2015 Genealogy Workshop Part 3 Documentation

JEWISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT
DECEMBER 20, 2015
WORKSHOP AGENDA
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TECHNOLOGY
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CREATIVE SEARCHING
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DNA
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FAMILY NEWSLETTERS
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JGSCT LIBRARY
DOCUMENTATION STORAGE AND BACKUP
Storage Options
Thumb Drive
Internal PC Storage
External Hard Drives
CD or DVD
Cloud Storage
Shared Server Storage
PUT THAT SMARTPHONE TO USE
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Camera/Video
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Note taking
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Scanning Documents
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Navigation
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Access to Storage, Social Media, Email, Calendar, Internet
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Collaboration
MORE ON TECHNOLOGY FOR GENEALOGY
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Eastman’s Online Genealogy
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Hack Genealogy
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Announcements in JewishGen listservs
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Technology for Genealogy Facebook Group
BRICK WALLS AND CREATIVE SEARCHING
When You Exhaust Traditional Genealogical Sources, Try the Following:
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Internet Searches
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Google
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Facebook
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Surname Message Boards
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Family Trees
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JGS Newsletters
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Fultonhistory.com
BRICK WALLS AND CREATIVE SEARCHING
Develop Timelines
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Constantly Moving Family Members
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Large Numbers of Children
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In-Laws
Check Collaterals
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Neighbors
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Friends of the Family
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Congregation Members
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Business Partners
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Classmates
BRICK WALLS AND CREATIVE SEARCHING
Check Collaterals (continued)
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Organizations
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Town Clerks (especially those long in office)
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Historical Societies
When Paper Trails End
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DNA Research
QUESTIONS?
Gail Kalison Reynolds gail.kalison.reynolds@aya.yale.edu
WHERE IS THE DNA?
WHERE IS THE DNA?
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DNA present is all nucleated cells; the whole genome in each cell
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To test DNA can use skin, blood, saliva (because of the mouth cells in it), hair follicle,
semen, tissue, or any surface which has a deposit of a biological substance
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Contamination, from other humans or non-humans
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All humans receive half their DNA from the mother, half from the father
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Since this mixture of the DNA is more or less random, siblings will have different but
similar genomes to each other, and to their parents; only identical twins will have
identical genomes
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Science has more or less determined the genome pieces that are common to
different populations, by analyzing the sequence patterns of enough people to make
the differences statistically significant
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH IT?
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First, it had to be sequenced to determine the sequence of the
normal human genome
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Done by The Human Genome Project, 1990-2003
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Each chromosome now fully sequenced and all genes mapped
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With the master sequence as a template, you can compare,
either different individuals, different groups of individuals or
different parts of the same individual (in disease) to look for
differences
Bioinformatics or Computational Biology
•
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Identification of micro-organisms in humans, i.e., infection
(example of Lyme disease with my own children)
HOW DOES DNA CHANGE (MUTATE)?
• Two kinds of mutations: germline (inherited) or acquired after
birth
• The mutations important to genealogy are the inherited ones,
the mutations that are passed on from parent to child
• Spontaneous – replication mistakes
• Chemical mutagens: certain chemicals, ultraviolet light, x-rays
• Mutations mostly include point mutations (a change in a base
pair, an insertions of one or more nucleotides, a deletion of
one or more nucleotides, or a combination of these)
HOW CAN THIS INFORMATION BE USED?
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Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it
contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists
can infer the evolutionary history of organisms
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Scientists have determined the origin of the first humans, and created
haplogroup migration maps
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As more and more information becomes available, these maps might slightly
change, but for now most of the work has been completed
WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR GENEALOGY?
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History – origins of populations, migration
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Determine an individual’s maternal and paternal origins historically
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Identify and find relatives, or exclude people as relatives
THE CHROMOSOMES
autosomal dna
autosomes
sex chromosomes
AVERAGE % DNA SHARED BETWEEN COUSINS
1st Cousin
1st Cousin once removed
12.5%
6.25%
2nd Cousin
2nd Cousin once removed
3.13%
1.5%
3rd Cousin
0.78%
4th Cousin
0.2%
5th Cousin
0.05%
6th Cousin
0.01%
PROBABILITY OF DETECTING DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COUSINS
1st cousin or closer
≈100%
2nd cousin
>99%
3rd cousin
≈90%
4th cousin
≈45%
5th cousin
≈15%
6th cousin and beyond
<5%
DIFFERENT TESTS
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mtDNA testing – mostly historical value because of the low mutation rate,
done by sequencing and comparing either different regions, or the whole thing
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Autosomal DNA testing - the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA,
such as short tandem repeats and microsatellites are compared between
people
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In Y-DNA testing (males only) - both mutations and short tandem repeats are
compared
MTDNA TESTING
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Mitochondrial DNA testing provides information down the maternal lineage of
both males and females
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Cannot determine degree of relationship
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Can tell if 2 people are maternally descended from one individual, but can’t
tell if they are 1st, 3rd or 5th cousins, for example
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Will determine maternal haplogroup, branch of the maternal genetic tree,
most likely branched many thousands of years ago, of historical value
MY FATHER’S MTDNA
mtDNA - Results
Haplogroup - K
The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses
haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup K is
found through Europe, and contains multiple closely related
lineages indicating a recent population expansion. The
origin of haplogroup K dates to approximately 16,000 years
ago, and it has been suggested that individuals with this
haplogroup took part in the pre-Neolithic expansion
following the Last Glacial Maximum. For us to identify a
specific subclade of K and its ancient migration history, you
will need to upgrade to the mtDNA Full Sequence test.
Y-DNA TESTING
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Y-DNA testing (for males only) looks at both SNP and STRs, to determine
haplogroup and to match relatives
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Y chromosome is the smallest chromosome, easiest to analyze because of
that
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There is a “Cohen” mutation
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You can test for 12,25,37,67 and 111 markers
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The more markers tested, the more accurate the results
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If no matches at one level, no need to go deeper
WHY DO Y DNA?
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Useful to compare men with the same last name which is usually paternal
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Useful to determine if men with different last names are related
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Greenspan example
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My father’s example
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Well known example of Catholic priest in Mexico or New Mexico, who
discovered he was a Cohen
ARIEL’S Y-DNA 111 MARKER MATCHES
ARIEL’S CLOSEST RELATIVE FROM HIS MATCHES
AUTOSOMAL DNA TESTING
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Newest branch of testing for genealogy
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Both for men and women
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Based on the fact that each individual inherits about 50% of the DNA from
each parent, and so down the family tree
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DNA is inherited randomly from each parent; that’s why siblings are not
identical
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Each child will share some DNA with each one of their grandparents, greatgrandparents, etc.
AUTOSOMAL DNA TESTING
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Does not look at mutations or STRs, but looks at stretches of DNA that are identical in
individuals
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Uses statistical tools to determine degree of relation between individuals
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Came about because of the development of Next Generation Sequencing (could not
have been done with the technology before that)
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Because DNA inheritance from parents is random, there is use in testing multiple
members of the same family in order to find more accurate matches
My husband’s matches
MY HUSBAND’S ETHNIC MAKE-UP
MY MATCHES
MY ETHNIC MAKE-UP
AUTOSOMAL DNA
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Once your results are in, many people do not know what to do next or where to go
to find answers
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Basically, your DNA results are a series of numbers that derive meaning when
compared to others' results. You receive the names and e-mails of those you
match within the database who have agreed to make their results and identities
public. If you upload your results to a public database, such as Y-search.org, Ybase.org, GedMatch.com and/or Mitosearch.org, then you may find that you have
matches with people who have tested at other companies than the one which
you've tested with. Oftentimes, you may have to wait for the right person to test
until you have a meaningful match. You will get e-mails when new matches are
found, so you know to go back to your company and see who they are.
PUBLIC DATABASES
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All of the major testing companies allow transfer of their data to public
databases, which allows comparisons with people tested by various
companies. Instructions are fairly clear, I was able to upload my and my
husband’s results to GedMatch.com but did not find any one more closely
related to either of us than those in FTDNA. These public databases are free,
but require registration.
WHICH COMPANY TO CHOOSE?
There are 3 major companies right now:
Family Tree DNA
23AndMe
AncestryDNA
HOW ARE THEY THE SAME?
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They all offer choice to be anonymous or use a screen name
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You need a real e-mail address to receive correspondence, and if you don’t
want to use your actual one because it might have your name you can get a
gmail or yahoo account with whatever screen name you want (free) and use
that
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They all offer charts, diagrams, tutorials, community pages, all sorts of help,
comparison tools, etc (in different ways maybe, but with the same outcome.)
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The price for the autosomal testing is the same, $99 + shipping. (International
shipping is pricey.)
• Since what mostly everyone wants is comparison with other
people with the least effort, the more people testing with the
company you choose, the better.
• FTDNA and 23AndMe both claim to have the largest number of
members, but a great portion of the people testing with 23AndMe
did it for medical reasons and are anonymous. It is only recently
that the medical testing has stopped. All of the people testing with
FTDNA and Ancestry did it for genealogy.
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
23AndMe and Ancestry offer only autosomal testing, FTDNA offers autosomal, various Y
tests, partial and full mitochondrial and a comprehensive genome package
FTDNA prices other than autosomal:
Y 37 markers - $169 (Can start with lowest one, then upgrade higher)
Y 67 markers - $268
Y 111 markers - $359
mtDNA basic - $69
mtDNA full sequence - $199
comprehensive genome (males only) - $566
FTDNA charges $39 for people from the other 2 companies to transfer their autosomal
data for comparison with its members
There are sales and specials often, reduced prices at various genealogical conferences and
society presentations
MORE DIFFERENCES
According to chart on the ISOGG web site (Int. Soc. of Genetic Genealogy)
As far as bells and whistles, Ancestry has the least, 23andMe has the most
FTDNA used cheek swab, the other 2 use saliva (you have to spit into a vial)
Ancestry will not store DNA, the other 2 will
FTDNA supports projects, the other 2 don’t
FTDNA will not sell your data without permission, the other 2 will
Responsivness of matches – FTDNA medium to high, Ancestry medium, 23andMe low
Genealogical knowledge level of matches – FTDNA high, Ancestry medium, 23andMe low
Overall accuracy and sophistication of biogeographical ancestry analysis:
23andMe – 7 out of 10, FTDNA 3.5 out of 10, Ancestry 3 out of 10
MORE DIFFERENCES
From social media postings, other internet sources
Customer service – FTDNA very good, Ancestry good, 23andMe not so good
Because 23andMe was the first company to offer autosomal testing, their
database is much larger than FTDNA or Ancestry
FTDNA has the largest Y-DNA database, because they have been offering the
test longer than anyone else
I saw a suggestion to test with 23andMe because of their higher rating, then
pay for the transfer to FTDNA and take advantage of their databases as well
BEFORE YOU BUY
• Be clear with yourself as to what you want to accomplish through the testing
• Once you have a goal, talk it over with someone and see how you might best
achieve it
• Be realistic – you may not be able to answer a specific question, or not get
significant matches
• Be prepared to spend a few hundred dollars because you’ll probably want to
test more people than just yourself; be prepared to pay for other people if
you’re the one who wants to do the testing
• Make sure you want to know the results, which might introduce surprises
FAMILY NEWSLETTERS
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WHAT MATERIAL WILL BE INCLUDED?
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YOUR CHOICE: ON-LINE OR PAPER ?
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WHERE TO SEND: COUSINS AND THEIR CHILDREN?
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COST
FAMILY NEWSLETTERS
WHERE TO SEND YOUR FAMILY NEWSLETTERS
ORGANIZATIONS THAT WANT YOUR FAMILY NEWSLETTERS:
AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES
3101 Clifton Avenue
Cincinnati Ohio 45220
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Local History and Genealogy
Collection Development
101 Independence Ave., SE
Washington, DC 20540-4660
AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Susan Malbin, Director of Library and Archives
15 West 16th Street
New York, NY 10011
phone: 212-294-6160
email: smalbin@ajhs.org
QUESTIONS?
Marcia Meyers marciaarthur@sbcglobal.net
BASICS
Library list may be found on our website:
http://www.jgsct.org/uploads/4/7/1/6/4716434/jgsct_library___919-15.pdf
Check often for updates!
BASICS
Both beginning researchers and seasoned ones will find these titles
helpful with their research.
Here are two titles that can be found in the “Genealogy How to” section. (Pink
tape)
Szucs, Loretto Dennis. Family History Made Easy. 1998 Ancestry
Incorporated.
Kurzweil, Arthur. From Generation to Generation: How to Trace Your
Jewish Genealogy and Family History. 2004 Jossey-Bass, a Wiley
Imprint.
These books give step-by-step instructions for the beginning genealogist—
where to look for information, how to handle it and what’s next. The
experienced genealogist can leaf through these and find forgotten strategies
and new hints. Kurzweil leads his readers to specifically Jewish resources.
BASICS
Find this in our “Genealogy How-to” section. (pink tape)
This workbook focuses on the elements of Google that can help
expand genealogical research.
Segal, Joshua L. A Field Guide to Visiting a Jewish Cemetery: A
Spiritual Journey to the Past, Present and Future. 2005 Jewish
Cemetery Publishing.
BASICS
This book describes what you will find in a Jewish cemetery:
including what information is on a gravestone, what the symbols and
decorations mean, and more.
Mokotoff, Gary and Sallyann Sack. Where Once We Walked: A
Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust. Rev.
Ed. 2002 Avotaynu, Inc.
Find this in the “Genealogy: Lists and other source material” section.
(Orange tape)
BASICS
This is an alphabetical list of town names, alternate names, Jewish
population, distance from the next major town, longitude and latitude
and sources of information.
Beider, Alexander. Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names: Their
Origins, Structure, Pronunciation and Migrations. 2001 Avotaynu,
Inc. Full Version
This will be found in the “Jewish Names” section. (yellow tape)
In each alphabetically arranged entry one finds the root name,
etymology, variations and derivations. Masculine and feminine
names are separated.
BASICS
Malka, Jeffrey. Sephardic Genealogy: Discovering Your Sephardic
Ancestors and Their World. 2009 Avotaynu.
This volume is shelved in the “Genealogy How-to” section (pink
tape)
This is the history of the Sephardic Jews and how genealogical
searches are different from the Ashkenazi.