schadstoffe

European Union
Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
Possible links and synergies with the forestry sector
Luca Montanarella
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Environment and Sustainability
T.P. 280, 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY
Fax: +39-0332-786394,
E-mail: luca.montanarella@jrc.it
http://www.ei.jrc.it/sw/projects/ESB/
1
Bruxelles, le 16.4.2002
COM(2002) 179 final
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND
THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Towards a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/agriculture/soil_protection.htm
2
Policy relevant features of soil
SOIL
FEATURES
SOIL IS A VARIABLE
MEDIUM
SOIL IS A NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCE
SOIL IS A STORAGE/BUFFER
MEDIUM
SOIL POLICY
REQUIRES…
LOCAL
PERSPECTIVE
PREVENTION AND
PRECAUTION
ANTICIPATION
SOIL IS A SOURCE OF
BIODIVERSITY
PROTECTION
SOIL IS A SUBJECT OF
PROPERTY
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
3
Main functions of soil
aFood and other biomass production
aStorage, filtering, and transformation
aHabitat and gene pool
aPhysical and cultural environment for
mankind
aSource of raw materials
4
Participatory approach
Soil mailbox:
env-soil@cec.eu.int
Soil internet site:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/
policies: Soil
Soil electronic library and discussion site: CIRCA
(june 03)
5
Threats to soil as identified in
COM(2002) 179
aErosion
aDecline in organic matter
aSoil contamination
aSoil sealing
aSoil compaction
aDecline in soil biodiversity
aSalinisation
aFloods and landslides
6
Soil Policy Development
Organisational Set-up
ISWG = Interservice Working Group
TWG = Technical Working Group
Stakeholders meetings
Chair DG ENV
Commission
ISWG
Advisory Forum
Chair DG ENV
Chair DG ENV
Technical co-ordination group and secretariat
Chair DG ENV
TWG 1
Monitoring
TWG 2
Erosion
TWG 3
Organic matter
TWG 4
Contamination
TWG5
Research
Chair Germany/JRC
Co-chair UK
Chair Spain/Belgium
Co-chair EEB
Chair France
Co-chair IUSS/FEAD
Chair Austria/NL
Co-chair EEA
Chair W. Blum/ RTD
Co-chair ELO
7
Decline in organic matter
aUNFCCC
`Major terrestrial carbon
pool
aUNCBD
`Major gene pool
aUNCCD
`Major consequence of
desertification
8
Source: Mac Post (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
9
Soils are a source and sink
for atmospheric CO2
10
Core data
European data set
according to CORINE
land cover classification
Extended data
CORINE supplemented
with adapted USGS
Eurasia land cover
11
European Soil Database:
WRB classification
http://eu-geoportal.jrc.it/
12
AAAT day deg C 1970-79
Climate data
Global Historical
Climatology Network
(GHCN)
Data source:
Av annual accumulated
temperature (AAAT)
computed from GHCN
temperature data
Rasterization:
Spatial layers derived by
rasterization of a Triangulated
Irregular Network (TIN) model
with weighted distance
interpolation, in applying the
adabatic lapse rate of 6 deg C
per 1000m rise
13
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FOR OC
Organic Carbon (%)
Ceofficient for temperature variation
(> 3 ground measurements)
2
1.5
Correction Factor
No Data
0-1
1-2
2-5
5 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 35
> 35
1
0.5
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Temperature Range (AAAT deg. C)
Semi-natural
Cultivated
Model
Avg. Ground Data
TEMPcor = f * cos(t AAAT ) + c
n
Within belts of uniform moisture
conditions and comparable
vegetation, the average total
content of organic matter in soils
increases by 2x to 3x for each
10 deg C fall in mean temperature.
Jones, Hiederer Rusco & Montanarella (2003)
Organic Carbon
Content (0-30cm)
14
Validation: England and Wales
¾ Samples taken during National
Soil Inventory (NSI) 1979-83 on a
systematic 5km x 5km grid
¾ OC measurements from 5600 NSI
points – under all land uses
TOPSOIL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT
Measured vs. Modelled Data (UK)
Modelled Organic Carbon Content (%)
25
Regression for NUTS Level 2:
OC_GRD=0.89*OC_MODGRD+1.07
Aggregation at ground survey points
20
15
10
5
Regression for catchments:
OC_GRD=0.88*OC_MODGRD+1.11
Aggregation at ground survey points
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Measured Organic Carbon Content (%)
Catchment avg. at ground sample
Catchment avg. from spatial layer
Coeff. Determination = 95%
15
Validation
Italy:
¾ Non systematic
sampling scheme
¾ Samples mainly from
agricultural areas
¾ Clustered sampling
in some areas
¾ 6586 sampling points
Organic Carbon (%)
No Data
0-1
1-2
2-5
5 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 35
> 35
Re gion
(NUTS2)
Marche
Points
No.
145
OC %
ground
0.8
OC %
estimate
0.9
3
Lazio
295
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.8
Abruzzo
185
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.4
Molise
117
1.2
1.4
21
1.9
2.9
Campania
157
1.7
1.3
Veneto
294
1.4
1.5
Puglia
546
1.3
1
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
126
1.6
1.2
Basilicata
210
1
1.1
Emilia-Romagna
562
1.4
1.6
Calabria
152
0.9
1
Toscana
214
0.9
1.2
Sicilia
594
1.1
0.8
Umbria
169
1.3
1.3
Sardegna
164
1.1
1
Total /Avg
4500
1.2
1.2
Region
(NUTS2)
Piemonte
Points
No.
327
OC %
ground
1.2
OC %
estimate
1.4
Valle D'aosta
7
2.3
Liguria
17
Lombardia
198
Trentino-Alto Adige
16
Stocks of C in soils
(0-0.3 m) in France Arrouays et al. (2002)
3,1 Pg
Organic Carbon (%)
No Data
0-1
1-2
2-5
5 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 35
> 35
5,0 Pg
OC content in topsoils
(0-0.3 m) in France European Soil Database
17
Validation for Finland
Organic Carbon
tera t
13.8
Organic Carbon (%)
No Data
0-1
1-2
2-5
5 - 10
10 - 25
25 - 35
> 35
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
12.5
5.7
1.5
1.8
1.1
0.2
0.6
1.6
7.1
0.3
5.0
0.5
3.5
5.6
0.8
5.8
1.1
0.7
0.6
1.2
1.0
2.3
0.2
0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
2.0
0.2
0.2
0.6
Finland (Yli Halla) :
¾ Calculated OC stock
of 9-11 tera t
¾ Suggests that the
European Soil
Database may be
overestimating OC
in Finland
¾ Further ‘point’ checks
will be made in future
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Soil C trajectories
Soil carbon
time
Natur
al land
Agricultural land
∆C<0
∆C≈ 0
∆C>0
Initial
cultivation
Management
change
increase
decrease
Effect on
atmospheric
CO2
Emission
~
Sequestration
19
Declining soil organic matter
Management/vegetation
Old pasture (8-18cm)
Old woodland (13-18cm)
%OC
3
Broadbalk,
after
50
continuous wheat, 1893
% C
1.5
2.4
Monitoring SOM
at Rothamsted
years
No manure since 1839 (0-23cm)
Complete minerals and 185kg
(NH 4)2SO4 most years since 1843
0.9
1.1
FYM
14 tons of farmyard manure 2.2
annually since 1843 (0-23cm)
2,5
FYM since 1885
2
1,5
FYM since
1968
NPK
1
No fertilisers or manures
0,5
FYM applied at 35 t ha-1 yr-1
19
90
19
70
19
50
19
30
19
10
18
90
18
70
18
50
0
Goulding20
ICP Forest
Soil Monitoring Network
21
Approximate 16 x 16 km grid
sampling
22
LUCAS
(Land Use and Cover Annual Survey)
23
LUCAS
(Land Use and Cover Annual Survey)
Field Name
Width
Required
(number of
characters)
(Empty not
allowed)
Type
Description
CNTRYCODE
2
Yes
C
Code of the Country
PSUROW
3
Yes
I
Number of the PSU row (country specific)
PSUCOL
3
Yes
I
Number of the PSU column (country specific)
SSU
2
Yes
I
Number of the SSU
SURVEYTYPE
1
Yes
I
Type of the survey
OBSSTAT
1
Yes
I
Status of the observation
OBSDIST
1
No
I
Class of distance of observation
OBSRADIUS
1
No
I
Radius of observation
OBSDIREC
1
No
I
Direction of observation
LCOVER1
3
No
C
Land Cover 1
LCOVER2
3
No
C
Land Cover 2
LUSE1
3
No
C
Land Use 1
LUSE2
3
No
C
Land Use 2
PHOTODIST
1
No
I
Class of distance of photo from the SSU
PHOTO_N
1
No
I
Status of Photo taken to the North
PHOTO_S
1
No
I
Status of Photo taken to the South
PHOTO_W
1
No
I
Status of Photo taken to the West
PHOTO_E
1
No
I
Status of Photo taken to the East
IRRIG
1
No
I
Irrigation
EROSSTAT
1
No
I
Status of erosion
EROSRILL
1
No
I
Number of Rills
EROSGULLY
1
No
I
Number of Gullies
EROSACCUM
1
No
I
Presence of Accumulation
ISOLATREE
1
No
I
Presence of isolated trees
NATHAZARD
1
No
I
Damage caused by Natural Hazards
FARMSTAT
1
No
I
Identification of the farmer
NOISESTAT
1
No
I
Status of noise
NOISETYPE
1
No
I
Type of noise
NOISESOUR
1
No
I
Source of noise
NOISELEVEL
1
No
I
Level of noise
24
Possible interaction between ICP
Forest and LUCAS monitoring sites
25
COGI
INSPIRE Expert Group
Chair: ESTAT
Chair : DG ENV & ESTAT
Technical Co-ordination & Secretariat
JRC Ispra - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Common Reference
Data & Metadata
Chair : ESTAT
Inter-sectoral
co-ordination
Architecture
& Standards
Chair: ESTAT
Environmental
thematic
co-ordination
Chair: EEA
Thematic
Components
Phase 1:
Environmental
Sector
…..
urban
biodiversity
noise
soils
forest
seveso
water
Environmental
components
Chair : JRC Ispra
Agricultural
thematic
co-ordination
Legal Aspects
& Data Policy
Chair : UK
Chair:
Funding &
Implementation
structures
Transport
thematic
co-ordination
Chair : SE
Chair:
Impact
Analysis
Chair : NL
Horizontal
Components
INSPIRE
Other
thematic
co-ordination
Chair:
Agricultural
components
Transport
components
Other
components
26
Phase 2: other sectors
Forest FOCUS
Regulation (EC) N° No 2152/2003
¾ Scientific Coordination by JRC
¾ Scientific Coordination Body (SCB).
¾ Planned activities for forest soils:
¾ Development of a draft Manual of Procedures for Soil
Monitoring (2004).
¾ Testing of the procedures in selected pilot areas
(2005).
¾ Reporting of the results of these tests, including final
recommendations concerning future soil monitoring
(2006).
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