Effects Of ZINPRO® Zinc Methionine Supplementation In Finishing

Adequate Intake Of
Effective Trace Minerals
For Getting Cattle Started
Connie K Larson, PhD
Research Nutritionist
New Arrivals At The Yard…
What Do We Know?
 History… Maybe
 Immune Challenges… Likely
 Affected by Stress… Definitely
 Receiving Diet Nutrition… Important!
Discussion Topics
 What does morbidity
cost?
 Immunity and stress
 Trace mineral
programs
Why Does Health Matter So Much?
“Feeder cattle health
status is the largest
un-hedgeable risk in
the cattle feeding
business”
Jason Anderson, Power Genetics
Effect Of Health Treatments On
Feedlot Gain Performance
IOWA TRI-COUNTRY STEER TEST
47,765 hd; 2002 to 2009
1.6
1.46
1.39
ADG, kg
1.4
1.32
1.2
1.0
0.8
No Treatment
Fike et.al. 2010 . Midwest ASAS Abstracts. 277, pg 91
One Treatment
Twor or More
Treatments
Effect Of Health Treatments On
Feedlot Cost Of Gain
IOWA TRI-COUNTRY STEER TEST
47,765 hd; 2002 to 2009
1.6
1.46
1.39
ADG, kg
1.4
1.32
1.2
Cost of Gain, $/kg
1.0
1.36
1.52
1.64
No Treatment
One Treatment
Twor or More
Treatments
0.8
Fike et.al. 2010 . Midwest ASAS Abstracts. 277, pg 91
Effect Of Health Treatments On
Feedlot Profitability
IOWA TRI-COUNTRY STEER TEST
47,765 hd; 2002 to 2009
100
Profitability, $/head
52.46
50
0
-15.16
-50
-100
-150
No Treatment
Fike et.al. 2010 . Midwest ASAS Abstracts. 277, pg 91
One Treatment
-137.3
Two or More
Treatments
Morbidity Costs In
The Face Of High
Ration Prices
Breakeven Analysis Parametersa
NATIONAL AVERAGE: PCC DEC CLOSEOUTS
 793 lb In-weight; $110 cwt
 1334 lb Out-weight; $100 cwt
 149 DOF
 3.63 lb ADG
 6.13 Conversion
 85% Corn Ration
• $0.35/d Yardage
a
Dr. Dee Griffin,, GPVEC, University of Nebraska
Absolute Difference In Profit Per Head
PROFIT/HD: $252.14 @ $3.00 CORN
$5.35 @ $7.00 CORN
$7.00 Corn
$3.00 Corn
13.37
12.6 vs 8.0% Morbidity
7.25
0
4
8
$/Head
12
16
Absolute Difference In Profit Per Head
PROFIT/HD: $252.14 @ $3.00 CORN
$5.35 @ $7.00 CORN
$7.00 Corn
$3.00 Corn
5.79
1% Conversion
Improvement
2.86
13.37
12.6 vs 8.0% Morbidity
7.25
0
4
8
$/Head
12
16
Discussion Topics
 What does morbidity
cost?
 Immunity and stress
Target Responses In The Feedyard
Disease Resistance
Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Cr
Skin & Claw Health
Zn, Cu, Mn
Muscle Accretion
Zn
Alleviate Stress
Cr
BG - 27
Zinc Immune Function
 Development, maintenance and function of several
immune cell types
 Intercellular communication
 Detoxification of immune cell by-products
Manganese Immune Functions
 Superoxide dismutase that scavenges free radicals
 Required for chondroitin-4-sulfate synthesis, needed
for wound healing
Adapted from Ferket, P.R. 1999. MN Nutr. Conf.
Copper Immune Functions
 Killing ability of phagocytic cells
 Inflammation
 Vaccination response
Selenium Immune Functions
 Antioxidant protection; glutathione peroxidase enzyme
 Works in concert with Vitamin E
Optimize Cattle Health And
Performance Follows
 Adequate intake of effective trace minerals
 Immune function is the first thing compromised
when trace mineral status declines
Decreasing Trace Mineral Status
Impacts Cattle Performance
Trace Mineral Status
Decreasing Status
Immunity & Enzyme Function
Maximum Production/Reproduction
NRC
Req
Normal Production/Reproduction
Deficiency
Optimal
Subclinical
Clinical
Nutrient Partitioning
Feed
Maintenance
Lactation
Growth
Reproduction
SFF - 663
Nutrient Partitioning
Feed
Maintenance
Immune Activation
Growth
SFF - 663
Stress Events
?
Stress Magnifies Response To
Trace Minerals!!!
BCC - 91
Stress And Mineral Source Change
Copper Retention
15
z
Cu Retention, mg/d
10
CuPLEX®
5
0
y
-5
-10
-15
-20
Baseline
yz
MBG - 37
Cu Sulfate
No
Stress
mineral
d1
Stress
d2
Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05
Nockels et al., 1993. Journal of Animal Science 71:2539
Stress
No
Replete
d3
mineral
Effect Of Mineral Programs Fed During
28-d Receiving Period
4.0
Morbidity: 10.4 % 13.5%
7.0%
Average Daily Gain, lb
3.59z
3.5
3.28y
3.17y
3.0
2.5
2.0
Control
a
BCC - 165
Standard Sulfates
Availa-4: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex,
Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO® cobalt glucoheptonate
b Control: no additional Zn, Mn, Cu or Co; Sulfates: iso-levels to Complexes, and Complexes:
360 mg Zn/hd/d, 200 mg Mn/hd/d, 125 mg Cu/hd/d and 12.5 mg Co/hd/d
yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05
K.L. Dorton et al. 2006. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(10):1450
Availa-4
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
 Stress: weaning, transporting, handling and comingling…
 Alters glucose metabolism
 Decreases chromium status
BG - 99
Lower Serum Cortisol Concentration
In Stressed Calves Fed Chromiuma
Serum Cortisol, µg/dL
3
2.82z
2.73z
Control
2.04z
1.98y
2
Cortisol is Immune Suppressive and
Reduces Protein Synthesis
1
0.38y
0.38y
0
7
14
Days in Feedlot
a
MiCroPlex® chromium methionine, marketed outside North America as Availa®Cr (CrMet)
1.0 ppm chromium from MiCroPlex/Availa-Cr
yz Within a day, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.01
Almeida and Barajas, 2002. J. Anim Sci. 80 (Suppl.1):364 (Abstr.)
b
Z BCr - 81
28
CrMetb
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
-
Insulin
 Impairs insulin function
 Muscle and adipose become
insulin resistant
Muscle
BG - 101
Adipose
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
NEFAs
(Accumulate)
 Promotes mobilization of
fatty acids from adipose
tissue
-
Insulin
Fat
VLDV
 Moderately enhances fatty
acid oxidation in the cell
Adipose
Muscle
BG - 102
+
Cascade Of Events During
cortisol
Free Fatty Acids
(Accumulate)
Liver
-
Insulin
Glucose
+
Fat
VLDV
+
Adipose
+
Protein
Amino Acids
Muscle
BG - 103
-
STRESS INDICATORS
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
Protein breakdown
Liver
(Accumulate)
+
 Amino acid used to synthesize
glucose
-
Glucose
+
 AST, enzymeInsulin
for use in glucoseFat
production
VLDV
 Increased protein breakdown during stress
Adipose
period increases AST
+
Protein
Amino Acids
Muscle
BG - 104
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Lower In Stressed Calves Fed Chromiuma
80
73.6z
Serum AST, IU/L
Control
CrMetb
60.0y
60
46.0z
39.5y
40
34.0z 31.9y
20
7
14
Days in Feedlot
a
MiCroPlex® chromium methionine, marketed outside North America as Availa®Cr (CrMet)
1.0 ppm chromium from MiCroPlex/Availa-Cr
yz Within a day, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05
Almeida and Barajas, 2002. J. Anim Sci. 80 (Suppl.1):364 (Abstr.)
b
Z BCr - 80
28
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
Free Fatty Acids
(Accumulate)
Protein breakdown
Liver
 Creatine, muscle energy
reservoir
-
Insulin
Glucose
Adipose
+
Protein
Amino Acids
Muscle
BG - 105
Fat
VLDV
 As energy is +
released, creatine
converted to creatinine
 Increased protein breakdown
during stress period increases
creatinine
+
Blood Creatinine Levels Lower In
Stressed Calves Fed Chromiuma
2.0
Creatinine, mg/dL
1.65z
Control
1.5
CrMetb
1.29z
0.90y
1.0
0.70y
0.5
0.0
14
28
Days in Feedlot
a
MiCroPlex® chromium methionine, marketed outside North America as Availa®Cr (CrMet)
1.0 ppm chromium from MiCroPlex/Availa-Cr
yz Within a day, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.01
Almeida and Barajas, 2002. J. Anim Sci. 80 (Suppl.1):364 (Abstr.)
b
Z BCr - 82
Cascade Of Events During
Cortisol
Free Fatty Acids
(Accumulate)
Liver
-
+
Insulin
Glucose
+
Fat
VLDV
+
Adipose
Glucose
(Accumulates)
+
Glucose is
spared for
the brain
Brain
BG - 108
-
Protein
Amino Acids
Muscle
Discussion Topics
 What does morbidity
cost?
 Immunity and stress
 Trace mineral programs
NRC Trace Mineral Requirementsa
STRESSED BEEF CALVES
Daily Nutrient Intake for 500 lb Calfb,
mg/d
Suggested
Range, ppm
0 - 7 days
0 - 14 days
Range, ppm
Cobalt
0.1 - 0.2
0.4 - 0.8
0.4 - 1.0
0.1 - 1.5 (0.38)
Copper
10 - 15
38 - 58
48 - 71
10 - 40 (20)
Iodine
0.3 - 0.6
1.2 - 2.3
1.4 - 2.9
0.5 - 0.8
Iron
100 - 200
387 - 775
475 - 950
0 - 50
Manganese
40 - 70
155 - 271
190 - 333
20 – 80 (48)
Selenium
0.1 - 0.2
0.4 - 0.8
0.5 - 1.0
0.1 - 0.3 (0.24)
Zinc
75 - 100
291 - 388
356 - 475
40 – 120 (95)
Trace Minerals
a
b
BG - 14
Industry Rangesc
c
Adapted from NRC, 1996; Table 8-2 (p 99)
Intake levels based on 1.55% BW for days 0 through 7 and 1.90% BW for days 0 through 14 from Table 8-1
Vasconcelos and Galyean. 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2772
Zinc:Copper Ratio Important For
Improving Copper Status
% Change in Liver Copper
120
103
100
77
80
60
40
20
24
8
0
-20
-40
-41
-60
No Cu
No Zn
MBCC - 63
Yes Cu
No Zn
No Cu
Yes Zn
Wellington et al., 1998. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 49:323
Yes Cu
Yes Zn
CuSO4
ZnSO4
Higher Supplemental Zinc Affects
Stressed Calf Performance First 49 Days
28-d RECEIVING PLUS 21-d STEP-UP PERIODS
Treatment
Morbidity Ratea, %
Basal Diet
22.2
Low Zn, 35 ppm
23.6
High Zn 1, 70 ppm
12.5
High Zn 2, 70 ppm
9.7
a Mean distribution differs (P < 0.07)
Galyean et al., 1995. Prof. Anim. Sci. 11:139
Can Mineral Programs Impact
Treatment Costs?
Program: NRC with the
addition of Cu up to
29 ppm in diet
Medical Costs per 24
Heifers in Each Group
ADG, kg
Program 1
$209.90
0.68y
Program 2
$58.76
0.88z
yz
Means within a column, lacking common superscripts differ (P<0.05)
Morbidity Of Calves During
A 42-Day Backgrounding Period
70
65
61
Inorganica
Availa-4®b
%
50
32z
30
23y
17
14
10
Morbidity
a
b
BBG - 51
yz
Two Treatments
Three Treatments
Zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt carbonate provided iso-levels to Availa-4
Availa-4: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex,
Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO® cobalt glucoheptonate;
7 g/hd daily provided 360 mg Zn, 200 mg Mn, 125 mg Cu and 12.5 mg Co
Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ, P = 0.09
Average Daily Gain By Period
1.0
0.92 0.92
Inorganica
ADG, kg
0.847
Inorganic Group
1st Treatment: d 10
2nd Treatment: 0.66
d 19
3rd Treatment: d 29
0.8
Availa-4®b
0.76
0.61 0.63
0.6
0.59
Availa-4 Group
1st Treatment: d 14
2nd Treatment: d 20
3rd Treatment: d 26
0.4
1 to 7
7 to 14
14 to 28
28 to 42
Weigh Periods, d
a
b
BBG - 52.2
Zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt carbonate provided iso-levels to Availa-4
Availa-4: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex,
Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO® cobalt glucoheptonate;
7 g/hd daily provided 360 mg Zn, 200 mg Mn, 125 mg Cu and 12.5 mg Co
Mineral Program Influences Gain
Performance During Backgrounding
0.8
0.77z
ADG, kg
0.7
0.66y
0.6
0.5
Inorganica
a
b
BBG - 50
yz
Availa-4b
Zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt carbonate provided iso-levels to Availa-4
Availa-4: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex,
Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO® cobalt glucoheptonate;
7 g/hd daily provided 360 mg Zn, 200 mg Mn, 125 mg Cu and 12.5 mg Co
Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ, P = 0.04
Mineral Programs
 Minerals most likely to influence immunity/stress in
calves
• Zinc
• Copper
• Manganese
• Cobalt
• Chromium
• Selenium
Receiving Diet Responses
 Minimize stress impact
 Improve retention following period of stress
 Increase immune response
 Better recovery from exposure to sickness
 Higher gain
BG - 169
Questions?
Connie K Larson, PhD
Research Nutritionist