islam and christianity: a study of the encounters of communities in

islam and christianity: a study of the encounters of communities in

!"#$!%&'"&'&$! '(
)"$!' (* ' '&$+
,&! -&*!
*./&&01!!
$%,&* !2
"&&33( '&$+,&! -&*!
"$!+!+
!! !&&$+!,3
&3
! "
#
$"%
#
"""
""
&" " '
#
%
&"
" " ! ( )
!( *++,++( " '
#
% " " % "
"
"
"
"
-
.// #
"" "
"0
1 " " "
)!
6NEON:8 HAB:AI:8 KJ A3JLJ :8 MG A>BEBEF2D A>BC@9A2 8>?@?32 67894:8 ;<= 5432
JaXb c@9d2 `EG 6Z \[ AG ]Z ?^_ KA3:YU 67894:8 V4WX2 AQR7RS TQ 6P BFBON:8D
6BFBON:8mXnA\]?LQTQAQR7Rl: A>BC@9A2 8>?kLC\5432[efghA3EX:8]?@ij
u:v TQ ANU 5J r7sAU AQR7Rl: `:Dt8 H8KA3E:8 6q 7894:8 pCE2efA=4oUD
elF:8wF2AQR7RSxRnDDgAQR7RSJ6S?o\TQJTFBON:8Jy:AFL:86N@i=
iq S[ ?q@ gJ6B\R3:89R~}
q D MBB_ANzqo:8 m
P {Q 6{nA|\ 4P oW UP D T_ANzqo:8 T
J \r7s8
D‚ aj8R2TL:8 6J B|@4:8D 6J Bn?o:8D gJ6B7ABO:8 HA@4FL:8 `EG 
q :Az:8 m
q k€:8
gT
J QrO…RB:8 5J A^|:8 wF2 MBBQR7Rl:8 MBNEON:8 ƒA„ ml{UD gh
J A3EX:8
9AB~_8 4oU 6J BU?k:8 6J BOSvRf9t8 6OB|l:89D‚ `EG A>†@V KR†:8 T3E@D
6z@4F:8 HA@4FL:8 DA|LBQ m
J k€:8 8<= M\ ?q B„t8 Kq iI:8 A\V ABQrO…R@
mjV M\ TQR7Rl:8 ˆo{:8 A†_ mz\J gAQR7RS aq j8Rq2 TL:8 ‡?„t8
Ž*+++D *++, T\AG Œ? a2‰?QV Š<:8 ‹N3:8 6U9AF\D 
J r3L7s8
6J BU?k:8J6BOSvRf9t8J]?@‚t86B†nu:vTQANUŒ?F:84oUA\ D?}D
M\ 6GRNI\`EGe‘A3:8h9A3N:8 TC@9AL:8mBEFL:8~|\67894:8w\4CL78
5r7s8D 6BFBON:8 h
[ V `:’ 6P 7894:8 wkE„D 6@R_Az:8D 6B:Dt8 9‚AkN:8
•?– ?XG hA24Q8D hAL_A@‚ AN= mU g6J 3”|N:8 TQ 6BP EJ“t8 hA@‚t8 M\ AOB:
h
[ dU 6E‘A3:8 ]P ?l€:8 A>†@V 67894:8 43L|2D 6|@AXL\ D?} wF2D 6€LEC\
TQ 8RbAG MBNEON:8 ht g6BU9Dt8 ]9A3:8 `EG 8>?”„ h
P RE[l{q@ MBNEON:8
63B3TQDA>X@?326|7 6‘ANON„WM\J ?zSt 5r7DM\VTQ6BUD9t8]9A3:8
gT
J _ANzqo:8 elF:8 9J AB~_’ 4oU MBQ?”:8 MBU 9R=42 4n m“8RL:8 h
[ ’ g?\t8
MBNEON:8 KA”GV 6P 7894:8 —
q ?L3P2 ef M\D 6BFBON:8 HAB\R3:8 9J R~}D
˜B3F2 4~U u:vD gMBBFBON:8 ‹\ ]8DAON:8 54n `EG 6XOLlN:8 e~nR3
y|oE:hR:AB\DhRXkoL\e~_dUe~€J “DMGyl:8Dgr
> X3LO\5rO:8DM\t8
6BNBEns8D6BN:Ao:86B7ABO:8™84t8KRšTQu:vD
0 0 "
›
"$
"œžŸ
›" ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
#
¢
'
0 0 "
› " $
"
œžŸ
›" ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
'£#
-%
ž Ÿ ›"
0
"
› " $
" œž Ÿ ›" ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
1
$ Ÿ
¤
Ÿ
›"
›"
$ ' 0
"
› " $
" œž Ÿ ›" ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
$¢¢¥
Ÿ ›"¦
$
"$
'
" %
"
¤
Ÿ
1
'"
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ÿ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¥-›¥1#¥1§'§1¤¥¨-›'&1§1&'1
"©ª//«Ÿ
1
1
"
¥
" " "
%
* 1 " "
ª ¤ " œ
¬ ¤ " 0
1
Ÿ
1
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
'"
Ÿ
"
"
$¢
!
1
1œ'­ $"
$
"$"
"
®
%
'
1
Ÿ
#
¢ %
""1
Ÿ
'£#
" "
1
Ÿ
¢ 1
Ÿ
'¯
1° Ÿ
ž Ÿ ›" "
'§
Ÿ
®
' $ 1
°
" " %
1 $ $±
¢
¥
$£ "
"
® %
¨
"
"
0
"
²
± "
$¢
" " 1 "
"
1
1
1
1
"
Ÿ
"
""
Ÿ
1"
%%
§1
"#" "
'*
*
"#$ '
³
³
"#% #±'.
.
"#& '"'´
´
"#' §
›´
´
"#( ›
"*ª
*ª
"#) *¬
*¬
"#* '""*¬
*¬
! ! $#" µ
›
*³
$#$ -
*.
$#$#"10*´
$#$#$-
´*ª
ªª
$#$#%§
ª´
$#% ¬*
$#%#"
-
»
$#%#$
"
-
¬³
$#%#%­
-
¬´
$#%#&#
"'
#
%
³/
$#& ³«
$#&#"!
³«
$#&#$Ÿ
1..
$#&#%0#´³
$#&#&
›´«
! %#" ""#®«,
%#$ ®#›¥«+
%#$#"­
*+*ª*¬,.
%#% ­
­
­
­
+³
%#%#"
!›"+«
%#%#$&""-*/*
%
%#& "*/¬
%#&#"
"*+,/+/ '
*/³
%#&#$"!1›*/+
%#&#%›
­
*++,++**³
%#&#&­
''
*ªª
&#" *¬¬
*³¬
%
-¤ ›#
¶¥1 ®#›
§Ÿ ¥1#
¥µ#
'¶›
'¥1¤
¤¸ ¤Ÿ1
¤¥ ¤¥
¤' ­›
-
¤
›
#
"¢
œ¶"¥
1
± &"®
1
®
œ§±Ÿ
· Ÿ
§"
¥
1
#
"¢
¥µ
#
"¢
'¶
›œ '
11
'
¤
¸
·
§1§
1
œ¤
Ÿ
¹¢º¨
&"'
¤¥
¤¥
¤'
­
›"
%
!"
#
$%"
&" ' ( ) !* + + !
!
!, ! -
./
+
! (
(
! ! !%
$
+ "
!
"!00 !
!%
!
1&"!
.12
,
! "
! 3 4
+
&"
!&"
&"
5
!&"
)
&"67&"
!!
!&"*
/
+89
89)+! #4*
1
+:0
!
);3'4<#;..-*
2/
2
(+
)+=3(
>/???*-
!( %
"
"
+"1 @A A B"
"!
"
C % !
!
"! 5 ! ! D #!
+ ( "
!%
, +"! -
! ! 5 " ! # C =
!!
"
! )E
F*
)#
E$
0F*D
+!
!
-
%
);30
!<C
/???*-2
/
+
=
! @-? ), * !), *
./?@G =
!
=
!&"
! "
!
G
4!
!!
!@ !
??H 5 .?H >
I?H @?H %
--.H + %
! , "
A
! ! &"
!
"
"="!! ! $" ! &"F = !!
5
! ! "
+
,=#"
"
JF
I (!!
!
"
F
!
"&"
&"
8!
9
G
8
! ! 9
@
)"/IC/???*@
A
8 K!
9
8
9CI1)
63..@*2A
I
#
' 8(
&"9 !
"#$%& )
67 3
:/??*1
1
!
/1
&" , 5
!, ."
&"
!
!
!
!
+
! = " !
! " ! "
"
! #
!
+
" #
!"
+
&"
"
" "
4
!! ! !! "
" !" + ! "3 * " ! " " ! * "
"
" !&"
!! L&"
.
(% G
8 9 /7..A ' (
)*
('
(
&) *)3;..I*.
2
! " , !
"
F
&"
! "
#D
!
D
3
0 !
! " M
/ $ " M
1 0 &" M
2 0
"!M
- 0 ! !
!
M
"
!!
!
" !! !D +
!
3
+
!
!
+
!!"
" + "
"
! "
+ ""
!
! -
+
" ! !! !
! "
" "
!"!
+ !! ! !
+
!
=
"
#
G "
"
! ! "
"
" !
"
! !!
3
+ !
,
- .
/
0.
1 $ + C
? !
! 0
46 4"
N6 !
! L C
!
?
$+C
+
,
-.
/
0.1
);3$<#..1*
@
0)
!
, * =
G
C
)!!
8
" ! '9 !
#
* #
!!!&"
F
3
2
G#$C
!
!!
=L"
+
!!
"
&" G !!
! !! G
% ! ! "
!!
)
*
/
3
+:0
!
/
! !! $
;
"
!
D
B!
!!
!
!
! !
$ !
&"
!
4 - $+5
G
"
1
=
!
G#$+C
,
&);3O#;*..@
+:0
!
);3'4<#;*..-
1
$+5
G
4
-
&);3$<#*
..A
/
A
% +
!
&" " ! &"
,=
05-.-C 2= !
&" $ 5 " " 8 95
8&"
!
98
: 98 9 $ = ! ,= # &" "
&" &" ! !
!, G 5"
5
! ! ( )* , !!!8
9$
4
2, - !
! L"
B ! &" ! !
"
F
L"
!! L"
!
!
2
C -)CL3CLO*..I
$
,,);3
(
..1*
-
I
4
;
54
N
+322@
%
!&"#!
!
&" ! &
!C 5F
!!"
()(P
*
"
!C"
%
!&"
!
&
! &" G %
! &" #!
!! &"
!
F#!
&"F#!
C= "
! &" ' (
)*
(' (
) +
#
*A !
"
)
* ! !! $
B
5
"
=!8 ! 9
4 $
& "
"
&"B '' 3
' ' .2-.I? )+
(
#
&".2-I?*I& =
!
%
!! L"
$! %
@
4
;
5 4
N + , , )3 /??*
A
C= ' (
)*
(' (
& ) *)3;..I*
I
4$
& ''
' '#67%)#68$&)+
&"
.2-I?*&)
63
$
66&"6.II*
.
!
5 =L"" ,= &"
"
! $
(
#
!
5 !
+ ! ! 5 3 ) &*. !
5);
*/?
#
5 + 3
4 - .
/.
G
/
= ! $ "
!
! 5 ! +
"
"
! #
!! #
!
!
4 /
Q"
// !
! ! B !! ""
! " ! ! ! ! #
..? .
)+ * !
5
)
6*
/?
)+;
* 5)
%*
/
G
8
! ! 9
"/IC)/???*
//
Q"
+ ! )/
,-
2
C21&)C" /??-*
?
+ !+
O
"
!
" ! B =
+
"C
!
! "
8
"9
= ! &
J 9 :/); 4-& ,
!
-
4 /
</1 ! ! ! E F ! &
J E F ! ! ! "!E F
J ! !
=
2,
.>7"
!
,= # &" ! !
# = ! ! =
!! C',)C'" ,
*
!
) * !
/1
&
J 8 8 9 ! 9
?44-0&"//C/)/??/*
/2
J8,
M#
9!
@
,
-&"11C2)4 /??-*
!
/-
#
'
!
&"
!"
"
+
=
"
" :
&"
$
&"!
=
!
EL"
:
F ..I.. ! ! 5 ! "
) 2? *
! " +
#
"
" + "
0
!
" !
" "
! !! !! + ! " ! " "
" 5
"
!
!
/-
#
'8(
&"9 !
"#$%&)
673
:/??*
/