected by March 2014.
It has similar plant architecture to
Gairdner however it has significantly
higher yield potential as shown in SA
NVT since 2009.
During the past three seasons Wimmera
has averaged more than 10% higher
yield than Gairdner. Wimmera has good
resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew,
net form net blotch and black point but
is susceptible to leaf scald and CCN.
Seed will not be available for commercial
production until 2014.
2013
54
SARDI Sowing Guide < 19
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Lupin variety sowing guide 2013
By Andrew Ware, SARDI, Port Lincoln
and Wayne Hawthorne, Pulse Australia,
naracoorte
O
ne new narrow leafed lupin
variety will be available to South
Australian growers for the first
time in 2013. PBA Gunyidi has been
released as a high yielding lupin with
considerable improvement in shattering
resistance compared to Mandelup and
Jenabillup.
Yields of PBA Gunyidi in NVT trials
have been similar to Mandelup in most
regions across SA, with slight advantages
in on Upper Eyre Peninsula and the Mid
North, but a penalty in the South-east
(see table 3).
Seed is licensed to Seednet with limited
availability for planting in 2013. Other
high yielding PBA lupin variety releases
are expected within the next 12 months.
Narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus
angustifolius) are well suited to acid and
sandy soils, and continue to be grown in
suitable areas as a key component of the
farming system.
Poor grain pricing for lupins over the
past few seasons has driven the area
planted to lupins in SA to be reduced,
however recent price increases should
see lupins return to favour in areas where
they can be grown.
For producers wanting to sell into
Victorian and NSW markets they must
satisfy anthracnose freedom, market
access and transporting protocols.
Anthracnose grain tests are the
most common means of identifying
anthracnose freedom for marketing.
Paddock inspection for anthracnose
freedom is usually the cheaper option
per tonne of grain produced, but
unfortunately this option is still not
available to Eyre Peninsula lupin growers.
To establish eligibility for paddock
inspection, sowing seed needs to have
been tested for anthracnose.
Grazing of Lupin Stubbles
Lupin stubbles can provide a high value
20 > SARDI Sowing Guide
yields the Murray Mallee and
feed source to livestock, however
South East regions.
in recent years a number of
growers have lost significant stock
Notes on current narrownumbers to lupinosis.
leafed lupin varieties
This livestock health problem
C o ro m u p A . C o r o m u p i s
occurs as a result of toxins being
produced from the phomopsis
unlikely to be formally released
fungus that develops in the lupin
in South Australia. Coromup
Andrew Ware
stem as the plant matures.
was released as a speciality
All current varieties have a reasonable
lupin in WA in 2006 for medium and low
level of resistance that slows the
rainfall zones.
development of the phomopsis fungus.
It is a high quality narrow-leafed lupin,
However, when significant rain occurs
having large and uniform seeds with high
while the crop matures and afterwards,
protein, hence it has excellent attributes
fungal development can still occur.
for de-hulling, producing high protein
Care must be taken in grazing lupin
kernel meal for developing premium
stubbles and it may advisable not to graze
feed markets.
some paddocks at all given wet conditions
Coromup is early maturing and has a
at and after harvest.
good disease resistance profile that
Lupin paddocks should be grazed at
includes anthracnose and phomopsis
the first opportunity after harvest. Stock
stem blight.
must have access to a good quality water
Coromup has good tolerance to
supply. Older stock are less affected than
metribuzin. In WA it is being promoted
young stock.
for its high quality (i.e. high protein)
Bulky crops and crop topping both aid
rather than its yields.
the development of the fungus and can
In the absence of bonus payments for
increase risk of lupinosis occurring. Tight
its higher protein, the main role for
lupin rotations also increase the risk.
Coromup may be for on-farm feed use.
Coromup averaged 95% of Mandelup in
Variety performance
long term NVT testing in SA.
In 2011 Jenabillup was the highest
yielding variety in breeding and NVT
Jenabillup A . Jenabillup has been
trials across South Australia, eclipsing
extensively trailed in SA for six years
Mandelup yields by 4%, when averaged
with a long term average 1% higher than
across all sites.
Mandelup across all South Australian
Long term yields show Jenabillup
sites.
being the highest yielding variety across
It typically has an advantage over
the Lower Eyre Peninsula, Upper Eyre
Mandelup at the longer growing season
Peninsula, and Mid North regions, while
areas, where its extended flowering
Mandelup has the highest long term
window can assist with increased yield.
Jenabillup flowers slightly later and for a
longer period than Mandelup, making it
Table 1. Narrow-leafed lupin variety sowing guide
less suitable to crop topping.
2013.
Jenabillup does have resistance to black
Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall)
pod syndrome, although rarely seen in
Low
Medium
High
South Australia. Jenabillup does not have
tolerance to metribuzin herbicide. It has
< 375 mm
375-500 mm
> 500 mm
a low anthracnose rating (MS).
Mandelup A
JenabillupA
MandelupA
Jenabillup was first available to South
JenabillupA
JenabillupA
MandelupA
Australian growers in 2011 and seed is
available through Viterra Seeds.
PBA GunyidiA
PBA GunyidiA
PBA GunyidiA
2013
DECEMBER 2012
55
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Agronomic features of narrow-leafed lupin varieties.
Variety
Flowering Height
Early
Lodging Pod loss/ Anthracnose Brown leaf
vigour
(high
shatter
spot
rainfall)
Early
Tall
Med
MS
R
MR
MS
CoromupA
Mid
Tall
Med
MR-MS
R
MS
MR-MS
Jenabillup A
Late
Tall
Slow
MR
R
MS
MR
JindaleeA
V early
Tall
Fast
MS
MR
MR
MS
Mandelup A
Early
Med
Fast
MS
R
MR/R
MS
PBA GunyidiA
Early-Mid
Med
Med
MR-MS
MS
R
MR-MS
Wonga A
R = Resistant; MR = Moderately resistant; MS = Moderately susceptible; S = Susceptible.
Jindalee A . Jindalee is the latest
flowering and maturing variety currently
available.
It particularly suits early sowing
in higher rainfall districts where its
vernalisation (cold requirement)
prevents it from flowering too early. It
is well suited to situations of bulky dense
canopies that would otherwise lead to
poor pod set in other varieties.
Jindalee can also benefit from late
spring rains.
Its long-term yield performance is well
behind Mandelup across all districts in
SA.
Jindalee’s anthracnose rating is MS.
This level of anthracnose resistance is
generally adequate though, if combined
with seed testing, paddock monitoring
and sound crop hygiene management.
Jindalee is moderately tall and
vigorous, is resistant to phomopsis and is
moderately resistant to brown leaf spot.
In SA it appears to have improved
resistance to root rots and premature
wilting that occurs on duplex soils with
shallow underlying clay.
Jindalee has speckled seed and medium
seed alkaloid levels. Seed is available
through Seednet.
MandelupA. Mandelup has established
itself as a leading variety in SA (table 3).
It is a tall variety, with good early vigour
and very early flowering and maturity,
making it well-suited to low to medium
Grey
Spot
CMV on
seed
R
R
R
R
MS
R
MR
MR
MS
MR
MR/R
R
rainfall districts in SA, but still yields well
in higher rainfall areas.
Its early maturity makes it suitable for
crop topping, with careful attention
to correct timing. Mandelup’s wide
adaptation has seen it perform well over a
range of seasons.
In addition to its yield advantages,
Mandelup has moderate anthracnose
resistance, slightly less than Wonga. It is
moderately resistant to phomopsis stem
blight and CMV seed transmission and
resistant to aphids.
It is moderately susceptible to brown
leaf spot.
It does however suffer from some pod
loss with delayed harvest, and seed quality
can suffer with a wet harvest.
A possible weakness in higher rainfall
districts is its poorer stem strength and
potential lodging, although this has not
been observed at well grown, wetter sites
in recent years.
Seed of Mandelup is available in SA
through Seedmark Pty Ltd.
PBA Gunyidi A . PBA Gunyidi (tested
as WALAN2289) was released in WA in
September 2011. Limited seed is available
to eastern states growers to plant in 2013.
PBA Gunyidi has been released as
a potential Mandelup replacement
that improves on Mandelup by having
more shatter resistant pods. This will
give growers the option of being able to
harvest later without incurring significant
Table 3. Predicted yield of lupin varieties is SA by region, as a % Mandelup
Variety
LOWER EP
uPPER EP
MID nORTH
% of
no.
% of
no.
% of
no.
Mandelup
Trials
Mandelup
Trials
Mandelup
Trials
Coromup
97
12
97
5
98
7
Jenabillup
102
10
103
4
102
6
Jindalee
82
13
92
5
89
7
Mandelup
100
13
100
5
100
7
PBA Gunyidi
100
6
102
3
101
4
Wonga
92
12
96
5
86
7
Mandelup (t/ha)
1.96
1.96
1.87
Data source: SARDI/GRDC & NVT. 2005-2011 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.
Phomopsis Phomopsis
on stem
on pod/seed
R
MR-MS
R
R
R
MR
R
R
R
R
R
S
MS
MR
MS
MR-MS
MS
losses.
PBA Gunyidi is moderately resistant to
anthracnose and phomopsis.
It flowers and matures early and
is resistant to Metribuzin herbicide,
but more susceptible to damage from
Eclipse®.
In four years of evaluation in South
Australia PBA Gunyidi has yielded 1%
lower than Mandelup across the state,
with the Upper Eyre Peninsula showing
the highest yield advantage.
Seed is available through Seednet.
WongaA. Wonga is an early flowering,
moderate yielding lupin released from
NSW. It is moderately tall and vigorous
and stands erect.
Wonga is resistant to anthracnose,
the best of the commercially available
varieties (along with Tanjil). It has
moderate resistance to phomopsis and is
MR-MS to brown leaf spot.
Wonga has speckled seed and medium
seed alkaloid levels. It matures slightly
slower than Mandelup.
Wonga has moderate resistance to
premature wilting on duplex soils with
shallow underlying clay.
Wonga is suited to most areas of SA,
and remains the best option currently
available to SA growers wanting high
levels of anthracnose resistance.
Acknowledgements: Bevan Buirchell
(DAFWA) & Pulse Breeding Australia
national lupin breeding program.
MALLEE
% of
no.
Mandelup
Trials
91
7
98
6
86
7
100
7
98
4
89
7
1.62
SOuTH EAST
% of
no.
Mandelup
Trials
93
21
99
17
85
22
100
22
95
14
87
21
1.98
2013
56
BYMV
Resistance
SARDI Sowing Guide < 21
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Vetch variety sowing guide 2013
By Rade Matic, Stuart nagel and Gregg Kirby,
SARDI national Vetch Breeding Program
V
etch is a multi-purpose crop
grown mostly as a disease break
crop in rotation with cereals in a
wide range of soil types from light sands
to heavier clay soils.
Common
Ve t c h
varieties
(Languedoc,Blanchfleur, Morava A ,
RasinaA, and Cummins) versatility allows
cropping for grain or hay production,
early grazing as green pasture or for
dry grazing, hay production or green
manure.
Grain vetches have been grown in lower
to mid-rainfall cereal areas of Southern
Australia, and their grain yields have
been similar to pea yields in these areas.
Note that vetch grain is not used for
human consumption and has limited use
in pig rations.
Grain from Morava and Rasina can be
used without limit to feed all ruminants
and as up to 25% in the diet of pigs.
Forage vetches are used for hay,
green manure or mid to late winter
feed for grazing. They are purple
vetch (V. banghalensis) variety Popany,
or Woolly Pod vetches (V. villosa ssp.
dasycarpa) varieties Namoi, Capello® or
Haymaker ® . Forage vetches can grow
successfully in areas of 400 to 650mm of
annual rainfall. Grain from woolly pod
vetch varieties CAN NOT be used to feed
any livestock.
Morava and Rasina are resistant to rust
and are the preferred varieties for grain
in areas prone to rust infections.
Disease management is critical when
growing a vetch crop regardless of the
Table 1. Vetch grain variety rainfall zones (mm).
<350
350-400
400-450
Languedoc
Rasina
Morava
Rasina
Blanchefleur
Rasina
Cummins
Cummins
Blanchefleur
Languedoc
Cummins
Morava
22 > SARDI Sowing Guide
Languedoc generally exceeds
end use, where possible disease
Blanchefleur’s grain yield in
resistant varieties should be
areas with less than 350mm
planted as a preference.
rainfall. Its hard seed content is
Care must be taken when
generally around 5-10% and it is
growing rust susceptible varieties
highly susceptible to rust.
as grazing or feeding hay/silage
from rust infected plants may
Blanchefleur. Prior to the
induce abortions in pregnant
Rade Matic
release of Morava, Blanchefleur
livestock. So while it is usually
had been the preferred grain variety
not economically viable to use fungicides
in areas above 350mm rainfall in SA.
for rust on vetch it may be necessary
Blanchefleur has mid maturity, white
where rust susceptible varieties are to be
flowers and reddish brown/mottled seed
used as feed.
with orange cotyledons.
Ascochyta blight occurs in earlier stages
Blanchefleur is very susceptible to
of the vetch crop and can reduce grain
rust. It is well suited to medium to high
and dry matter production, but not like
rainfall areas where rust is not a regular
a heavy infestation of Botrytis grey mould
problem. Both vetch and lentils are on
(BGM) can in cool/wet growing seasons
the prescribed grain list of AQIS due to
with high amounts of vegetative growth.
the vetch-lentil substitution issue, this
There is little difference between vetch
has meant export markets of orange
varieties in their resistance to BGM;
cotyledon varieties like Blanchefleur are
varieties like Morava, which produce
limited to small bird seed markets in
greater levels of vegetative growth and
Europe and seed for grazing and green
denser canopies, will be more prone to
manure crops only.
this disease in higher rainfall areas.
When selecting a vetch variety growers
also need to consider their individual
farm and paddock situation and most
importantly the end use targeting for the
crop and to make this selection on all the
available information.
Notes on varieties
Common vetch (Vicia sativa)
Languedoc. Languedoc is an early
flowering and maturing variety
recommended for low rainfall areas
although it can lodge severely making
harvest difficult under certain conditions.
450-600
Morava
Rasina
>600
Morava
Cummins. Cummins is a mid to early
maturing, white flowering variety selected
from Languedoc. It is well adapted to
medium to low rainfall areas where it
generally yields higher than Blanchefleur.
Cummins is susceptible to rust and
moderate susceptible to Ascochyta blight.
MoravaA. Morava is a rust resistant late
flowering vetch variety with 100% soft
seeds, develop by SARDI’s Australian
National Vetch Breeding Program
(ANVBP).
Grain yield is superior to other
vetches in the high rainfall areas and to
Table 2. Vetch hay/silage/grazing and green manuring variety selection
<350
350-400
400-450
450-600
>600
Rasina
Rasina
Morava
Morava
Capello
Blanchefleur
Morava
Rasina
Popany
Haymaker
Cummins
Cummins
Popany
Capello
Morava
Languedoc
Popany
Capello
Haymaker
Popany
Morava
Blanchefleur
Haymaker
2013
DECEMBER 2012
57
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Blanchefleur, Languedoc and Cummins
in all other areas in the presence of rust.
It is larger seeded and more resistant
to shattering than other vetch varieties.
The anti nutritional factor (BCN) levels
are 50% lower than Blanchefleur and
Languedoc.
Morava produces higher herbage yields
than all other common vetch varieties.
Morava is later flowering and maturing
than Blanchefleur and grain yield will
be reduced in environments with dry
finishes.
Morava is moderately resistant to
Ascochyta blight and very susceptible to
Botrytis, because Morava produces very
high biomass in wet/cool zones.
Morava is a PBR variety and can be
sourced from Heritage Seeds.
RasinaA.
Rasina is soft seeded
vetch from the ANVBP, and replaces
Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Cummins
in low to medium rainfall areas for
grain production. Rasina is earlier for
5-10 days than Blanchefleur and 10 to 15
days earlier than Morava. A significant
advantage over Languedoc, Blanchefleur
and Cummins is Rasina’s resistance
to rust and slightly more tolerant to
Ascochyta blight and Botrytis.
However, Rasina is not expected
to replace Morava in higher rainfall
districts or for hay production. The level
of anti-nutritional factors is 0.6 to 0.8
compared to 0.9 to 1.6 in Blanchefleur
and Languedoc, respectively.
Rasina possesses a distinctive uniform
dark brown speckled seed coat with dark
beige cotyledons.
Rasina is a PBR variety and can be
sourced from Heritage Seeds.
Purple Vetch (Vicia villosa subsp.
banghalensis)
Popany is purple vetch. Grain yield
is significantly lower than yields from
common vetch varieties.
But, seeds are smaller than seeds from
common vetch varieties therefore the
seeding rate is lower at approximately
30-35kg/ha.
Grain from this variety can be
used as a bird feed in mix with other
recommended grains. Popany is a late
maturity variety, >125 days from seeding
to podding.
It is a good variety in mid to high
rainfall areas for hay/silage. Popany,
possesses 5-10% hard seeds. This variety
is resistant to rust but susceptible to
ascochyta and chocolate spot.
Seed coat is black with distinctive white
hilum.
Table 3. Characteristics of selected vetch varieties
Variety
Maturity
Yield potential
Flower % of pod
colour shattering
Grain
Dry
matter
Common vetch varieties (Vicia sativa)
Blanchefleur
Mid
High
Mod
White
5-10
Cummins
Mid-early High
Mod
White
5-10
Languedoc Very early High
Low
Purple
10-20
Morava
Late
High
High
Purple
0
Rasina
Early-mid High
Mod
Purple
0-2
Purple vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. benghalensis)
Popany
Very late
Low
High
Purple
20-30
Woolly pod vetches (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa)
Namoi
Late
Low
Very high Purple
5-10
Haymaker
Late
Low
Very high
5-10
Capello
Late
Low
Very high
5-10
% of
hard
seeds
Disease reaction*
Rust Asochyta Botrytis
5-10
5-15
5-15
0
0
VS
VS
VS
R
R
MR
MR
S
MS
MR
S
S
S
VS
S
5-10
R
S
VS
25-35
20-30
15-20
R
R
R
S
S
S
VS
VS
VS
Table 4. 2009-11 grain and dry matter yield for common vetch varieties, plus dry matter yield for woolly pod
vetch varieties.
Variety
Grain
Dry matter**
yield
% of
yield
% of
(t/ha)
Blanchefleur
(t/ha)
Morava
Common vetch varieties*
Blanchefleur
1.89
100
5.71
95.81
Morava
2.11
111.64
5.96
100
Rasina
2.08
2.08
5.69
95.47
Languedoc
0.91
48.11
4.32
72.48
Dry matter average for common vetches
5.42
Woolly pod vetch varieties**
Namoi
6.75
113.26
Haymaker
6.59
110.57
Cappello
6.15
103.19
Dry matter average for woolly pod vetches
6.50
Purple vetch variety
Popany
5.28
88.59
* data from 5 sites - Blyth, Lameroo, Peake, Kingsford & Charlick.
** data for both species presented from 4 sites: Minlaton, Charlick, Kingsford & Lameroo
Table 5. Plant density and recommended seeding rates for vetch.
Common vetch varieties
Woolly pod vetch varieties
Purple vetch variety*
End use
Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate Plants density Sowing rate
(plants per
(kg/ha)
(plants per
(kg/ha)
(plants per
(kg/ha)
sq.m.)
sq.m.)
sq.m.)
Grain
40-60
40-50
40-50
25-40
40-50
25-40
Hay/silage
50-70
50-60
50-60
30-45
50-60
30-45
Grazing
50-70
50-60
50-60
30-45
50-60
30-45
Green manure
60-70
55-65
60-70
45-50
50-60
30-45
* in Australia only Popany exsisting as Purple vetch variety
Woolly pod vetch (Vicia villosa
subsp. dasycarpa)
CapelloA and HaymakerA .Woolly pod
vetches are lower in grain yield compared
with common vetches, but are much
higher in dry matter production than
common vetch varieties in rainfall areas
>450mm/yr.
Grain from these varieties can not be
used to feed any livestock. Also, this
variety can only be grazed from the
10-node stage to podding time. It is not
recommended that grazing occur earlier
and also once the plants begin to develop
seed pods. These two varieties are very
good for hay/silage production in areas
>400mm of rainfall annually.
Haymaker and Capello are selected soft
seed varieties from Namoi. In last few
years these two varieties have become
prone to hard/dormant seeds.
Both varieties are owned by Heritage
Seeds.
2013
58
SARDI Sowing Guide < 23
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Chickpea variety sowing guide 2013
By Larn McMurray, Research Scientist SARDI,
and Kristy Hobson PBA Chickpea Breeder,
nSW DPI
N
ew desi chickpea varieties
released in 2012 for southern
and western Australia will
provide pulse growers in medium to
lower rainfall regions with high yielding
alternatives to the small seeded kabuli
types and agronomic and marketing
alternatives to field pea and lentil crops.
PBA Striker (CICA0603) was developed
by PBA and is an early flowering and
maturing variety with high yields in the
low to medium rainfall areas of southern
Australia and in Western Australia. It has
improved early vigour and seed size over
PBA Slasher and excellent seed milling
quality.
PBA Striker is moderately resistant to
ascochyta blight (AB) and therefore likely
to require a vegetative foliar fungicide
spray along with sprays during the
podding period to control this disease.
PBA Slasher will remain the preferred
desi option in high rainfall districts due
to its improved disease resistance.
A joint partnership program between
the Department of Agriculture and
Food Western Australia, The University
of Western Australia and COGGO has
released two desi varieties for 2013
sowings, Neelam (WACPE2155) and
Ambar (WACPE2136).
Both varieties are rated as resistant to
AB with high yield potential in WA but
have had limited evaluation in southern
Australia. Ambar is an early maturing
variety, while Neelam is rated as mid
maturing. Both varieties have smaller
seed size than PBA Slasher and PBA
Striker and are being commercialised
through Heritage Seeds.
Medium to large (8-9mm) seeded
kabuli type varieties Kalkee and
Genesis™ 114 are now readily available
through Australian Agricultural Crop
Technologies and provide kabuli growers
with alternatives to the smaller seeded
24 > SARDI Sowing Guide
Information on key selection
kabuli types. Both varieties are
criteria and yield for each variety
moderately resistant to AB and
can be found in Tables 2, 3 and
will require a strategic fungicide
4. When selecting a chickpea
strategy to control this disease.
type and variety to grow, growers
Both varieties have similar
need to make their decision
yields but are inferior to the
on the basis of AB resistance,
smaller seeded Genesis™ 090
yield, price, marketability
in southern Australia. Attaining
Larn McMurray
and availability of likely target
large and consistent seed size
markets. Other agronomic
is required to attract premium
traits such as maturity, susceptibility to
prices when growing these larger seeded
cold tolerance, root lesion nematode
types and Kalkee has the largest grain
susceptibility and lodging resistance
size of the available varieties. The smaller
need to be considered also. When
seeded kabuli varieties Genesis 090 and
comparing yields, growers need to bear
Genesis™ 079 have foliar resistance to
in mind that under high AB pressure,
AB and only require foliar fungicides
varieties with moderate resistance or
at the onset of podding. They are also
less may suffer greater yield losses than
higher yielding than the medium to
the more resistant lines even with the
larger seeded types but will not attract
application of foliar fungicides. Larger
their higher prices. Growers still need to
seeded kabuli varieties generally yield 15
be aware that all kabuli varieties currently
to 25% lower than desi types and smaller
have some limitations in agronomic
seeded varieties. Also the newer desi
adaptation and marketability and will not
varieties ie PBA Striker can yield up to
be suited to all areas or all situations.
15% higher than Genesis 090. The major
price difference is between the desi and
Selection Criteria
kabuli types, but small differences can
The list of suggested varieties for
exist between varieties based on seed size,
2013 is shown in Table 1. A range of
appearance and marketability (Table 2).
chickpea types are available offering
growers the opportunity to exploit
Chickpea types
particular management and or market
Desi types
opportunities. However all current
Larger seeds are preferred for desi
varieties still have limitations which
types, regardless of whether they are
growers need to know and manage.
Table 1. Chickpea variety sowing guide 2013.
Seed type
Rainfall zones (mm)
Below 400
400–450
450–500
Above 500
Desi
PBA Striker*
PBA Striker*
PBA Slasher
PBA Slasher
PBA Slasher
PBA Slasher
PBA Striker*
Neelam
Neelam
Neelam
Neelam
Ambar
Ambar
Ambar
Ambar
Genesis 509
Genesis 509
Genesis 509
Genesis 509
Small kabuli
Genesis 079
Genesis 090
Genesis 090
Genesis 090
Genesis 090
Genesis 079
Genesis 079
Medium/large
Large seed sizes
Kalkee*
Kalkee*
Kalkee*
kabuli
unlikely to be achieved
Genesis 114*
Genesis 114*
Genesis 114*
in these environments
Almaz*
Almaz*
Almaz*
* = moderately resistant to moderately resistant/moderately susceptible varieties, likely to require 3-4 fungicide
sprays to successfully grow in SA
2013
DECEMBER 2012
59
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Agronomic features of chickpea varieties.
Variety
Seed size
Kabuli
Seed
Market
g/100
main seed colour
type
seeds
size (mm)
suitability
Desi type
Ambar**
16
light
split &
brown
whole
GenesisTM
15-17
dark
split
509
brown
Howzat
19-21
light
split &
brown
whole
Neelam**
17
brown
split &
whole
PBA
19-21
light
split &
HatTrick
brown
whole
PBA
17-19
light
split &
Slasher
brown
whole
PBA
20-22
light
split &
Striker
brown
whole
Sonali
16-20
dark
split
brown
Kabuli type
Almaz
40-45
8-9
cream
8-9mm
GenesisTM
079
GenesisTM
090
GenesisTM
114
Kalkee
Early
vigour
Flow- Maturity
ering
Plant
height
early
early
R
S
moderate
mid
R
MS
S
MR
MS
poor/mod
mid
earlymid
mid
shortmedium
medium
medium
S
MS
S
MS
S
mid
mid
mediumtall
mid-late mediumtall
mid
medium
R
S
MR
S
S
MR
R
S
S
MS
medium
MR
S
medium
MS
S
T
MS
MR
MS-MR
S
S
MR
MR
R
MS
S
MR
MS
R
S
S
MR
MR
moderate
poor/mod
midlate
mid
good
early
good
early
poor
late
late
early
24-28
6-7
cream
6-7mm
moderate
early
early
mediumtall
short
26-35
7-8
cream
6-8mm
moderate
mid
mid
medium
40-44
8-9
cream
8-9mm
poor/mod
Ascochyta Botrytis Flowering Lodging
Pratylenchus
blight
grey
cold
resistneglectus
foliage
mould tolerance ance Resistance Tolerance
MR
MI
MR
MS
mid- mid-late medium- MS-MR
S
S
R
late
tall
40-46
8-9
cream 8-10mm poor/mod mid- mid-late medium- MS-MR
S
S
R
late
tall
R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible, T = tolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, I = intolerant.
** These varieties have had limited evaluation in SA. Information sourced from Neelam and Ambar Pulse VMP’s, www.pulseasus.com.au
used for splitting or whole seed end use.
There has been an increasing use of large
whole seeded desi types in a range of
food preparations in the sub continent
and a small premium has been available
for types fitting this use.
PBA Slasher and PBA Striker have larger
and lighter coloured seed than the older
types like Tyson and are suited to whole
and splitting markets and therefore more
likely to achieve the higher prices of the
benchmark northern region varieties ie
Jimbour.
Small kabuli types
Bulk markets for the small kabuli
Genesis 090 exported from Australia have
been developed in recent years and they
generally are paying a premium over the
desi types.
However growers need to be aware
that while these markets are still in their
infancy, they may have to hold seed
from time to time as the marketing
opportunities are not always available or
maybe limited in terms of size and price.
Seed size is smaller than Kaniva, Almaz,
Kalkee and Genesis 114 so will not attract
the higher prices that these larger seeded
kabuli types can.
Further premiums may be obtained by
grading and selling the seed on size.
Genesis 079 produces predominantly
6-7mm seed for the bulk small kabuli
markets and generally attracts a price at
the bottom end of the Genesis 090 range.
Medium-large kabuli types
Almaz, Genesis 114 and Kalkee produce
predominantly 8 to 10mm seed for
traditional larger seeded kabuli markets
where larger seed size is imperative to
attract premium prices.
Notes on selected desi varieties
PBA StrikerA (CICA0603). PBA Striker
is a high yielding desi chickpea with
moderate resistance to AB.
It is an early flowering and maturing
variety with very good early vigour
levels and will provide a high yielding
alternative to all chickpea varieties in
the short season, medium to low rainfall
environments of western and southern
Australia.
PBA Striker has a similar plant type to
PBA Slasher with larger seed size than all
other southern and western varieties.
Seed of PBA Striker is also light
in colour with ver y good milling
characteristics. AB resistance of PBA
Striker is less than PBA Slasher and
Genesis 090 but improved over Almaz
and Genesis 836 however it is likely to
require both vegetative and reproductive
foliar fungicide sprays.
Due to this lower AB rating than PBA
Slasher and its early maturity, PBA Striker
is not recommended for high rainfall and
long growing season districts. Seed is
licensed to Seednet.
Ambar A (WACPE2136). An early
flowering and maturing desi type
chickpea released from Western Australia
in 2012 and rated as resistant to AB.
Ambar is high yielding in WA with
similar yields to PBA Slasher but has had
2013
60
SARDI Sowing Guide < 25
Sowing Guide 2013
limited evaluation in southern Australia.
Seed size is smaller than PBA Slasher and
PBA Striker but light in colour. Seed is
licensed to Heritage Seeds.
Neelam A (WACPE2155). A mid
flowering and maturing desi type
c h i c k p e a r e l e a s e d f r o m We s t e r n
Australia in 2012 and rated as resistant
to AB. Neelam has very high yields in
WA generally higher than PBA Slasher.
It has had limited evaluation in southern
Australia and yields to date have generally
been similar to PBA Striker.
Neelam has a medium tall plant height,
taller than PBA Slasher with a seed size
smaller than PBA Slasher and PBA Striker
but light in colour. Seed is licensed to
Heritage Seeds.
PBA HatTrickA , PBA PistolA & PBA
Boundary A . These varieties have been
released for northern NSW/southern Qld
(PBA HatTrick & PBA Boundary) and
Central Queensland (PBA Pistol) where
they offer specific production advantages
over current variety options.
All varieties are poorly suited to SA and
Victoria due to susceptibility to AB (PBA
Pistol) and late maturity and low relative
yields (PBA HatTrick and PBA Boundary)
and are not preferred.
PBA Slasher A . PBA Slasher is a high
yielding AB desi chickpea for all growing
areas of SA. It has a semi-spreading plant
type with mid flowering and mid maturity
similar to Howzat. PBA Slasher is suitable
for both the split and whole seed markets
as it has improved seed size and colour
over varieties like Genesis 509 which
are generally only suited for split seed
markets.
Fungicide management trials have
indicated that foliar sprays only during
podding are required to successfully grow
this variety. Seed is licensed to Seednet.
Notes on selected kabuli varieties
AlmazA . Almaz is a medium to large
seeded kabuli type commercialised by
Seednet. Seed size is generally larger
than Kaniva, with superior foliar AB
resistance but inferior to that of Genesis
090. It has been 15-35% lower yielding
than Genesis 090 in southern Australia
and will generally require two to four
foliar fungicide sprays, including a first
application six to eight weeks after
sowing, to successfully grow it in this
region.
26 > SARDI Sowing Guide
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected desi chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed
as a percentage of PBA Slasher’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005-2011.)
Yorke Pen. Mid north Lower EP upper EP South East Vic Mallee Wimmera
PBA Slasher
2.07
2.13
1.93
0.78
2.09
1.49
1.41
yield (t/ha)
Ambar
99
97
101*
98
98
95
95
101
98
99
94
99
97
96
GenesisTM 079#
92
90
92
79
94
91
94
GenesisTM 090#
92
93
90
81
94
91
90
GenesisTM 509
Howzat
93
89
96
85
94
93
88
Neelam
101*
100*
NA
105*
101*
102
103
PBA HatTrick
89
88
90
79
93
92
92
PBA Slasher
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
PBA Striker
103
101
103
107
101
96
97
Sonali
93
90
94
86*
95
88
85
# Small kabuli types
Table 4. Predicted long term yields of selected kabuli chickpea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields
expressed as a percentage of Genesis 090’s yield (SARDI, PBA & NVT data, 2005–2011).
Yorke Pen.
Mid north
Lower EP
South East
Vic Mallee
Wimmera
Genesis 090
1.91
1.85
1.47
1.99
1.26
1.36
yield (t/ha)
Almaz
87
84
84
87
84
82
Genesis 079
107
105
109
100
104
96
Genesis 090
100
100
100
100
100
100
Genesis 114
90
86
82
88
89
88
Kalkee
87
84
89*
86
88
88
GenesisTM 079. Genesis 079 is an early
flowering and maturing, high yielding
small seeded kabuli type with resistance
to AB. It has small seed (6-7 mm),
smaller than Genesis 090. Genesis 079
has produced high and consistent yields
in medium and low rainfall districts of
SA. Seed of Genesis 079 is available
through Australian Agricultural Crop
Technologies.
Genesis TM 114. Genesis 114 is a
medium to large seeded (8-9 mm)
kabuli type chickpea with yields higher
than Almaz and Kaniva but less than
the smaller seeded Genesis 090. Genesis
114 has moderate resistance to foliar AB
meaning it will require strategic fungicide
management to protect yield and ensure
high quality seed is produced.
Its flowering time is similar to Almaz
but later than Genesis 090. It has
a medium to tall erect plant type.
Harvestibility of Genesis 114 is excellent
with greater height to lowest pod than
Genesis 090 and Almaz. Genesis 114 is
licensed to Australian Agricultural Crop
Technologies.
Genesis TM 090 . Genesis 090 was the
first kabuli type released in Australia with
foliar resistance to AB. It is a small to
medium seeded kabuli with a medium
plant height.
Under AB disease pressure Genesis 090
will require fungicide protection during
podding to prevent seed blemish and
yield loss.
It offers chickpea growers an alternative
to the desi types due to the potential
for higher returns but yields are now
generally lower than the recent desi
releases in many environments. Seed is
available through Australian Agricultural
Crop Technologies.
Kalkee. Kalkee is a medium to large
seeded kabuli type similar to Genesis 114
but with later flowering and larger seed
size. Kalkee has the largest seed size of
all commercial kabuli types hence more
able to meet the size requirements of
premium high valued markets.
However yield and disease resistance
are inferior to the small kabuli types and
equivalent to Genesis 114 in SA meaning
it is likely to require strategic fungicide
applications during the year.
It is commercialised by Australian
Agricultural Crop Technologies.
2013
DECEMBER 2012
61
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Herbicide tolerance of
cereal and pulse varieties
By Michael Zerner, Rob Wheeler and
Larn McMurray, SARDI
T
he level of tolerance to commonly
used herbicides in cereal and
pulse varieties has been found to
vary between cultivars.
Small yield reductions to sensitive
varieties caused by herbicide damage may
be easily detected on a large scale, but
can be very costly.
The variation in
tolerance may be due
to any combination
of differences in
morphological or
physiological traits
among the varieties.
Michael Zerner
Australian cereal
and pulse varieties are extensively
tested to determine level of tolerance
to commonly used herbicides in South
Australia as part of a national GRDC
funded program.
All newly released varieties are tested to
identify any potential herbicide sensitivity
to provide additional information to
growers for the agronomic management
of new varieties.
Varieties are first tested in preliminary
trials at higher than recommended rates
of the herbicides to identify any sensitivity
to specific herbicides.
Once a significant variety and
herbicide interaction has been
identified, the variety is tested with the
specific herbicide in more advanced
trials using recommended and higher
than recommended herbicide rates to
determine the severity of the yield
reductions caused by the herbicide.
Given that environmental conditions
strongly influence the level of safety
of most herbicides it is important that
varieties are tested over a number of
seasons to clearly identify the level
of tolerance. Cereal field trials are
conducted at Mallala and Kybunga, while
the pulses are tested at Minlaton.
The level of sensitivity is determined
by yield reductions in comparison to
unsprayed controls of the same variety.
The long-term results are presented in
the following tables, summarised using
the symbols below.
-
not tested or insufficient data.

no significant yield reductions at label or higher than recommended rates in (z) trials.
N (w/z)
narrow margin, significant yield reductions at higher than recommended rate, but
not at recommended rate. Significant event occurring in w trials out of z trials tested.
Eg. (2/5) = tested in 5 trials, 2 trials returning a significant yield reduction.
x% (1/z)
yield reduction (warning) significant yield reduction at recommended rate in 1 trial only
out of z trials conducted.
x-y% (w/z)
yield reductions (warning) significant yield reductions at recommended rate in w trials
out of z trials conducted.
2013
62
SARDI Sowing Guide < 27
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Herbicide tolerance
Table 1. Wheat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011)
Herbicide
2,4-D Amine 625 Achieve®
Affinity®
2,4-D Amine
Tralkoxydim Carfentrazone Years
Ethyl
Variety
1993-2011
1993-2011
2006-2011
Tested
AGT Katana
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
Axe
2008-2009
6 (1/2)
N (1/2)
(2)
Catalina
2007-2009
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
(3)
Cobra
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Correll
2006-2009
14 (1/4)
10 (1/4)
(4)
Corack
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Derrimut
2006-2007
N (1/2)
(2)
(2)
Emu Rock
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Espada
2009-2010
N (1/2)
7 (1/2)
(2)
Estoc
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
Frame
1993-2010
5-18 (3/18)
3-12 (2/18)
(5)
Gladius
2006-2009
6-11 (2/4)
5 (1/4)
(4)
Guardian
2008-2011
9 (1/2)
(2)
(2)
Hyperno
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
N (2/3)
Justica CL+
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Kord CL+
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Mace
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
Peake
2008-2009
11 (1/2)
(2)
(2)
Phantom
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Pugsley
2001-2004
5 (1/4)
12 (1/4)
Saintly
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
Scout
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
Tamaroi
1996-2003
3-4 (2/8)
5 (1/8)
Tjilkuri
2009-2010
(2)
(2)
(2)
Wallup
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
Wyalkatchem 2003-2005
9 (1/3)
N (1/3)
Yawa
2009-2010
(2)
(2)
N (1/2)
Yitpi
1998-2001
2-9 (3/4)
(4)
Rates (product/ha)
1.75/ 1.4L
380g
60g
Crop stage at spraying
2 node
3 leaf
3 leaf
Ally®
Metsulfuronmethyl
1993-2011
N (1/3)
7 (1/2)
N (1/3)
(1)
8-15 (3/4)
(1)
N (1/2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
4-21 (4/18)
9-18 (2/4)
N (1/2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
N (1/2)
(1)
12 (1/4)
(2)
(2)
11 (1/8)
(2)
(1)
4-8 (2/3)
N (1/2)
2-8 (2/4)
7g
3 leaf
Table 2. Barley variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011)
Herbicide
2,4-D Amine
Achieve®
Affinity®
500/625
Tralkoxydim
Carfentrazone
Years
2,4-D Amine
- Ethyl
Variety
1993-2011
1993-2009
2006-2011
Tested
Bass
2009-2010
(2)
(2)
Baudin
2009-2011
(2)
(1)
(2)
Barque
1995-2000
6 (1/6)
N (1/6)
Buloke
2006-2009
(4)
N (1/4)
12 (1/4)
Commander
2005-2007
(3)
(3)
(2)
Fathom
2011
(1)
(1)
Flagship
2004-2009
10 (1/6)
5 (1/6)
N (1/4)
Fleet
2004-2006
(3)
N (1/3)
(1)
Flinders
2011
(1)
(1)
Gairdner
1998-2001
N (3/4)
7 (1/4)
Hindmarsh
2007-2009
(3)
(3)
N (1/3)
Keel
1998-2001
(4)
(4)
Maritime
2003-2005
(3)
N (1/3)
Navigator
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
Oxford
2009-2011
(2)
(1)
(2)
Schooner
1993-1997
(5)
(5)
Scope
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
Shepherd
2011
(1)
(1)
Skipper
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
Sloop SA
2009-2010
(2)
(1)
(2)
Vlamingh
2009-2010
(2)
(1)
(2)
Westminster
2011
(1)
(1)
Wimmera
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
Rates (product/ha)
1.4L
380g
60g
Crop stage at spraying
2 node
4 leaf
4 leaf
28 > SARDI Sowing Guide
64
2013
Axial®
Pinoxaden +
Cloquintocet-Methyl
2006-2011
N (1/3)
5 (1/2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
N (1/3)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
N (1/2)
250mL
3 leaf
Ally®
Metsulfuronmethyl
1993-2011
(2)
(2)
(6)
N (1/4)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(3)
(1)
(4)
N (2/3)
(4)
N (1/3)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
7g
4 leaf
Banvel® M
MCPA+
Dicamba
1993-2009
N (2/2)
N (1/3)
6 (1/4)
10 (1/2)
7 (1/2)
5-21 (2/17)
N (2/4)
(2)
(2)
N (2/4)
(8)
(3)
N (1/4)
1.4L
5leaf
Axial®
Pinoxaden +
Cloquintocet-Methyl
2006-2011
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(1)
N (1/4)
(1)
(1)
11 (1/3)
(2)
(2)
9 (1/2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
250mL
4 leaf
Boxer Gold® Bromoxynil MCPA
Prosulfocarb +
Bromoxynil +
S-Metalochlor
MCPA
2009-2011
1994-2011
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
N (1/2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
2-7 (5/17)
(1/1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(2)
5 (1/2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
(1)
5 (1/2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
N (3/8)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
N (3/4)
2.5L
1.4L
IBS
3 leaf
Banvel® M
MCPA + Dicamba
1993-2011
(2)
(1)
6-10 (5/6)
N (1/4)
N (2/3)
(1)
16 (1/6)
5 (1/3)
(1)
4 (1/4)
8 (1/3)
4 (1/4)
(3)
(2)
N (1/3)
9-46 (2/5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
N (1/1)
(2)
1.4L
6 leaf
Boxer Gold®
Prosulfocarb +
S-Metolachlor
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
6 (1/1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
2.5L
IBS
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Cadence®
Dicamba
2006-2011
(2)
10 (1/2)
6-10 (2/3)
N (1/1)
N (1/4)
N (1/1)
(2)
N (1/1)
(2)
(2)
8 (1/5)
9 (1/4)
N (1/2)
9 (1/2)
N (1/1)
N (1/1)
N (1/3)
(2)
N (1/1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
N (1/1)
(2)
200g
5 leaf
Conclude®
MCPA +
Florasulam
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
700mL
5 leaf
Crusader®
Pyroxsulam
Diuron(500SC) /MCPA
Diuron + MCPA Amine
Glean®
Chlorsulfuron
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
500mL
3 leaf
1993-2011
(2)
6 (1/1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
4-6 (3/17)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
N (1/4)
6 (1/3)
(2)
4 (1/8)
(2)
(1)
5 (1/3)
(2)
(4)
500mL/350mL
3 leaf
2008-2011
(2)
9 (1/2)
(1)
(1)
12 (1/2)
(1)
(1)
6 (1/2)
N (1/3)
(3)
7 (1/2)
N (1/2)
N (1/3)
(1)
(1)
N (1/3)
(2)
(1)
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
(2)
(1)
(2)
20g
3 leaf
BroadstrikeTM
Flumetsulam
Bromoxynil MCPA
Bromoxynil + MCPA
Cadence®
Dicamba
1993-2011
(2)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(3)
N (1/1)
(6)
(3)
(1)
(4)
N (1/3)
(4)
5 (1/3)
(2)
(1)
14 (1/5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
25g
6 leaf
1994-2011
(2)
(2)
7-8 (2/6)
10 (1/4)
(3)
(1)
12 (1/6)
N (1/3)
(1)
7 (1/4)
6 (1/3)
3-8 (2/4)
N (1/3)
(2)
(2)
N (1/4)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
N (2/2)
1.4L
4 leaf
2006-2011
N (1/2)
N (1/3)
9-11 (2/4)
12 (1/2)
N (1/1)
14 (1/4)
N (1/1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
200g
6 leaf
Decision®
Diclofop-methyl +
Sethoxydim
2005-2011
(2)
(2)
12 (1/4)
(3)
(1)
(5)
N (1/2)
(1)
7 (1/3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
1.0L
4 leaf
Hussar®
IodosulfuronMethylsodium
2005-2011
(2)
10 (1/2)
(2)
(1)
12 (1/4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
N (2/6)
17-19 (2/4)
(2)
N (1/3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
N (1/3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
4 (1/3)
(2)
200g
3 leaf
Logran®
Triasulfuron
LVE MCPA
LVE MCPA
Sakura®
Pyroxasulfone
1993-2009
N (1/2)
(4)
N (1/2)
N (1/2)
2 (1/17)
5 (1/4)
(2)
6 (1/2)
(4)
N (2/8)
N (1/3)
6-8 (2/4)
35g
PSPE
1996-2008
(1)
(3)
(2)
4 (1/13)
N (1/3)
(1)
(1)
12 (1/4)
N (3/7)
(3)
N (2/4)
1.2L
5 leaf
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
118g
IBS
Diuron/MCPA Amine
Diuron + MCPA Amine
Glean®
Chlorsulfuron
LVE MCPA
LVE MCPA
Terbutryn
Terbutryn
1993-2011
(2)
(2)
(6)
13 (1/4)
(3)
(1)
N (1/6)
7 (1/3)
(1)
6 (1/4)
10 (1/3)
(4)
N (2/3)
(2)
(2)
N (2/5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
N (1/1)
(2)
500mL/350ml
4 leaf
1993-2009
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(1)
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
20g
4 leaf
1996-2008
3 (1/5)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(3)
6 (1/4)
(2)
4 (1/4)
4 (1/3)
(2)
1.2L
6 leaf
1993-2005
1-4 (2/6)
(1)
N (1/2)
N (1/2)
8 (1/4)
(4)
4-7 (2/3)
(5)
850mL
4 leaf
2013
DECEMBER 2012
Tigrex®
MCPA +
Diflufenican
1996-2011
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
7 (1/4)
(1)
N (1/2)
(1)
7 (1/2)
(2)
N (4/15)
7 (1/4)
6 (1/2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(1)
7 (1/3)
(2)
N (3/4)
1L
5 leaf
Tigrex®
MCPA +
Diflufenican
1996-2011
(2)
(2)
5-8 (3/5)
(4)
(3)
(1)
8 (1/6)
7-8 (2/3)
(1)
3 (1/4)
8 (1/3)
4-6 (3/4)
7 (1/3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
1L
6 leaf
SARDI Sowing Guide < 29
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30 > SARDI Sowing Guide
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Table 4. Field pea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2011)
Diuron
Lexone®
Lexone®
Herbicide
BroadstrikeTM Brodal Options®
Flumetsulam
+ MCPA Amine
Diuron
Metribuzin
Metribuzin
diflufenican +
MCPA Amine
Years
Tested
Variety
1994-2011
1994-2011
2011
1994-2010
1994-2011
Alma
1994 - 2001
(8)
(8)
N (3/8)
4 (1/8)
Bundi
2006-2007
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Glenroy
1994
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Kaspa
2002-2011
N (1/10)
11 (1/10)
N (1/1)
N (2/9)
N (4/10)
Laura
1994-1996
N (1/5)
14 (1/5)
42 (1/5)
N (5/5)
Mukta
1996-2001
(6)
N (2/6)
(6)
N (2/6)
PBA Gunyah
2008-2011
N (1/4)
(4)
(1)
9 (1/3)
N (3/4)
PBA Oura
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
PBA Twilight
2008-2011
N (1/4)
N (1/4)
(1)
N (1/3)
13 (1/4)
Parafield
1996 - 2005
11-13 (2/10)
(10)
N (3/10)
N (5/10)
Santi
1999-2001
7 (1/3)
N (1/3)
(3)
(3)
Sturt
2002-2005
10-13 (2/4)
(4)
8 (1/4)
12-17 (2/4)
Soupa
1998-2001
8 (1/4)
N (2/4)
9 (1/4)
5 (1/4)
SW Celine
2006-2007
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Rates (product/ha)
25 g
125 ml + 125 ml
1L
280 g
280 g
Crop stage at spraying
5 Node
5 Node
PSPE
PSPE
3 Node
* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.
Outlook®
Di-methenamid-P
2011
(1)
(1)
N (1/1)
(1)
1L
IBS
MCPA Sodium
MCPA Sodium
1994-2008
6 (2/8)
(2)
24 (1/1)
10 (1/7)
N (2/5)
3-9 (2/6)
(1)
(1)
5-20 (2/10)
4-27 (2/3)
(4)
6-10 (2/4)
(2)
900 ml
5 Node
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.2 L
PSPE
2011
N (1/1)
Simazine
Simazine
Simazine +
Diuron*
Simazine +
Diuron
1994-2010
19-40 (2/8)
(2)
(1)
N (1/8)
19 (1/5)
8 (1/6)
9-11 (2/3)
9 (1/3)
29 (1/10)
17 (1/3)
(4)
22 (1/4)
(2)
350 ml + 650 ml
PSPE
1994-2010
N (1/8)
15 (1/2)
(1)
(9)
8 (1/5)
7 (1/6)
N (1/3)
11 (1/3)
11-15 (2/10)
N (1/3)
7 (1/4)
(4)
(2)
70 g
3 Node
Spinnaker®
Imazethapyr
1994-2011
8 (1/7)
N (2/2)
(9)
(4)
N (1/6)
11 (1/4)
(1)
(4)
7 (1/10)
(3)
N (1/4)
N (1/4)
N (1/2)
45 g
3 Node
Raptor®
Imazamox
2009-2011
N (1/3)
9 (1/3)
(1)
N (2/3)
1 kg
PSPE
Terbyne®
Terbuthylazine
Table 3. Oat variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1993-2011)
Herbicide
2,4-D
Affinity
Banvel® M Boxer Gold®* BroadstrikeTM Bromoxynil Cadence® Conclude® Diuron +
Diuron +
Eclipse + LVE
Tigrex®
Ally®
Eclipse
Glean®
®
®
Amine 625
Force
metsulfuron- MCPA+ Prosulfocarb + Flumetsulam
MCPA
MCPA + Dual Gold
MCPA
MCPA
chlorMCPA +
Dicamba
100SC
2,4-D amine
Carfentmethyl
bromoxynil +
Florasulam Diuron +
Diuron + Metosulam Metosulam + sulfuron diflufenican
Dicamba S-Metolachlor
razone - Ethyl
MCPA
S-meto- MCPAAmine
LVE MCPA
Years
lachlor
Variety
1995-2010
2011
1995-2009 1995-2010
2011
1995-2010
1995-2010
2011
2011
1995-2006 1995-2010
2011
1995-2010 1995-2011 1995-2011
Tested
Brusher
2003-2004
7 (1/2)
(2)
5 (1/2)
8 (1/2)
N (1/2)
(2)
6 (1/2)
(2)
(2)
13 (1/3)
Dunnart
2011
(1)
N (1/1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
N (1/1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Euro
1996-1998
7-8 (2/4)
(4)
19-27 (2/4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
10-11 (2/4)
Forester
2011
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
N (1/1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Glider
1998-2003
8 (1/3)
(3)
9 (1/3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
N (1/3)
Kangaroo 2004-2006 4-17 (2/3)
(3)
15-35 (2/3)
10 (1/3)
16 (1/3)
(3)
16-20 (2/3)
N (1/3)
(3)
5-17 (3/3)
Mitika
2003-2006
6 (1/4)
7 (1/4)
8-40 (3/4)
7 (1/4)
6 (1/4)
(4)
N (1/3)
3 (1/4)
(4)
9-13 (3/4)
Mulgara
2008-2010
N (2/3)
6 (1/2)
7 (1/3)
(3)
7 (1/3)
(3)
(3)
12 (1/3)
N (1/3)
Possum
2001-2004
6-8 (2/3)
(3)
15-22 (3/3)
N (1/3)
4-13 (2/3)
(3)
13 (1/3)
(3)
(3)
18 (1/3)
Tungoo
2007-2010
N (1/4)
9 (1/4)
12 (1/4)
(4)
8 (1/4)
(4)
N (1/4)
9 (1/4)
N (1/4)
Wallaroo 1995-1997
(3)
(3)
11 (1/3)
10 (1/3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
Wintaroo 2001,03, 07
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
35 (1/3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
7 (1/3)
(3)
10 (1/3)
Wombat
2011
(1)
N (1/1)
(1)
N (1/1)
N (1/1)
N (1/1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Yallara
2005-2007
6 (1/3)
N (1/3)
27-54 (3/3)
4 (1/3)
N (2/3)
(2)
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
7 (1/3)
8-11 (3/3)
Rates (product/ha)
1L
85mL
5g
1.4L
2.5L
25 g
1.4L
200g
700mL
830g + 1L 280g+350mL
50mL
7g + 700 ml
20g
1L
2 node
3 leaf
3 leaf
3 - 5 leaf
IBS
5- 6 leaf
3 leaf
5 leaf
5 leaf
PSPE
3 leaf
3 leaf
3 - 6 leaf
3 leaf
5-6 leaf
Crop stage at spraying
* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.
Sowing
Guide
2013
SARDI
sowing
guide
2013
Sowing
Guide
20132013
SARDI
sowing
guide
Herbicide tolerance
Table 5. Lentil variety response to herbicides in South Australia (1994-2011)
Brodal
Diuron
Herbicide
BroadstrikeTM
Flumetsulam
Options®
Diuron
diflufenican
Variety
Years Tested
Aldinga
1994-2001
Boomer
2005-2009
Bounty
2009-2011
Cassab
1999-2001
Cobber
1994-2002
Digger
1994-2001
PBA Flash
2006-2011
PBA Jumbo
2011
Nipper
2004-2011
Northfield
1994-2004
Nugget
1999-2005
Matilda
1994-2002
PBA Blitz
2010-2011
Rates (product/ha)
1994-2011
N (2/7)
7-19 (2/5)
12 (2/3)
N (1/3)
10 (1/4)
8-18 (2/7)
10-14 (3/6)
12 (1/1)
8-20 (4/8)
10-25 (3/9)
6-20 (3/6)
N (1/4)
10-13 (2/2)
20g
1994-2011
N (2/7)
7-11 (2/4)
9 (1/3)
7 (1/3)
22 (1/4)
15-23 (2/7)
N (2/6)
(1)
7 (1/8)
16-24 (3/9)
11 (1/6)
10-12 (2/4)
(2)
150ml
1996-2011
N (1/5)
(5)
N (1/3)
N (2/3)
N (1/2)
N (3/5)
N (1/6)
(1)
N (3/8)
14 (1/7)
N (1/6)
(2)
N (1/2)
1L
Dual Gold®*
Lexone®
Lexone®*
S-metalochlor Metribuzin Metribuzin
1997-2000
(3)
8 (1/2)
(1)
N (2/3)
21 (1/2)
N (1/2)
(1)
500ml
1994-2011 2005-2008
N (3/7)
N (1/1)
19 (1/5)
34 (1/4)
N (2/3)
N (2/3)
12 (1/4)
32 (1/7)
N (3/6)
42 (1/3)
N (1/1)
N (4/8)
26-52 (3/4)
17-19 (2/9)
14 (1/1)
6 (1/6)
(2)
N (4/4)
10 (1/2)
280 g
180g
Simazine*
Simazine
2004-2011
(5)
9 (1/3)
N (2/6)
N (1/1)
14 (1/8)
(1)
(2)
N (2/2)
1.2 L
Crop stage at spraying
6 weeks
6 weeks
PSPE
PSPE
PSPE
3 node
* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.
PSPE
Simazine +
Diuron500*
Simazine +
Diuron
1992-2002
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
6 (1/3)
(1)
12 (1/4)
15 (1/4)
500ml +
500ml
PSPE
Terbyne®*
Terbuthylazine
2009-2011
N (1/1)
11 (1/3)
N (3/3)
N (1/1)
21 (1/3)
N (2/2)
1kg
PSPE
Table 6. Chickpea variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2004-2011)
Herbicide
Years
Tested
Variety
Balance®
Isoxaflutole
BroadstrikeTM
Flumetsulam
Diuron
Diuron
Lexone®
Metribuzin
Outlook®
Di-methenamid-P
Simazine
Simazine
Simazine*
Simazine
Terbyne®
Terbuthylazine
2004-2011
2004-2011
2004-2010
2004-2011
2011
2004-2011
2004-2008
2009-2011
(2)
(2)
-
(1)
N (1/8)
8 (1/5)
N (1/8)
(3)
N (2/2)
(1)
N (1/2)
-
N (1/2)
(2)
10 (1/2)
-
Almaz
2006-2007
(2)
N (1/2)
(2)
N (1/2)
Genesis 090
2004-2011
(8)
N (2/8)
14 (1/7)
(8)
Genesis 079
2007-2009
(3)
16-20 (2/3)
(3)
(3)
Genesis 114
2010-2011
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
Genesis 509
2005-2006
(2)
(2)
11 (1/2)
(2)
PBA Slasher
2008-2011
(1)
(4)
N (1/4)
(3)
(4)
(1)
N (1/4)
N (1/1)
N (1/3)
Rates (product/ha)
100 g
20 g
1L
280 g
1L
1.2 L
1.2 L
1 kg
Crop stage at spraying
PSPE
6 weeks
PSPE
PSPE
IBS
PSPE
6 weeks
PSPE
* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.
Table 7. Faba bean variety response to herbicides in South Australia (2000-2011)
Simazine
Herbicide
Diuron
Outlook®
Di-methenamid-P
Simazine
Years
Diuron
Tested
Variety
2000-2011
2011
2000-2011
Simazine
Simazine
Lexone®
Metribuzin
2001-2008
2003-2010
Farah
2002-2008
(7)
N (1/7)
6-18 (3/7)
(6)
Fiesta
2000-2007
N (1/8)
18 (1/8)
21 (1/7)
(5)
Fiord
2000-2002
N (1/3)
N (2/3)
N (1/2)
PBA Rana 2009-2011
(3)
(1)
(3)
N (1/2)
Nura
2003-2011
(9)
(1)
N (1/9)
N (1/6)
(8)
Rates (product/ha)
1L
1L
1.5 L
1.5 L
280 g
Crop stage at spraying
PSPE
IBS
PSPE
6 weeks
PSPE
* Denotes an off label use. This use is not endorsed by this data and no responsibility will be taken for its interpretation.
Spinnaker®
Imazethapyr
Raptor®*
Imazamox
Terbyne®
Terbuthylazine
2000-2011
28-39 (2/3)
11-32 (2/8)
18-30 (2/3)
14 (1/3)
10-53 (5/9)
85 g
PSPE
2003-2011
N (3/6)
N (4/5)
18 (1/3)
20 (1/9)
45 g
3-4 leaf
2009-2011
N (1/3)
N (1/3)
1 kg
PSPE
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 31
67
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Canola variety sowing guide 2013
penalty when grown in situations where
they are not warranted.
• Varietal blackleg resistance and/or
fungicide use should be considered,
he season in 2011 followed one of
particularly when rotations are close.
the wettest summers in memory
In late 2011, we conducted a survey of
so crops went into winter with
canola crops in the southern Mallee to
significant sub soil moisture. However, a
determine the level of blackleg that was
dry April and May resulted in the small
present.
canola seed sometimes being
We are now seeing a greater
sown into a drying profile and
level of blackleg in the southern
emergence was variable in some
Mallee and many of the crops
areas.
are being sown to varieties that
Emergence was delayed at
have a low level of blackleg
the Bordertown site until good
resistance.
rain fell later in June. In some
The increase in blackleg can
commercial crops there was also
be attributed to a greater area
evidence of seedling burn from
Trent Potter
being sown to canola in 2010
having high rates of fertiliser in
and 2011, as well as the summer and
close proximity to the seed row.
autumn rain in 2010-11 that resulted in
Little or no mouse damage was
a likely more rapid and greater release of
observed at any NVT canola trial site, the
blackleg spores throughout the district.
opposite situation to that seen in 2010.
With a further increase in area being
Generally good rain fell at all sites
cropped to canola in 2012 blackleg may
during winter and early spring.
begin to be an issue in the Mallee. While
Sites at Frances and Bool Lagoon in the
the levels of internal infection are not
South East were particularly affected by
as high as noted in the medium to high
water logging and three trials were too
rainfall zone, if the amount of blackleg
variable for results to be released.
continues to increase, we should be
Many sites suffered from a dry spell
looking to move to varieties with better
after mid September when crops were
resistance or consider limited use of
just finishing flowering.
fungicides in future.
On Eyre Peninsula and in the mid
The blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria
north, rains later in October helped grain
maculans, has a high ability to overcome
fill.
resistance in canola. In the past, major
However, in the South East, the rest
resistance breakdowns have been
of spring was very dry and crops relied
observed in regions including the Eyre
on stored moisture and relatively mild
Peninsula and Bordertown in South
conditions to produce the yields that they
Australia.
did attain.
Experiments in Victoria and South
The choice of most suitable canola
Australia have shown that canola
variety for any situation will often follow
cultivars with different resistance sources
a consideration of maturity, herbicide
(e.g. different resistance genes or gene
tolerance, blackleg resistance and early
combinations) sown sequentially for
vigour together with relative yield and
three years into stubble from the previous
oil content. In relation to some of these
year’s canola crop at two field sites
issues the following points can be made:
resulted in decreased disease severity.
• The weed species expected may
In contrast, those canola cultivars with
dictate the need for a herbicide tolerant
the same resistance source as the previous
production system (e.g., triazine tolerant
year’s canola stubble had higher disease
or Clearfield). Remember that a triazine
severity.
tolerant variety will incur a yield and oil
By Trent Potter,
Research Scientist, SARDI, Struan
T
32 > SARDI Sowing Guide
68
2013
If you have been growing the same
cultivar for more than three years you
should consider changing to a new
cultivar with different blackleg resistance
genes.
However, in order to be able to
rotate canola cultivars the resistance
of individual canola cultivars must be
known.
Two types of blackleg resistance are
deployed in canola. These are major gene
resistance (or SEEDLING RESISTANCE),
which is usually effective at the point
of entry of the pathogen into the plant
(leaf or cotyledon) and polygenic (or
quantitative) resistance (sometimes
referred to as ADULT RESISTANCE),
which allows initial infection, but slows
growth of the pathogen within the plant.
Each Australian canola cultivar has been
characterised for its seedling resistance
using a set of blackleg isolates that are
able to attack individual resistance genes
at the seedlings stage and thus, allow
identification of the resistance genes
present.
Based on the type of seedling reaction
(either susceptible or resistant) each
cultivar has been categorised into a
resistance group.
In order to determine the adult
resistance of each cultivar, infected
canola stubble has been collected from
cultivars that represent each seedling
resistance group and used to infect all
Australian canola cultivars.
The plants were grown to maturity
and then assessed for stem canker. The
results from this work have allowed each
commercial canola cultivar to be placed
into a rotation group that incorporates
both the seedling and adult resistance
tests.
The rotational groups (where currently
known) are listed with the variety
descriptions below.
When you make your choice about new
varieties you should rely on NVT data
from the NVT website and any of your
own ideas from observing trials in 2012.
The new blackleg ratings will
Canola varietiesfor2013
XCEED Oasis CL
Not available in WA
XCEED VT X121 CL
Not available in WA
Canola
•FirstherbicidetolerantClearfield®junceacanola
varietyinAustralia
•Veryhighoilcontent
•Excellentpodshatterresistance
•Suitablefordirectharvesting
•Excellentfrostanddroughttolerance
•Blacklegresistancerating2011R-MR
Canola
•HybridClearfield®junceacanola
•FourdayslaterthanVTOasisCL
•Excellentearlyvigourandbranchingabilityandhas
highoilcontent
•VTX121CLhasexcellentpodshattertolerance
andissuitablefordirectharvest
•Viterraanticipatesablacklegresistance
ratingofR(resistant)
COMING SOON
®
www.viterra.com.au
ContactGeraldCashMarketingandProductionManageron(08)83045084
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
be released in early March and
will be available on the Australian
Oilseeds Federation website:
www.australianoilseeds.com
In previous years, all canola trials were
sown with bare seed, but NVT trials since
2011 have been sown with the same
fungicide treatment on all varieties so
that the reaction to blackleg will be more
difficult to assess from looking at the
trials.
Notes on recently released canola
varieties
Varieties released for 2012 sowings,
included where blackleg resistance
ratings have been officially determined.
Conventional varieties
CB Agamax. Early-mid maturing hybrid.
Canola Breeders indicate excellent yield
in low to medium rainfall, excellent early
vigour and good oil content. Blackleg
resistance rating MS. Tested in NVT trials
in 2010 for the first time. Marketed by
Canola Breeders.
CB Taurus. First released 2009. Very late
maturing, “winter” type canola hybrid.
Winter grazing option in high rainfall
zones. Canola Breeders indicate excellent
yield, excellent early vigour and good oil
content. Blackleg resistance rating MR
(P). Marketed by Canola Breeders.
Conventional specialty varieties
Victor y V3001 (tested as 06H932).
Early to mid maturing specialty hybrid
developed by Cargill Specialty Canola
Oils and Vic. DPI. Good blackleg
resistance (MR) and yield potential and
has performed well in 2007 and 2008
NVT trials. Victory V3001 will be grown
under contract production for Cargill
and marketed by Cargill Specialty Canola
Oils.
HERBICIDE TOLERANT
Clearfield varieties
Hyola 575CL (tested as K9317). Midearly season hybrid. Pacific Seeds indicate
high grain yield and oil content about
1% more than Hyola 571CL. Medium
plant height. Blackleg resistance rating R.
Tested in SA NVT trials in 2010. Bred and
marketed by Pacific Seeds.
44Y84 (CL) Early/early-mid season
hybrid. Blackleg resistance rating MR if
treated with a fungicide, MR-MS if bare
seed. Included in NVT trials in 2010.
Bred and marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred.
Long term early maturing canola 2005-2011
Varieties
South East
Conventional
AV Garnet
CB Agamax
Hyola 433
Hyola 50
Pioneer 43C80 (CL)
Pioneer 44C79 (CL)
SaharaCL
SARDI515M
Tarcoola
Xceed Oasis CL
Site mean (t/ha)
Triazine tolerant
ATR Cobbler
ATR Snapper
ATR Stingray
CB Jardee HT
CB Junee HT
CB Mallee HT
CB Scaddan
CB Tanami
CB Telfer
CB Tumby HT
Crusher TT
Hyola 444TT
Hyola 555TT
Tawriffic TT
Thumper TT
Site mean (t/ha)
% mean
118
110
114
114
90
88
72
89
96
82
1.86
# trials
4
2
3
6
2
2
2
2
5
2
104
111
113
114
5
2
2
3
105
100
99
90
107
3
4
4
4
2
108
5
1.56
upper Eyre
Peninsula
% mean # trials
118
4
107
2
116
3
114
5
91
2
86
2
66
2
78
2
99
4
73
2
1.35
106
114
117
4
2
2
116
104
100
101
96
2
2
3
3
4
105
4
1.35
Hyola ® 474CL. Mid-early maturing
CL Hybrid. Pacific Seeds indicate higher
yield than Hyola 571CL, very high oil and
high protein content. Medium-tall plant
height.
Ideally fits medium-low to high rainfall
areas including irrigation, and exhibits
excellent hybrid vigour. Blackleg
resistance rating R (P). Tested in NVT
trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by
Pacific Seeds. New release for 2012.
43Y85CL (tested as 08N102I). Early
maturing hybrid Clear field canola.
Blackleg resistance MR, and equivalent
oil content to 44C79. Selected for short
plant height and standability. Tested in
NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by
Pioneer Hi-Bred.
Triazine tolerant varieties
CB Junee HT™ (Trialled as CHYB127). New Release 2011. Early maturing
TT hybrid. Canola Breeders indicate
excellent yield, good early vigour and
mid north
% mean
117
# trials
2
% mean
112
# trials
3
118
114
2
5
113
115
91
86
2
6
2
2
70
2
98
80
1.56
5
2
101
6
106
4
115
2
104
102
97
112
2
4
2
2
103
3
1.66
1.55
105
107
109
114
118
108
102
100
86
110
123
108
128
101
109
1.71
6
2
2
3
2
2
4
5
4
2
2
2
2
5
2
good oil content. Blackleg resistance
rating MS-S. Tested in NVT trials in 2010
for the first time. Bred and marketed by
Canola Breeders.
Crusher TT. Mid maturing OP TT
variety - Pacific Seeds indicate good oil
and good protein content. Medium-tall
plant height. Ideally fits Medium to very
high rainfall areas including irrigation,
exhibits good early vigour and good
standability. Blackleg resistance rating
MS. Tested in NVT trials in 2010. Bred
and marketed by Pacific Seeds.
Thumper TT (tested as T2214). Mid
to mid-late maturing double haploid OP
TT variety. - Pacific Seeds indicate very
high yield, excellent oil and good protein
content. Medium plant height. Ideally fits
high to very high rainfall areas including
irrigation, exhibits good early vigour and
excellent standability.
Blackleg resistance rating R-MR.
Currently being tested in NVT trials
2013
70
Yorke Peninsula
SARDI Sowing Guide < 33
Sowing Guide 2013
Long term mid maturing canola 2005-2011
Variety
South East
SARDI sowing guide 2013
lower Eyre
Peninsula
% mean # trials
111
12
98
2
102
4
108
6
111
12
96
4
0
98
2
0
0
1.90
mid north
Yorke Peninsula
Conventional
% mean # trials
% mean # trials % mean
AV Garnet
109
17
108
14
107
AV Zircon
100
3
CB Agamax
100
4
103
3
101
Hyola 433
107
9
108
6
107
Hyola 50
112
17
109
14
112
Pioneer 46Y78
98
5
98
6
99
SARDI515M
86
2
Victory V3001
98
14
100
3
98
Victory V3002
102
2
Victory V3003
96
3
Site mean (t/ha)
2.05
2.28
2.27
Clearfield
Hyola 474CL
99
3
98
2
98
3
Hyola 571CL
106
9
103
6
101
7
103
Hyola 575CL
110
6
105
4
101
5
103
Hyola 676CL
108
3
103
2
103
2
103
Pioneer 43C80 (CL)
89
3
93
2
93
2
94
Pioneer 43Y85 (CL)
97
3
94
2
95
2
95
Pioneer 44C79 (CL)
83
6
91
4
90
5
89
Pioneer 44Y84 (CL)
102
12
105
8
105
10
104
Pioneer 45Y82 (CL)
102
9
100
6
103
8
101
Pioneer 46Y78
101
12
99
8
99
10
101
Pioneer 46Y83 (CL)
105
9
108
6
105
8
104
Site mean (t/ha)
1.80
1.91
2.36
2.60
Triazine tolerant
ATR Cobbler
95
14
103
10
101
13
103
ATR Snapper
106
6
111
4
109
5
108
ATR Stingray
112
6
114
4
110
5
109
CB Henty HT
129
3
CB Jardee HT
114
9
114
7
111
8
115
CB Junee HT
110
5
113
3
112
3
CB Mallee HT
104
6
103
5
107
7
107
CB Scaddan
98
11
97
8
100
10
103
CB Tanami
94
5
90
4
96
6
96
CB Telfer
90
6
95
4
92
7
87
CB Tumby HT
102
5
104
4
106
5
110
Crusher TT
128
6
125
4
119
5
121
Hyola 444TT
107
3
105
3
Hyola 555TT
128
6
125
4
119
5
124
Hyola 751TT
123
6
113
4
111
6
113
Monola 506TT
96
3
Monola 605TT
102
3
102
3
Monola 707TT
91
3
Monola 76TT
105
11
99
8
104
10
107
Monola 77TT
106
11
99
8
104
10
108
Tawriffic TT
105
14
103
10
102
13
104
Thumper TT
118
6
122
4
109
5
105
Site mean (t/ha)
1.70
1.64
2.14
1.98
Data source: NVT & SARDI/GRDC (long term data based on weighted analysis of sites, 2005-2011)
in 2010. Bred and marketed by Pacific
Seeds.
Hyola 555TT (tested as T2522). MidEarly maturing TT Hybrid. (TT version
of Hyola 433) Pacific Seeds indicate
excellent yield, excellent oil and high
protein content. Ideally fits medium-low
34 > SARDI Sowing Guide
# trials
9
2
4
9
3
2
6
3
2
2
2
4
7
5
8
5
9
3
3
5
3
7
4
4
4
3
3
4
7
7
9
3
right through to high rainfall areas. This
Hybrid exhibits good TT Hybrid vigour,
medium plant height and excellent
standability. Blackleg resistance rating
MR. Tested in NVT trials in 2010 Bred
and marketed by Pacific Seeds.
Hyola 444TT (tested as T98002). Early
maturing TT Hybrid. Pacific Seeds
indicate excellent yield, excellent oil
and high protein content. Medium-short
plant height. Ideally fits low to mediumhigh rainfall areas and exhibits good
TT Hybrid vigour and good standability.
Blackleg resistance rating MR. Tested in
NVT trials in 2010 Bred and marketed by
Pacific Seeds.
ATR-Snapper (tested as NT0049). EarlyMid maturing Medium-short height.
High oil and protein content. Blackleg
resistance rating MS. Bred by Canola
Alliance. Marketed by Nuseed Pty Ltd.
ATR-Stingray (tested as NT0045).
Early maturing. Short height. High oil
and protein content. Blackleg resistance
rating MR. Bred by AgSeed Research and
DPI Victoria. Marketed by Nuseed Pty
Ltd.
Jackpot TT. Mid-early maturing OP
TT variety. Pacific Seeds indicate very
high yield, very high oil and very high
protein content. Medium-Short height.
Ideally fits low to medium-high rainfall
areas, exhibits good early vigour. Blackleg
resistance rating of MR (P). Currently
being tested in NVT trials in 2011. Bred
and marketed by Pacific Seeds. Due to be
released in 2012.
Bonanza TT. Early maturing double
haploid OP TT variety. Pacific Seeds
indicate good yield for maturity. Good
oil and very high protein content. Short
plant height suited for direct heading.
Ideally fits low to medium rainfall areas,
exhibits excellent early vigour similar to
some TT Hybrids. Blackleg resistance
rating of MR (P). Currently being tested
in NVT trials in 2011. Bred and marketed
by Pacific Seeds. Due to be released in
2012.
ATR Gem (tested as NT0107). Early-mid
maturity triazine tolerant open pollinated
variety with better blackleg resistance and
vigour than TawrifficTT (MR(P)). Slightly
shorter than TawrifficTT and with slightly
higher oil content. Bred and marketed by
Nuseed. First year of NVT testing in 2011.
Triazine tolerant specialty varieties
Monola 506TT. (coded NL0437).
Early to early mid maturing Monola™
variety, similar maturity to ATR-Cobbler.
Higher oil content and yield than ATRCobbler. Height similar to Monola 77TT.
2013
DECEMBER 2012
71
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Blackleg resistance rating R-MR (P).
Tested in NVT trials in 2011 for the first
time. Developed by Nuseed, grown under
contract with a premium to Nuseed Crop
Network.
Monola 605TT. (coded NL0305).
Early to mid maturing Monola™ variety,
similar maturity to Tawriffic TT. Slightly
higher oil content than ATR-Cobbler.
Height shorter than Monola 77TT. More
vigorous than Monola 77TT. Blackleg
resistance rating RR (P). Tested in NVT
trials in 2011 for the first time. Developed
by Nuseed, grown under contract with a
premium to Nuseed Crop Network.
Notes on new varieties released for
2013
Many of these varieties have only
been evaluated in NVT trials in 2012
so comments are based on information
received from the breeding companies.
This may include the companies
suggested likely blackleg resistance
rating. However, where an actual blackleg
resistance rating is given it refers to
ratings derived from the NVT blackleg
nurseries.
Conventional varieties
CBTM Tango C (tested as CHYB-187).
Early-mid maturing conventional hybrid.
Vigorous early growth. Expected to be
grown in low rainfall regions. Blackleg
resistance rating MR (P) if treated with
fungicide, and medium-high seed oil
content. First year NVT testing in 2011.
Bred by Canola Breeders.
Hyola® 930. Winter hybrid canola with
oil levels similar to Hyola® 50. Provisional
Blackleg rating of R.
Matures 4 to 5 weeks later than Hyola®
50.Suitable for Autumn, Early Winter
or Spring Sowing. Suited to grazing in
winter. Marketed by Pacific Seeds.
Conventional specialty varieties
V ictor y® V3002 - Breeders code
08H5061C. Early-mid conventional
specialty hybrid variety, slightly later than
V3001. Good early vigour, good yield
potential and high oil content. Blackleg
resistance rating R-MR. Expected release
in 2013, bred by Cargill and DPI- Victoria,
marketed by Cargill, marketed by AWB in
closed loop program.
Victor y ® V3003 - Breeders code
08H5067C. Mid conventional specialty
Oil content (%) in mid season canola trials 2011
Variety
Frances Border- Bool Mt Hope Yeelanna Riverton Arthurton Spalding Turretfield
town Lagoon
Triazine tolerant
ATR Gem
47.7
41.9
ATR Cobbler
45.8
37.4
45.6
45.7
46.2
41.5
42.2
43.4
41.2
ATR Snapper
49.0
42.0
46.7
48.6
49.7
44.7
46.5
47.6
43.0
ATR Stingray
47.4
40.2
46.4
46.9
48.2
44.5
45.3
46.4
43.4
CB Jardee HT
45.4
40.0
44.3
45.2
46.2
41.3
42.1
42.7
38.9
CB Junee HT
43.6
39.4
43.6
45.8
45.5
41.7
42.3
43.2
40.3
CB Scaddan
44.3
39.5
43.4
44.7
43.8
41.0
40.7
41.8
39.3
CB Henty HT
46.5
41.2
46.3
46.3
46.3
Crusher TT
45.4
37.9
46.2
45.4
46.0
41.5
41.0
43.2
40.6
Hyola 444TT
45.0
41.0
45.8
45.8
45.7
43.3
44.3
45.6
41.9
Hyola 555TT
45.9
41.0
44.7
44.4
46.7
42.5
44.4
44.4
41.6
Hyola 751TT
45.3
40.0
46.6
46.1
46.5
42.7
41.9
43.4
39.8
Monola 506TT
47.3
40.8
45.3
45.2
47.1
42.3
Monola 605TT
45.4
39.1
45.1
45.9
46.8
41.4
41.7
43.6
40.9
Monola 707TT
44.2
38.4
44.2
45.7
45.6
39.6
Monola 76TT
47.1
41.1
45.9
47.5
47.7
44.0
44.6
44.3
42.9
Monola 77TT
48.5
40.7
47.4
48.2
48.8
45.8
44.3
45.5
44.1
Tawriffic TT
47.2
40.0
46.3
46.9
48.1
42.3
43.4
44.9
41.5
Thumper TT
46.6
39.7
46.9
46.9
48.5
43.0
43.9
43.6
41.9
45.7
47.5
44.6
42.9
43.7
44.3
38.8
40.6
42.9
39.4
Bonanza TT
CB Mallee HT
38.9
Clearfield
Hyola 474CL
45.9
41.0
44.1
45.7
46.4
43.4
44.4
45.0
42.7
Hyola 575CL
45.5
41.2
42.5
45.0
46.1
43.2
44.2
44.7
43.3
Pioneer 44Y84
45.9
41.5
43.2
46.4
47.4
44.7
44.5
45.9
43.6
Pioneer 45Y82
46.6
40.2
43.5
44.1
45.1
43.0
43.4
44.5
41.2
Pioneer 46Y83
46.0
40.0
44.5
46.8
47.9
43.5
44.1
45.6
43.4
Archer
45.9
40.4
43.0
44.3
41.6
Carbine
44.9
40.3
42.6
44.4
47.1
44.7
43.0
AV Garnet
47.5
41.1
46.3
47.3
49.4
CB Tango C
46.8
41.8
44.3
48.1
50.1
Hyola 433
46.7
41.3
45.6
45.1
48.4
Hyola 50
46.1
42.0
45.9
47.0
48.3
AV-Zircon
48.5
41.7
47.4
47.6
49.2
Victory V3001
44.1
39.5
45.1
46.5
40.6
44.3
44.9
Conventional
SARDI515M
44.2
CB Agamax
40.4
44.8
hybrid variety. Good early vigour and
high yield potential and oil content.
Blackleg resistance rating MR . Expected
release in 2013, bred by Cargill and DPIVictoria, marketed by Cargill, marketed
by AWB in closed loop program.
Clearfield varieties
45Y86CL. Mid maturing hybrid
Clear field canola to replace 46Y83.
Pioneer Hi-Bred suggest it will be MR(P)
for blackleg resistance. Tested in NVT
trials in 2011. Bred and marketed by
Pioneer Hi-Bred.
JO7Z-01904. Open pollinated juncea
canola, 2-5 days earlier than VT Oasis
CL. Excellent pod shatter tolerance.
Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance
rating of R. Bred by DPI Victoria/Viterra
in conjunction with GRDC. An EPR of $5
per tonne applies at delivery.
VT X121 CL. Hybrid juncea canola, 4
2013
72
SARDI Sowing Guide < 35
Sowing Guide 2013
days later than VT Oasis CL. Excellent
pod shatter tolerance. Viterra anticipate
blackleg resistance rating of R. Bred by
DPI Victoria/Viterra in conjunction with
GRDC.
Hyola® 971CL. Winter hybrid canola
with oil levels similar to Hyola® 50.
Provisional Blackleg rating of R.
Matures 4 to 5 weeks later than Hyola®
50.Suitable for Autumn, Early Winter
or Spring Sowing. Suited to grazing in
winter. Marketed by Pacific Seeds.
Archer (coded SMHC105CL). Mid-late
maturing hybrid. Heritage Seeds indicate
high yield and high-very high oil content.
Medium plant height. Heritage Seeds
also indicate blackleg resistance rating
MR. Tested in NVT trials 2011 and 2012.
Marketed by Heritage Seeds.
Carbine (coded SMHC111CL). Earlymid maturing hybrid. Heritage Seeds
indicate high yield and high-very high oil
content. Medium plant height. Heritage
Seeds also indicate blackleg resistance
rating MR. Tested in NVT trials 2011 and
2012. Marketed by Heritage Seeds.
Triazine tolerant varieties
CBTM Henty HT (tested as CHYB-148
HT ® ). Mid-maturity TT hybrid for
medium to high rainfall regions. CB
trials indicate moderately resistant to
blackleg if treated with a fungicide. First
year NVT testing in 2011 but not tested in
2012. Bred by Canola Breeders.
CB TM Sturt HT (tested as CBWA-106
TT). Early maturity open-pollinated
variety for low to medium rainfall regions
to replace Tanami. First year NVT testing
in 2011. Bred by Canola Breeders.
C B TM N i t r o H T ( t e s t e d a s
CHYB1380TT). Mid maturity variety,
under evaluation. Slightly earlier
maturity to CBTM Jardee HT. First year
NVT testing in 2012. Bred by Canola
Breeders.
C B TM A t o m i c H T ( t e s t e d a s
CHYB1368TT). Early-mid maturity
variety, under evaluation. Similar
maturity to CBTM Junee HT. First year
NVT testing in 2012. Bred by Canola
Breeders.
Hyola 559TT. Mid to early mid TT
hybrid. Medium plant height and good
36 > SARDI Sowing Guide
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Blackleg resistance group
Conventional types
Group
Hyola 50
D
Hyola 433
D
Victory V3002
C
SARDI515M
G
Victory V3003
C
AV-Zircon
A
AV-Garnet
ABC
CB Taurus
C
Victory V3001
A
Triazine tolerant types
Group
Clearfield
Group
Hyola 751TT
D
Hyola 575CL
E
Monola 707TT
F
Hyola 474CL
E
Monola 506TT
F
XCEED OasisCL
DG
Monola 605TT
D
43Y85
A
Thumper TT
E
Bonanza TT
C
Hyola 555TT
E
Jackpot TT
E
Hyola 444TT
D
ATR-Gem
AD
ATR-Stingray
C
Resistance groups for other varieties will be released with the Blackleg resistance ratings in early 2013.
Oil content (%) in early season canola trials 2011
Variety
Minlaton Tooligie Keith Lameroo
Triazine tolerant
ATR Cobbler
43.9
44.3
39.1
45.0
ATR Snapper
48.6
47.0
42.0
48.9
ATR Stingray
45.4
46.0
41.3
45.7
Bonanza TT
43.4
45.6
39.9
44.7
CB Jardee HT
43.2
43.7
38.3
44.3
CB Junee HT
42.5
39.5
44.0
CB Mallee HT
42.0
42.3
38.0
43.3
CB Scaddan
42.7
37.3
42.6
CB Telfer
43.4
44.7
39.7
46.0
CB Sturt HT
44.6
44.8
39.7
44.7
Crusher TT
43.8
Hyola 444TT
44.9
44.7
40.2
45.0
Hyola 555TT
44.3
45.0
40.0
44.2
Tawriffic TT
45.7
46.1
40.1
45.8
Thumper TT
44.4
Monola 506TT
40.6
44.9
Clearfield
Hyola 474CL
44.9
46.6
41.9
45.9
Hyola 575CL
46.0
47.3
41.7
45.0
Pioneer 43C80
43.9
46.0
40.0
45.7
Pioneer 44C79
44.5
47.7
42.1
47.1
Pioneer 44Y84
44.1
47.1
42.9
46.1
Carbine
45.6
46.4
42.6
45.4
Xceed Oasis CL
48.1
Conventional
AV Garnet
47.3
42.6
46.4
CB Agamax
45.7
40.6
45.2
CB Tango C
47.0
41.6
47.5
Hyola 433
47.3
41.9
46.4
Hyola 50
47.1
41.3
45.4
AV-Zircon
49.9
42.4
47.9
SARDI515M
47.2
47.5
Victory V3001
39.4
44.7
early plant vigour. Pacific Seeds suggest
blackleg resistance rating of R-MR(P).
Tested in NVT trials in 2011 and 2012.
Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.
Hyola 656TT. Mid to mid-late TT
hybrid. Medium to tall plant height,
suited to early sowing. Pacific Seeds
suggest blackleg resistance rating of
R-MR(P). Tested in NVT trials in 2012.
Bred and marketed by Pacific Seeds.
JBOT-800350. Very early maturing
open pollinated TT juncea canola.
Very short plant with excellent shatter
tolerance. Viterra anticipate blackleg
resistance rating of R. Bred by Viterra in
conjunction with GRDC. Trialled in NVT
for the first time in 2012.
JBOT-903155. Early-mid maturing
open pollinated TT juncea canola.
Medium plant with excellent shatter
tolerance. Viterra anticipate blackleg
resistance rating of R. Bred by Viterra in
conjunction with GRDC. Trialled in NVT
for the first time in 2012.
JBOT-907988. Early maturing open
pollinated TT juncea canola. Medium
plant with excellent shatter tolerance.
Viterra anticipate blackleg resistance
rating of R.
Bred by Viterra in conjunction with
GRDC. Trialled in NVT for the first time
in 2012.
Triazine tolerant specialty varieties
NLO606TT. New release. Early to
early mid maturing Monola™ variety,
alternative to Tawriffic TT and Crusher
TT.
Nuseed suggest blackleg resistance
rating MR. Developed by Nuseed, grown
under contract with a premium to
Nuseed Crop Network.
The following varieties are outclassed
but seed will still be available for 2013:
• ATR-Cobbler, Hyola 444TT, Hyola 433,
Fighter TT, CB Junee HT, CB Mallee HT,
CB Scaddan, CB Eclipse RR.
The following varieties will be
withdrawn for 2013:
• Hyola 76, Hyola 751TT, Hurricane TT,
Storm TT, Lightning TT.
2013
DECEMBER 2012
73
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Sowing Guide 2013
Oat variety sowing guide 2013
By Pamela Zwer, Principal Oat Breeder, Sue
Hoppo, Research Scientist, Peter McCormack,
Manager Oat Improvement, Peter Wheeler
Agricultural Officer, Oat Breeding, KerryLee
McMurray, Technical Officer, Oat Breeding
and Michelle Williams, Research Officer, Oat
Quality Laboratory, SARDI
T
he oat variety descriptions in this
publication serve as a guide to
select oat varieties for specific end
uses with disease resistance, agronomic
traits, and yield potential suited to diverse
south eastern Australian farming systems.
How to use the oat variety
sowing guide
Varieties adapted to low, medium, and
high rainfall regions and categorised by
grain and hay end-use are shown in Table
1. Select the group of varieties suited to
your rainfall region and end use.
Consult Tables 2 to 7 to refine the list to
one or two varieties.
Consult Tables 2 and 3 for hay and grain
production comparisons, Table 4 for
agronomic features, Table 5 for disease
resistance, Table 6 for grain quality and
Table 7 for hay quality.
Certain varieties are preferred for
particular end-uses, so check with hay
processors and millers prior to variety
selection.
Is cereal cyst or stem nematode a
production contraint?
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and stem
nematode (SN) are major soil-borne
diseases limiting the yield of oats in
certain areas of southern Australia.
Due to the significant effect of CCN and
SN on varietal performance, soil testing is
recommended to assess if either of these
nematodes will be a significant problem.
The PreDicta™ B Root Disease Testing
Service (RDTS) provides a diagnostic
service to assess the levels of both
nematodes prior to sowing. This is
available through your local accredited
agronomist or contact Alan Mackay
(SARDI Plant and Soil Health ph. 8303
limited. The variety should also
9375) for your local accredited
be tolerant so that it yields well
agronomist.
in the presence of the nematode.
Varieties contained in Table
Yield penalties of up to 80% can
1 provide options for different
occur if an intolerant variety is
end uses. Table 5 should then
sown in a paddock where CCN or
be used in conjunction with this
SN is a problem.
table to determine if the variety
There are now twelve varieties
of choice has both resistance
Sue Hoppo
resistant to CCN (Table 5) and
and tolerance to CCN if it is a
nine of these are also tolerant: Wombat,
problem or resistance and tolerance to
Tammar, Mulgara, Tungoo, Kangaroo,
SN if it is a problem.
Wintaroo, Marloo, Wallaroo and Potoroo
Varieties grown where CCN or SN is
are all varieties with both CCN resistance
present should be resistant to the
and tolerance.
particular nematode which is a problem
The remaining three resistant varieties,
so that multiplication of the nematode is
Table 1. Oat varieties listed according to annual rainfall. Use Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 to further refine your choice
within each category.
End use
Annual Rainfall (mm)
<375
375-500
>500
Milling grain
Mitika
Mitika
Mitika
Yallara
Yallara
Yallara
Wombat
Wombat
Wombat
Possum
Possum
Feed grainMitika
Mitika
Mitika
sheep, cattle
Yallara
Yallara
Yallara
Wintaroo
Wintaroo
Wintaroo
Mulgara
Mulgara
Mulgara
Wombat
Quoll
Quoll
Potoroo
Wombat
Wombat
Echidna
Potoroo
Potoroo
Wallaroo
Echidna
Echidna
Feed grain - pigs,
Numbat
Numbat
poultry
Oat hay
Wallaroo
Wintaroo
Forester
Brusher
Mulgara
Tammar
Mulgara
Tammar
Tungoo
Wintaroo
Tungoo
Glider
Kangaroo
Kangaroo
Brusher
Brusher
Mulgara
Wintaroo
Hay and
Wallaroo
Wintaroo
Forester
legume mixes
Brusher
Tammar
Tammar
Mulgara
Tungoo
Tungoo
Wintaroo
Kangaroo
Glider
Yallara
Brusher
Kangaroo
Potoroo
2013
74
SARDI Sowing Guide < 37
Sowing Guide 2013
Yallara, Brusher and Euro are intolerant.
There are eight varieties tolerant to
stem nematode. These are Wombat,
Tammar, Mulgara, Tungoo, Wintaroo,
Glider, Quoll and Echidna.
All of these are rated as resistant
or moderately resistant to SN except
Echidna which is rated as moderately
susceptible. Kangaroo, Potoroo, Marloo
and Wallaroo are intermediate in their
reaction to SN.
In cold wet seasonal conditions these
varieties may suffer more yield loss than
in warmer, drier winter conditions.
Is leaf disease a production
constraint?
Resistance to leaf diseases is important
in most environments. However, even
though varieties are listed as resistant
to stem and leaf rust, changes in rust
pathotypes can occur.
Recently a stem rust pathotype moved
into the southern region of South
Australia from northern NSW causing all
stem rust resistance to be ineffective in
the presence of this pathotype. Table 5
indicates a range of resistance reactions
for stem rust depending on whether the
new pathotype is present or not.
Monitoring of disease levels is essential
and application of fungicide may still
be required depending on seasonal
conditions.
Table 1 should be used to determine the
variety options available for a particular
end use.
Next, Table 5 should be used to further
refine your choice. For example, if a
variety for oat hay is required in a high
rainfall environment, Forester, Tammar,
Tungoo, Mulgara, Kangaroo, Brusher,
Wintaroo and Glider are suitable (Table
1).
Table 3 indicates that Wintaroo is the
highest yielding variety for hay in this
environment. However, using Table 5
Forester, Tammar, Tungoo, Mulgara,
Kangaroo, Brusher and Glider have
better resistance to both stem and leaf
rust.
These varieties also vary in their level
of resistance to septoria, barley yellow
dwarf virus (BYDV), bacterial blight
and red leather leaf which may be also
be important. Table 4 should then be
used to determine if the variety selected
matures at the time required.
Is milling quality required?
The probability of a variety meeting the
38 > SARDI Sowing Guide
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Seven year (2005-2011) average grain yield (t/ha) of oat varieties tested in grain trials.
Region
Lower EP upper EP
Yorke
Mid north
South
Murray
Peninsula
East
Mallee
Semi-dwarf (husked)
Mitika
3.7
1.7
3.7
3.4
3.5
2.0
Possum
3.6
1.7
3.7
3.3
3.5
2.0
Potoroo
3.6
1.7
3.9
3.2
3.6
2.1
Quoll
3.8
1.8
3.8
3.4
3.6
2.2
Wombat
3.8
1.7
3.8
3.2
3.5
2.0
Semi-dwarf (naked)
Numbat
0.9
2.0
2.3
1.1
Tall (husked)
Euro
3.6
1.6
3.5
3.1
3.1
1.9
Mortlock
3.3
1.3
3.0
2.7
2.9
1.6
Yallara
3.5
1.6
3.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
Overall
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
1.6
2.8
2.5
2.8
Table 3. Seven year average hay (2005-2011) and grain (2005-2010) production of oat varieties tested in hay
trials
Hay yield (t/ha)
Grain yield (t/ha)
Rainfall zone
Rainfall zone
<375mm 375-500 mm
>500mm
<375mm
375-500 mm
>500mm
Tall (husked) - hay trial series
Brusher
5.9
10.0
13.0
1.6
2.8
3.7
Kangaroo
5.6
9.8
13.5
1.6
2.7
3.5
Mulgara
5.9
9.8
13.1
1.6
2.8
3.8
Tammar
5.6
9.5
13.1
1.4
2.5
3.3
Tungoo
5.5
9.5
13.3
1.6
2.7
3.4
Wallaroo
5.5
9.4
12.4
1.5
2.7
3.6
Wintaroo
6.3
10.4
14.0
1.7
2.8
3.9
Yallara
5.6
9.4
12.5
1.8
3.1
4.2
no. trials
12
29
4
16
33
10
Tall (husked) - late hay trial series
Forester
9.4
12.2
0.8
1.3
2.4
Glider
9.7
12.2
1.0
1.5
2.7
no. trials
4
3
3
16
8
classification criteria for milling grade
is an important consideration when
selecting a variety for milling end-use.
This is greatly influenced by seasonal
conditions. Premium milling varieties
such as Yallara, Mitika, Possum, Wombat,
Euro and Mortlock, will reach the
classification criteria for milling grade
more often than other varieties such as
Echidna (Table 6).
Although some varieties are not
considered milling class, they may reach
milling grade criteria, but would not be
accepted for milling.
It is imperative that you check with your
miller about the quality standards and
varieties that are accepted for milling
before you sow a grain crop.
To select a variety for milling grain in
medium to high rainfall zones where
CCN is not a problem, you have the
choice of Yallara, Mitika, Possum, Euro,
Echidna and Mortlock (Table 1).
Table 2 shows the relative yield and
Table 6 the relative grain quality for each
of these varieties.
Using this information, choose a
variety that suits your end use based on
whether yield or quality is a priority. Table
4 should also be used to determine if
the variety selected matures at the time
required. For the first time there is a
choice for milling grain where CCN is a
problem.
If export hay quality is required
Hay quality is essential to meet export
hay standards. It is greatly influenced
by seasonal and nutritional conditions,
however, some varieties are more likely
2013
DECEMBER 2012
75
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
to produce hay of a higher quality than
others.
It is imperative that you check with your
hay processor about the quality standards
required to make export grade quality
hay before you sow a hay crop. Use Table
7 to refine your choice after first ensuring
that the criteria in Tables 1, 4 and 5 are
met for your situation.
Oats for grazing
This guide contains no guidelines for
oats suited to grazing plus feed grain
production and repeated grazing from
early sowing.
A more comprehensive guide for
grazing varieties is contained in the
Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide produced
annually by NSW DPI. Please contact the
National Oat Breeding or New Variety
Agronomy Groups for information on
how to obtain a copy of this publication.
Notes on recently released varieties
Fact sheets or pamphlets describing
all varieties released by the SA based
National Oat Breeding Program are
available from Primary Industries and
Resources (PIRSA), the South Australian
Research and Development Institute
(SARDI), New Variety Agronomy Group
or the SARDI website (www.sardi.sa.gov.
au).
Milling varieties
WombatA. Wombat (tested as SV9718112) is a dwarf potential milling variety
that will be commercialised by Viterra in
2013. It is similar in height to Possum
and slightly taller than Mitika. It is a
midseason variety flowering about six
days later than Mitika.
Wombat is the first dwarf milling variety
with CCN resistance and tolerance. It is
also moderately tolerant and moderately
resistant to stem nematode. It has
improved BYDV resistance compared
to other dwarf varieties and improved
bacterial blight resistance compared to
other dwarf varieties except Mitika.
Wombat has high hectolitre weight
and low screenings compared to the
feed variety Potoroo, which was the first
dwarf variety with CCN resistance and
tolerance.
It also has high groat percent, slightly
higher than Mitika. Wombat can have
slightly higher screenings than Mitika,
Yallara and Possum depending on
seasonal conditions. Wombat will develop
leaf reddening symptoms similar to
Mitika and Possum post flowering. This
does not affect grain yield or quality.
YallaraA. Yallara is a medium-tall milling
oat variety developed by SARDI and
commercialised by Viterra in 2009.
Yallara is a backcross line using Euro as
the recurrent parent and a North Dakota
line as the source of rust resistance. It
is moderately resistant to stem rust and
resistant to leaf rust.
Long term yield of this variety is a
2% improvement compared to Euro.
However, yield increases of between
40 and 100% have been recorded for
varieties with stem rust resistance similar
to Yallara in years where stem rust is yield
limiting.
Yallara is slightly taller than Euro and
2 days earlier to head. It has premium
oat quality and averages higher hectolitre
weight and groat percent and lower
screenings percent than Euro, Mitika,
Possum and Wombat.
Yallara is an improvement compared
to Euro for bacterial blight resistance.
Like Euro, Yallara is resistant to CCN
but intolerant, moderately susceptible
to septoria and red leather leaf and
intolerant to stem nematode.
Yallara is recommended to replace Euro
in all areas but particularly where stem
and leaf rust can be yield limiting. In
addition, Yallara has bright grain and
high grain digestibility making it suitable
for the horse racing industry.
Based on herbicide tolerance trials
conducted by the SARDI New Variety
Agronomy Group, Yallara is particularly
sensitive to applications of Banvel-M®.
For more i n forma ti on ab o ut the
herbicide tolerance of Yallara go to
www.nvtonline.com.au
Mitika A . Mitika is an early maturing
dwarf milling oat developed by SARDI
and commercialised by Seedmark
(formerly Plant Tech) in 2006.
It is resistant to leaf rust and moderately
Table 4. Agronomic features of varieties.
Variety
Early
Plant
Heading
Maturity
Shattering
Standing
vigour
height
resistance
ability
Semi-dwarf (husked)
Echidna
G
D
EM
EM
R
R
Mitika
G
D
E
E
R
R
Possum
G
D
EM
EM
R
R
Potoroo
G
TD
E
E
MR
MR
Quoll
G
TD
EM
EM
R
R
Wombat
G
D
EM
EM
R
R
Semi-dwarf (naked)
Numbat
MG
D
EM
EM
MR
R
Tall (husked)
Brusher
MG
T
E
EM
MS
MR
Euro
G
ST
EM
EM
R
R
Forester
VG
MT
VL
VL
R
R
Glider
P
MT
L
L
MS
MR
Kangaroo
MG
MT
ML
ML
MS
R
Mortlock
G
MT
EM
EM
R
R
Mulgara
MG
T
EM
EM
MR
MR
Tammar
M
MT
LM
LM
MS
R
Tungoo
MP
MT
ML
ML
MS
MS
Wallaroo
G
MT
E
E
MS
MS
Wintaroo
M
T
M
EM
MS
MR-MS
Yallara
VG
MT
EM
EM
MR
R
Value for trait: Early vigour: VG=very good, G=good, MG = moderately good, M=moderate, P=poor, MP =
moderately poor
Plant height: D = dwarf, TD = tall dwarf, T = tall, ST = short tall, MT = moderate tall
Heading and maturity: E = early, EM = early mid, M= mid season, ML = mid late season, LM = late mid season,
L= late, VL=very late
Shattering and standing ability: R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S =
susceptible,
2013
76
SARDI Sowing Guide < 39
Sowing Guide 2013
resistant to stem rust and bacterial blight.
However, Mitika is susceptible to CCN,
BYDV, septoria and red leather leaf and
intolerant to CCN and stem nematode.
Mitika is a milling quality oat with
high hectolitre and grain weight, low
screenings percent and moderately high
groat percent. It is also a high feed value
oat with low hull lignin and high grain
digestibility.
Mitika averages higher levels of Betaglucan than Possum, Yallara and Euro. It
is an improvement compared to Possum
for grain yield in low rainfall areas.
It is recommended for all rainfall zones
but its early maturity suits low rainfall
areas where CCN or stem nematode is
not a problem.
PossumA. Possum is an earlymid season dwar f milling grain oat
developed by SARDI and released in
2003. It was commercialised by AWB
and is recommended for milling grain in
medium and high rainfall areas.
Possum has similar yield and grain
quality to Mitika with lower oil content.
Beta-glucan levels average slightly lower
than Mitika, and are similar to Echidna
and higher than Euro.
Possum is moderately susceptible
to stem rust, leaf rust and septoria,
susceptible to red leather leaf and
susceptible to BYDV, bacterial blight and
CCN. It is intolerant to both CCN and
stem nematode and is not recommended
for areas where either nematode is yield
limiting.
Hay varieties
ForesterA. Forester (tested as SV972003) is a new variety release for 2012.
Forester is a very late hay variety adapted
to high rainfall and irrigated cropping
regions.
It is seven to 10 days later than Glider,
three days later than Riel, two days later
than Targa, and three weeks later than
Wintaroo.
Forester has excellent early vigour and
is an improvement compared to Glider.
It has excellent lodging and shattering
resistance.
Forester has an excellent foliar disease
resistance spectrum. It is moderately
susceptible to CCN. It has good hay
colour, but like all late hay varieties may
not resist hot dry winds as well as earlier
varieties.
Forester has excellent hay quality and
40 > SARDI Sowing Guide
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 5. Disease resistance of oat varieties - field reactions.
Colour key: Green is a good choice, yellow use caution and red either do not use or develop a management
package if this disease is yield limiting in your environment
CCn
Stem
Septoria Bacterial
Red
Variety
Rust
Barley
nematode
blight
leather
yellow
leaf
dwarf
leaf
resist- toler- resist- tolerstem1
virus2
ance
ance ance ance
Semi-dwarf (husked)
Echidna
S
S
Mitika
MR-S
R
Possum
MS-S
MS
Potoroo
S
S
Quoll
MR-S
MR
Wombat
MS-S
MS
Semi-dwarf (naked)
Numbat
MR-S
R
MS
S
S
MS
MS
MR
S
VS
VS
R
S
R
I
I
I
T
I
MT
MS
S
S
S
R
MR
MT
I
I
MI
MT
MT
S
S
MS
S
MR
MS
S
MR
S
VS
MS
MS
MS
S
MS-S
S-VS
MS
MS
S
S
I
S
I
MR
S
MS
Tall (husked)
Brusher
MS-S
R
MS
R
MI
MS
I
MS
MR-MS
MR-MS
Euro
VS
S
MR-MS
R
I
S
I
MS
MS
MS
Forester
R-S MR-MS
MR-S
MS
MI
S
I
MR
MS-S
R-MR
Glider
MR-S
R
S-MR
MS
I
R
T
R
R
R
Kangaroo MS-S
MS
MR-S
R
MT
MS
MI
MR-MS
MR-MS
MS
Mortlock
MS-S
S
MS
MS
I
S
I
MS
MR
MS
Mulgara
MS-S
MR
MS
R
MT
R
MT
MS
MR
MS
Tammar
MR-S
MR
MS
MR
MT
R
MT
MR
MR
R-MS
Tungoo
MS-S
MR
MR-MS
R
MT
R
MT
MR
MR
R
Wallaroo
S
S
MS
R
MT
MS
MI
S
S
MS
Wintaroo
S
MS
MR-MS
R
MT
R
MT
MR-MS
MR
MS
Yallara
MR-S
R
MS
R
I
S
I
MS
MR-MS
MS
1Disease reactions to stem rust will vary with pathotype 2Disease reactions to BYDV may vary with the strain
of the virus. Key to symbols used: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR =
moderately resistant, R = resistant, VI= very intolerant, I = intolerant, MI = moderately intolerant, MT = moderately
tolerant, T = tolerant, VT = very tolerant.
is an improvement compared to Glider,
Tammar, Targa, and Vasse, but similar
to Riel. Seed of Forester will be available
from AGF Seeds.
Tammar A . Tammar is a new late tall
hay oat variety later in cutting time to
Kangaroo and Tungoo but not as late as
Glider. It is available to growers through
AEXCO Pty Ltd.
Tammar has excellent hay colour and
resists brown leaf at hay cutting. Hay
yields are slightly lower than Wintaroo
and similar to Tungoo and Kangaroo.
Grain yield is better than Kangaroo,
Tungoo, Glider and Riel.
Hay quality is better than Kangaroo
and similar to Tungoo and Wintaroo.
Hay digestibility and ADF are better than
Tungoo and Wintaroo.
Tammar is moderately resistant and
moderately tolerant to CCN and resistant
and moderately tolerant to SN.
Tammar has an excellent foliar disease
resistance profile and is an improvement
compared to Tungoo for stem rust
resistance.
Tammar is similar in height to
Kangaroo, Tungoo and Wintaroo and has
better lodging resistance than Tungoo,
Wintaroo, Glider and Riel. It has better
early vigour than Tungoo and Glider.
Tammar has grain quality similar
to Tungoo and Kangaroo with slightly
smaller grain weight and slightly more
screenings. It has improved grain quality
compared to Glider, Riel and Vasse.
Tammar is recommended for medium
and high rainfall zones and gives a
slightly later option for cutting time than
Tungoo and Kangaroo.
MulgaraA. Mulgara is a tall mid season
hay oat similar in heading time and
height to Wintaroo. It is available to
growers through AEXCO Pty Ltd.
Mulgara is an improvement compared
2013
DECEMBER 2012
77
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
to Wintaroo for resistance to stem
rust and bacterial blight. It is also an
improvement compared to Wintaroo for
lodging and shattering resistance and
early vigour.
Hay yield is an improvement compared
to Brusher but is slightly lower than
Wintaroo. Hay quality is similar to
Wintaroo. Mulgara has excellent hay
colour and resists brown leaf at hay
cutting.
Grain yield and quality is similar to
Wintaroo with lower screenings, higher
protein and groat percent. Mulgara has
high grain hull lignin.
Mulgara is recommended to replace
Wintaroo in areas with stem nematode
due to its higher level of resistance. In
tests conducted over six years, Mulgara
averaged 70 nematodes per plant
compared to Wintaroo’s 1065.
It is also recommended to replace
Wintaroo where improved lodging
resistance, stem rust, or bacterial blight
resistance is required.
Tungoo A . Tungoo is a medium tall
mid to late season hay variety similar
in heading date to Kangaroo. Seed of
this line is available to growers through
AEXCO Pty Ltd.
Tungoo has an excellent disease
resistance profile and resists leaf
browning from hot dry winds.
It
combines resistance and moderate
tolerance to CCN and SN. Levels of
stem nematode resistance are similar to
Glider and an improvement compared
to Wintaroo. Tested over six years,
Tungoo averaged 24 nematodes per plant
compared to Wintaroo’s 1065.
Tungoo is also resistant to leaf rust and
red leather leaf, moderately resistant to
BYDV, septoria, and bacterial blight and
moderately susceptible to stem rust.
Hay yield is similar to Kangaroo but
grain yield and quality is similar to Glider.
Hay digestibility is similar to Wintaroo
(better than Kangaroo), although it
tends to be higher in NDF and lower in
WSC than Wintaroo but an improvement
compared to Kangaroo. Early vigour is
an improvement compared to Glider,
but not as good as Kangaroo. It has
moderately low hull lignin.
Brusher A . Brusher is an early-mid
season tall oat developed by SARDI and
commercialised by AEXCO Pty Ltd in
2003. It is two to four days earlier to head
than Wintaroo and this suits it well to low
Table 6. Grain quality comparisons.
Variety
Hectolitre Screenings 1000 Grain Kernel
Probability
Protein Oil(fat)
Hull
Weight
<2mm
weight
(%)
of reaching
(%)
(%)
lignin
(kg/hl)
(g)
milling grade
content
Semi-dwarf (husked)
Echidna
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
MH
Mitika
H
L
H
MH
H
MH
M
L
Possum
H
L
MH
MH
H
MH
M
H
Potoroo
L
MH
M
M
M
MH
H
Quoll
ML
ML
M
MH
MH
M
SEG
Wombat
H
ML
MH
H
H
MH
M
H
Semi-dwarf (naked)
Numbat
VH
H
L
H
VH
Tall (husked)
Brusher
M
M
MH
M
MH
M
L
Euro
H
ML
H
H
VH
M
L
MH
Forester
L
M
L
L
M
M
H
Glider
L
M
M
ML
MH
ML
L
Kangaroo
M
ML
MH
ML
M
M
H
Mortlock
H
ML
H
H
VH
H
M
H
Mulgara
M
M
MH
MH
MH
M
H
Tammar
L
H
L
ML
MH
M
SEG
Tungoo
L
H
L
ML
MH
M
L
Wallaroo
M
M
M
MH
M
MH
L
Wintaroo
M
M
MH
MH
M
M
L
Yallara
H
L
H
H
VH
MH
L
H
Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high, VH = very high, - not
applicable
Table 7. Hay quality comparisons.
Variety
Digestible
Crude
neutral
Water soluble
dry matter
protein
detergent fibre
carbohydrate
(%dm)
(%dm basis)
(%dm basis)
(%dm basis)
Tall (husked)
Brusher
MH
M
M
MH
Forester
MH
M
ML
MH
Glider
M
M
M
M
Kangaroo
ML
MH
MH
ML
Mulgara
M
M
M
M
Tammar
M
MH
M
M
Tungoo
M
MH
M-MH
M
Wallaroo
M
M
M
M
Wintaroo
M
M
M
M
Yallara
MH
M
ML
H
Value for trait: L = low, ML = moderately low, M = medium, MH = moderately high, H = high.
rainfall areas.
Although Brusher has inferior hay
yield when compared to Wintaroo it is
recommended to replace this variety
where improved resistance to stem
and leaf rust or improved hay quality is
desired.
Grain yield and grain quality is similar
to Wintaroo, Wallaroo and Kangaroo with
higher grain protein.
Brusher is moderately susceptible to
stem rust, BYDV, septoria, red leather leaf
and bacterial blight. It is resistant to leaf
rust, resistant but moderately intolerant
of cereal cyst nematode and intolerant of
M
MH
M
ML
M
ML
M
L
M
ML
stem nematode.
When there is a high CCN population
in a paddock with favourable seasonal
conditions, Brusher will have significantly
lower hay yield than tolerant varieties.
Brusher is moderately low in grain lignin.
Notes on interstate varieties
Many of the varieties released interstate
are evaluated in a limited number of
trials in southern Australia.
More information is available from the
SARDI National Oat Breeding Program
and should be sought before attempting
to grow these varieties.
2013
78
Stem
diameter
SARDI Sowing Guide < 41
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Lentil variety sowing guide 2013
By Larn McMurray Research Scientist SARDI,
Stuart Sherriff, Research Officer SARDI &
Michael Materne, PBA lentil breeder, DPI
Victoria
T
wo new lentil varieties from
Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA)
in conjunction with lentil
commercial seed partner, PB Seeds Pty
Ltd (Horsham) have been released for
sowing in 2013.
These two varieties, along with the first
herbicide tolerant lentil variety PBA
Herald XT released in 2011, will aid
growers in increasing lentil production
in southern Australia through helping to
overcome current production limitations
and coping with seasonal variability.
PBA Ace (evaluated as CIPAL803) is
a broadly adapted, high yielding, mid
maturing disease resistant red lentil with
a grey coloured seed coat and medium
sized seed.
It provides an alternative to Nugget in
all lentil growing areas and to PBA Flash
and PBA Blitz where early maturity for
drought tolerance or crop topping is not
required.
PBA Bolt (evaluated as CIPAL801) is a
mid to early maturing, high yielding red
lentil with improved lodging resistance
and har vestabilty over all varieties
and improved ascochyta blight (AB)
resistance over PBA Flash.
It has seed size and seed coat colour
similar to Nugget and PBA Ace and its
combination of erectness and high yields
in low rainfall situations makes it a good
option for mallee type environments
where it has been high yielding in
evaluation trials.
The widespread availability of PBA
Herald XT now provides growers with the
first lentil variety with improved tolerance
to imazethapyr for use under APVMA
permit (PER13249) and flumetsulum
along with reduced sensitivity to some
Group B herbicide residues providing
that product label rates, plant back periods
42 > SARDI Sowing Guide
aware of and manage for.
and all label directions for use are
Careful variety selection along
adhered to.
with the correct implementation
PBA Herald XT also has a
of recommended agronomic
high level of disease resistance
management packages (see PBA
and will provide an alternative
variety release brochures, Lentil
to all current varieties where
ute guide and www.pulseaus.
improved weed control is
com.au for detailed management
required however its plant type
Larn McMurray
information) will increase the
and yield is only similar to that
chances of maximising grain
of Nipper.
yield and quality.
A large range of lentil variety choice
Growers can spread their disease, yield
is a v a ila b le offeri n g grow ers th e
and marketing risks by growing more
opportunity to exploit particular
than one variety, providing the varieties
agronomic management and or market
chosen differ in their disease, maturity
opportunities.
and marketing characteristics.
When selecting lentil varieties growers
Seed dressings are recommended
need to take into account varietal
particularly if growers are sowing seed
differences in grain yield, disease
which was infected with disease in 2011.
resistance (botrytis grey mould (BGM)
Variety purity is very important in lentils
and AB), agronomic adaptation, lodging
with a restriction of 1% for varieties not
resistance, marketability and herbicide
of the same type. This is of particular
tolerance.
concern when growing varieties with
However, all current varieties have
different seed coat or cotyledon colour
strengths and weakness in their
(Table 2).
characteristics which growers need to be
Table 1. Lentil variety sowing guide 2013.
Rainfall zones (mm)
Seed type
Below 400
400-450
450–500
Above 500
Medium red
PBA Blitz~
PBA Bolt*
PBA Flash*
PBA Ace
Nugget
PBA Ace
PBA Bolt*
PBA Flash*
PBA Blitz~
Nugget
PBA Ace
Nugget
PBA Bolt*
PBA Flash*
PBA Blitz~
PBA Ace
Nugget
PBA Bolt*
PBA Flash*
PBA Blitz~
Small red
PBA Bounty*
Nipper#
Northfield*
PBA Bounty*
Nipper
Northfield*
Nipper
PBA Bounty*
Northfield*
Nipper
PBA Bounty*
Northfield*
PBA Herald XT+
PBA Herald XT+
PBA Herald XT+
PBA Herald XT+
PBA Jumbo*
Aldinga*
PBA Jumbo*
Aldinga*
PBA Jumbo*
Aldinga*
PBA Jumbo*
Aldinga*
Boomer
Boomer
Boomer
Boomer
Tiarra^
Large red
Large green
# = not well suited to low rainfall areas or dry seasonal conditions due to low biomass type, must be sown early
in these situations
* = susceptible or moderately susceptible to botrytis grey mould, regular spraying may be required in areas or
seasons prone to this disease
~ = variety best suited to crop-topping ^ = spring sowing type += herbicide tolerant variety
2013
DECEMBER 2012
79
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Characteristics of selected lentil varieties.
Variety
Seed Cotyledon Seed size Market
coat
colour
relative category
colour
to nugget
Medium red
Nugget
PBA Ace
PBA Blitz
PBA Bolt
PBA Flash
Small red
PBA Bounty
Vigour
Plant Flowering Maturity Lodging Pod Shatter- Botrytis Ascochyta blight Boron Salt
height
time
time resistance drop
ing
grey
mould
Foliage Seed
Grey
Grey
Grey
Red
Red
Red
=
> 15-20%
MRS
MRS
MRS
Grey
Green
Red
Red
=
> 0-10%
MRS
MRS
Moderate Medium
Mid
Mid/Late
Good Medium
Mid
Mid
Mod/Good Med/
Early
Early
Tall
Mod/Good Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid
Moderate Medium Early/Mid Early/Mid
Grey
Red
< 10%
SRP
Moderate
Med/
short
Short
Short
Short
Mid/Late
Mid
MS/MR
MS/MR
MR
MR
R
MR
R
MS/MR
MS/MR
MR
MR
R
R
MR
R
MR
R
MR
MS
R
R
MS/MR
R
MR
MS
R
MR
I
I
I
I
I
I
MS
MS
MR
MS
R
MR
MI
MI
MI
MI
MS
MR
MR
I
MI
I
I
I
I
MT
I
I
MI
MI
I
I
-
I
-
PBA Herald XT Grey
Red
< 20%
SR
Poor/Mod
Mid/Late Mid/Late
MR
MR
R
MR
R
R
Nipper
Grey
Red
< 20%
SRP
Poor/Mod
Mid/Late
Mid
MR
MR
MR
R
MR
R
Northfield
Tan
Red
< 20%
SRP
Poor/Mod
Mid
Mid
MS
MR
MR
S
MR
R
Large red
Aldinga
Green
Red
> 20%
LRS
Moderate Medium
Mid
Mid
S
MR
MR
MS
MR
MS
PBA Jumbo
Grey
Red
> 20%
LRS
Moderate Medium
Mid
Mid
MS
MR
MR
MS
MR
R
Large green
Boomer
Green
Yellow
> 50%
LG
Good
Tall
Mid
Mid/Late
MS
MR MS-S
MR
MR
MS
Tiarra
Green
Yellow
> 70%
LG
Good
Tall
Very late Very late
MS
MR
S
S
R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, I = intolerant, MT = moderately tolerant, < = seed size less than Nugget,
> = seed size greater than Nugget.
Market category: MRS = medium red split, SRP = small red premium round (football), SR = small red round (football), LRS = large red split, LG = large green.
Be aware of the potential for
contamination from volunteer or
‘escaped’ lentils in paddocks when
changing to new varieties with different
seed coat or cotyledon colours.
A classification allowance at receival
point now exists for seeds of contrasting
colour in varieties which have a known
seed type of a different colour, ie the
“pale coat Blitz” seeds in PBA Blitz, with a
maximum limit of 1% allowed.
Price differences can occur between
varieties across seasons, however growers
need to produce high quality seed in all
varieties to secure markets and achieve
the highest prices.
On-farm storage can assist in attaining
the highest price for grain in some
seasons and allow lentils with poor quality
issues or contaminants to be stored until
appropriate cleaning and marketing can
occur.
Timely harvesting is recommended in
lentils to minimise seed discolouration
and weather damage and also to reduce
the risk of yield loss from strong wind
events on the ripe crop.
Selection criteria
Information on the most important
selection criteria, grain yield, disease
resistance, maturity, standing ability,
shattering and seed type/quality for each
variety can be found in Tables 2-3.
When selecting a variety growers also
need to consider their individual farm
and paddock situation and the access and
availability of the likely target markets
and make their selection on all available
information.
Notes on selected varieties
Medium Red Lentils
PBA Ace A (CIPAL803). PBA Ace is a
disease resistant, vigorous growing, mid
flowering and maturing line with high
yield potential and broad adaptation. It
will provide an alternative to Nugget in
all regions and PBA Flash and PBA Blitz
in favourable lentil growing areas where
crop topping and drought tolerance are
not major priorities.
It has a good disease resistance profile
with resistance to AB and moderate
resistance to BGM.
PBA Ace is the highest yielding variety
long term in all regions of SA and
Victoria but due to its later maturity than
PBA Bolt, PBA Blitz and PBA Flash is
likely to be better suited to areas where
mid maturing varieties are favoured.
Some level of shattering has been
observed under some conditions in PBA
Ace at maturity but it is unlikely to cause
significant yield loss, yield data (Table 3)
includes sites where some shattering may
have occurred in this variety.
PBA Ace has a grey seed coat colour
with a medium seed size. It is licensed to
PB Seeds.
PBA BoltA (CIPAL801). PBA Bolt is a
mid flowering but early to mid maturing
lentil with excellent lodging resistance at
maturity and high yield in drought years
and dry areas.
It will provide an alternative to PBA
Flash in all areas where AB, harvestability
and drought tolerance are major issues
but particularly in the mallee areas
of Victoria where it has consistently
performed well.
PBA Bolt has good resistance to AB but
is moderately susceptible to BGM. It has
a grey seed coat colour with a medium
seed size and is licensed to PB Seeds.
PBA Blitz A . PBA Blitz is suited to
all current lentil areas with particular
adaptation to shorter-season areas where
its combination of mid to early flowering,
early maturity, high yield, good disease
resistance and medium to large seed
size will improve lentil reliability and
economics of production.
PBA Blitz is the earliest maturing lentil
variety and the best option where crop
topping and/or delayed sowing are
2013
80
SARDI Sowing Guide < 43
Sowing Guide 2013
practised. It has a good level of early
vigour and an erect plant type. PBA
Blitz is a medium sized red lentil (larger
than PBA Flash and Nugget) with a grey
coloured seed coat. PBA Blitz has a low
level of “pale coat Blitz” seeds which still
have red cotyledons and are a natural
part of the genetic make-up of the variety
and do not affect the splitting or cooking
characteristics of the variety.
These “pale coat Blitz” seeds are
classified at receival point as seeds of
contrasting colour with a limit of 1%
allowed.
PBA Blitz is commercialised by PB
Seeds.
PBA Flash A . PBA Flash is a high
yielding red lentil with a green seed coat
and medium seed size.
It is well suited to shorter season and
lower yielding lentil growing areas where
its higher yield and earlier maturity
improves reliability of yield.
Earlier maturity also makes PBA Flash
better suited to crop topping than
Nugget although caution is still required
with this practice due to seasonal
variation in weed and crop maturity. It
is moderately susceptible to foliar AB
and may require foliar fungicide sprays
prior to flowering and at podding
to control this disease under high
intensity situations or in disease prone
environments.
PBA Flash is susceptible to BGM but has
improved tolerance to boron and salinity
compared to Nugget. PBA Flash has
improved seed splitting characteristics
over Nugget and is well suited to medium
sized red lentil grain markets. PBA Flash
is commercialised by PB Seeds.
Small Red Lentils
PBA Herald XT A . PBA Herald XT is
the first lentil variety with improved
tolerance to the herbicide imazethapyr
(*permit use in SA, registration pending)
and the herbicide flumetsulam, plus
reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea
and imidazolinone herbicide residues.
However it is important to note that
product label rates, plant-back periods
and directions for use must still be
adhered to.
It is a mid to late flowering and
maturing lentil and similar to Nipper
in many agronomic characteristics,
including short height, seed shape, grey
44 > SARDI Sowing Guide
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected lentil varieties grouped by region in evaluation trials in SA and
Victoria. Yields expressed as a percentage of Nugget (SARDI, PBA, NVT & DPI Vic. data, 2005–2011).
Yorke Pen. Mid north Lower EP South East S.A. Mallee Vic Mallee Wimmera
nugget yield
2.47
2.17
1.41
1.44
1.61
1.36
1.39
(t/ha)
Medium Red
Nugget
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
PBA Ace
110
112
114
117
115
114
112
PBA Blitz
105
107
109
106
107
102
102
PBA Bolt
105
107
109
113
110
111
111
PBA Flash
106
109
110
114
111
100
101
Small Red
Nipper
100
102
101
102
99
94
96
Northfield
94
93
89
92
89*
88
90
PBA Bounty
103
103
104
99
103
102
101
PBA Herald XT
98
99
97
98
98
98
99
Large Red
Aldinga
98
98
93
97
NA
92
92
PBA Jumbo
108
107
108
108
108
102
102
Large Green
Boomer
104
104
105
108
103
99
99
* = varieties have had only limited evaluation at this site, treat results with caution.
seed coat colour and grain yield. It has
very good disease resistance including
resistance to ascochyta blight (AB), and
moderate resistance to botrytis grey
mould (BGM).
Limited herbicide tolerance testing
suggests PBA Herald XT, like Nipper, is
more sensitive than Nugget, PBA Blitz
and PBA Flash to high rates of group
C herbicides such as metribuzin and
simazine and caution is urged with the
application of these products particularly
on variable soil types.
PBA Herald XT has a very low level
of seeds with a black seed coat typically
at frequencies of 0.1% or less. These
seeds still have red cotyledons and are a
natural part of the genetic make-up of
the variety and do not affect the splitting
or cooking characteristics of PBA Herald
XT.
These black coated seeds are classified
at receival point as seeds of contrasting
colour with a limit of 1% allowed.
PBA Herald XT is commercialised by
PB Seeds.
PBA Bounty A . PBA Bounty is a highyielding small seeded red lentil that is
broadly adapted and suited to most lentil
growing environments particularly the
southern mallee region of Victoria.
PBA Bounty is moderately resistant
to AB, moderately susceptible to BGM
and has improved tolerance to salinity
compared to Nugget. PBA Bounty has a
prostrate plant growth habit early in the
season compared with all other varieties.
PBA Bounty produces a small round
seed that is slightly larger (10%) than
Nipper but still likely to be sold into
similar markets for splitting or the
production of “footballs” (whole seed
with the seed coat removed).
PBA Bounty is commercialised by PB
Seeds.
Nipper A . Nipper has good levels of
resistance to both ascochyta blight and
BGM and is a low cost, low disease risk
option in disease prone areas but yields
less than recently released varieties.
Nipper has a small seed size similar to
Northfield but grey in colour. Nipper,
like Northfield, flowers later than Nugget
but often matures earlier than Nugget.
Nipper is favoured for the practice
of early sowing in SA due to the
combination of a lower biomass
production and a high level of disease
resistance.
Nipper is more sensitive to metribuzin
than other varieties and caution is
required to avoid application when
conditions are conducive to damage.
Nipper is licensed to Seed Net.
Large Red Lentils
PBA JumboA. PBA Jumbo is the highest
yielding large seeded red lentil and a
2013
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81
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
direct replacement for Aldinga.
It is suited to most current lentil
growing areas where it has consistently
yielded around 15% higher than Aldinga
although attaining larger seed size is
more likely in medium to high rainfall
zones.
PBA Jumbo is moderately susceptible
to BGM and this disease will need to be
managed in disease prone areas. It has
resistance to foliar and seed AB, which
are both improved over Aldinga.
Plant type and lodging susceptibility is
similar to Aldinga and like this variety
PBA Jumbo is well suited to no-till, interrow sowing into standing residue.
PBA Jumbo has improved tolerance
to soil boron and salinity over Aldinga
and Nugget. It has a seed size and shape
similar to Aldinga (20% larger than
Nugget) but with a grey seed coat and
like Aldinga is well suited to the postharvest removal of small broadleaf weeds
seeds.
Milling quality is improved over Nugget
and it is well suited to premium large red
split markets such as those in Sri Lanka.
PBA Jumbo is commercialised by PB
Seeds.
Large Green Lentils
Boomer A . Boomer is a large seeded
high yielding green lentil released as
Australia’s first adapted green variety for
all lentil growing areas.
It has superior seed size to Matilda
(approximately 30% larger) making
it more competitive than this variety
with overseas varieties in world export
markets.
Boomer has a large plant type and
can produce prolific amounts of growth
making it prone to lodging under
favourable growing conditions. It has
improved resistance to AB and BGM
compared to Matilda.
Boomer will be best adapted to medium
rainfall areas of southern Australia with
mild finishing conditions to ensure that
the large seeds can fully form. Ascochyta
blight must be managed during podding
to avoid disease blemish on the seed coat.
Boomer is moderately susceptible to
shattering at maturity (more susceptible
than current varieties).
Delayed harvest under some conditions
can result in shattering and/or loss
of green seed colour resulting in
downgrading in this variety. Boomer is
licensed to Seed Net.
2013
82
SARDI Sowing Guide < 45
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Pea variety sowing guide 2013
By Michael Lines, Research Officer- SARDI,
Larn McMurray, Research Scientist- SARDI
& Tony Leonforte, Field Pea Breeder- DPI
Victoria
T
wo new Pulse Breeding Australia
Field Pea varieties (one white
and one forage pea) are to be
available from Seednet for 2013 sowings.
PBA Pearl (previously OZP0819) is a
semi-leafless white pea variety with high
yield potential and broad adaptation.
It has high early vigour and erect
growth, with excellent standability at
maturity.
It is early to mid flowering, and does not
have the pod shatter resistance trait (like
Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight)
but is not prone to shattering.
It has a favourable disease resistance
profile, with good tolerance to bacterial
blight and Bean Leaf Roll virus.
PBA Hayman (previously OZP0902)
is a late flowering and late maturity
conventional pea suitable for forage
production as an alternative to vetch.
It produces small white seed, and has
lower seed yield than Morgan (which
is generally considered a dual purpose
variety) but also has higher biomass
production.
PBA Hayman also has resistance to
powdery mildew, lacking in the variety
Morgan.
Two advanced field pea lines are
currently under multiplication for
potential release in 2013.
OZP0805 is an early-mid flowering and
maturing ‘Kaspa type’ (ie round seeded)
dun field pea offering improved powdery
mildew and virus resistances (Bean Leaf
Roll and Pea Seed Borne Mosaic viruses).
It provides the same agronomic benefits
as Kaspa (eg lodging and shattering
resistance), and will provide a reliable
alternative in those areas where powdery
mildew and viruses are regular problems.
OZP1103 is a conventional dun field
pea offering a forage option with high
early season dry matter production and
high yield potential in long seasons.
OZP1103 has improved bacterial blight
46 > SARDI Sowing Guide
Yarrum), higher frost tolerance
resistance, is resistant to powdery
(e.g. Sturt), white seed type (SW
mildew, and shows improved
Celine) or forage potential (e.g.
boron and salt tolerance.
Morgan).
These lines are currently under
However, they also have specific
multiplication in SA and are
limitations that restrict their
expected to be available through
widespread adaptation broadly
Seednet for 2014 sowings.
Michael Lines
across SA such as susceptibility
Recent releases PBA Gunyah
to downy mildew, late flowering and or
and PBA Twilight have generally
maturity or specific herbicide sensitivity.
performed similarly to Kaspa in the
In addition they may also be more
recent run of favorable seasons, however
difficult to sell and market from SA (e.g.
they are gaining in popularity due to
small seed or white seeded types).
their improved suitability to crop-topping
Bacterial blight and downy mildew
and delayed sowing (for blackspot or
infections were observed in a number of
weed control) compared to Kaspa.
2012 pea crops.
These ‘Kaspa type’ varieties have a
Pulse Breeding Australia is placing
round shape and lack of dimples which
particular emphasis on breeding for
is preferred by the major buyers in the
resistance to these diseases, and improved
Indian subcontinent for its easier seed
resistance to these diseases is now
coat removal and greater split returns,
incorporated in most advanced breeding
and can all be delivered into the Kaspa
lines.
segregation.
However the use of metalaxyl (eg
Kaspa grain has obtained a premium
Apron®) seed dressing is still advised for
over dimpled types like Parafield,
control of downy mildew, particularly in
depending largely on world stocks and
high risk paddocks.
market supply.
Breeding for blackspot resistance
A number of other varieties may provide
remains difficult to achieve, and it is
specific regional advantages such as for
strongly recommended to delay sowing
example, powdery mildew resistance (e.g.
Table 1. Pea variety sowing guide 2012.
Seed type
Rainfall zone (mm)
Below 400
400–475
475–600
Dun – “Kaspa type”
PBA Twilight
PBA Gunyah
Kaspa
PBA Gunyah
PBA Twilight
PBA Gunyah
Kaspa
Kaspa
PBA Twilight
Dun - Other
PBA Oura^
PBA Oura^
PBA Oura^
Parafield^
PBA Percy^
PBA Percy^
Yarrum
Parafield^
Yarrum
Morgan*
Yarrum
Parafield^
PBA Percy^ (NT)
Morgan*
Morgan*
PBA Hayman**
PBA Hayman**
PBA Hayman**
White
PBA Pearl
PBA Pearl
PBA Pearl
Sturt
Sturt
Sturt
Bundi
Bundi
Bundi
SW Celine
SW Celine
SW Celine
Blue
Excell
Excell
Excell
Maki
Maki
Maki
* Green manure/forage option ** Green manure/forage ONLY NT = Not tested
^ Preferred varieties where bacterial blight is a production constraint
Above 600
Kaspa
PBA Gunyah
PBA Twilight
PBA Oura^
PBA Percy^
Yarrum
Parafield^
Morgan*
PBA Hayman**
PBA Pearl
Sturt
Bundi
Excell
Maki
2013
DECEMBER 2012
83
Pulse varietiesfor2013
PBA Rana
Faba Bean
•Adaptedtohighrainfall,longseasonregions
•Midtolatefloweringandmidmaturity
•ResistanttofoliarandseedAscochytablightand
improvedresistancetochocolatespotcompared
withFiestaVFandFarah
PBA Warda
Faba Bean
•Highyieldingacrossfababeangrowingareasof
northernNSWandsouthernQld,especiallyinthe
absenceofmoisturestress
•SuggestedasreplacementofDoza andCairo
•Moderatelyresistant/resistanttorust
•Highleveloftolerancetobeanleafrollvirus
•SimilarfloweringandmaturitytimetoDoza
•BiggerandmoreuniformseedthanDoza
Jenabillup Narrow Leaf
Lupin
•Medium-tall,earlyfloweringnarrowleaflupin
•Goodearlyvigourandexhibitsreasonabletolerance
totoughdryseasonalconditions
•Jenabillupistheonlynarrowleaflupinvarietyto
havegreatertoleranceandhigheryieldsinthe
presenceof“blackpodsyndrome”disorder
www.viterra.com.au
ContactJasonScott-NationalWholesaleSeedsManageron0458009804
ortheViterraServiceCentreon1800018205
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Variety characteristics of selected pea varieties.
Weed
Lodging
Variety
Seed
Seed Leaf Flower Plant Flowering Maturity
Downy mildew
Black Powdery Bacterial Shattering
competit- resistance
type
size
form colour height
time
time
spot mildew
blight
Parafield Kaspa
(pv syringae)
iveness
at maturity
strain
strain#
Alma
Dun
Me
C
P
T
M-L
L
S
MS
S
MR
Average
Poor
Bundi
White Me-Lg
SL
W
Me-T
E
E
R
MS
MS
S
S
R
Average#
Fair-Good
Dundale
Dun
Me
C
P
T
E
M
S
MS
S
MR
Average
Poor
Excell
Blue
Me
SL
W
Me-T
E-M
L
MR
S
MS
S
S
S
Average
Good
Kaspa
Dun
Me
SL
Pi
Me-T
L
M
MR
S
MS
S
S
R
Good
Fair-Good
Maki#
Blue
SL
W
Sh
E
E
S
S
S
R
S
S
Poor
Poor-Fair
Morgan
Dun
Sm
SL
P
T
L
L
MR
S
MS
S
MS
MR
Excellent
Poor-Fair
Parafield
Dun
Me-Lg
C
P
T
M
M
S
S
MS
S
MS-MR
MR
Average
Poor
PBA
Dun
Me
SL
Pi
Me-T
E-M
E
R
S
MS
S
S
R
Good
Fair-Good
Gunyah
PBA
White
Sm
C
W
T
L
L
MR
S
MS
R
MS-MR
S
Excellent
Fair
Hayman
PBA Oura
Dun
Me
SL
P
Me-T
E-M
E
MR
MS
MS
S
MR
MR
Good
Fair-Good
PBA Pearl White Me-Lg
SL
W
Me-T
M
M
MS
MS
MR
S
MS-MR
MR
Good
Excellent
PBA Percy Dun
Me-Lg
C
P
T
E
E
S
S
MS
S
R
MR
Average
Poor
PBA
Dun
Me
SL
Pi
Me-T
E
E
R
S
MS
S
S
R
Good
Fair-Good
Twilight
Sturt
White Me-Sm
C
W
T
E-M
M
MS
S
MS
S
MS
MR
Average
Poor
SW Celine White Me-Lg
SL
W
Me-T
E
E
S
S
MS
S
S
S
Average
Fair-Good
Yarrum
Dun
Me
SL
P
Me-Sh
L
M
S
S
MS
R
MS
MR
Avg.-poor
Poor-Fair
# based on limited observations
Sm = small, Me = medium, Lg = large, C = conventional, SL = semi-leafless, P = purple, W = white, Pi = pink, T = tall, Sh = short, E = early, M = mid, L= late, S = susceptible,
MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant
peas regardless of variety until the peak
black spot spore release period has
occurred.
A number of recently released earlier
flowering and maturing varieties (eg PBA
Gunyah, PBA Twilight, PBA Oura and
PBA Percy provide better yield stability in
delayed sowing situations.
The disease forecasting model
‘Blackspot Manager’ predicts blackspot
spore release patterns in each pea
growing district, and these can be
obtained through ‘Blackspot Manager’
via the internet (www.agric.wa.gov.au/
cropdiseases) or a free SMS service (to
subscribe email Jenny Davidson: jenny.
davidson@sa.gov.au).
Selection criteria
The list of suggested varieties is shown
in Table 1 and is based on performance
within different rainfall zones.
Information on the most important
selection criteria, grain yield, disease
resistance, maturity, standing ability, weed
competitiveness, shattering resistance and
seed type/quality for each variety can be
found in Tables 2–3.
When selecting a variety, farmers also
need to consider their individual farm
and paddock situation, the access and
availability of the likely target markets
and storage and handling facilities and
make their selection on all the available
information.
Due to white peas not being accepted in
the bulk dun segregation growers need to
also consider the different quality types
within peas (Table 1) and where they can
be delivered before deciding whether to
grow these types.
Notes on selected varieties
Dun types
Dun peas are segregated from white
and blue peas due to the different quality
markets they are aimed at. Some pea
markets in India and Sri Lanka prefer
Australian dun peas due to their distinct
‘nutty’ taste.
“Kaspa type” grain is also preferred
over dimpled grain (such as Parafield) in
these markets due to its round shape and
lack of dimples allowing easier seed coat
removal and greater split returns.
PBA Oura A . PBA Oura is an erect
growing, semi-leafless pea variety offering
improved resistance to bacterial blight,
high yields and broad adaptation across
all the major field pea production
regions.
It is early to mid flowering and early
maturing, making it more suitable to the
practice of crop topping than Kaspa.
Agronomic trials have shown it is earlier
(5-10 days) and longer flowering than
Kaspa.
It has fair to good lodging and pod
shatter resistance at maturity, although
it does not have the sugar- pod
characteristic like Kaspa.
PBA Oura is moderately resistant to
bacterial blight, a similar response to that
found in Parafield but improved over
Kaspa, PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight.
In agronomic disease yield loss
experiments PBA Oura incurs less yield
loss from bacterial blight than all varieties
(including Parafield) except for PBA
Percy.
PBA Oura is the highest yielding variety
with improved tolerance to this disease in
all districts of SA.
Seed is licensed to Seednet.
PBA PercyA . PBA Percy is a
conventional type pea variety, with an
improved bacterial blight disease rating
compared to PBA Oura (R vs. MR). It
is early flowering and early maturing,
making it well suited to the practice of
crop topping and delayed sowing for
blackspot management.
2013
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SARDI Sowing Guide < 47
85
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 3. Predicted long term yields of selected pea varieties grouped by region in SA. Yields expressed as a
percentage of Kaspa’s yield (SARDI, PBA and NVT data, 2005–2011).
Genotype
Yorke
Mid north
Lower Eyre
upper Eyre
Murray
South East
Peninsula
Peninsula
Peninsula
Mallee
Bundi
97
99
99
97
98
97
Excell
89
88
89
85
86
91
Kaspa
100
100
100
100
100
100
Morgan
95
96
97
92
96
99
Parafield
92
92
97
94
97
94
PBA Gunyah
98
101
104
98
105
104
PBA Oura
100
105
110
101
111
108
PBA Pearl
107
109
118
105
118
111
PBA Percy
98
103
109
101
110
104
PBA Twilight
97
100
101
98
100
103
Sturt
99
102
106
103
109
105
SW Celine
99
100
105
98
104
101
Yarrum
101
103
102
101
107
112
Kaspa Mean
2.32
2.15
1.7
1.73
1.48
2.28
Yield (t/ha)
PBA Percy is very much earlier (10-25
days) and longer flowering than Kaspa,
and even earlier flowering than recent
releases PBA Gunyah and PBA Twilight.
PBA Percy is susceptible to lodging at
maturity, but has moderate pod shatter
resistance although it does not have the
non shattering pod characteristic like
Kaspa.
Its earlier maturity may also offer some
level of powdery mildew avoidance
compared to other preferred bacterial
blight resistant varieties.
PBA Percy has had limited evaluation in
SA but appears to yield similarly to PBA
Oura. Seed is licensed to Seednet.
PBA GunyahA. PBA Gunyah is a ‘Kaspa
type’ field pea with earlier and longer
flowering than Kaspa and higher yield in
shorter season environments and dryer
seasons than Kaspa.
It is early to mid flowering and early
maturing, making it more suitable to the
practice of crop topping than Kaspa. It is
well suited to delayed sowing for disease
management in response to a late season
break.
Its disease resistance profile is similar
to Kaspa and therefore not well suited
to bacterial blight prone environments.
Despite being susceptible to powdery
mildew it is likely that PBA Gunyah will
incur less yield loss from this disease than
Kaspa due to its earlier maturity.
Widespread evaluation over a number
of years shows that it is higher yielding
than Kaspa when yield potential is below
2.25t/ha.
48 > SARDI Sowing Guide
86
2013
PBA Gunyah has “Kaspa” seed type and
is licensed to Seednet.
PBA TwilightA. PBA Twilight is a ‘Kaspa
type’ with similar attributes to PBA
Gunyah.
It has a shorter flowering period and
is earlier in maturity than PBA Gunyah
making it well suited to the low rainfall
and very short season field pea growing
environments.
Widespread evaluation over a number
of years shows that it is higher yielding
than Kaspa when yield potential is below
1.75t/ha, and higher than PBA Gunyah
when yield potential is below 1.25t/ha.
Its disease resistance profile is similar
to Kaspa and therefore not well suited to
bacterial blight prone environments.
Despite being susceptible to powdery
mildew it is likely that PBA Twilight will
incur less yield loss from this disease than
Kaspa due to its earlier maturity.
PBA Twilight has “Kaspa” seed type and
is licensed to Seednet.
Kaspa A . Kaspa is semi-leafless, late
flowering, resistant to shattering and has
good early season vigour and moderate
resistance to lodging.
Kaspa is susceptible to powdery mildew
and black spot and the “Kaspa strain” of
downy mildew.
Kaspa seed should be treated with
metal-axyl seed dressing, particularly in
cropping regions prone to downy mildew.
The seed of Kaspa is distinct from
traditional dun types ie Parafield in that
it is red brown in colour and almost
spherical in shape.
Kaspa is high yielding in many areas
of southern Australia, however it needs
to be considered carefully before use
as an option in low rainfall areas or
areas prone to early periods of high
temperature and drought stress due
to its late and condensed flowering
characteristic.
Kaspa also should be considered
carefully in areas prone to frequent
severe vegetative frosts due to potential
for yield loss to bacterial blight.
Kaspa is under contract to Seednet.
Yarrum A . Yarrum is a high yielding,
powdery mildew resistant dun type
developed for the northern areas of
Australia. AGT have the licence for seed
sales.
Yarrum is a semi leafless, short variety
which flowers late in southern Australia
(early in northern Australia) but
matures quickly and similar to Kaspa.
It is susceptible to downy mildew and
black spot but is resistant to pea seed
borne mosaic virus.
Yarrum has had high trial yields in
recent years but can be variable over
seasons in southern Australia.
It may have a role in higher rainfall
regions where it is high yields, virus and
powdery mildew resistance will be an
advantage.
White types
White peas cannot be delivered to bulk
export markets with dun peas. Some high
quality specialised white peas may fit into
specific premium value markets for split
peas.
Higher prices may be achieved if
supplying specific niche markets, but
these markets may be small. Small seeded
white peas are likely to only suit domestic
stock feed markets.
Growers are advised to secure markets
before deciding to grow these pea types.
PBA Pearl A . PBA Pearl is a semileafless white pea variety which is broadly
adapted and has had high yields in
evaluation trials in all districts.
It has good early vigour and an erect
growth habbit, with excellent standability
at maturity.
It is early to mid flowering, and
produces non sugar-type pods but is not
prone to shattering (similar to PBA Oura
and Parafield).
It has a favourable disease resistance
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
PBA HaymanA. PBA Hayman is a late
flowering and late maturity conventional
pea suitable for forage production as an
alternative to vetch.
It produces small white seed, and has
lower seed yield than Morgan (which
is generally considered a dual purpose
variety) but also has higher biomass
production.
PBA Hayman also has improved
resistance to powdery mildew over
Morgan. Seed is expected to be available
from Seednet for 2013 sowings.
Sturt A . Sturt is a conventional leaf
type, small seeded white pea similar to
Parafield in height, lodging resistance
and disease susceptibility.
Flowering and maturity time of Sturt is
similar but generally slightly earlier than
Parafield.
It consistently yields higher than
all other varieties in trials affected by
reproductive frosts, indicating some level
of tolerance to this stress.
Sturt is more sensitive than Kaspa and
Parafield to label rates of both post
sowing pre-emergent and post emergent
applications of metribuzin on alkaline
soils in SA.
Sturt is licensed to Premier Seeds.
Bundi. Bundi is a medium to large
seeded, white type pea with good
standing ability and primarily for the low
rainfall areas of southern Australia. It is a
sister line to Kaspa with resistance to pod
shattering and is earlier flowering and
maturing than Kaspa. Bundi is no longer
covered by PBR.
SW CelineA. SW Celine is a white pea
introduced from overseas with medium
to large seed size. SW Celine has had
limited yield evaluation in many areas but
appears high yielding particularly in short
season environments.
It is an early flowering and maturing
semi leafless plant type susceptible to
profile, with good tolerance to bacterial
blight and good resistance to downy
mildew and Bean Leaf Roll virus.
downy and powdery mildew, black spot
and bacterial blight.
Seed is available through Crop Care
Seed Technologies.
Blue types (green cotyledons)
Some blue pea varieties are for specific
premium value markets which are usually
only small.
Quality is paramount in these markets
used predominantly for canning and
snack food.
Important parameters include damage
by insects, bleaching of seed coat and
consistency of seed colour.
Two blue field pea varieties, Excell and
Maki, are available to growers. Maki is
best suited to the north-eastern field pea
growing areas of Australia, and limited
testing has been done in southern
Australia.
Both varieties are outclassed by the
newer dun and white pea releases in the
southern region of Australia and they
have a relatively poor disease resistance
profile, as shown in Table 2.
2013
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87
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Triticale variety sowing guide 2013
By Ryan Bateman
and Rob Wheeler, SARDI
T
he triticale variety descriptions in
this publication serve as a guide
to select varieties for specific end
uses with disease resistance, agronomic
traits and yield potential suited to a wide
range of environments across South
Australia.
Triticale is used predominantly for stock
feed and has a smaller market than that
of other winter cereals, as it needs to
compete with barley as the preferred feed
grain.
Dual purpose varieties are available
that are suitable for grazing and grain
production in the higher rainfall areas.
Triticale will grow on similar soils to
wheat and barley but has developed a
reputation to perform on unfavourable
soil conditions such as acidic and alkaline
soils and those low in fertility.
Good CCN resistance in many triticale
varieties offers a valuable rotation in
farming systems.
Resistance to stripe rust has long been
a positive feature of growing triticale,
however new rust strains are causing a
gradual breakdown of resistance in some
varieties, creating need for consideration
in selecting varieties. Please refer to
the latest disease guides for updated
information.
The newest grain varietal releases are
from AGT with Fusion (2012), Kath
Cooper with Goanna (2011) and Yowie
(2010). All of these varieties are midseason, spring type, grain only triticale’s
with good rust and CCN resistance.
Other varieties released in the past
three years include the early maturing
Chopper (AGT) and the dual purpose
Tuckerbox (Seed Distributors).
Long term yield data across sites and
seasons is now available for varieties
such as Bogong, Chopper, Canobolas,
Hawkeye, and Jaywick, with these
triticale’s now outclassing the foundation
varieties such as Tahara and Tickit across
all environments.
These varieties offer broad adaptation,
50 > SARDI Sowing Guide
88
2013
high yields, and improved grain
of New England, Armidale,
quality relative to Tahara, with
in 2008. It is an early to mid
all except Canobolas offering
season (similar to Treat), awned,
excellent rust resistance.
stiff strawed grain variety but is
A selected range of triticale
now moderately susceptible –
varieties for specific purposes
susceptible to stripe rust.
in different rainfall zones are
Canobolas is a widely adapted
Ryan Bateman
shown in Table 1 including
spring variety that has improved
information on agronomic and disease
acid soil tolerance. Canobolas is
characteristics. Table 2 contains grain
protected by PBR with seed marketed by
yield performance data from SARDI and
Viterra.
NVT field trials across SA grain growing
districts over the past 7 years. Note that
ChopperA . Chopper (tested as
all triticale varieties have similar grain
TSA0219) was released by AGT in
quality characteristics and livestock
2010. Chopper is a very early maturing
feed value, which are influenced more
(7-15 days earlier than Tahara), fully
by seasonal conditions than by varietal
awned spring triticale and is seen as an
differences.
alternative to Speedee offering CCN and
rust resistance.
Notes on newer varieties
It is a semi dwar f variety which is
shorter than all other triticale varieties
Bogong A . Bogong (tested as H127)
(approximately 15% shorter than
Tahara) and will not lodge to the same
was released by the University of New
extent as other varieties in high yielding
England, Armidale, in 2008.
environments.
It is an early to mid season flowering
Like Speedee, Chopper performs best
(similar to Treat) fully awned, stiff
in short growing season environments
strawed, grain variety with good resistance
(ie. sharp finishes) or late sowing
to all common field strains of rust.
situations. Grain quality is good and
Bogong has been one of the top yielding
similar to other new grain releases.
varieties over the past five seasons (up to
A PBR variety, seed is available from
13% above Tahara) of evaluation across
AGT Seeds.
all environments.
It is a widely adapted spring variety that
Fusion A . Fusion (tested as TSA0291)
is moderately susceptible to CCN.
Bogong is protected by PBR with seed
was released by AGT in 2012. Fusion is a
marketed by Viterra.
mid season maturing (similar to Tahara),
fully awned spring triticale that has
Berkshire A . Berkshire (tested as
excellent resistance to leaf, stripe and
stem rust.
JRCT74) has been developed in
It has CCN resistance, and has a
collaboration with the University of
moderately tall plant height, similar to
Sydney and Pork CRC.
Rufus. Fusion is a well adapted, high
Berkshire has been purpose bred for its
yielding triticale with good grain size and
feed quality traits for pigs.
low screenings.
Berkshire is mid season maturity
Fusion is currently under further yield
(similar to Tahara) with good straw
performance and disease evaluation
strength but is moderately susceptible to
across all regions in the 2012 NVT trials.
stripe rust.
A PBR variety, seed is available from
A PBR variety, seed is available from
AGT Seeds.
Waratah Seed Co. Ltd.
Canobolas A . Canobolas (tested as
H418) was released by the Universtiy
Goanna. Goanna was released in 2011
by Cooper & Elleway as an early-medium
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 1. Agronomic and disease characteristics of triticale varieties.
Variety
Origin Purpose Rainfall zone and environment
Head
Type
Stripe
Rust
CCn
Resistance /
Tolerance
Pratylenchus
neglectus
Resistance /
Tolerance
Grain
Good fit if short growing
S-M
E
W/Awned
MR
R / MR
season/ Late sown
Grain
M-T
E
W/Awned
S-VS
S/T
MR-R/MT
Grain
T
E-M
W/Awned
MS
Grain
M-T
M
W/Awned
MS
MS / T
Grain
M-T
M
W/Awned
MS-S
Grain
M-T
M
W/Awned MR-MS^
R
Grain
T
E-M
W / Awned MR-MS^
R
Medium rainfall
Grain
M-T
M
W/Awned
MR*
R
(375mm - 500mm)
Grain
M-T
M
W/Awned
MR*
R
Dual
T
M
W/ R Awn
MR-MS
R/T
MR-R/MT
Purpose
Tahara
VIC
Grain
T
M
W/Awned
MS
R/T
MR-R/MT
Tickit
SA
Grain
M
M
W/Awned
MS
R/T
MR / MT
Treat
SA
Grain
T
M
W/Awned
MR
MS / T
MS - MR / MT
Yowie
SA
Grain
M-T
M
W / Awned MR-MS
R
Tuckerbox
SA
Dual
T
M
W/ R Awn
MR
R
Purpose
Better suited to
Crackerjack
NSW
Dual
M
W/Awned
R-MR
longer season, high
Purpose
rainfall (450mm+)
Yukuri
NSW
Dual
M-L
W/ R Awn
R-MR
S
environments as
Purpose
a grain crop
Tobruk
NSW
Dual
M-L
W/ R Awn
MR-MS
Purpose
Endeavour
NSW
Dual
L
W/ R Awn
R
R
Purpose
Height: S = Short, M = Medium, T = Tall.
Maturity: E = Early, M = Mid, L = Late.
Disease resistance: S = Susceptible, MS = Moderately Susceptible, MR = Moderately Resistant, R = Resistant. (*some Susceptible plants in mix, ^limited data)
Disease tolerance: T = Tolerant, MT = Moderately Tolerant.
Note that all recommended varieties are resistant to stem and leaf rust, and yellow spot, mildew and scald.
All varieties are susceptible to crown rot and moderately susceptible to common root rot.
High rainfall (500mm+)
SA
SA
NSW
NSW
NSW
SA
SA
SA
SA
NSW
Maturity
Low rainfall (<375mm)
Chopper
Speedee
Berkshire
Bogong
Canobolas
Fusion
Goanna
Hawkeye
Jaywick
Rufus
Height
season (similar heading time to Treat),
spring type, grain only triticale, which
is deemed to have good resistance to
current pathotypes of leaf, stem, and
stripe rust.
Goanna is a fully awned, tall variety with
CCN resistance, and appears to have a
reliable grain production and quality
(good protein and test weight) under
drier conditions.
Goanna is currently under yield
performance and disease evaluation in
the 2012 NVT trials for its second season.
HawkeyeA. Hawkeye (tested as
TSA0108) was released by AGT in 2007
and is a broadly adapted, mid maturing
variety with high yield potential and CCN
resistance.
It also has good resistance to all rusts
and produces large grain with low
screenings (similar to Tahara) and good
test weight (like Treat). It is considered
a higher yielding alternative to Tahara
and a CCN and stripe rust resistance
alternative to Kosciuszko.
A PBR variety, seed is available from
AGT Seeds.
JaywickA. Jaywick (tested as TSA0124)
was released by AGT in 2007 and is a
broadly adapted, mid maturing variety
with high yield potential and CCN
resistance.
It also has good to fair resistance to
all rusts and produces large grain with
low screenings and good test weight. It
is considered a slightly earlier, higher
yielding alternative to Tahara with good
rust resistance.
A PBR variety, seed is available from
AGT Seeds.
Rufus.Rufus (tested as PT344)
was released by the University of New
England in 2004, as a dual purpose
Pratylenchus
thornei
Resistance /
Tolerance
MR-R / MT
R / MT
MR
-
-
or hay type. It is a tall, mid-season
maturity, CCN-resistant variety with wide
adaptation offering good rust resistance.
Trial yield results indicate a useful grain
variety (table 2) but with features such as
reduced awn length, good early vigour
and height, there is strong interest in it as
a hay or dual purpose triticale.
Rufus is 2-3 days earlier than Tahara
and is about 5cm taller, so lodging may
potentially be a problem in very high
rainfall situations.
A non PBR variety, seed is widely
available.
Speedee. Speedee (tested as TX93-191E) is a fast growing and early maturing
variety, released in 2003. It heads about
10 days earlier than Tickit and Tahara,
making it a suitable variety choice for
short growing season environments or
late sowing situations.
It is not resistant to CCN and is
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 51
89
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Yield of selected triticale varieties according to region, expressed as percentage of Tahara’s yield (SARDI and NVT Trials, 2005-2011)
Variety
Murray Mallee
Mid north
Yorke Peninsula
Lower Eyre Peninsula
upper Eyre Peninsula
Abacus
Berkshire
108
110
107
109
103
Bogong
108
107
111
113
107
Canobolas
104
107
108
108
103
Chopper
106
107
106
107
99
Endeavour
93
Fusion
***
***
***
111
104
Hawkeye
109
107
105
109
104
Jaywick
106
104
103
105
99
Kosciuszko
63
75
76
78
61
Rufus
99
101
102
100
96
Tahara
100
100
100
100
100
Tickit
101
101
100
101
98
Tobruk
104
102
99
98
Tuckerbox
96
96
96
Yowie
***
***
***
103
96
Yukuri
93
Tahara’s Yield (t/ha)
1.99
3.28
2.50
2.93
2.05
*** Limited Data Currently Available
susceptible to very susceptible to stripe
rust.
As of 2011, Speedee is now a non-PBR
variety.
YowieA. Yowie was released in 2010 as
a medium season (slightly later heading
than Tahara), spring type, grain only
triticale, which has good resistance to
current pathotypes of stem, stripe, and
leaf rust, as well as CCN resistance.
Yowie is a fully awned, medium-tall,
modest yielding variety, with relatively
good test weight and low screenings.
Further evaluation for yield and disease is
still required some regions.
A PBR variety, seed is available from
Cooper & Elleway.
Tahara and Tickit. Tahara has long been
the common triticale variety for use in
cereal rotations in most districts up to 500
mm average annual rainfall.
However, one notable disadvantage
of the variety is that lodging can be a
problem under high yielding situations.
Tickit was released by the University of
Adelaide triticale breeding program in
2002 to replace Tahara offering slightly
shorter plant with stiffer straw and up to
3% yield advantage to Tahara.
Both Tickit and Tahara offer good
resistance to CCN and root lesion
nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus)
making them a valuable disease break,
however both are now moderately
susceptible to stripe rust and outclassed
52 > SARDI Sowing Guide
90
2013
by the newer grain varieties for yield.
Seed of Tahara and Tickit may be
purchased from commercial growers.
Kosciuszko and Treat. These two
varieties are medium maturing, grain
only varieties which do not have CCN
resistance.
Kosciuszko is ver y susceptible to
susceptible to stripe rust, whereas
Treat has moderate rust resistance with
excellent test weights.
Tuckerbox A is a late-medium season,
tall, high tillering variety with reduced
awn head type, which may be grown
for forage or grain. Released in 2010,
Tuckerbox has good resistance to all rusts
and CCN. However further evaluation is
still required. Tuckerbox is a PBR variety
with seed royalty only, and is marketed by
Seed Distributors.
Yukuri originated from the University
of New England in 2004, and is a latemedium season variety with reduced awn
head type, suitable for forage and grain
production in environments with 450
mm+ rainfall.
It has very good rust resistance, but is
susceptible to CCN. Non-PBR variety
handled by Seed Distributors.
Dual Purpose grazing/grain
varieties
Dual purpose varieties all have high
dry matter production, on a par with
South East
94
110
113
105
103
***
110
108
87
100
100
103
112
97
***
98
4.79
forage oats and are considered to provide
a good alternative as a hay crop, but
generally require early sowing or a longer
growing season to achieve good grain
production.
Jackie and Breakwell, released by the
University of Sydney in 2001 and 2005
respectively, are CCN resistant with
reduced awns and have proven suitable
for quality hay production in the mid
north of SA. They are now highly
susceptible to stripe rust and therefore no
longer recommended.
Other dual purpose varieties include
Crackerjack in 2004 by Heritage Seeds,
Endeavour and Tobruk in 2007 by the
University of Sydney.
Endeavour has reduced awns and
Tobruk is fully awned, with both being
long season varieties targeted to the
higher rainfall regions and offering
potential for hay production.
Endeavour has good rust resistance,
w h i l e To b r u k i s n o w m o d e r a t e l y
susceptible to stripe rust.
Tobruk has performed at its best in the
higher rainfall regions of SA, but overall
appears to have a fit in SA offering a
genuine dual purpose and longer season
grain only variety.
Certified seed for these two varieties can
be obtained from Waratah Seed Co. Ltd.
Crackerjack is another fully awned
winter type triticale used for forage
production in long season high rainfall
environments and is marketed by
Heritage Seeds.
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Faba bean variety sowing guide 2013
By Andrew Ware, and Rohan Kimber, SARDI,
Jeff Paull, university of Adelaide and Wayne
Hawthorne, Pulse Australia
T
he choice of faba bean variety for
the major SA bean production
regions continues to be between
Nura and Farah, with no new faba bean
varieties releases in southern Australia
expected until 2014.
PBA Rana was released in spring 2011
and is in its first year of commercial
plantings in 2012. PBA Rana was
developed by the PBA faba bean
breeding program, led by the University
of Adelaide, and is suited to the high
rainfall areas of the South East and
Central cropping zones.
It represents a different grain category
for faba bean production and marketing
in Australia. Its seed is larger than current
faba varieties, and is considered to be
of high quality by the major Egyptian
market.
Future releases from the PBA bean
breeding program will continue to target
medium sized faba beans, but will also
aim to release new varieties with larger
grain size like PBA Rana, aimed at
attracting a premium price.
Farah has slightly higher yields than
Nura in SA, but Nura has better rust
resistance.
Both varieties are MR-R to ascochyta
blight. In some situations Nura will
display better resistance to chocolate spot
than Farah; however disease management
strategies for chocolate spot control
should essentially be the same for both
Nura and Farah.
Nura is about a week later flowering
than Farah. Nura is generally more
responsive to early sowing dates than
other varieties due to its later flowering
time, and will suffer when sown later.
Nura is shorter in height which can cause
harvest difficulties and grain loss in low
rainfall districts and seasons.
Both varieties produce highly
marketable seed.
Varieties and market preferences
The Middle East human consumption
if wet conditions continue,
market prefers Australian faba
particularly when disease
beans, but competition from
symptoms are evident and dense
France and the UK for market
crop growth retains moisture
share occurs.
levels within the canopy.
To access the export human
Chocolate spot typically
food markets, the Australian
develops during spring as
product must be of high
temperatures warm, however it
quality, including freedom from
can infect crops earlier and faba
mechanical damage, weathering,
Andrew Ware
beans should be monitored for
disease staining and storage
chocolate spot from late winter.
problems.
Rust presented itself as a significant
Faba beans darken over time in storage
disease on faba beans in 2011; the disease
and seed can become unsuitable for the
then survived over summer on volunteer
export market after about 9 months.
bean plants and has again been found in
Our varieties Farah, Nura and Fiesta,
southern faba bean crops in 2012.
are well accepted, and the market signals
Faba bean crops will continue the need
are that the small seeded faba beans like
to be monitored for rust in the future.
the old Fiord and Ascot varieties are no
Susceptible varieties, Farah and Fiesta
longer wanted in the Middle East.
VF, have been found to show worse
Co-mingling of these smaller seeded
symptoms.
varieties into the now accepted larger
Paddocks adjacent to last years’ bean
“Fiesta grade” will downgrade the overall
stubbles were also more severely infected.
quality.
Control with the correct fungicides may
Product that does not meet export
need to commence before flowering in
standard or is surplus to demand is
early sown crops, or crops sown close to
consumed domestically in stockfeed
the previous year’s bean stubble.
rations, often at lower prices.
Given good conditions for crop
Sound beans are also finding a place in
production and disease development,
many integrated cropping and grazing
fungicide applications to control rust
enterprises as a means of finishing lambs
may be necessary at the same time as
on farm.
chocolate spot is being targeted.
There can often be strong grazier
Disease resistance levels of Nura and
demand for feed beans in dry conditions.
Farah allow growers to be more reactive
to ascochyta blight than in other varieties
Varieties and disease management
and ascochyta disease management
In growing regions or seasonal
strategies can be based on monitoring
conditions that favour chocolate spot
levels in high risk situations.
development all varieties require a
With Fiesta, growers must maintain
protective spray before canopy closure
ascochyta blight disease control until
when the beans are at the early flowering
after flowering is finished to ensure seed
stage.
staining is minimised.
Additional applications will be required
Cercospora leaf spot continues to be
widely reported in faba beans.
Table 1. Faba bean variety sowing guide 2013.
This disease is soil borne and typically
Rainfall zone (average annual rainfall)
occurs in paddocks with a history of
Low
Medium
High
faba bean cropping, particularly in close
< 375 mm
375-500 mm
> 500 mm
rotation (less than 4-6 years), or when in
Nura A
PBA Rana A
Farah A
close proximity to these paddocks.
Fiesta *
Farah A
Nura A
Correct identification is essential
to distinguish it from ascochyta blight,
Nura A
Fiesta *
Farah A
chocolate spot or herbicide damage,
* Fiesta needs a higher level of disease monitoring
all of which can show similar plant
and protection in most years.
2013
DECEMBER 2012
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91
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
Table 2. Agronomic and disease characteristics of faba and broad bean varieties. (National disease ratings as
supplied by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA)).
Variety
Plant
height
Flower
time
Maturity Lodging Ascochyta Chocolate Cercoresistblight
spot
spora
ance Foliage Seed
Rust
PSbMV
seed
staining
Faba bean
FarahA
Medium Early-mid Early-mid
MS
MR-R
MR-R
S
S
S
S
Fiesta VF
Medium Early-mid Early-mid
MS
MR
MS
S
S
S
S
Fiord
Manafest
NuraA
Short
Early
Early
MR
MS
MS
VS
S
S
S
Medium
Mid
Mid
MR
VS
VS
MS
S
MS
VS
Short
Mid
Early-mid
MR
MR-R
MR-R
S
SB
MSB
VS
Mid
Mid
MR
R
R
MS
S
MS-MRB
MR
PBA RanaA Medium
Broad bean
Aquadulce
Tall
Mid
Late
MS
MS
MS
MS
S
MS
PBA
KareemaA
Tall
Mid
Late
MS
MR-R
MR-R
MS
S
MS-MRB
Key: R=resistant, MR-moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible
B Note revised status of variety: PBA Rana, PBA Kareema and Nura for rust foliar infection after 2011 incidence;
also Nura for chocolate spot susceptibility under early sown and higher disease pressure situations
symptoms. Early control (at 5-8 weeks)
with carbendazim or tebuconazole
is most effective in preventing disease
establishment and consequent yield loss
from Cercospora.
All current faba bean varieties are
susceptible, thus early preventative
control measures are best practice.
Pulse Australia has a released a new
Southern Pulse Bulletin in 2012: Faba
bean disease management strategy. It
contains the latest information on disease
management in faba beans and can be
found at: www.pulseaus.com.au
Harvest
In years when bean crops are of a better
height, harvest height becomes less of an
issue, but lodging can.
Physical damage of bean grain has been
the reason for marketing downgrades
in recent years, and needs to be better
managed. Bud worm will need early
monitoring and early control, even if a
drier year. Harvest at the higher moisture
contents (12-14%) to avoid breakage, and
handle the beans carefully when shifting
them.
We have seen that crop topping of faba
beans can make them more vulnerable
to seed staining, particularly when rain
falls soon after its application. Going in
too early or using product or rates that
dry beans down quickly can exasperate
the issue.
Maturity of current faba bean varieties
is not as well suited to crop topping as we
would like, particularly in better seasons,
hence all grains may not be mature when
the ryegrass is ready to top.
Notes on faba bean varieties
New Variety
PBA Rana A . PBA Rana (tested as
AF10060/15-1 or 974*(611*974)/15-1) is
a vigorous plant with good stem strength,
mid to late flowering (similar to Nura)
and mid maturity (later than Farah and
Nura).
It is well adapted to high rainfall, long
growing seasons. Highest yields have been
achieved in the Lower South East, Central
Hills/ Fleurieu Peninsula and the high
rainfall sites in the lower and mid-North
where long term yields are equal to or
greater than Fiesta VF and Farah.
PBA Rana has good resistance to
ascochyta blight and is moderately
susceptible to chocolate spot.
It has shown in the field to have very
useful resistance (MS-MR) to rust, better
than other commercial varieties.
PBA Rana produces large, plump and
light brown seed suited to Egyptian
market requirements for that grade.
It represents a unique and different
category for faba bean marketing.
PBA Rana is three quarters Manafest
in its breeding, and should establish
itself into areas where Manafest was
grown before ascochyta blight became its
demise.
PBA Rana is licensed to Viterra and an
end point royalty applies.
Current Varieties
NuraA.Nura is a medium-sized
faba bean with moderate resistance
to ascochyta blight and moderate
susceptibility to rust. It is susceptible to
chocolate spot, especially under early
sown and high disease pressure situations.
Nura is susceptible to Cercospora leaf
spot, similar to Farah and Fiesta. It is
Table 3. Predicted yield of faba bean varieties is SA by region, as a % Farah
Variety
LOWER EP
uPPER EP
YORKE PEn
MID nORTH*
MALLEE
SOuTH EAST*
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
% of
Farah
no.
Trials
Doza
95
8
-
-
94
8
94
21
90
3
96
18
FarahA
100
10
100
3
100
13
100
33
100
6
100
32
Fiesta VF
101
10
101
3
99
13
100
33
101
6
101
32
Fiord
99
9
-
-
96
9
93
29
93
4
94
22
NuraA
100
10
99
3
100
13
98
33
99
6
97
32
PBA RanaA
94
7
-
-
94
8
94
21
93
4
96
22
Farah’s yield (t/ha)
2.34
1.64
3.35
2.51
1.66
Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2005-2011 MET data analysis by National Statistics Program.
* At high rainfall sites within the Mid North and South East Zones PBA Rana produces yields equal to or greater than Farah
54 > SARDI Sowing Guide
92
2013
2.79
Sowing Guide 2013
SARDI sowing guide 2013
generally shorter than Fiesta and Farah,
making it less likely to lodge but more
difficult to harvest in lower rainfall
districts or with late sowing.
Nura’s long-term yields are slightly
lower than Farah in most areas, however
highest relative yields are achieved when
sown early.
It has good seed appearance, light buff
in colour, with minimal seed staining and
discolouration. Nura flowers about 7 days
later than Farah, but matures about the
same time.
Its major advantage to growers is a
likely reduction in fungicide sprays, with
ascochyta blight and rust protection only
required in high risk situations.
Nura is more sensitive to high rates
of imazethapyr (eg Spinnaker ® ) than
Farah but more tolerant of simazine and
metribuzin.
Seed is available from Seednet and an
end point royalty applies.
Farah A . Farah is a direct selection
from Fiesta, and it is identical in most
respects to Fiesta, except for its moderate
resistance to ascochyta seed staining and
more uniform seed size and colour.
Although the risk of suffering ascochyta
blight seed staining is reduced with
Farah, the risk is still present if ascochyta
blight is not properly managed.
Farah’s yields are slightly higher than
Fiesta and Nura in most areas of southern
Australia.
Its major advantage over Fiesta is the
increased likelihood of achieving market
standards for freedom from seed staining
and a likely reduction in fungicide sprays
for ascochyta blight.
Table 4. Predicted yield of broad bean varieties is SA
by region, as a % Fiesta VF
Variety
LOWER SOuTH EAST
% of
Fiesta VF
no.
Trials
107
6
Fiesta VF
100
19
PBA KareemaA
102
4
Fiesta VF’s yield
(t/ha)
2.95
Aquadulce
Data source: SARDI/GRDC, NVT and PBA - Australian
Faba Bean Breeding Program. 2004-2010 MET data
analysis by National Statistics Program.
Farah is licensed to Heritage Seeds
(formerly Seedmark) and an end point
royalty applies.
Fiesta VF. Fiesta VF is early to mid
flowering. It has buff coloured seed,
larger than Fiord.
Fiesta has good seedling vigour and
is of medium height. It is classed as
susceptible to chocolate spot, but is less
susceptible than Fiord.
Fiesta VF is more susceptible to
ascochyta blight than Farah and Nura
and a proactive disease management
strategy is recommended to ensure
market standards for clean seed are met.
Fiesta VF is no longer protected by PBR,
and no end point royalty applies.
Broad bean varieties
PBA Kareema A . PBA Kareema was
selected from Aquadulce with similar
plant type and adaptation to this variety
but with larger and more uniform seed,
and no “evergreens”.
It is well adapted to the very high
rainfall, broad bean districts in the lower
south-east of SA.
It has significantly improved resistance
to ascochyta blight (MR-R) and better
rust resistance (MS-MR) than Aquadulce
and is slightly less susceptible to
chocolate spot than other faba beans.
Like Aquadulce, PBA Kareema is more
tolerant of waterlogging than most faba
bean varieties, and is more tolerant of
iron and manganese deficiencies.
The yield of PBA Kareema has been
similar to, or slightly less than, Aquadulce
in trials in the south-east of SA.
It is licensed to PGG Wrightson and an
end point royalty applies.
Aquadulce. Aquadulce is a tall, late
flowering and maturing broad bean
variety, suited to areas with at least 500
mm average annual rainfall, such as the
lower south-east of SA.
It is rated as MS to chocolate spot, but
can succumb to the disease under high
disease pressure and rainfall situations.
It is more tolerant of waterlogging than
most faba bean varieties, is more tolerant
of iron and manganese deficiencies.
Aquadulce’s large seed size makes it a
specialty bean with different marketing
opportunities to faba beans.
It
commands a price premium over faba
beans, depending on grading and seed
size.
For further information: Variety
Management Packages (VMP) for
all varieties, except Aquadulce, are
available on the Pulse Australia website
www.pulseaus.com.au
2013
DECEMBER 2012
SARDI Sowing Guide < 55
93
Wool Update
Optimise your
wool price
10 best practice management tips to
influence the quality and price of wool
words/ Olivia Fuller
A familiar self-help mantra to overcome stress, is to
act on the things you can change and accept the things
you can’t.
With a slow down in wool prices this year wool growers
know that global currency fluctuations, supply and
demand, fashion trends, changing consumer preferences
and unrelenting competition from synthetic fabrics are the
things one just has to accept as a primary producer.
However, according to Alister Carr, Trading/Managing
Buyer - Wool Export with Viterra, growers do have an
influence over one very important variable: the physical
94
characteristics of their wool.
Reports from Australian Wool Innovation show that the
three major physical factors affecting raw wool prices
in the last three years have been the position of break
in the middle of the staple (pobm), excessive length (gsl)
and Australian Wool Testing Authority certification suffix
descriptor type.
To maximise profitability at the farm gate Mr
Carr advises growers to consider some of these
long established but often overlooked rules for the
coming season.
Wool Update
1/Micron
Fibre diameter continues to be the biggest determinant
of the value of wool, but there are some cases where
broader wools can be more commercially viable.
“Not all regions of Australia are suitable to grow
fine merino wool producing sheep due to rainfall and
landscape – finer wool is normally produced in higher
rainfall regions,” Mr Carr said.
“There is also the yield compromise - the type of sheep
that produce fine micron wool are small and produce
significantly less wool cut per head.
“For example 22.0 micron merino sheep cut 7-10
kgs/head versus 17.0 micron merino sheep which cut
3-4 kgs/head.
“Everyone’s goal is to produce fine wool on a large frame
sheep so that the cut per head remains high.
“However, on 10 October 2012 the difference in price
between 17.0 (1278 clean cents) and 22.0 (1038 clean
cents) was only 240 clean cents. So in late 2012 it was
more viable to be growing 21-23.0 micron merino wool
from large frame sheep.
“Of course the added benefit of running large frame
sheep is that prime lambs can be the progeny providing an
additional income stream.”
2/Yield
The second biggest determinant is the yield of the wool.
Growers should examine how much of their wool yield is
actually wool and how much is non-wool parts.
“The average Australian yield of actual wool is just 65%
so if you are achieving higher yield than this you are in a
good position,” Mr Carr said.
“Yield is determined by environment and nutrition - aim
to have as much green pasture as possible within your
particular climatic constraints. The greener the pasture
the higher the yield.”
3/Staple length (mm) wool fibre length
The optimum length is 80-90mm for a 19.5 micron and
85-95mm for 21.0 micron and growing the staple length
too long or too short will cause a discount in price.
“The aim is to produce the perfect square fibre to be
used on a textile machine with minimal or no combing
waste,” Mr Carr said.
“While wool cannot be objectively perfect like a
manmade fibre, there is an optimum length for the top
making machines and that determines the price.
“Growers can influence the staple length by managing
their shearing cycle. Shearing too late in the season will
make the fibre too long and too early will make it too short.
“If a grower is able to shear three times every two
years due to the genetics of their flock this is excellent
management as their productivity will improve while
achieving the minimum optimum staple length.”
4/Staple strength or newtons/kilotex
(N/kt) - wool fibre strength
The sounder the fibre, the greater the combing yield will
be achieved. The staple strength is measured by newtons
per kilotex and growers will be paid a higher price for
higher N/kt.
“Some growers are unaware how much this
characteristic affects the price of raw wool,” Mr Carr said.
“Managing the staple strength comes down to evenness
of nutrient intake and looking after the flock’s dietary
requirements. Not having the right level of nutrients,
randomly eating excess protein or experiencing stress all
have an impact on staple strength. A major cause of stress
for ewes is lambing.”
December 2012
95
Wool Update
5/The ‘point of break’
(POB) within the fibre
This relates to the strength and robustness of the wool.
If there is going to be a breaking point within the full
staple length the best place to have it is either the base or
the tip of the fibre rather than the middle. As with staple
strength, POB can be managed through meeting the
flock’s nutritional requirements and reducing the amount
of stress placed on the flock.
“If there is a significant change in the nutrient intake
or stress to the animal midway through the wool growing
season then the wool fibre strength will become weaker in
the middle,” Mr Carr said.
“For example if sheep are moved from a wheat stubble
to a green lucerne pasture then this will cause a change
in the growing pattern of the wool fibre and the thickness/
micron of the wool fibre can be affected.
“Equally if sheep are introduced to a grain diet this
should happen gradually.
“Also, the ideal time for lambing is at the beginning or
end of the wool growing season to reduce stress in the
middle of wool production.”
6/Vegetable matter percentage (VM) in wool fibre
Normally the higher the vegetable matter found in wool,
the lower the price you will receive because there is more
mechanical work required by the processor to remove it.
“VM content directly affects yield ie. if your yield has
10% vegetable matter that will be a direct 10% reduction
off the yield,” Mr Carr said.
“Growers can influence the amount of vegetable matter
in their wool through the management of their property
and pastures. Certain types of plants and weeds are more
problematic than others so there should be a focus on
spraying or removing the weeds before they go to seed.
Heavy discounting applies to VM types such as corkscrew,
burr medic, Bathurst burr and Noogoora burr.”
For more advice, contact your local Viterra
Wool Client Manager; full contact details
are available at www.viterra.com.au.
7/Quality of wool classing
Engage an Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) accredited
wool classer. Australia’s high wool classing standard
(The AWEX Woolclassing Code of Practice) has enabled
producers to sell their product as the wool of global choice
for more than a generation.
The AWEX Standard is issued to trained and registered
woolclassers who oversee and participate in the
preparation of wool in the shearing shed.
“Wool prepared by a registered wool classer is identified
in sale catalogues to enable buyers to identify and
preferentially source classed wool,” Mr Carr said.
“Wool prepared to, or above the standard means end
users can buy the wool with confidence. This in turn
attracts price premiums and market attractiveness.
“Use a trained, registered woolclasser to ensure wool
conforms with the AWEX “P” certification.”
8/Eliminate contamination
“Things left around the shearing shed such as baling
twine, dog fibres, beer cans or even clothing can all
contaminate the quality of the wool when it is pressed into
the bale,” Mr Carr said.
“This can very quickly reduce the wool price.
“To produce a high quality product with high value you
should keep a pristine environment. The same rule applies
to the paddock - don’t leave any rubbish laying around that
may contaminate the wool fibre.”
9/Style of wool
“The whiteness and evenness of the wool continues to
have a significant impact on price of wool,” Mr Carr said.
“The crimp of your wool should look the same at the
base of the fibre as it does at the top and if growers
are experiencing problems with evenness they should
reconsider their breeding program – but it is a complex
area and will take time to change.”
10/Presentation
Mr Carr also reminded growers to ensure that their wool
is packed inside new AWEX accredited nylon wool packs,
with the bales clearly described and branded as per the
AWEX code of practice. To review the code of practice,
visit: www.awex.com.au
96
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