WhatShogiProgramsStillCannotDo ー A NewTestSetforShogi-
Transcription
WhatShogiProgramsStillCannotDo ー A NewTestSetforShogi-
WhatS h o g iP r o g r a m sS t i l lCannotDo ー A NewT e s tS e tf o rS h o g iR司j釘 Grimberg組組d TaroMurωh Dep世tment o fInform抗ics , V.副nagata UniVI位sity , Jon姐4-3・ 16 , Yonezawa-shi 992・8510 Jap組 E -ma i 1 :grim@yz.y,祖国,gata.・u.ac.jp A bt r a c t S e t so ft e s tp o s i t i o n are 岨 important t o o lf o rf i n d i n gp r o b l e mareas 泊 gameprogr健闘・ Compared t ot e s tøets 田ed i nchess, wef,僻1 t h a tcurr佃lt t e s te t sf o rs h o g ih a v es o m eimp位tant s h o r t c o m i n g s . I nt h i sp a p e rwepr<司pose anewt e s tøet , w h i c hi smoregenωal th岨 the onωproposed e a r l i e ra n da l s o h o g it h a tn e e dt ob eadd:悶sed. Thet et・et con血ts p o i n t st oc e r t a i nproblem 町'eas in ∞Imputer s o f100positio:田&唖1m S h u k a nS h o g it h a tco'叫d n o tb es o l v e dbyTODAIS リ O G I5, GB回SAsm 2 岨d AlS H O G I2003. Byu s i n gt h ea n a l y s i st o o l si nt h e s eprogræ回 we d i s c o v e r e dt h ef o D o w i n gp r o b l e m &reas: 岨 horizon e f t ' e c td u et oCQ田ecutive chl民ks, n o tc a l l i n gt h et四mesh,噸 ωIver d伺p i nt h ee a r c h tree, i n a c c u r a t eevaluation 伽ction , p r o b l e m sw i t hmateu s i n gu n p r o m o t e dpieces,泊correct f,償問d pruning,DundBcienthardw町'e speed 岨d p r o b l e m sw i t ht h et i m ea l l o c a t i o n . e s tset, s h o g i Keywords:T e s t i n ggameprograms, t 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n T e s t i n gi sav i t a ls o f t w a r ee n g i n e e r i n gt o o l . To ti simport岨.t t h a tt h es o f t ュ p r o p e r l yt e s tsoftware, i r ed個rly d e f i n e d . warer e q u i r e m e n tspec泊cations a ng e n e r a ls u c hr e q u i r e m e n ts p e c i f i c a t i o D S However , i n t o don o te x i s to rt h e yc a n n o tbe 伺.sily tr岨slated i r o v i d eas i m ュ t e s tr e q u i r e m e n t s .H e r eag,必D, gamesp p l i f i c a t i o no facomplexp r o b l e m .Ther e q u i r e m e n t 8 ofgame 回,ftware c岨 be e a s i l yd e f i n e d :t h eprogram s h o u l dp l a ys t r o n g l y . Gameprogrammersu s u a l l y t a k et h er e v e r s ea p p r o a c h :t h eprograms h o u l dn o t fbadmov,ωshould p l a yweakly, iふ the numbero b em i n i m i z e d . Tomeett h i srequirement , at e s ts e ts h o u l dpr(ト v i d ei n f o r m a t i o na b o u ts p e c i f i cp r o b l e mar,伺sin t h e program, i . e .t h et y p e so fp o s i t i o n st h a tt h epr'か gramd o e sn o tp l a yw e l tToproperly 回S舗s this , t h e t e s ts e ti d e a l l ys h o u l dc o v e ra l lp o t e n t i a lp r o b l e m are剖・ To d e v i s eat e s ts e tt h a tm e e t st h i sr e q u i r e ュ i l lDOtp l a y menti sn o tan 伺sy t回k. Programsw :ßawlessly,回 problemsw迎 appear 泊 eachg健闘姐d 組副総錫m岨.t m ustbemadea b o u tw h i c hprobl佃S h a v ep r i o r i t y . Mostprogramm偲軍陣:ve p r o b l e m a t i c positio脳会om t h egamest h a tw e r ep l a y e d . Thωe p o s i t i o n sbe∞me p r o g r a m s p e c i f i ct e s ts e t sr e p r e ュ s e n t a t i v ef o rac l a s so fp o s i t i o n st h a tt h eprogram c o u l dn o th a n d l ewe 1 l . Keepings u c hpositio:回国 a咊turep o i n to fr e f e r e n c ei simpo此岨.t, b舵auøe 温話Dg O Det h i n gc岨 br倒k 回mething e l s e . Mak- i n gs u r et h a ts o m e t h i n gt h a tworkedb e f o r ei ss t i l l m p o r t a n tf e a t u r eo fat e s ts e t . w o r k i n gis 細other i C r e a t i n gani n c r e m e n t a ltest 鈍t i nt h i swayis 岨 i m p o r t a n ttool, b u tt h e r ea r esomed r a w b a c k s .The maindrawbacki st h a tt h et e s ts e ti ssp舵ific t oa fo n eprogram s i n g l ep r o g r a m .Thep r o b l e mar伺s o fad i f F e r e n t a r en o tn e c e s s a r i l yt h esame 舗 those o 0t h e s et e s tp o s i t i o D Sc岨DOt e a s i l ybe program , 8 i t T e r e n tp r o g r a m s .A n o t h e rd r a w ュ u s e dt ocompared b a c ki st h a tt h ep o s i t i o n sa r es e l e c t e ds u b j e c t i v e l y byt h ep r o g r a m m e r ( s ) . Event h o u g ht h e ya r et h e exp釘tsωncerning t h ebeha:吋.or o ft h e i rprogram , i ti sp伺sible t h a tt h e ywroDgly 幽sess t h ep r o b l e m i nap o s i t i o no rbecomet o op r e o c c u p i e dw i t hc e r ュ 凶D problems, n e g l e c t i n go t h e r s .I ti sal却 P伺si b l et h a timport阻.t p r o b l e mar伺s a r eo v e r l o o k e d . E s p e c i a l l yi nag:創De c o m.m u n i t yw i t ho n l yas m a l l numb位。fstrongωmpetitors, p l a y i n gt h esameop ュ p o n e n tm岨Y t.凶es w迎。nly rev,伺1 as u b s e to ft h e p r o b l e m s . ti si m p o r t a n tt oh a v etest 総ts t h a t Therefore , i aw i d ev a r i e t yo fp o t e n t i a lp r o b l e mar錨S 組d t h a th a v eb e e nd岨gned wi出.out as p e c i f i cprogram i nm i n d .I nch,舗 there h a v eb e e nanumbero fp静 p 0 8 e dt剖 sets, e a c hw i t ht h e i rOWDs p e c i f i cp r o p e r ュ tiω. C omparedt othis , o n l yl i t t l eworkh回 b舵B donef o rt e s td e s i g ni noth位 games. Esp伺ally 泊 shogi, w h e r et h es t r o n g e s tprogramsnowh a v e r e a c h e dal e v e lw h e r ei ti sb旬。凶Dg h a r df o rprか 陶t -40- grammerst ou n d e r s t a n dt h ep r o b l e m so tt h e i rp静 grams, agoods e to tt e s tposi低ons c o u l dh e l pt o 1 f o r t sonar樋s t h a treq'凶re i m ュ t o c u st h er e s e a r c he p r o v e m e n t . Some 同t s e t sh a v ebe個 propo鈍d t o rshogi, b u t e t sh a v e i nt h i spaperwew辺町guethatth僻 test s somei m p o r t a n ts h o r t c o m i n g s .Too o m p a r etest 鈍,ts inch倒 with t e s ts e t si nshogi, wew迎 start wi出 as h o r tovervi何 ot 必ft'erent test 回ts i nc h e s sand t h e i rt e a t u r e si nS白紙on2. In Sωion3wew迎也 pl必n t h a tt e s ts e t si ns h o g ia r ee i t h e rn o tg個eral e n o u g ho rc岨not bee x p e c t e dt oa c c u r a t e 1 yp o i n t o m p u t e rs h o g ip r o g r a m s .Our o u tp r o b l e mar倒 in o appr側関h 包 to c o n s t r u c tatest 艇tthatis di錨.culttor o o m p u t e rp r o g r a m s .To 剖僻錨 this, wehave 剖sem b l e d1 0 0positio回 that n o n eo t t h ec u r r e n tt o ps h o g i p r o g r a m sc組制,lve. Thoωe p o s i t i o n sa r eprωented inS伺tion 4 . F町thermore, wea r en o to n l yi n t e r ュ e s t e di nt h ep o s i t i o n st h a tc a n n o tbe 釦Jved, b u twe d釦 W岨,t t oknowwhyth.ωe posi恥田町唱必1Iìc叫.t. af i r s tt e s tf4侃 new progr&I回. A morechaß個ging tωt 嗣:t i st h eLCTntest, d姐gned b yF r e d e r i cLo u g u e t( a u t h o ro ttheprが gramCossWIZARD). 百is t e s ts e th a s3 5p叫 tio回 wi曲 a g oodbal岨.ce be何回n strategic, t a c t i ュ c a landendgamep個itions. Theprogram8BBBDュ e r upi nt h el a t e s tICGAWorldComュ DBR( t h er u n n p u t e rC h e s sCham p i o n s h i p )i srepo成ed t oh a v e ft h eLCTnp姐tio田 [5]. An泊蜘・ s o l v e d94%o ωting teat町'e o f t h eLCTnt錨t s e ti sthat 岨 ELO rating 伺.n b ecalcalated 告。m t h es o l v e dp o s i t i o n s . B幽ed o nt h i scalcu1ation, t h er a t i n go f8BBBDDBR h 制加剖ed a t2785 何回mum 2 9 5 0 ) . U血g t h e o re s t i m a t i n gELOr a t i n g a n s w e r st ot剖 positions t W踊a1ready pro:戸蹄d i n1 9 8 4byGrot'岨ng [ 1 ] . I ti sn o to n l yimpωt岨色 that at e s ts e ti sg'岨 eral, b u ta 1 s ot h a ti ti s砧:e1y t opr。吋de iDf町ma録。n abo叫 sp偲温c pro副畑町制 of t h ep r o g r a m s .I n d倒, L i n d n e r[ 6 ]p r o p o s e da 蹴 ot p o s i t i o n st h a t were 割問med t obepaJ:t i c u l a r l yhard 伽 compu畑s Wehave 祖鍵d the 岨.aly血 tooJs ofs位ongcompu加 to 回Ive. Animport岨.t observa低価 byI血dnerw副 shogi 田ftware t omakeassessm個.ts abo'叫 the p r o b ュ t h a tf i n d i n gt h e~句 move i nap o s i t i o ndo句 DOt l畑町制. T h e s eprぬ,lem ar,錨s are 偲p1ained i n au'句matically me.岨 that t h ep o s i t i o ni ss o l v e d .We S舵tion 5 .D u r i n go u rtests, anewv e r s i o no fo n eo f w剖 h畑総e t h a tt h i si sal同 a p r o b l e mo tt鍋鶴u t h ep r o g r a m sweu s e dbe儲me avai1able 岨dp町紙al i ns h o g i . t e s tr e s u l t st o rt h i sprograma r eg i v e ni nS卸値on 6 . 印~her p r o p o s e dtωt s e t s伽 chess c岨 be 伽Dd A】曲ough i ti sn o tt h emainpurp伺e o fo u rt e s tset, i n[2, 1町. theposil“.onsc岨 d踊 be 田edfor ∞mpl!凶nghum岨 Howthis d o n eis 句凶ed i nS e c t i o n7 .We 岨dt凶 S T e s tS e t sf o rShogi p a p e rw i t hconclusions 岨d 四邸:estions t o rf u t u r e work 泊 Section 8 . F o rshogi, t h eimport岨.ce ota 醐 oft倒 probleJ回 wasr,側斜zed byM a t s u b a r aandI i da[7, 9, 8 ] . M回, O Dt h e websi'陶 ot Yam副hita [1司 (pro・ 8制lD1er o ttheCSAWorldChampioDY88) 岨d 2 T e s tS e t sf o rChess h蹴[叫 (main p rogrammero fm耐.ple CSA m a l lnumberof 陶t 8SBOGI) , as TheBratk(トKopec 総st s e ti saf'amo田恒国nple o f WorldChampiOD1 p岨紙onsis ~柑lableto ∞'mpare d i f t ' e r e n tp r o g r a m s . atωt set 伽也舗[司. E vent h o u g ht油 test 制 Thetest 総t byMatsubara 岨.d I i dah描 b僧D de ュ 。,t 2 4p o s i t i o n sw剖個iginally i n t e n d e dto ∞,mpare c r i b e di nde凶1 組d i st h e r e f o r et h eeasi倒旬組問 human 岨d o o m p u t e rpeñorman,悦 inch倒, i th幽 s b e e nw i d e l yu蜘d t ocomp位e t h es t r e n g t ho tchess S倒. Thet剖 set ∞,nsists of48positionstaken fproteu帥al play'倒. Asf a r r o mt h egames c o r e so samixo t12t a c t i c a lp o s i ュ f p r o g r a m s . Thetωt i h egamescω'es 告。m w h i c ht h ep倒L tio脳血d 1 2s t r a t e g i c a lp o s i t i o n s .Thet a c t i c a lp<ト 掴 we kDOWt i o n sw e r etak個 have D o tb栂D madepublic, b u ta t s i t i o n sa r eu s u a l l yr a t h e re剖y 伽 chess progr創出, t o s tthr僧 positions w e r etaken 念。,m as i n g l egame b u tt h es t r a t e g i cp o s i t i o n sa r est剖 hard 岨d 副会ぽ m e r eu s e dt。 掴 the a u t h o r sknow, noch舗 program h剖 b偶E score,釦 more 白血 16 dift句岨,t gamesw h et剖 positions. a b l et o00:沼田tly 踊,lve a l l2 4p o s i t i o D S . Ano t h e r ωmpile t Thepositio回 were se1回ted byan 信:pert play,位 陶t 総t t h a thasoft個 b偶n u s e din ∞mputer cho倒 h o g ip l a y e r ) .Eachpか a r et h e300po耐ons f r o mR e i n f ' e 1 d ' sb∞k Wina t (lida, a6-d岨 professional s i t i o nrepresented 同,me p r o b l e mt ob母舶,lved, t h e O h e s s[ 1 1 ] . Th,鍋 p姐低.ons werec l e a r l yn o td• s s i g n e dw i t hc o m p u t e rch倒 in mindanda r em.伺tly 創asw,偲 to t h i sp r o b l e mw幽 UDÏque 岨.d t h ep個S・ o fat a c t i c a ln a t u r e .Alm.ωt a l lposi伝.ons a r erath,位 姐onw剖 untAm jJjar • The 鈍t o fposi話。田 W幽 first i v e Dt ohum岨 players t oe s t a b J i s haωm田tiOD e剖y t os o l v et o rs t r o n gp r o g r a m s .For 個unple, t h e g p r o g r a mL.UIJBCBOP , as t r o n gb u tno色 a t o pp置か betw.僧n t h enumberof 釦,lved posi“。国岨d p l a y ュ gram, rep偲tedly 伺,lved 2 8 6o u to t300p姐tions 凶. ingstr個.gth. Theref泊e, t h eR e i n f ' e 1 dpositio回目em倒tly used 掴 Theaimo ft h eMat四,bara-Iid・ tωt s e tw剖 t。 peñorm岨.ce with ∞'mp叫e置 peñorm岨ce. 制 be -41- j u d g et h e蜘ength of ∞mput位 progr&I回. Wethink 9-dan 組.d 4, 5.・ dan. Thep伺itions a r em i d d l egame t h a tmakingagood 伺timate o fp l a y i n gs位ength by positio国掴d endgamep o s i t i o n sw i t hd i f f e r e n tt a c ュ l a y ュ t h a v i n gas m a l lt e s to f4 8p o s i t i o n si sd踊c曲. P s t r o n g i c a lt h e m e sl i k ew i n n i n gmat偲ial, b凶1占ng a 泊.g s t r e n g t hc岨 be e s t a b l i s h e dmuchmorea c c u ュ attack , d e f e n d i n ga g a i n s tt h ea t t a c ko ft h eoppo・ r a t e l ybyp l a y i n gal a r g enumbero fgamesont h e nent 岨d m a t i n g .B e c a u s eo ft h edißぽ.ent t h e m e s 1 n t e r n e tag福田t d i f f e r e n thumano p p o n e n t s .F u r ュ 岨d w i d er岨.ge o fpositions, wee x p e c t e dt h a tp伺・ thermore, if 剖imating p l a y i n gs t r e n g t hi st h eaim t i o n staken 企om ShukanS h o g iw e r el i k e l yt op o i n t o f t h et e s tset,岨 ELO c a l c u l a t i o nb a s e dont h i st e s t t od i 1 f e r e n tp r o b l e mare,剖 in c o m p u t e rs h o g i . We s e ts h o u l dbeprω佃.ted 必miIar t ot h eLCTI It e s t w 0 0pcト a n t e dt omakeat e s ts e tw i t ha tle舗t a1 inch伺s. A n o t h e rp r o b l e mo f t h et e s ts e ti st h a tt h e sitions, t om i n i m i z et h er i s ko fc r e a t i n gat e s ts e t pos出0回 were s e l e c t e dbyahuman 偲pぽt. D e s p i t e t h a tf o c u s e sono n l yo n eo rtwop r o b l e mare舗・ Iida~ o b v i o u sk n o w l e d g ea b o u tt h ei n n e rw o r k i n g s Weu s e d A1 SØOGI , TODAI 8 oGIandGEKュ h e r ei sad i f F e r e n c eb e t w e e npか I o fs h o g iprograms, t S A S リ Ito 回,lve t h epositions,回 we b e l i e v et h a t s i t i o n st h a tare 必鑑佃lt to 回,lve f o rhumanp l a y e r s t h e s et h r e ep r o g r a m sa r ec u r r e n t l yt h es t r o n g e s t . 姐d c o m p u t e rprograms, s owed o u b tt h a ts u c ha I 0 0 4CSAComputerS h o g i nb o t ht h e2003 岨d 2 s e l e c t i o nmethodc岨 1錨d t oaw e l l b a l a n c e ds e to fC h r e eprograms 貧nished :first , h a m p i o n s h i p sthωe t e c a u s eo ft h edi島rence be ュ second 岨d t t e s tposi紙ons. Also, b h i r d . Att h et i m eo ftesting, t h ef o l ュ t w e e nwhati sdi錨c叫t f o rhumanplayers 岨d f o rl o w i n gv e r s i o n so ft h ep r o g r a m sw e r ea v a i l a b l e :A1 h ec o n n e c t i o nb e t w e e np l a y ュ SリOGI2003 , TODAI SリOGI 5 皿d GEKISASリI 2 c o m p u t e rprograms, t . i n gs t r e n g t handt h es o l v e dp o s i t i o n si su n r e l i a b l e . T h e s ew e r et h ev e r s i o n susedi nour 岨alysis. Each Thet e s ts e t sbyYam踊hita andT a n a s eh a v et h e p r o g r a mwasg i v e n3 0s e c o n d sona2GHzP e n t i u m d r a w b a c k st h a tt h e ya r ev e r ys m a l l . Ya担割hi旬、 4t os o l v eap o s i t i o n .T h i si sar a t h e ra r b i t r a r yt i m e te坦t s e th剖 only 1 0p o s i t i o n sand 百nase's t e s ts e t l i m i t .F o rmostt e s tp o s i t i o n si nc h e s st h ep r o g r a m s h a s1 9 .Ourimprωsion i st h a tthωe w e r ep o s i t i o n s a r eg i v e n1 0m i n u t e sandt h e r ei snot i m el i m i tf o r t h a tw e r ec o n s i d e r e di m p o r t a n tp r o b l e m sf o rYSS hum回同,lvers o ft h eShukanS h o g ip r o b l e m s .St迦, 岨d 1 88 リ O G I .I ti sn o tev叩 clear i ft h ep r o b l e m s t h i st i m el i m i ti sc l o s et ot h ea v e r a g et i m ep e rmove a r ec o r r e c t( i . e .t h e yh a v ea 血gle sol凶on). The as h eCSAComputerS h o g i h o g iprogramh踊 in t p o s i t i o n smayt e s tv i t a lp r o b l e mareas , b u tb e c a u s e WorldC h a m p i o n s h i p s .S t r o n gs h o g ip r o g r a m sa r e e n e r a l i t yissues,山e u s eo fe o ft h ecorrectn倒 and g x p e c t e dt op r o d u c egoodmovesi nt h i samounto f th句e t wot e s ts e t si sl i m i t e d . t i m e .Wew i l lr e t u r nt othis 国ue late宜. Wes h o u l de m p h a s i z et h a tt h ec o m b i n e ds t r e n g t h o ft h et h r e ep r o g r a m sw制 excellent. Fin必ng 1 0 0 4 A NewT e s tS e tf o rShogi positio田 that noneofthethreeprogramsco叫d s o l v ewasmuchh a r d e rth個別 expected. More oc r e a t eas e to ft e s tpo・ th岨 1500 p o s i t i o n sn e e d e dt ob ee x a m i n e dto 回 Asp o i n t e dout, wewantt s i t i o n st h a ti sb o t hg e n e r a landp o i n t sto 副 m岨y s e m b l eatest 鈍t o f1 0 0p o s i t i o n s . Thep o s i t i o n s probl佃脱剖 in compu加 shogi 踊 P倒sible. T o a r egiv,咽 in T a b l e1 . Eachp伺ition i sc o d e dw i t h a c h i e v ethis , wed e c i d e dt ol o o kf o rp o s i t i o n st h a t t h eweeknumbert h a tShukanShogi 舗signs t ot h e c o u l dn o tb es o l v e dby 岨yoftheb倒 shogi pro-自 problems ( w es t a r t e dcon田ting i nweek7 5 0and gramsc u r r e n t l yont h em a r k e t .Ther伽e, o u rap-個ded w i t ht h enω-mo鴨 problems o fweek1 0 0 5 ) h ea p p r o a c ht h a t1品dner t o o kf o l l o w e dbyanumberg i v i n gt h eg r a d eo ft h ep r o 1 r p r o a c hrωembles t s di蜘ent f r o mt h et e s ts e tc o n - lem( F i r & tS t e p 1, U p p e rK:仰= 2, l d a n 3, i n ch倒岨d i 仰ucted b yMatsubaraand 五da. 1 n s t e a do fm錨・ ~-dan 4, 9・ dan= 5 凶 4, 5,・ dan 6 ) . o: f i n dweakn倒ses. Ana d d i t i o n a lf e a t u r eoft h ep o s i t i o n si nShukan s u r i n gstrength, wewantt This 鈴lection m ethodh回 the 信tra a d v a n t a g eS h o g ii st h a tf o re a c hp o s i t i o nt h ep e r c e n t a g eo fr e ュ o fob = = = = o l No G o d e S o l No G o d e S o l No G o d e S o l No G o d e S No G o d e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 87 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 94 9 5 96 97 9 8 9 9 1 0 0 16% 42% 51% 65% 47% 21% 44% 76~ト5 36% 7 7 2 4 83% 773ト6 27% 7~同 46% -3 7 50 7 5 4 -6 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 6 7 6 2 6 7 6 5 4 7 65 -6 783ト5 7 8 5 1 7 8 5 4 7 8 5 5 7 8 6 -2 7 8 6 -6 ?? 60% 44% 36% 22% 16% 799ド5 40% 8α3・6 34% 8 0 2 5 56% 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 37 38 3 9 却 8 0 4 -6 16% 8 ( ) 8 . .3 2 6% 80 8 -5 16% 809ド3 75% 812・6 52% 8Uト6 30% 8 2 1 5 21% 821・6 76% 8 2 3 -5 93% 823ト6 46% 8 2 5 6 85% 8 2 6 -6 65% 8 2 8 -6 86% 831・6 58% 8 3 3 -5 36% 8 3 6 6 69% 838ト6 78% 83~同 91% 8 4 2 3 90% 8 4 6 -5 62% 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 852・5 8 54 -6 8 56 -5 8 5 6 -6 8 6 4 -6 6 5 6 4 6 8 7 1 4 4 7 8 48 873ト6 4 9 877.・5 7 9 4 5 0 8 5 1 8 8 7 6 9 1 5 5 2 8 5 3 895・6 5 4 8 9 8 -6 9 9 -3 5 5 8 0 -4 0 5 6 9 5 7 伺5・5 5 8 9 06 -3 5 9 9 0 8 -5 伺 908い6 26% 78% 28% 26% 64% 51% 82% 26% 51% 26% 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 倒 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 伺% 35% 59% 28% 78% 82% 46% 51% 93% 58% 回 9 1 0 -5 5 7% 9 2 0 -6 26% 9 2 1 2 36% 922・6 41% 9 2 4 -6 3 7% 925・5 52% 20% 925・6 9 3 4 -6 73% 9 3 5 2 95% 942・6 89% 94~ト3 93% 94~凶 18% 9 5 1 6 15% 952・5 33% 952・6 4 7% 955・6 53% 957.・5 47% 舗3ト4 43% 963崎 42% 舗4- 5 82% S o l 96 4 6 12% 96 6 6 37% 6 8 4 16% 9 9縦S・5 68% 968同6 15% 973ト5 25% 9 7 7 3 76% 9~5 36% 988戸2 58% 988戸5 25% 9鎖}・6 57% 991・6 16% 992戸5 75% 99 3 6 11% 99会6 82% 9 9 5 4 73% 1 0 0 3 6 43% 1005・2 66% 1 0 0 5 5 30% 1 0 0 5 6 却% Table1 :Theproposeds e to ft e s tp o s i t i o n switht h epぽcentage ofr e s p o n d e n t st h a ts o l v e dt h ep o s i t i o n c o r r e c t l y .Thepぽcentage o f783・5w回 unavailable. 芸評 番 芸評 豆 事毒 5 ProblemAreaAnalysis 5 . 1 Horizonef t ' e c tandTsumeShogi Theposition 泊Figure 1i snumb匂 750・3 阻.d w回 s o l v e dby16%ofthehumanr伺pondents. The8 0 1 u ュ t i o nt ot h i sp o s i t i o ni sl .S*2d.A . f t e r2.P玄2d 3.G*2c 4.Kx2c5.B3b+l e a d st omateand2.Kld3.G*3e snomatea f ュ l e a v e sw h i t ewithoutd e f e n s e . Th位e i t e r4.8吋i 5.K9g6.N8e7.K8f8.+B5i9 . N 7 g . I nt h i sp o s i t i o n TODAI SBOGI sel舵ts I.Pxle , GEKISA .S H Ip l a y sl .B3b+ and AI SHOGI p l a y s I . G * 3 e . TODAI SBOGI'S 姐aly血 shows t h a ti t 一-穿醜事挫委勢。 t h et e s tp o s i t i o n swiththe 岨alysis t o o l sa v a i l a b l ei nTODAISBOGI, GEKISASBI 岨dAI 8BOGI, wefounds e v e nproblemare掴 that mayhave h e s epositio田 were hardt o beent h ere邸側 why t r マ zone f f e c tduet ocons舵utive checks, s o l v e :. Anho n o tc a l l i n gt h etsumes h o g is o l v e rdeepi nt h es e a r c h tree , i n a c c u r a t eevaluation 白nction , i n c o r r e c tf o r ュ s i n g unpr'か ward pruning , problems with mateu motedpieces , insu値.cient hardwarespeedandpro b ュ lemswitht h etimea l l o c a t i o n . Wew週1 nowdiscu錨 these problem are回 with somee x a m p l e s . Byanaly血g 角 曇 唱E 芸書 芸評 宅存 桂 歩 芸評 歩 歩 歩 歩 玉 銀 歩! |六 歩 笛 歩 等 書 |七 J ¥ ヨー I I : t . 香 控 F i g u r e1 :Horizoneffect 畠先手金二一摂歩 議 曇 }二三四|唖 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 o t h e r 100a r enamedt e l t 1tot e l t 1 0 0t omakei t o rautomatict e s t i n gi no t h e r e a s i e rt ou s et h et伺t f computerprograms. 邑xample t h i n k sb 1 a c . ki sl o s i n gandGEKIS A .S B Ig i v e sw h i t e ab i ga d v a n t a g e .I nAISBOGIi ti sonlyp伺sible to 田e ah i n tmode , withoutt h eo p t i o nofl o o k i n g a tt h ev a r i a t i o n so rt h ee v a l u a t i o nÍUDction 甲alue. GEKISASBIcomesv e r yc l o s et os o l v i n gt h i sp o s i t i o n . Wh eng i v e nmoretime , a f t e r40s e c o n d sGEKISA . S B I ch岨ges i t smindt o8*2d , butst迎 gives t h eposι t i o nab i gn e g a t i v escore, i n d i c a t i n gt h a ti ti snot ss出ilar a b l et of i n dt h ewinningv a r i a t i o n . Thisi t ot h eo b s e r v a t i o nbyLindneri nc h e s st h a tfin必ng t h ekeymovedoesnotnec錨sarily me岨 that t h e 官 an 円4u 誕 事韓 番 唱書 吾 # 場E # 桂 -占 F寄金勢U 歩 歩 歩 管 歩 玉 銀 事 歩 量 / ¥ E昼 1 |九 香 桂 町gure 内十川暗 歩 毛íil 歩 歩 #主| 2 :Nohoruonc h e c k s 主 苓曇 事 場E 誕 欝 芸評 宅害 # 提 金 宅害 玉 金 |畳 誕歩 歩 歩同 歩 歩 歩 歩 銀 ー 喧ユ # 桂 当害 四 # 香 桂 角 -先手なし 瀧 事E -ニ 角 曇 -先手盆ニ銀歩 議 曇 -ニ-呂田「置 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 r 場 主宰 ω 晴雄 害 U p o s i t i o nis 回,lv.吋. Web e l i e v et h a tt h ere副on whyt h ep r o g r a m sc岨 not 回,lve t h i sp o s i t i o nliωin t h enumbero fc h e c k s h ep o s i t i o na f t e r 1.8・2d t h a tw h i t e st.温 h幽 in t 2.K1d3 . G * 3 e . Th,ωe ch,田ks p u s ht h eb l a c kWホD o v e rt h es e a r c hho:由on. Toi n v e s t i g a t ethis, wec o n ュ s t r u c t e dap o s i t i o ni nw h i c hw h i t eh剖 no h o r i z o n d句ks ( F i g u r e2 ) . T:抽 positiOD C岨 be s o l v e dby a l lt h r e eprograx回. 事 ーェI/~ 桂 望色 h F i g u r e3 :I n a c c u r a t eevaluation 白nclion e x a m p l e Thep r o b l e mh e r es e e m st obeanホDac c u r a t ee v a l ュ u a t i o no f t h ep o s i t i o n .A f t e rBx2a+K4a, t h ew h i t e l a c kh踊 not enoughpi.目es t o k i n ges姐P倒 and b p r e v e n tt h i s . Noneo ft h ep r o g r a m si sa b l et oc o r ュ rectly 剖S欄 this, e v a l u a t i n gt h a tt h eb l a c ka t t a e k i ss t r o n ge n o u g ht owホD. T h i si sn o tap r o b l e m t h a tc a nbe 回,lved w i t hmore 総回ch p o w e r . Co r ュ E目t e v a l u a t i o no ft h ech岨ces ofωcaping 岨 attack lS necωsary. Anoth偲 re舗on w hy t h i sp o s i t i o n is 必:ffic叫t Thep o s i t i o no fF i g u r e 1n o to n l yindi伺.tes a m i g h tbet h ec o n s e c u t i v es a c r i : f i c e so f1 .G2band p r o b l e mw i t hho由on c h e c k s .Wh enGEKISASBIw.幽 2 . + B 2 c .T h e r ea r eoth位 positions i nt h et e s ts e t g i v e nmoretime, i tr e t u r n st h ef o n o wホD gv a r i a t i o n : w h e r ei ti sn e c e s s a r yto 蝿ぽ鵠ce an'祖mber o fp i e c e s 1 . 8 * 2 d2 . K 1 d3.G・3e 4 . 8 * 7 i5 . Kx 7 i6 . N : z2 e7 . P %le i narowt os e tupaw i n n i n ga t t a c k .I ti s. k n ownt h a t 8.+B %le9 . S : z :1 e(Evaluati紘一 1192). I nt油 mι c o m p u t e rs h o g ip r o g r a m sdon o tg i v emuchp r i o r i t y ation , w h i t eh,回 a 9 movematea f t e r5 . Kx 7 i .Mor e ュt a c r i : f i c e sa r ej田than必ng o v e r osac揃.ces. M伺t s over, a f t e r6 . N x2 eb l a c kh.幽 a3戸move mates t a r t i n g m e t t e rbes p e n t a t e r i a landt h es e a r c heft'o:此叫n b : z : 2 c = .I ts e e m sc l e a rt h a tt h eprogramh踊 e w i t h8 h a l l o w l yorn o t l s e w h e r e . 8acr温cesare 鶴町'ched s p r o b l e m st o: f i ndm a t e st h a ta r ed e e p e ri nt h es e a r c h s e a r c h e da tall, e s p e c i a l l ya th i g h e rs e a r c hd e p t h s . t r e e . In m帽t 伺ses, as i n g l es a c r i f i c ew迎 ev.伺.tually be s e a r c h e dd e e penought ocomeupw i t ht h esolution, b u tt h e s ef o r w a r dp r u n i n gschem伺 C岨 cause pro~ 5 . 2 EvaluationfunctionandForward l四lS i nt h er a r ec回es w h e r em u l t i p l esac討fices a r e Pruning n e e d e dl i k ei nt h ep o s i t i o no f F i g u r e3 .Humanp l a y ュ r伺ognizing g o a l s i n p o s i t i o n s a n d e r s a r e g o o d a t snumbぽ 755・3 血dw掴 Thep併品.tÎon 泊Figure 3i e a c ht h e s egoals, w h e t h e rth倒e s o l v e dby51%o ft h ehum岨 respond姐.ts. The50- pla:がng mov.伺 to r mov,回 are sacri貧ces o rn o t . I t i s n o t e踊Y t oadd l u t i o nt ot h i sp o s i t i o ni s1 . G 2 b . Th eo n l yr e p l y t h e s岨e awaren舗 of g o a l s i n t o a s h o g i program , i s2.Gx2b , a f t e rw h i c h3.B2c+4.G . J : 3 c5.+B . J : 3 ci s b u tt h ep r o b l e mo ff o r w a r dp r u n i n gmov,伺 that a r e wmnmg. s a c r i : f i c e sn e e d st obea t t e n d e dt o . TODAISBOGIp l a y s1.Bx2a+, j u d g i n gt h epo岳 t i o naft偲 2.K4a 3.G・ 6a 副 W泊説明 for b l a c k .GBKュ . S 6 handa l s ot h i n k sb l a c ki swホDn i n g 5 I S A S B Isel舵ts 1 i e c e s . S Unpromotedp a f t e r2.+S513.N3g4.+Sx6f5 . N x2 e6 . P 5 d7 . B : z2a+ i g u r e4i snumber935-2 岨dwa雷 o s i t i o ni nF 8 . K 4 a9.82b+1 0 . R 4 i +11.N3c+12.+R %l i .Finally, Thep ft h ehum組問pond細胞. Thescト AISBOGIa l s op l a y s1.S6h, a l s oj u d g i n gt h i swホDュ 同,lved by95%o n i n gf o rb l a c ka f t e r2.+85h3 . B : z : 2 a +4 . K 4 a . lu' .on t ot h i sp o s i t i o ni s1 . P 1 c = .T h i si st h er a r e “ -44- 竜 と 直撃 主 苓 苓 飛 馬 当書 唱F 当量 司幸 司書 司書 歩 置 唱書 -先手角桂ニ 曇署 -エ三回 98765 432 1 欝 欝 玉 事 歩 歩 桂 番 専 香 日伊re 也 J 八|九 F 温 帯 ¥帰守曹 U 香 歩 薯 4 :Matewithapawndropexample w h e r en o tp r o m o t i n gapawni sb e t t e rth岨 pro m o t i n g .2 . P * l di snowani l l e g a lmove(託 would be 世田ing a f t e r1 . P 1 c + )anda f t e r2.82•2f 3.K1d 慣 2 . 8 3 e 2 f3.Kx2 d , t h eb l a c kk i n ge s c a p e sandb l a c k 個se WlD S . I nt h i sp o s i t i o nTODトI8BOGIp l a y s1. +Px5b, a c ュ k n o w l e d g i n gd e f e a t . GBKlSトSBIp l a y st h eh o r i z o n l s oi n d i c a t i n gt h a tb l a c ki sl o s i n g . c h e c k1.N吋d, a AI8BOGItakωthe m倒tdr剖tic approachi nt h i s 抑制.on: i tr e s i g n sw i t h o u tp l a y i n gam o v e ! Th ep r o b l e mh e r ei st h a tp r o m o t i o no fapawn (位協同 or r o o k )is 血剖 always b e t t e r .t h a nn o t p r o m o t i n g .Mosts h o g iprogramst a k et h e i rch岨伺S 組d i m p r o v et h es e a r c he:飽ciency byd e l e t i n gn o n ュ h i si sa p r o m o t i o D Sof 戸.WDS 岨d majorpie畑. T i l lnotbee踊Y to 位ploit i ti na c t u a l p r o b l e mt h a tw oi tm i g h tn o tbeap r i o r i t y .T h e r ei s gameplay, s u t u r eprobl咽鉱山ÏDk o n ear錨 that could 曲四e f i n gi no p p o n e n tt i m e .T h i si sb掴吋 upon gu伺血g t h eoppon佃,t's moveands e a r c h i n gt h e s egu舗es w h i l et h eoppon佃.t t h i n k sa b o u th i sm o v e . When r o m o t i o nandn o n ュ t h e r ei snodi1I'eren僧 between p l a y e rc o u l ds e l e c t p r o m o t i o no famove, ahumanp h i swouldmaket h es e a r c h n o n p r o m o t i o nb舵ause t f t e raU, c u r r e n tprogr岨S i no p p o n e n tt i m ef u t i l e .A don o tg e n e r a t es u c hnon-promotions 岨d t h e r e f o r e t h i smovew迎 never beguωsed. Ours e to fp o s i ュ t i O D Sh幽 6 problen凶 wi出 non-promo.紙on ofpawn, r o o kandbishop, w h i c h附ms ali叫e b i tt o omuch. a c hn o n p r o m o t i o no fap i e c es h o u l dbe Onef o re 岨.ough to ∞rver t h i sproblema r e a . Pぽformed o na2GHzPentium4 m a c h i n e . The f a s t e s t PCsont h em a r k e ta r ea b o u ttwot i m e s f a s t e randi ti sl i k e l yt h a tanumbero fp o s i t i o D St h a t u 1 dn o tbe 同,lved ono u rh a r d w a r ec組曲伺dybe c o s o l v e don 色ster h a r d w a r e . Tof i n dt h ep o s i t i o D S obe 回,lved w i t h o u trequiring 包 t h a tare 酷:ely t t r aeft'o rt, weal踊 gave t h eprogramsmoret h i n k i n g t i m et os o l v et h ep o s i t i o n s .F o r c i n gc o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l es h o g iprogramst ot h i n kl o n gw,幽 m偲 p e c t e d l ycomplicated, b u te s p e c i a l l y GEKISÄS町、 C h o u l c o umodew,剖 very h e l p f u l .T h i smoded o e s n o th a v eat i m elimit , b u tsearchωd僧P信. I fa positionωuld b es o l v e du s i n gt h i smode, we 踊・ sumedt h a th a r d w a r es p e e da l o n ewo叫d 同on be u r t h e r enought os o l v et h a tp o s i t i o nwithout 岨y f e宣orts i n t oi m p r o v i n gt h es e a r c ho rt h ee v a l u a t i o n h a tc岨 be f u n c t i o n .Ourtest 制 h個別 positioDS t s o l v e du s i n gG B K I S ト S B I ' SChoukoumode. 5.5 TimeA l l o c a t i o n I nsomepositio:田, i tw幽 not p伺sible t of o r c et h e h et i m el i m i t p r o g r a m st ot h i n k . Dω:pite set錨ng t h ep r o ュ t o3 0s e c o n d s( a n do f t e nm位e th岨 that) , t grat回 wo叫d d e c i d euponamovev e r yq u i c J d y .We e x p e c t e dp r o b l e m scomparingt h i sr e s u l tw i t ho t h e r programs 岨d w i t hf u t u r eV e r s i O D So ft h e制nep置か gram, s owed e l e t e dt h ep o s i t i o n swheret h i sha p ュ p e n e d .I nhindsight , t h i sm i g h th a v eb e e nane r ュ e h a v i o rp o i n t sto 皿other r o ro fjudgment ,国 this b p r o b l e ma r e ai ns h o g ip r o g r a m s . Wh enonemove S偶ms m uchb e t t e rt h a na l lt h eo t h e rmov.伺, t h e oavoid 岨n傾ng t h e s e a r c hi stermÏDated 個rly t hum組 oppon.佃.t o rt owint i m ea g a i n s tacompu'加 o p p o n e n t . Bydoing 回, t h e r ei st h er i s kt h a ta th i g h e r b e t t e rmovet h a tc岨 only be 必scovered a nl a t e rv e r l ホ o n so fo u r s e a r c hd e p t h si sn o tf o u n d .I e i n t r o d u c et h eP O s i t i O D Swhere t e s ts e twem i g h tr fthe 民arch oc叩rred. t h i se a r l yt位mÏDation o 5.6 Overview I nT a b l e2, t h eproblemar錨s f o re a c hp o s i t i o na r e w e r ea b l eto 副S舗 them u s i n g t o o l si nTODトISBOGIandGBKISトsm. o rw h i c ht h er e a s o nwhy T h e r ea r ea7pωdtioDS f t h ep r o g r a m sc o u 1 dnot 貧ndthe 阿,lution is 司nclear. F町ther analy:血 isn伺ded t od e t e r m i n ewhythωe posi“0田 are di館cult. N otethat 回.me p o s i t i O D S h a v em u l t i p l ereasoDS, l i k et h eposi:“.on of Fi伊re 1 . I nTa b l e3t h ed i s t r i b u t i o no ft h eproblema r e a s h a to u rt e s ts e th a sare掴倒aable i sgiv佃.恥脱ms t b a l a n c ebetw.偶n t h eimp。訪岨t problemar~凶. I n ュ 5 . 4 I n s u f l l c i e n tHardwareSpeed sufticio岨t h a r d w a r esp僑d i st h emainproblemare&, Jumentioned 個rlier,倒伽.g t h et i m el i m i tt o3 0 b u tt h er e m a i n i n g6 9POlÌtiODS 伺.DDot be 但pected secon.也 is arbitrary,伺p剖allysin伺 our t e s t sw e r e t obe 踊Jved w i t hf a s t e rhardwarei nt h efor伺伺・ given 副食店副 we the 岨alysis -45- PO゚ Prob 7 50 3 1, 2 7 54 6 6 7 5 5 3 3 755・6 1 -6 1 7 62 -4 1, 2 7 65 765同6 6 9 -5 6 7 6 4 1 7 7 2 3 -6 2 7 7 9 9 -6 7 7 7 8 3 -5 1 5 -1 ? 7 8 守 7 85 -4 785・5 6 786戸2 2 786回6 2 799ド5 6 8 0 0 6 6 8 0 2 5 ? PO゚ Prob 4 6 8 0 5 2, 3 3 3 5 3 5 4 6 6 4 1 1 2 6 6 3 6 4 6 808戸3 808戸5 8 0 9 -3 812・6 818戸6 8 2 1 5 821四6 3 -5 8 2 823帥6 8 25 -6 826同6 828戸6 831・6 8 3 3 -5 83ふ6 838戸6 9 -6 8 3 842・3 8 4 6 -5 PO゚ Prob 8 5 2 5 2, 3 8 5 4 -6 4 4 856・ 5 8 56 -6 6 8 6 4 6 3, 4 865・6 5 8 7 1 4 4 873ト6 2 877.・5 2 4 879・ 4 887.・6 3, 4 8 9 1 5 4 895・6 6 8 9 8 6 3 8 9 9 3 1, 2 9 0 0 4 6 905・ 5 6 906戸3 3 908戸5 令 9~ト6 6 PO゚ Prob 9 1 0 5 4 9 2 0 6 1, 4 9 2 1 2 1 1 922・6 9 2 4 -6 1 9 2 5 5 4 925・6 6 3 4 -6 1 9 9 3 5 2 5 9 4 2 6 5 4 948・3 9 4 9 -6 6 951司6 6 9 5 2 5 3 952・6 6 9 5 5 6 1 957.・ 5 6 963・4 6 963声6 1 9 6 4 -5 6 PO゚ 9 64 -6 6 -6 9 6 Prob 1, 3 I ? 3 1 9 68 -5 9 68 -6 3, 4 6 9 7 3 -5 6 9 7 7 3 97~凶 3 4 9 8 8 -2 988戸5 3 6 -6 9 90 9 9 1 6 3, 4 6 9 9 2 5 9 93 -6 3, 4 6 9 9 4 -6 9 9 5 4 6 1 0 0 3 -6 4 96~ト4 1005陣2 ? 100ら5 6 3 6 1 0 05 a c hp o s i t i o n . 1= h o r マ loneffect , 2= t sumeshogi , 3= i n a c c u r a t e T a b 1 e2 : Theprob1emare幽 for e & l u a t i o nf u n c t i o n4=i n c o r r e c tf o r w a r dpruning, 5=mateu s i n gunpromotedpieces, 6=i n s u f lc i e n t e v hardwarespeed , ?=r e a s o nu n c l e a r . e c o n d s .T h i si n d i c a t e st h a tTodaiS h o g ih a sb e e n o n s i d e rmatebyn o tpromoting s a b l ef u t u r e .H wec ta l s oi n d i c a t e st h a to u rt e s ts e ti s apawn , r o o ko rb i s h o po fminori m p o r t a n c ef o ra c ュ improved , buti h a ti tw i l ltakeawhilebeforethemaュ t u& lgamep1ay, t h i s1 e a v e saminim & lt e s ts e to f6 3 hard 岨d t j o r i t yo fp o s i t i o n sc掴 be s o l v e d .I n t e r e s t i n gi st h a t p r o b 1 e m sw i t ht h emainproblemare邸. t h es o l v e dp o s i t i o n shavedifI位ent prob1emar樋s. ProblemArea Posno Theprob1emare.f凶 of t h es o l v e dp o s i t i o n sw e r ei n ュ Ho討zon e f F e c t 1 8 邸側ate e v & l u a t i o nf u n c t i o n(809・3 , 921・2) , ins岨・ 悦nt h ardwaresp剖 (823・5 , 949- 6) , ho由on e f F e c t 1 1 Tsumes h o g i (826・ 6) a ndre剖on u n c l e a r( 1 0 0 5 2 ) .I tseemst h a t I n a c c u r a t ee v & l u a t i o nf u n c t i o n 2 0 T O D A I S B O G I 6 w幽 improved i n m o r e t h a n o n e I n c o r r e c tf o r w a r dp r u n i n g 1 9 a r e a . 6 Mateu s i n gunpromotedpi田es Insu侃cient h ardwares p e e d 3 1 Re剖on u n c l e a r 7 T a b 1 e3 :Thenumbero f p o s i t i o n sf o re a c hp r o b 1 e m a r e a 6 TodaiShogi6Results S i n c et h ec o m p 1 e t i o no four 泊itial p r ob1emar伺 岨&lym, new v,位sions o ft h e programsh a v eb令 comeav必lable. TODAISBOGI6 .TODAISBOGI7 . GEKISASBI3 岨d AISBOGI2004a r enow0湿地 Of白紙 we c u r r e n t 1 yo n 1 yhaveTODAISBOGI6 a v a i l a b l e . Therew回 no t i m ef o rat h o r o u g hp r o b lem 回&lysis u s i n gt h eprogram , b u twed i drunt h e t e s ts e tu s i n gTODAI SBOGI 6 . TODAISBOGI6 W回 able t os o l v e6o ft h e1 0 0p o s i t i o n sw i t h i n3 0 7 Humanv s . Computer a rweh a v en o thadt h et i m et omakeade・ Thusf t a i l e dc o m p a r i s o no ft h edi宜erence betweenp o s i ュ os o l v ef o rhumanp l a y t i o n st h a ta r e di飽cult t 倒組d p o s i t i o n st h a ta r edi鑑cu1t f o rcomput倒・ When100恒ng a tT a b 1 e1i ti sc l e a rt h a tt h i sdiι ference e垣.sts. T herea r ep r o b 1 e m si no u rt e s ts e t that c岨 be s o l v e dbymoreth岨 90% o ft h eh u ュ m回 respondents. T a b l e4g i v e sad i s t r i b u t i o no f the p位centag笛 against t h enumbero fp岨.tions. Alm o s th a l fo ft h ep o s i t i o n s( 4 6 )canbes o l v e d bymoret h a n50%o ft h ehumanr e s p o n d e n t s .F u r ュ th位more, t h e r ea r e1 4p o s i t i o n st h a tc岨 not be s o l v e dbyt h ecomputerprogramsb u tcanbes o l v e d bymorethan80%o ft h ehumanr e s p o n d e n t s . -46- Pe陀:entage 0-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% Pos 。 1 2 1 8 1 0 1 3 Pos 1 6 7 9 9 5 sdi鑓c叫t 卲r whati sdi館c叫t ゐ,rhum岨s andwhati c o m p u t e r s .Iwel o o ka tT a b l e4, wes e et h a te v e n t h o u g hmostu n s o l v a b l ep o s i t i o n sa r ea l s odi血c叫t 卲rhumanplay.倒, íor m岨.y p o s i t i o n smoret h a n h a l ot h ehumanr e s p o n d e n t s卲undt h ecorr田t m o v e .Soíar , weh a v en o tinv,剖igated t h er e a s o n s 卲rt h i sd i f t ' e r e n c eand卲rt h emomentth包 remains s o l v e dbyhuman a咊turew o r k . Pe何entage 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 81-90% 91-100% T a b l e4 :Thenumbero p剖itions p l a y e r s卲rd i f t ' e r e n tperc佃,tage r岨ges R e f e r e n c e s 8 C o n c l u s i o n s [ 1 ]G .G r o t t l i n g . The 古uth About T h e i r S t r e n g t h .ICCAJournal, 7(4):22 ト226, 1984. I nt h i spaper, weh a v ep o i n t e do u tt h a tc u r r e n ts e t s 2 ]J .H a r i n g .AP r oblemt oS o l v e .ICCAJournal , ot e s tpositions あ,r s h o g ih a v es h o r t c o m i n g s . We [ 8(3):181 , 1 9 8 5 . sgen.・ h a v ep r o p o s e das e to 1 0 0positio田 that i 叫 (n卿 oíthe 紺ong compu加 programs co叫d .Kop前岨d 1 .B r a t k o . TheBratko・ Kopec [ 3 ]D s o l v et h e m )andp o i n t st os p e c i f i cp r o b l e mare踊 E x p e r i m e n t : AC o m p a r i s o n o Humanand i nc o m p u t e rs h o g i . Weh a v eanalyzed 同me o咜he ComputerPer卲rmancei nC h e s s .I nM.R且 p r o b l e mare回 we dis∞Vぽed u s i n gt h e hint 岨d Clarke, editor, A d v a n c e si nComputerC h e s s3, 組aly血 modes o t h ep r o g r a m sweu s e di no u r p a g e s5 7 7 2 .PergamonPrωs , Oxíord , 1 9 8 2 . 同ts. We卲undp r o b l e m sw i t hanho由on e f f e c td u e 4 ]h t t p : / / h o m e p a g e s . c a v e r o c k . n e t . n z r p e t e r / h et s u m es h o g i [ t oc o n s e c u t i v echecks , not 伺血ng t ch, ω s4.htm. s o l v e rd田p i nt h es e a r c htree , i n a c c u r a t ee v a l u a t i o n function , p r o b l e m sw i t hmateusing 岨 unpromoted 問 http://perso.w阻adoo企jleíouduroij pawu, incorrect 島問ard pruning, insu値cient h a r d ュ t e s t J c tJla t i v e . h t m . w a r es p e e dandp r o b l e m sw i t ht h et i m ea l l o c a t i o n . 6 ]L .L i n d n e r . E,玄perience with 出e S e c o n d Wet h i n kt h e s eare踊 need t ob ei m p r o v e dt o咊 r t h e r [ Hum岨・Computer P r oblemT e s t .ICCAJou r ュ i m p r o v et h el e v e lo c o m p u t e rs h o g ip r o g r a m s . 9 8 3 . n al, 6(3):10-15, 1 B叫lding at e s ts e to p o s i t i o n st h a tc a n n o tb e s o l v e dbys t r o n gs h o g ip r o g r a m si sbyd e f i n i t i o n [司 H. MatsubaraandH .I i d a . Somec o n s i d e r a ュ o n g o i n gw o r k . Wea1r個dy r e p o r t e dt h a tTODAI t i o n sonn但,t-move t e s t so fs h o g i .I nGame SBOGI6can 同,lve s i xo t h ep o s i t i o n si no u rt e s t P代初憎mming Wo叫shop i nJ a p a n '95, p a g e s h e s ec a nbedeleted 金'om t h et e s ts e t .U s i n g s e t50t 9 9 5 .( I nJap岨ese). 66-74 , Kanagawa, Japan , 1 i l ld e l e t emorepo ュ o t h e rv e r s i o n so t h ep r o g r a m sw 8 ]H .Matsubara 岨,d H .I i d a . A next-mo鴨 t剖 s i t i o n s .Wea r ep a r t i c u l a r l yi n t e r e s t e di nt h er e s u l t s [ s e t卲rs h o g ip r o g r a m s .I nH .Matsubara, e d i ュ ot h ev e r s i o n st h a tparticipated 泊 the CSAWorld tor , C o m p u t e r S h o g i P r o g r e s s ~, pagω61-111. ComputerS h o g iT o u r n a m e n t . T o k y o :K y o r i t s uShuppanCo, 1 9 9 8 . ISBN4 Also, t h eincre掴e o h a r d w a r es p e e dw i l lp u t 320・0279は. ( I nJapan倒). more s o l u t i o n sw i t h i nr e a c h . Wea l r e a d y know o l v e dw i t h i n [ t h a tanumbero p o s i t i o n sc岨 be s 9 ]H .Matsubara, H .Iida,岨,d J .Uiterw世.A 60 蹴onds, s oc o n s i d e r i n gt h es p e c i f i c a t i o n so o u r n e x t m o v et e s ts e t 卲rs h o g ip r o g r a m s . I n eco田idered hardware , th鑓ep伺itio脳 C回a1ready b R e c e n tA d v a n c e si n Computer C h e s sW o r k ュ s o l v e d . 9 9 6ACMComputerS c i e n c e Con)括和 shop, 1 h e r ea r enewp伺itions t h a t Ont h eo t h e rhand, t ence, p a g e s139-146, NewYork, 1 9 9 6 . 曲n b ea d d e dt ot h etest 制. Wea 1 r e a d yp o i n t e do u t e t . t h a tt i m ea l l o c a t i o ni sap r o b l e manda d d i n gp伺i [1町 J.B. Niels個. A Ch倒s-Computer ':D偲t S 9 91 . ICCAJo併nal, 14(1):33-37, 1 t i o n sw h i c hseemt oS'凶fer 企om t h i sp r o b l e mm i g h t b eagoodi d e a . Also, s i n c eo u ra n a l y s i sw;副賞n [ 1 1 ]F .R e i n 冾 l d . WinAtC h e s s .McKay, NewYork , ished, newp o s i t i o n sh a v eb e e np司blished i nShukan 1 9 4 5 . Shogi, w h i c hm i g h tt u r no u tt ob eu n s o l v a b l ef o r t h et o pprogra:幽 and p o i n ttonewp r o b l e mare回. [1司 http://www.plats.or.jprt岨蹴/ p r o b l e m s . h t r i. Finally, w.母国ed t oíurtb位 investigate t h e7p o s i ュ t i o n s卲rw h i c hwec o u l dn o td e t e r m i n et h ep r o b l e m [ 1 3 ]http://www32.0但・ne.jpry錨/ a r e a . p r o b l e m s . h t m l . A n o t h e rl i n eoírese世ch i sthe 必fi低価伺 between -47-
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