Page 1 Page 2 ENGLISH SUMMARY I. Systematic status of the

Page 1 Page 2 ENGLISH SUMMARY I. Systematic status of the

昭和55年12月20日 印刷
昭和55年12月25日 発行
在来家畜研究会報告 第9号（1980）
編 集 在来家畜研究会
発 行
財団
法人
名古屋畜産学研究所
愛知児安城市和泉町大北20
印 刷 創文印刷工業株式会社
東京都荒川区西尾久7−12−16
ENGLISH SUMMARY
I・SystematicstatusofthedomesticdogintheFamilyCanidae
YoshinoriIMAIZUMI
Thedomesticdog・Cbnisjbmiliaris，hasbeen supposedbymanyauthOritiestobea
descendantofoneormoreparticularraeesofcanishq，uS・Butthedogs，eVenthemost
WOlf−likeracessuchasEskimodogs，Sheepdogsanddingos，differclearlynotonlyfrom
theraeesoflQusbutalsofromanyotherspeciesbelongirrgtothegenuscbnisinsev−
eralmeasurementsofskullsandteeth．
Themeanvaluesofthecondylobasallengthofskullinfairlygoodsamplesroften
Subspeciesof h4＞uSfrom Eurasia and North Americaand temperature classeswhieh
eorrespondtoaveragetemperaturesofthecoldestmonthoftheyearintherespective
habitatsofthesample，COrrelatelinearlyandtheregressionlineisshownbytheform：
Yc二一27・23＋0・15Ⅹ，Sys＝1・34・Here，the region ofYe±2sysin scatter diagramis
provision叫consideredaclineofh4）uS．Quite similar correlationsa，。S。。nins。V。，al
Othercranialanddentalmeasurementsinthesamplesofh4＞uS．
Ontheotherhand，thepointsofthedog，repreSentedbymeanvaluesandtemperature
ClassesofsanPlesoftheEskimodog・Sheepdog，dingo，andlargedog，Whichisacomplex
Ofthelargestdogs，Showaquadrilateralintheirrespectivescatterdiagrams．These
quadrilateralsofthedog・Whenobservedoneafteranother，StrOng恒uctuateagainstthe
Clinesofh4）uSandtherearenocorrelationsbetweenthem（Figs．2∼8）．Such8uctuation
Ofthedogquadrilateralalsohasnoconnectionwiththepointsofanyhrmsexaminedof
thegenuscbnisinscatterdiagrams・Theamplitudeofthedog伽ctuationisdecidedly
largerthanthoseoftheracesofh4｝uSWhicharenearlyalwaysconfinedwithintherange
Ofthecline ofthespecies（Yc±2sys）．
Therefore，itisevidentthatthedogcannotbeadomesticatedformofhq，uSbuta
fuuydistinctspecies，thoughwildpopulationsofitareunknown・Thehighratiosof
CranialanddentalfeaturesintheprimitivephasewhicharedominentinSPeotho3−Dusiqyon
groupprobablyindicatethatthedogismoreprimitivethananyracesofh4・ubhodbhiLbx，
Or疲rofthesubgenuscbnisandthatitiso車slightbhigh。r thanldtmnS。fth。
SubgenusTbosinsystematicstatus．
−231−
ⅠⅠ．Thedog，itsdomesticationanddevelopment，withspecial
reference to the origin and the history of theJapaneSe
native dog（A review）
Katuaki6TA
The presentreviewconsistsoftwoparts．Inthefirstpart，CurrentCOnCeptSOnthe
ancestorofdomesticateddogs，time，placeandprocessofdomesticationandprocessesof
differentiationand developmentofvarious breeds are reviewed and discussed．Recent
evidencesobtained from the osteological，SerOlogicaland behavioralstudies of various
speciesofCanidsexcludealmostconclusivelvthespeciesotherthanthewolfandthewild
dingo（wildanimallikedingo）fromthelistofcandidates fortheancestor of dogs・A
raceorracesofthesmallwolf and／Orthewild dingo are the most probable ancestor
ofmoderndogs，thoughfurtherconclusjon cannotbe drawn yet．The possibilities of
interbreeding of dogs with northernlarge wolf，jackaland coyote also stillremain・
Archaeologicalevidencessofaravailablesuggestthatdomesticationofdogsbeganatlate
Paleolithic（around15，000yearsB．P．）in WesternAsia and／or other areas（Table5）．
Althoughthequestionwhetherdomesticationwasachievedin onlyoneplaceorinsev−
eralindependentlyhasbeenstillunsolved，thepresenceofsomegeneticalcharacterssuch
astailcarriageandnon−SeaSOnaltypeofbreeding，nOtObservedinwildspeciesbutvery
commoninmostbreedsofdogs，maymakedi伍culttosupposesomanyplacesasdomes−
ticationcentersorsomanygeographicalracesofwolfastheoriginofmoderndogs・
Thereisnofirmbasisfor assuming the processof domestieation at present and，
therefore，discussionsontheproblemmustbeinevitablyspeculative・However，themost
convinclnginterpretationisthatthedomesticationwasinitiated throughthe feeding of
wildanimalsasapetorthelikewithoutany specialpracticalpurposefor humanlife・
Rapidandwidespreadingofdogsintheancientworldandwide varietyofbodysize
alreadyobservedinaneientdogs，Whichmaybearesultofselectionofaprimitiveform，
canbeunderstoodonlywhentightmentalbondbetweenmananddogisassumedtobe
estiablishedinthe■mostinitialstageofdomestication・Incombinationwith the discus−
siononthemethodforthestudyoftheevolutionorthehistoryofdogs，participationof
naturalandartificialselectionsand of possibleinterbreeding with wildspeciesinthe
processesofdifferentiation and development of varjous breeds orlocalpopulationsare
discussedinthelasttwosectionsofthefirstpart．Consideringtheintensivenessofthe
selectionpressureputuponthedogforalonghistoricalperiod，itmaybe essentialfor
thestudiesofgenealogicalrelationsofdogbreedstoevaluateproperlytheeffectofselec−
tionontheeharactertobeinvestigated．Inthissense，Studiesbased on the population
−232−
genetiesusingthedataofcharactersbeingneutraltoselectionmayofferthemostuseful
informationsontheoriginandthehistoryofdogs．
Resultsofpreviousworkersontheoriginand thehistoryofJapanese native dogs
arereviewedin the second part，tOgether withthe brief summaryof the studies on
WOIvesinJapan，includingCbnishodbphyhlXTemminck，andalsowithsomedescriptions
OfnativedogsinEastAsiancountriesin old and recent ages・Archaeologicalstudies
Onthepre−historicsitesoftheJomonperiod（Neolithic ageinJapan）revealsthatthere
WereatleastthreetypesofdomesticateddogsinoldJapan；beingcomparablein their
Size to Cbnisjbmiliarispalustris（small），C・finiermedius（medium）and c．f matris
申timae（large）・Themostpopulardogin oldJapan throughoutthe whole p。ri。d。f
StOneageS（theJomonandtheYayoiperiods）wasthesmalトsized・Theyhad already
appearedfromtheearlieststageofJomonperiod（around9，000years B・P・）（Table5，
Fig・10）・Althoughthe origin oftheoldJapanesedogisstillobscureandjustthes。b−
jectofour future studies，eVidencesavai】ableatpresentimply，inthemostprobability，
thatthesmalloneswereintroducedintoourcountryfromthesouthem PartOfEastern
Asiaanddogsoflargesize，Onthecontrary，enteredtothenortherndistrictofJapan
fromsakhalinorother neighbouringareaofNorth Eastern Asia．Appearanceofthe
medium−Sized dog，Which was somewhatlaterthanthatofothers，mayrelate tothe
transfer ofcultureinto ourcountryfromthe continent throughKoreanpenninsula，
though0血erinterpretationsarealsopossibleonthe originofdogsofthistype．Dogs
inolddaysseemedtoberaisedmainlyforthe use forhunting・Frequentfindingsof
dogskeltonseourteouslyburiedindicatetheimportanceofdogsforthelifeofhunting−
gatheringpeopleinprehistoricages・Shapeofdogs，imaginedfromclay丘gurinesun−
earthedfromremainsofstoneagesorpictorialrepresentation onthe metalwareinlater
ages，WaSalmostthesameasthatseenincurrentbreeds，havingerrectearsandcurled
tail．
HistoryofJapanesenative dogs duringages after the enteranceofYayoiculture
（ricecropculture）isnotsoclearexceptforthatinmodernages．However，itiscertain
thatbloodofstoneagedogswasdescendedtothemoderndo草Sthroughoutthemostof
historicalageswithoutlargecontaminationofthebloodofforeignbreeds，throughinter−
breedingbetweenlocalpopulationsmustoccur quiteintensivelywithinthecountry．
TherewerenodocumentSindicatingtheinfluxofalargenumberofdogsfromforeign
COuntriesandnosevere alterationoftheshapeofdogswasfoundinliteratureorworks
ofart．
AccompanylngWithanintroduction of European civilization startedfromthe16th
−233−
centuryandaeceleratedgreatlyafterthefinalstageofthe Edoperiod（1aterhalfo土the
19th century），alarge number of dogs ofvarious breeds wereimported from wide
areas。f the world．This new current brought about the establishment of new
breeds such asJapanese spaniel（Chin）in the Edo periodandJapaneseterrier and
T。Sa−inu（abreedfordog−fighting，CrOSS−bredbetweenthenativedogandmastiff，bull
dog，POinterandothers）intheMeiji−Taishoperiodononehand，butresultedinarapid
hybridizationofnative dogs，eSpeCiallyinthe urbanareas，On the other・Duringthis
chaoticperiod，manylocalpopulationsofthe nativedoglosttheirpurityinbloodand
extinguished（Table6）・In1930・s when activities forthepreservation ofnativedogs
wereinitiated，0車asmallnumberofdogscouldbefoundwithsatisfactorypurityeven
intheviuages（Fig．11）．Althoughthe work for the preservation andthe revivalof
JapanesenativedogswasseverelydamagedagainduringtheWorld WarII，itwasre−
initiatedafterthewarandhasbeenproceededwithoutseveretroublesuntilnow・
Japanesenativedogsarenowdividedintothefollowing6breedsand3localpopu−
lationsaccordingtotheirbodysizeandtheirmahlocalitiesofdistributionatthetime
ofre−findingin1930，S・Standardsforthebodysizeandallowancesfor the variationin
coatcolourandotherexternaleharactersforeaehbreedswerefirstsettledin1930，sand
havebeensucceededtheTeafterbyvarious associationsorkennelclubswith or without
modi五cation，
Akita−inu：Large−Sized，nOrtheasternpart ofHonshu−island（Colourphotograph，1）・
・Hokkaido−ken（Ainu−ken）：Medium−Sized，Hokkaido−island（Colourphotograph，2）・
Kishu−ken：Medium−Sized，WakayamaandMieprefectures，theeentralpartofHon−
shu−island（Colourphotograph，3）．
shikoku−ken（Tosa−ken）：Mediumsized，Shikoku−island・MotherbreedofTosa−inu
fordogfighting（Colourphotograph，4）・
Kai−ken：Smal1−medium−Sized，Yamanashiprefecture，the centralpartof Honshu−
island．Fixedintheircoatcolourtotiger−brindle（Colourphotograph，5）・
Shiba−inu：Small−Sized（Colourphotograph，6）．
shinshu−breed：Naganoprefecture，thecentralpartofHonshu−island・
san・in−breed：TottoriandShimaneprefectures，′thewestern part and the side
ofJapanseaofHonshu−island・
Mino−breed：Gifuprefecture，the centralpartofHonshu−island，almostextin−
guishedduringthelastworldwarandnowintheprocessofre−COnStruC−
tion．
ofthebreedsmentionedabove，Akita−inuhasapatent history of hybridizationin
−234−
recentyearsmainlythroughtheinteibreeding with Tosa−inu．Most of the Akitaslost
OnCetheoriginalfomaSnativedogs，Changingintheirshapetomastifftypewithdr0−
opedears，butthebreedhasbeenreconstructedduringthelastseveraldecades．
ⅠII．Morphologicalstudies ofJapaneSe native dogs
Katuaki6TA
l．Studies on the externalcharacters．
Bodysize，COatCOlourandotherexternalcharactersandtheirvariationordistribution
withinbreedswereinvestigatedinallofcurrent6breedsofJapanesenativedogs．Re−
giOns surveyedandnumbeT Ofdogsexaminedare summarizedinTable7．Results were
discussedinrelationtothestandardsorallowancesforeach characterssettled by ken−
nelclubs．Attemptswerealsomadetoclarifythemodeofinheritanceofcoatcolourand
Othercharactersbyinvestigatingtheparentalrelationofdogsrecordedintheregistration
Card．SizeoflittersandsexratioofnewbornpupsinJapanese nativedogs werealso
Studiedbytheuseoftherecordoflittermatesintheregistrationcard．
1）Bodysize：Priortoobtainthebodysizeofadultmaleandfemaledogs，theage
Whenbodygrowthofdogsalmostorcompletelyceasedwas assessedin eachbreeds by
usingthedataobtainedbymeasurementsofwithersheight，bodylengthandchestgirth
inalldogsexamined（foresample，Fig．12）．Sizeandconhrmationofbodyofdogswere
COnSideredtoattainthoseofadultsbefore18monthsofagein male Akitas，12months
infemaleAkitasandmaleandfemaleHokkaido−kensand8monthsindogsof allother
breeds．Therefore，followinganalysesof the result on body size were carried out by
usingonlythedataofdogsovertheseages（Tables8and9）．
Distributionofwithersheightwithinbreedswas shownina formof histogramin
Fig・13，tOgetherwith the mean value and rangeof standard for theheightin each
breeds・Inthebreeds excepting Kai−kenand Mino−breed of shiba−inu，the body size
distributedcloselyaroundthemeanvalueineithermaleorfemaledogs，Showingtheef−
fectofselectioninaccordancewiththesettlementofthestandard．Widevariationofbody
SizeinKai−kenandMino−Shiba−inumightbe reflexionsofwide rangeandabseneeof
Standardforthebodysizeinthesebreeds，reSpeCtiveb．WithersheightofmostofAkita−
inuwaslesseventhantheloweェIimitofthestandardofthebreed・Inordertocomparethe
bodyconformationbetweenbreeds，ratiosofbodylengthandchestgirthtowithersheight，
expressedintermsof％，WereCalculated・Graphicanalysiswasalsocarriedoutforthe
SamePurPOSebyusingmeanvaluesoftheheight，thelengthandthechestgirthofeach’
breeds（Fig・14）・Thesetreatmentsrevealed that the Akitaswere slightly differentin
−235−
theirbodyconformationfromothernativebreeds：shortherbodylengthandnarrower
Chestgirthinproportiontotheirwithersheightor，inverselystated，longerextremities
inproportiontotheirsizeofbodytrunks・Theseresultsarediscussedinrelationtothe
historyoftheAkita−breedandalsototheeHectofselectionperformedinrecentyears．
2）Coatcolour：Coatぐ010urobservedinJapanesenativedogsareusuallyclassified
intothefbllowing5categories；
White‥Frompurewhitetowhitewithbrownishshade・Adultdogswithpurewhite
COat are Very rare．
Brown（“RedH）：Fromcreamorpalebrown to denseredbrown withorwithout
blackshade・ChoeolatebrownisobservedrarelyintheAkita，butnotinother
breeds．
〃Goma”：Blackhairsinterminglewithbrownhairsofvarious colourintensitiesand
distributeuniformlyoverthe whole body．coatcolourlikethatofwolfis also
Seen，but notfrequently，andthis colouris classifiedinto either HGomaH or
“Red”in usualcases．
BIack：Solidblackorblackandtan・SolidblaekishardlyseenincurrentJapanese
dogs．
Tiger−brindle‥Blackstriped・Groundcolourvariesfrompaletoredbrown．
Regardlessofthecoatcolour・Whitemarkingsofvarioussizesareseenveryfrequent−
lyinJapanesenativedogs・Distribution patternofwhiteareaandgradingofitssize
areillustratedin Fig・16・Onlythemarkinglargerthangrade30r4isrecordedinthe
reglStration card．
According to this classificationprincipally，distributionofcoatcolor and of white
markingineachbreedsare summarizedinTableslland12，reSPeetiveb．Although
breedsotherthanKai−kenhadavarietyofcoatcolour，inclinesofconsiderabledegree
WereSeentO WhiteinKishu−ken，tOHGomaHinShikoku−kenandto HRed”in Shiba−
Possiblegenecombinationsforeachcoatcolourswereassumed（Table18）byinves−
tigatingtheirmodeofinheritance（Tables16−17）inreferencetothepresentknowledge
Onthegenecontrolofcoatcolourindogs・Ofallcoloursobservedinthepresentsurvey，
“Goma”wasthemostdはculttoexplain，Ofwhichmodeofinheritancewasnotconsis−
tentwithany combinationsof known genesinAandEloci．There were noorlittle
evidencesimplyingtheexistenceofgenesM，PandInlandwofIljin，andgene fre−
quenciesofAs・Emandswwereconsideredtobelowatleastinthecurr占ntpopulations
OfJapanesenativedogs・WhitemarkingsinJapanesedogsseemedtobelargelyduet0
−236−
theactionofgenesi，thoughtheamountoftheIrish spottingvariedconsiderablyb。−
tweenbreeds（Table12）．
3）Other externalcharacters‥Percentagesofthe occurrenceofdewclaws，Pig−
mentedspotsonthetongueandmissingteethanddistributionoftypesoftailwerein−
VeStigated・Allofdew clawsobserved wereofsingle typeand foundinhindlegsof
bothsides・Almostallreductionofteethnumberwasduetothecongenitallossofone
OrmOrePremOlarteeth・Typeoftailwasclassifiedintotwocategories，aCCOrdingtothe
usualclassificationusedinkennelclubs‥tightlycoiledorcurledtailanduprightand
looselycurled（sickle−Shaped）tail・Therewerequitelargedifferencesinthefrequency
Oftheoccurrenceofthesecharactersbetweenbreeds（Table19），COrreSpOndingtothe
differencesintheextentofallowancesortheprefernCeforthecharacterbetweenkennel
Clubsordog−OWnerS・Althoughtrialstoclarifythemodeofinheritance。fthese。hara。t。，S
byinvetigatingtheparentalrelationofthedogexaminedwereunsuccessfu1，datawilloffer
SOmebasisfbrthefuturestudiesonthegeneticalcontrolofthecharacters（Tables20−23）．
4）Littersizeandsexratio：ResultsaresummarizedinTable24．Itisquitenote−
WOrthythatmeanlitter sizesinvariousbreedsofJapanesenativedogsobtainedinthe
PreSentStudyaremuchsmallerthanthose reportedinforeign breeds．Furtherstudies
willbe needed．
IV・Comparisonofbodyconformationbetweensixbreeds ofthe
Japan由enativedogsbyprimipalcomponentanalysis（PCA）．
Shin−ichiITO
Theprincipalcomponentanalysiswasappliedtothedataonthreebodymeasurements
（Withersheight，bodylengthandcbestgirth）insixbreedsoftheJapanesenativedogs．
Inthesixbreedsexamined，thelst，the2ndandthe3rdprincipalcomponentsincluded
amountofinformationofabout94・5％，4・0％andl・5％，andrepresentsizefactor（body
Size），Shapefactor（Slenderversusmassive）andshapefactor（long−leggedversuslong−
torsoed），reSpeCtively・Thenativebreedswerec】assi丘edbasedontheresultofpcAas
bllows：
Largesizeandslendertype……………・…‥Akita−inu，
Medium−largesizeandslendertype・＝・・，…Shikokn−ken，
Medium−largesizeandmiddletype‥・……Kishu−ken，
Medium−1argesizeandmassivetype………Hokkaido−ken，
Medium−Smallsizeandmassivetype……・・・Kai−ken，
Smallsizeandslendertype…………………Shiba−inu（Mino−kei），
−237一
Smallsizeandmiddletype…………………Shiba−inu（San，in−kei），
Smallsizeandmassivetype・・・……T………‥Shiba−inu（Shinshu−kei）．
Inallofthebreedsexamined，maledogswereclassi丘edintolong−leggedandthefemales
intolong−tOrSOedtype．
V・CranialanddentalcharactersoftheJapanesenativedogs．
Iwao OBARA and YoshinoriIMAIZUMI
AlthoughseveraldistinctbreedsofnativedogsarekeptinJapan，Onlyafewpapers
dealingtheircranialanddentalfeatureshavebeenknown．
ItwasdiLhcult tofindoutdistinguishing charactersinthecranialanddentalfea−
turesofeachbreed，butseveralracialpeculiarities were scarcebrecognized．Thefo1−
10wingsarediagnosticdescriptionsforrespectivebreedsofJapanesenativedogs．
Akita−inu−Alarge−Sized breed originalb from Akita Prefecture．skulllarge and
massivewithwelldevelopedfrontalshield・Condylobasallength206．7（195．3−212．8）mm
in5males・Sagittalcresthigh・Exposedportionofpresphenoidslenderentirebandwith−
Out PrOminentalae．
Shikoku−ken−Amedium−Sizedbreed orlglnallymainlyfrom shikokn．skullrather
largebutevidentlysmallerthanthatofAkita−inu．Condylobasal1ength183．8（178．8−188．4）
mmin9males，171・0（162・Oq178・2）mmin6females．skullmassive，heavywithhigh
frontalshield・Sagittalcrestwelldeveloped，front−naSalregion onlyweakly depressed．
Exposedportionofpresphenoidgenerallyslenderentirelyandwithoutalae．
Kishu−ken¶Amedium−Sizedbreedoriginalbrmainlyfrom wakayamaandMiePre−
fectures・Asinglemalewasexamined・Condylobasallength181・0mm．Generalappear−
ance similar to that of Shikoku−ken，but exposed portion of presphenoid remarkabb
Widenedinposteriorhalf．Ttethrelativelylarge．cingulumoninnersurfacearoundthe
PrOtOCOneOfMlratherwelldevelopedasinsomeofCanish4，uSandC．hod4＞hihlX．
Shiba−inu（Shinshu−kei）−Small−Sized breed originally from the Nagano district．
Condylobasallength150．7（135．7−161．6）mmin8malesand139．2（137．0−141．4）mmin
2females・Front−naSalregion rather Aat，Only slightlyconcave．Frontal血ield swouen
PrOminently・Temporalridgesevident・Anteriorborderofmesopterygoidfossawithpr0−
minentprojectionatmiddle・Exposedportionofpresphenoidmostlywithprominentalae
atmiddle・Intwospecimensoutof12，Whenputthesku11sona horizontalplane，they
Wellbalanced and angular processes of mandibles free from the plane asin Cbnis
hodQPhihlX・Teethratherlarge．
Shiba−inu（San’in−kei）−Smal1−Sized breedoriginallyfromtheSan−ir］district，WeSt−
−238−
ernHonshu・Condylobasallength146．3（142．2−150．4）mmin2males，138．6（131．2−148．8）
mmin4females・Size similar toshinshu−keiof shiba−inu butgenerally front−naSal
regionmoredepressed，anteriorborderofmesopteryoidfossaemarginatedatmiddle，and
exposed portion of presphenoidwithoutprominentalae・Temporalridgesconspicuous．
Hokkaido−ken」ntermediatetypeofsmalland mediumbreeds，OriginallyfromHok−
kaido・Sizeofskullvariable，COndylobasallength166・4（140・7−176・2）mmin5males，
157・0（155・0−159・0）mmin2females．Front−naSalregiongeneralbratherflat，butsome
timesratherstrongbdished．Insomeskulls，eXPOSedprotionofpresphenoidwidenedin
theposteriorhalforhasprominentalaeatmiddle．
Kai−kenJntermediatetypeofsmallandmediumbreeds，OriginallyfromYamanashi
Prefecture・Sizevariable，COndylobasallength160．9（147．7−170．3）mmin5males and
141・8（128・0−162・7）mmin4females・Front−naSal region generalb strongb dished．
Sagittalcrestpoorbdeveloped・Rostrumratherbroadandshort．Missingteeth，prObably
COngenital，nOtur）COmmOn（Observedin6specimensoutoflOexamined）．
VL PedigreeanalysesofJapanesenativedogbreeds
Ken NozAWA
Applyingthetechniquesofpedigree anabsis（WRIGHT＆McpHEE，1925；NozAWA，
1961）theauthortriedtoelucidatethecharacteristicsof thebreedingpopulationsof the
6Japanesenativedog breeds，thatis，Hokkaido−ken，Akita−inu，Kai−ken，Kishu−ken，
Shikoku−ken and shiba−inu，and thefollowinginformationswere obtained．Here，the
PrObandindividuals were obtained by random sampling fromthepedigree−registered
dogsbornin1973．
（1）MeangenerationintervaloftheJapanesenative dogs was3∼4years，and the
intervalfrom sire to o鮎pring wasgenerallylonger than that from dam to offspring
（Table36）．
（2）Breedingpopulationnumbercouldbeestimatedbytheproductofthenumberof
newbregisteredindividualsperyearbythemean generationinterval．Thisnumberwas
COnSideredasalowerlimitofthetotalnumberofpure−bredindividualsineachbreed．
Thebreedingpopulationnumberofthebreedswereestimatedasfollows：about120，000
intheAkita−inuand Shiba−inu，10，000∼20，000intheHokkaido−ken，Kishu−kenand
Shikoku−ken・andabout2，600intheKai−ken（Table37）．
（3）The breedingpopulationnumbersindi触ent prefecture誉Were eStimatedas
ShowninFigs・23∼28・FromthesefigureswecanpostulatethattheAkitasandshibas
arethebreedsbeing raised universallyinwholeJapanandthe distributionpattemSOf
−239−
the other4breedsare oflocalizednaturein some restrictedareasofthe country．That
could becon丘rmedbycalculatingthecorrelation coe伍cientbetweenthehumanpopula−
tion size andthe breeding population numberof dogsin di鮎rent prefectures‥thus，
significantpositivecorrelationswereobtainedintheformertWObreeds，andthecorTela−
tionsWereregardedasnon−Significantinthelatterfourbreeds（Table38）・
（4）Distancebetween two geographicalpoints ean bemeasured bythe minimum
number of prefecturalboundaries existing between thesepoints・Themeandistances
b。tW。enthebirth placesof parent and oHspring were generalbintherangeofl∼2
exceptinthe Hokkaido−ken whosemeandistancewaslessthanl・Themeandistance
between birthplacesofsireandoffspringwas observedtobelongerthan thatofdam
andoffspringineverybreed（Table39）・Proportionofthezerodistancewasintherange
50∼60％exceptintheHokkaido−keninwhichtheproportionwas88％（Table40）・
（5）Themeandistancebetweenbirth placesofparents wasin the range ofl∼2
（Table41a）・Theproportionofzerovaluesofthisdistancewhichcouldberegardedas
theprefecturalendogamyratewasgenerallyintherangeofl／4∼1／2，theHokkaido−ken
givinganexceptionallyhighestimateas88％（Table41b）・
（6）Table42showstheresultsofanabsesoninbreedingandpopulationstructureof
theJapanesenativedogbreeds・Variationamongbreedsinincrementofthetotalin−
breedingcoeaicientinthelastfourgenerationswascomparativelysmall・rangingbetween
2％intheAkita−inu（AK）and7・5％intheKai−ken・Mostofthisvariationcouldbe
attributedtothevariationinincidenceofcurrentinbreedingbetweenbreeds・Contribu−
tion ofinterse relationship tothe totalinbreeding was variable among breeds，the
minimumbeingO・4％intheSbiba−inuandthemaximum3・9％intheKai−ken・These
。Stimat。S W。，。。bs。rved t。COrrelate negativebwith thebreedingpopulationnumber
（Table37）．TheamOuntOfgeneticdifferentiationwithinbreedwhicheouldbemeasured
bytheindexofsubdivisionweregeneralbobservedtocorrelatepositivelywithit・The
averageeffectivepopulationsizecalculatedinthelastfourgenerationswereobservedto
constrictremarkablyfromthebreedingpopulationnumber；thisgivesasupporttothe
inf。renCethatth。Selecti。nOfbreedingsireshavebeenpracticedfairbrigorouslyineach
dogbreed．
（7）Theresultsofthesimilarpedigreeanalysesontheindividualsbiedforelectro−
phoreicscreeningsofbloodproteinvariationsarepresentedinTable43・Comparisonof
thesewiththeresultsshowninTable44suggeststhatthebledindividualsin theShi−
koku−kenandShiba−inuhave representedonlyapartofwhole pedigreeofthese dog
breeds．Furthermore，aSignlficantdiHerencewasobservedinthe Kai−kenbetweenthe
−240−
meancoeBicientofrelationshipwithinrandomsamplesforpedigreeanalysisontheone
handandthatbetweentherandomsamplesforpedigreeanalysisandtheindividuals
bledforelectrophoreticscreeningontheother；thereasonofitwasremainedyettobe
anabzed．
vu・PhyIogeneticrelationshipsofdogbreedsespeciallyof
Japanesenativedogbreedsdeteminedbytheblood
PrOteinpolymOrPhisms
Thehorizontalstarchgelelectrophoresisandthehorizontalpobcrylamidegradient
gelelectrophoresiswereemployedtocIarifythephylogeneticrelationshipsofdogbreeds
especiaqyofJapanesenativedogbreedsbyusingthepoborphicvariationofthebl。。d
PrOteinComponentsasthegeneticmarkers・Bloodsampleswerecollectedfrom1975in＿
dividua】dogsof55breedsincluding8Japanesenativebreeds．
ProteinpolymOrphismsareobservedin13locisuchasplasmaalbumin（Aa），plasma
POStalbumin（h）a）・Plasmatransferrin（7f）・Plasmaeserineresistantesterase（Es），plasma
leucineaminopeptidase（LqP）・Plasmaa此alinephsphatase（A＊）・erythrocpehemoglobin
（Hb）・erythrocyteesterase−2（EkL2），erythrocyteesteraseq3（Es−3）・erythrocyteacidphos−
Phatase（hc），erythrocytetetrazoliumoxydase（7b）・erythrocyteglucosephosphate
isomerase（GPDanderythrocytecatalase（CD・WhereaslOlocisuchasplasmapostalbu−
minL2（A）a−2），Plasmaslow，α2−maCrOglobulin（Sbw−a2），Plasmaeserineresistantesterase．
hst（嘲，plasmaamylase（物），er”hrocyteesterase一士ast（CeH−EsJ），erythrocyte
glucosephosphatedehydrogenase（Gq6−PD）・eTythroeytelactatedehydrogenases（LDH−A
andLDLトB），erythrocyteadenylatekinase（AK）anderythrocyteleucineaminopeptidase
（CeH−Lqp）aremonomorphic．
Thepresentstudyrevealsthatthephenotypicvariationso士plasmapostalbumins，
plasmatrankrrins，Plasmaeserineresistantesterases，Plasmaleucineaminopeptidases，
Plasmaalkalinephosphatases，erPhroeytehemoglobins，erPhrocyteesterases−2，erythrocyte
eSterases−3，erythrocyteglucosephosphateisomerasesanderythrocytecatalasesarecon−
trolled，reSPeCtively・bytheautosomallociofmawiththreecodominantalleles，1ba4，
maBandmac；7fwith丘vecodominatalleles，7jh，7fB・Tf，7jDand7j＞；Eswith
threecodominanta−1eles，EsAPandBkC；Lqpwithtwocodominantalleles，LqP／land
LqPB；坤withthreeeodominantalleles・Ah＞A・頻BandA＊C；Hbwithtwocodominant
alleles，HbAandHbB；励−2withadominantalleles，駄2Sandarecessiveallele，駄2F；
Es−3withtwocodominantalleles，Esq3＾andE5−3B；GPIwithtwocodominantalleles，
−241−
G打4andGPIB；andCtwithtwocodominantalleles，Ct‘4andctB，andarecessiveallele，
Cが．
MeangeneticdistancebetweenthedogbreedswascalculatedbymethodofRoGERS
（1972）using the data of13polymOrphielociand ofNEI（1975）using thedata of13
polymOrPhicandlOmonomorphicloci・Fromthematrixofthetwokindsofgenetic
distancevalues，thedendrogramsofthedogbreedsweredrawnbytheunweightedpai，−
groupmethodofclusteringinnumericaltaxonomy（SNEATHandSoKAL，1973）．
Acloserelationshipwas observedamOng mOStOりapanesenativedog breeds，i．e．
Hokkaido，Akita，Kai，Shikoku，Shinshu−Shiba，Mino−Shiba，eXCePtSan，in−Shiba．Fur−
ther，amarkeddifftrenceof genetic constitutionofJapanese nativedog breedsandof
Europeandogbreedswasobserved・No significant di鮎rence wasobservedinaverage
heterozygOSity（白）betweenJapanesenativedogbreedsandEuropeandogbreeds．
−242−
文 献
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