The Stratojet Newsletter - The B

The Stratojet Newsletter Number 7
December, 1999
ceremony at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas which
was held to commemorate former B-47 aircrews
based at Little Rock. Alex was on hand to
observe the placement of a plaque containing the
names of many who flew the B-47 out of Little
Rock. Lt. Cara Shuttleworth, the project officer
responsible for the ceremony, would like to hear
from any of our members who flew B-47s at
Little Rock. Please contact her in order to have
you name added to a second plaque that they
hope to have in place some time next year. Lt.
Shuttleworth can be reached by telephone at
(501) 987-8637 or bye-mail at:
ShuttleworthCaraLt314AW!MEO@littlerock.af.
mil.
One of the highlights of the ceremony was the
unveiling of the recently refurbished static
display B-47 (sin 52-00595). Complete with a
new paint job and Air Force marldngs, Little
Rock's Stratojet has joined the ranks of many B­
47s undergoing restoration during the last several
years.
In an effort to offset some of the costs of the
ceremony, the B-47 Stratojet Association
donated $250 towards the purchase of
refreshments for those in attendance.
President Attends Little Rock Dedication
President Sigmund "Alex" Alexander,
representing the B-47 Stratojet Association ,
attended the recent Veteran ' s Day dedication
Alex spent much of his time after the ceremony
talldng with the attendees, and later, he presented
his impressive B-47 slide collection to an
enthusiastic crowd.
the aircraft, including a monument to those who
lost their lives while serving in the 3520tb
Combat Crew Training Wing, responsible for all
B-47 training at McConnell AFB. for SAC. A
dedication ceremony was held on 8 October
1993 .
McConnell AFB B-47 Restoration Update
By Andy Labosky
This is a brief history of the restoration of the
Boeing B-47E Stratojet, serial number 53-04213
currently displayed at McConnell Air Force
Base, Kansas. The aircraft was manufactured by
Boeing Aircraft, Wichita, Kansas, and delivered
to the USAF on 26 March 1956. It was the
1007 tb of 2042 B-47 Stratojet's produced.
After being dropped from the inventory in 1965,
53 -04213 was presented to the city of Wichita as
an "Air Memorial" and it was delivered to the
Wichita Airport in December 7 , 1965 where it
was officially received by the then Mayor
William Tarrant.
On December 18, 1969, the aircraft was lifted by
cranes and positioned on a pedestal facing west.
The aircraft was displayed on a "V" pylon to
give the impression of flight. In February 1988,
after eighteen years at the Air Capital Memorial
Park site, the aircraft was lifted off the pedestal
and moved to McConnell AFB. It was
interesting from a historical point of view that
the aircraft was towed through the Boeing
complex, through the Boeing flight ramp and
across the runway where it had departed in 1956.
Project Officers (L to R) Lt. Bradley and Lt. Betts
The aircraft was ready in 1999 for another
restoration and a move to a new site located
south of the first production model of the KC­
135 on display south of the main gate. On 19
July 1999, the monuments were moved aside,
and on 20 July 1999 cables were attached to the
wing root area. On 21 July, the aircraft was
lifted off of the pedestals by two massive cranes
and gently positioned on the ground for the tow
to hangar 1166. The computers in the crane
registered the gross weight of the aircraft at
approximately 61,000 pounds. Before being
stripped of equipment and engines, the aircraft
dry weight was over 83,700 pounds.
The aircraft was reconditioned and painted by
the 22 nd Maintenance Squadron (MXS) to the
original specifications of its first assignment. It
was then towed to the new site in McConnell's
Memorial Park at the east gate on 11 October,
and lifted by the Belger Cartage Company cranes
to rest on the pedestals on 12 October 1999.
SSGT. Frank McGrath discussing restoration
After undergoing many hours of restoration,
cranes were brought in to again lift the B-47E
onto a pedestal supporting the main gear and the
outrigger landing gear on 18 July 1988. Plaques
and monuments were positioned at the front of
Wiring was added to the aircraft for illumination
of the navigation lights and other areas of the
2
aircraft. The navigation lights included the red
light on the left leading edge of the wing near the
left wing tip , and the green light on the right
wing. Lights on the vertical stabilizer and the
anti-collision lights on the top and bottom of the
fuselage are illuminated. Extra area lights are
installed in the canopy and landing lights located
in the inboard engine pods. The entire aircraft is
illuminated by floodlights.
USAF active duty and retirees. Many Boeing
retirees who actually built this aircraft in 1953
were also welcomed.
Many of the USAF retirees visiting the aircraft
were stationed at McConnell AFB when the B­
47 was operational. McConnell AFB was the
home of the B-47 Combat Crew Training Wing.
The 3520 th Flying Training Wing (ATC) later
changed to the 3520 th Combat Crew Training
Wing (ATC) and then the 4347 th Combat Crew
Training Wing (SAC) conducted operations.
The last operational flight of a B-47 from
McConnell AFB. was in June 1963.
B-47 Restoration in Savannah, Georgia
By Thomas Kaye
From the Editor: You may recall/rom the last
newsletter that there is yet another B-47
currently undergoing restoration. Tom Kaye
has made several trips to the Mighty Eighth Air
Museum near Savannah, GA and here is his
report.
Just a few lines to let everyone know that the
Museum is restoring the B-47B (s/n 52-0062).
Wow, are they spending money! They have had
a company disassemble the plane in South
Carolina, truck it down to Georgia and
reassemble it half way. A few locals are doing
the corrosion control and painting, but they need
help. Anyone living in the area that is able to
lend a hand should stop by and say hello.
Sr. Airman Barnes takes a well-deserved break
Over eighty panels and structures were replaced.
The sheet metal shop was successful in restoring
the panels and structures without the aid of
blueprints. More than 700 feet of wire was
installed to enable the aircraft lights to operate
from a 28-volt AC power supply while the
aircraft is on display . Over 100 stencils were
prepared, and fifty-five gallons of latex paint was
applied to the aircraft.
A young lad named Richard Sanders is ram­
rodding the project and a magnificent job is
being done. All nacelles, bomb doors, gear
doors, and everything else that will unbolt have
been brought inside the facility and have
received a good coat of zinc chromate primer.
One engine has been disassembled, and it will be
cleaned and put on display inside the museum.
Some bad fairings are being rebuilt, and the
fuselage and wings have been painted.
During the sanding process, the specialists were
required to wear environmental suits to protect
themselves from the paint dust. During the high
temperatures experienced in July and August,
they could only work about 30 minutes without a
break from the heat. The new chemical warfare
suit cooling vests were added to the suits, which
allowed them to work at least an hour before a
break. The restoration was also used to train
new corrosion control and sheet metal specialists
without an impact to the main mission of the
unit. During restoration, the USAF hosted many
tours of the work in progress and welcomed
members of the B-47 Stratojet Association,
I am excited with their progress since my first
visit in May. Many of the people working on the
restoration are from Gulfstream, and most were
born after I launched my last B-47 to Davis
Monthan.
I hope this report has raised your spirits as much
as it did mine!
3
B-47 performing the LABS (Low Altitude Bombing System) maneuver
4
Reunion News
The 307 th BW
40 th BW Reunion
Lincoln 2000 set for 14 to 18 June
By Don Cassiday
By Tony Minnick
Approximately 300 members of the 40th Bomb
Wing (Schilling AFB and Forbes AFB)
assembled in Omaha for their third reunion the
first week in October. Reunion chairman Col.
Ken Connelly and his committee arranged events
that included a visit to the SAC Museum with a
banquet in the museum, a tour of Offutt AFB
including the underground command post, and
various visits to attractions in Omaha.
Plans for the 307 th BW's second Lincoln reunion
are well underway. The reunion will be held at
the new Embassy Suites hotel that is currently
under construction on the north side of "0"
street. There is a capability to sleep four persons
(maximum) per suite.
Wing Historian Robert Loffredo will have many
items on display at the reunion. He and his wife
Betty have worked diligently to collect
memorabilia. They are currently seeking items
relating to the wing to add to their display.
Pictures, news articles and items of gear and
equipment are being sought. Please contact
Robert at: 6004 SW 2 0d Street, Des Moines, IA
50315-5705.
As is usual for such events, the highlight of the
affair was the opportunity for old friends to
renew their acquaintances and reminisce about
the meaningful days when we were flying and
maintaining the most beautiful bird in the skies,
the B-47. At the banquet concluding the
reunion, Col Hal Austin who spoke to the first B­
47 Stratojet Association Convention last year,
delivered the keynote address. Hal happily
reminded us that "the Cold War was the one we
won." On that note of pride, the cold war
warriors of the 40th went their separate ways
planning to reassemble in Fort Worth in 2002.
Anyone seeking information about the upcoming
meeting should contact Tony Minnick for further
details. Tony can be reached at: 5920 Robin
Court, Lincoln, NE 68516-2364. Tel: (402) 423­
6848; e-mail: tonym@inetnebr.com
306 th AlE Squadron Reunion
Crash on the Mountain
By George "Zob" Zobrist
Back in September, I received two e-mail
messages from a couple of hikers who happened
to stumble across a plaque while climbing the
northeast slope of Wright Mountain in Upstate
New York. The plaque was dedicated to the
crew of a Plattsburgh based B-47 that crashed
into the mountain on 16 January 1962. The crew
had just completed a routine low-level training
mission and was returning to base when the
bomber disappeared in the snow covered
Adirondacks. Five days passed before debris
from the crash was spotted strewn across the
4,580-foot summit of the mountain. Lost in the
accident were Aircraft Commander Lt. Rodney
Bloomgren, Co-pilot Lt. Melvin Spencer,
Navigator Lt. Albert Kendetski and Maintenance
Observer AIC Kenneth Jensen.
Well we had one "heck" of a get together in
Branson, MO. A good time was had by all. Lot
of reminiscing and some tall tales. Good shows
and an excellent time at the Dockers and
Coachlight for dinners. Some also saw more of
the Branson environs than they wanted to, but I
warned you about Fredi's built-in compass.
Those of you who didn't see Ward getting into
his suit of "armor" for his ride back missed one
heck of a show.
Brian Sipes (Glenn's son) has started a Web
Page for us. It can be found at:
http://members.xoom.com/A and E/a&e pagel.html
One of the hikers, Rob Curran, sent me a photo
of the plaque, which can be seen on the next
page. If anyone is aware of additional B-47
memorial sites, would you please drop me a line
so that I can write them up in a future
Mark
newsletter?
Remember, if you have any leads on members of
the Squadron, send them to me at the address
below and I'll try to track them down.
George Zobrist, 12030 Country Club Drive,
Rolla, Missouri 65401.
5
thus solving many problems. The main problem
was the cold soaking of the cOlUlections and the
eventual breakdown of the electrical circuits due
to moisture.
Stopping all other work on the aircraft during
these alignment procedures was a constant
source of friction with a flight schedule,
especially if serious trouble occurred and a unit
had to be removed back too the lab area. All of
the previous alignments now had to start back on
page one! I was made a crew group leader after
about 18 months and during this time I
persuaded a senior supervisor to let me change a
gyro from the stabilizer unit on the aircraft
instead of pulling the entire unit to the lab, thus
saving all alignment procedures already
accomplished. A step-by-step program was
mapped out and an opposite shift work group
leader (WGL) was assigned to follow-up on the
work started. We ran into many problems, but
were making progress when a factory system rep
thought he would help during the 3 rd shift.
Everything became a problem now, and our time
ran out with orders to pull the unit into the lab.
What we learned, however, was the knowledge
that this work could be accomplished on the alc,
and before long it became standard practice.
Bronze marker erected by 380th BW in 1965
The Twelfth Stage
''B-47 Memories"
By Glen Trimble
I came to Boeing Wichita to work on the
Bombing-Navigation System in February 1951.
I entered an extensive schooling program and
was assigned to a flight line crew working on
airplane #4.
My assignment at that time was installing the
system, doing all of the alignment checks, flight
preparation and working all the flight "squawks"
when the airplane returned from a flight. The
"K" system was a highly classified piece of
equipment. My most vivid memory was the
necessity of calling for a security guard even
when transporting an amplifier unit from the
computer amplifier unit (CAU) or stabilizer
amplifier unit (SAU) between the lab area and
the flight line. The alignment consisted of
leveling the aircraft, leveling the stabilizer unit
until the gyro output was zero, leveling the radar
antelUla and then bore sighting the optical unit to
align with the radar crosshair on a distant
reflector located on the air base flight line area.
We used constantly updated readouts of
magnetic variation to set into the variation cam
in the Longitude-Latitude unit of the Nav
system.
My other highlight on the B-47 program was
being sent to Seattle on a 4-month school on a
program to hang the first missile on the aircraft.
It was a closed circuit TV system, with a range
(this is about 45 years ago and even notes could
not be removed from the class room; my
memory may not be exact) of about 7 miles. The
bombardier had one control, and that was a
limited pitch signal that could initiate a dive of
lirnited degrees while he was viewing the target.
We installed wiring and tested a limited number
of airplanes back in Wichita, but the emergence
of the B-52 as a successor to the B-47 soon
halted this program.
I remember the jet- assisted takeoff trials, Boeing
test pilot Richard Taylor and the Immelmann
maneuver. I trust these journeys back in time
may refresh the memories of anyone that scans
these pages. It is a shame so few people will
remember the role of that swept wing jet that not
only was a great deterrent during the cold war
years , but also initiated the start of the jet aircraft
commercial age.
The system first acquired a reputation of being
unreliable, however it was very reliable except
for the wiring. The problems were largely fixed
by improving the wiring, junction boxes;
interconnect boxes and pins in the Canon plugs.
The pins cOlUlection to the wires was improved
and the plug connections were also improved
Special thanks to Andy Labosky for transcribing
Glen 's story.
6
"Try Twice, Then Quit"
Lost and Found (?)
Afew words from Bruce Bailey ...
I received the following message soon after the
last newsletter hit the street. I thought that I
would share it with the group to demonstrate
that your postings here do get results. Mark
During the 1960' s, the Red Army faction in
Japan was growing and getting bolder. They
were supporting the Soviet Union's protest over
spy flights, and Yokota was their target. Finally,
after several attempts, they succeeded in
storming the gates and getting on the base.
When that happened, the RB-47H's and U-2's
were ordered to evacuate to Okinawa
immediately.
Dear B-47 Stratojet Association,
I just wanted to write and thank you for listing
my dad's name in one of your latest newsletters.
Dad flew B-47s as a Nav in the 50s and early
60s, but died in 79. After seeing your web page,
I listed his name and put my name and address
with it in the hope that maybe some of his former
crewmembers might recognize the name and get
in touch.
An unusual special project required that we have
two RB-47H's there at that time. My crew was
flying, so we were diverted to Kadena for
landing (leaving all our personal possessions to
the mercy of the Red Army at Yokota). The
other crew was partying hard at the Officer's
Club when notified. Although some of them
were totally gassed, they rushed out to the
airplane. The non-drinker on the crew did the
driving, but still went to the wrong hangar first.
Well, last Friday night, I got one of the calls I
was hoping for from dad's old AC when he was
stationed at Homestead, George Meilenz.
Col. Meilenz remembers when I was born and
remembers seeing me in 1968 at the age of 8.
Dad spoke of Col. Meilenz and his family often
and he was one of the few names I remember
from a long time ago. Speaking with Col.
Meilenz brought back a flood of memories, times
and people I hadn't thought of in decades.
The excited crew jumped out of the station
wagon and ran to the RB-47. The Aircraft
Commander was the most inebriated of the
bunch and could barely walk, but was confident
he could fly the airplane. He grabbed the ladder
and scurried up it - on the wrong side. He hit his
head hard on the underside of the airplane and
fell to the ground, out cold. His crew rushed to
his aid . In a minute or so he came around and
remembered what he was trying to do. He
shoved all of them aside and again went up the
ladder as fast as possible - again on the wrong
side. He hit the ramp like a raw egg and lay
there for several minutes, while his crew notified
the Detachment Commander.
I just wanted to thank you all so much for
facilitating such a meaningful event to me.
would love to be a member of the B-47
Association on my Dad's behalf. I have over
2,000 flying hours in the E-3 AWACS and am a
member of the Airborne Early Warning
Association. Please keep me on your mailing
list. I would love to continue to receive the
Association Newsletter
Again, Thanks for your help. I hope to get more
calls from other friends of Dad
When he came to, he stood up, brushed himself
off and wandered off across the ramp, speaking
to no one. The Detachment Commander had to
fly the airplane and the Aircraft Commander
arrived three days later on a transport, wearing a
neck brace and bandage on his head.
Sincerely,
Joseph R. McNeil
Capt. USAF (1981-1988)
9108 Nawassa Dr.
Midwest City, OK 73130
405-869-9108
Crew-Member Ijust learned that an old friend,
Lannon Stafford, had flown B-4Ts. I was an
Aircraft Commander in the 98 th BW at Lincoln,
but never knew until recently that Lannon was
also a pilot in the B-47. I would appreciate
hearing from anyone who may have known him.
7
From 1953 through 1957. Ted can be contacted
at: 4101 N. Horseshoe Drive, Guthrie, OK
73044. or bye-mail at:tedtrav@aol.com.
Thanks. Archie M. Anz, Jr. I can be reached
bye-mail at:aanzjr@eanhlink.net.
34th MMS I was in the 34th MMS at Lincoln for
my tour of duty where I spent many hours taking
care of the weapons systems on the B-47s. I
have searched for fellow friends that served with
me. I am very proud to have served in SAC and
I would enjoy hearing from others from the 34th.
Tom Owen, 801 Jackson Street, Eaton Rapids,
MI48827. E-mail: TOwen62514@aol.com.
8th ADS Don Persinger is looking for members
of the 8th ADS, stationed at Lakenheath, England
from October 1954 through February 1957.
Please contact Don via email at:
airforce two@hotmail.com, or at his home
1725 2nd Ave, South Sioux City, NE 68776
Tel (402) 4941017.
28 th BS I am currently compiling a
comprehensive history (for a book) of the 28 th
BS ("Mohawks") of the 19 i1i BW. The Mohawks
flew the B-47 from Pinecastle AFB, FL from
1954 to 1956 and from Homestead AFB, FL
from 1956 to 1961. I need photos and stories.
All original materials will be copied and returned
and properly credited where used. Please reply
to: Bob Liebman, 8800 E. Harry Street #911,
Wichita, KS 67207, or e-mail
mlcrow@msn.com. Thanx!
Info needed I would like to contact anyone who
has information about a B-47 accident that
occurred May 16, 1956 off Land's End, England.
The aircraft number was 51-2442 and was from
the 342Dd BS, 97 ili BW from Biggs AFB, Texas.
My father Major Leland "Herb" Agard was
the AC and Captain James Stratton was the
Co-pilot. Both were killed in the accident and I
would appreciate talking to anyone that may
know the cause of the accident. My contact info
is: Leland "Skip" Agard, 62 Potters Lane,
Savannah, TN 38372-8633, Tel. 901-926-2261,
e-mail: traderskip@centurytel.net.
Found! In the last newsletter, I asked folks that
had been stationed at McConnell AFB, Kansas at
the same time I had, to contact me. I received 3
e-mails and 1 phone call. Jim Fisher
MIA Info I am writing in hopes that you can
help me find out information about my uncle.
My cousin is in poor health, and she would like
to know what happened to her dad, Captain
Gordon Madison Insley. He was stationed at
MacDill AFB and was a navigator on a classified
mission when he disap~eared over French
Morocco on March 10 or 11th 1956. The
Aircraft Commander was Robert Hodgin and
the Co-pilot was Ronald Kurtz.
John Elias, Port Saint Lucie, FL
reneyo@aol.com
Don Thornton, Eureka, KS
dthornton@fox.net
Ron and Diane Lenz, Sioux City, Iowa
Romeo Monette, Niagara Falls, NY
My uncle disappeared on his birthday and left
behind a wife, a daughter and a newborn son.
My aunt died never knowing what happened.
Any information or leads you can offer would be
a huge help. Please contact my cousin Sue
Insley through me at: Liz Smith, 407 Charlotte
Street, Union City, MI 49094. E-mail:
troyboy@net-link.net.
Please note, any member wishing to place a note
in the Lost and Found section should contact Jim
Fisher at the address below. Jim will be sure to
pass your request along for inclusion in the next
newsletter.
Jim Fisher, 2412 25th Street NW, Rochester,
MN 55901 telephone: 507 288 3582, e-mail:
jimfcap@juno.com.
John Rapp I am seeking contact with anyone
who may have known my father Captain
Walter John Rapp. Please contact me at:
Elizabeth Rapp Nevil (Liz), 1256-C S. Lawrence
St., Montgomery, Alabama 36104, Tel. 334-264­
2378 and e-mail at:iz@rnindspring.com.
52nd BS Ted Travis is looking for members of
the 52nd Bomb Squadron of the 68th Bomb
Wing stationed at Lake Charles AFB, La.
8
Writing the book has been an extremely edifying
and rewarding experience for me. I have become
quite knowledgeable about the B-47 and have
become acquainted with many whom I never
otherwise would have met. I would like to
express my sincere thanks to all those
individuals who have helped me.
Wenave,recelved uum~r t$fJe1tei::s ~)Ver
, the last few monthS regru:ding,oufptYllcy;
on dues payments. Many of you are
unsure as t() when you 'sho\lld.pay )lQur
i1ues .and if yourdUe.s ate ~~din fun .
,
. :
In October, I attended a Navigator Observer
reunion at the Air Force Museum where I met
Wayne Pittman, the President of the B-52
Association. Wayne has always been most
helpful to the B-47 Association and I thanked
him personally for all his assistance. While
there, I managed to recruit a few new members
for the Association.
In November I attended the previously
mentioned (page I) Veterans Day / B-47
Dedication ceremony at Little Rock Air Force
Base. At the ceremony, I met several ex-B-47
crewmembers including Lt. Colonel Kaden of
the 55 th who was an OL Detachment
Commander at Thule and Lt. Colonel Robert
Lacina, an ex-B-47 AC, who was the honored
speaker. I recruited several new members and
sold a bunch of T-shirts. I was surprised by the
number of B-47 widows at the dedication
ceremony. They took great pride in their
husbands in having flown the B-47 and having
served SAC. One widow took an application
from me, and we, as an organization should
actively recruit these ladies.
The Association continues to grow, and I am
pleased to learn that we now have more than
1,200 members. At this time, I encourage all
members to remember to pay their dues.
Our reunion at Midland is fast approaching and I
am looking forward to being there and meeting
you. October 2000 will be here before you know
it, so be sure to register as early as possible.
President's Podium
By Alex Alexander
To the Membership: After four years, I have
finished writing my book on the B-47. I have
forwarded it to a number of publishers and I am
hopeful that one will decide to publish it. It is
amazing to think of the number ofB-47s that
were built and their length of service, yet there is
a plethora of written information on the aircraft.
The history of the B-47 still lies largely untold
with the various people who built, flew or
maintained it. A number of individuals have
been most helpful to me in providing me with
personal accounts, and for that I am grateful.
I have been thinking ahead to the next reunion
for the year 2001 or 2002. I believe that Seattle
W A would be a great place to hold it. Seattle '
would allow us to have an all day symposium
with guest speakers who were involved with
building and flying the B-47, who have retired in
the Seattle area. A tour through the Boeing plant
might also be arranged. Your opinions and
comments on this subject are welcomed.
Wishing you and yours a joyous holiday season.
Alex.
9
Association Memorabilia
After receiving numerous requests for additional B-47 related items, we are pleased to announce that
several new items have been added to our list of B-47 Association memorabilia.
1)
B-47 Association pin
2) B-47 Association patch
3) B-47 Association T-shirts
4) B-47 (airplane) pewter tie pins
5)
6)
7)
B-47
B-47
B-47
8) B-47
1,000 hour pins
Association Mouse Pads
Association Golf Caps
Association Mugs
$ 10.00
$5 .00
$15.00
$6.00
$25.00
$10.00
$12.00
$10.00
Please make your checks payable to The 8-47 Stratojet Association. Mail your orders to George Brierley,
53 Mountain Ave, St. Johnsbury, VT 05819. Please note that postage and handling is included with all
items.
NOTE: George has informed me that we only have a few 1 ,OOO-hour pins left, so anyone interested in
purchasing one should act now before it's too late.
10
The B-47 Stratojet Association
Membership Information Form
Name;
(Last Name)
(First Name)
(Middle Initial) (Rank) (Spouse)
Address;
City;
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State;
Telephone;
Zipcode; _ _ _ _ __ E-mail; Former Bases; Crew Position; Current Status; Active Duty?
--------
Retired?
Comments; Dues of $10 payable to The B-47 Stratojet Association" enclosed
Send Completed Form to:
B-47 Stratojet Association
23 Oak Ridge Road
W. Lebanon, NH 03784
11
Year? B-47 Stratojet Association
23 Oak Ridge Road
W. Lebanon, NH 03784
. FL JONT CENTEN