appreciating DIVERSITY

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In a recent survey, “appreciating human diversity” was rated the most important outcome
of an introductory anthropology course.
appreciating
D I V E R S I T Y
Culturally Appropriate Marketing
should be marketed in a culture that values
large, leisurely lunches.
The bag proclaimed, “You’re going to enjoy
the [McDonald’s] difference,” and listed several
“favorite places where you can enjoy McDonald’s
Innovation succeeds best when it is culturally
In 1980 when I visited Brazil after a seven-
products.” This list confirmed that the marketing
appropriate. This axiom of applied anthropology
year absence, I first noticed, as a manifestation
people were trying to adapt to Brazilian middle-
could guide the international spread not only of
of Brazil’s growing participation in the world
class culture, but they were making some mis-
development projects but also of businesses,
economy, the appearance of two McDonald’s
takes. “When you go out in the car with the kids”
such as fast food. Each time McDonald’s or
restaurants in Rio de Janeiro. There wasn’t
transferred the uniquely developed North Amer-
Burger King expands to a new nation, it must
much difference between Brazilian and North
ican cultural combination of highways, afford-
devise a culturally appropriate strategy for fit-
American McDonald’s. The restaurants looked
able cars, and suburban living to the very
ting into the new setting.
alike. The menus were more or less the same,
different context of urban Brazil. A similar sug-
McDonald’s has been successful interna-
as was the taste of the quarter-pounders. I
gestion was “traveling to the country place.”
tionally, with more than a quarter of its sales
picked up an artifact, a white paper bag with
Even Brazilians who owned country places could
outside the United States. One place where
yellow lettering, exactly like the take-out bags
not find McDonald’s, still confined to the cities,
McDonald’s is expanding successfully is Brazil,
then used in American McDonald’s. An adver-
on the road. The ad creator had apparently never
where more than 50 million middle-class peo-
tising device, it carried several messages about
attempted to drive up to a fast-food restaurant in
ple, most living in densely packed cities, pro-
how Brazilians could bring McDonald’s into
a neighborhood with no parking spaces.
vide a concentrated market for a fast-food
their lives. However, it seemed to me that
Several other suggestions pointed custom-
chain. Still, it took McDonald’s some time to
McDonald’s Brazilian ad campaign was missing
ers toward the beach, where cariocas (Rio na-
find the right marketing strategy for Brazil.
some important points about how fast food
tives) do spend much of their leisure time. One
>“Appreciating Diversity” boxes explore the rich diversity of cultures (past and present)
that anthropologists study. These boxes supplement the extensive discussions of cultures
around the world presented throughout the text.
These are just some of the reasons why three out of
four Kottak adopters report that they will adopt the
new edition of the text.
If you would like to participate in any of the McGraw-Hill research
initiatives, please contact us at www.mhhe.com/faculty-research
kot16988_fm_i-xxxvi_1.indd Page i
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/Volumes/202/MHSF174/kot16988/0078116988/kot16988_pagefiles
In a recent survey, “appreciating human diversity” was rated the most important outcome
of an introductory anthropology course.
appreciating
D I V E R S I T Y
Culturally Appropriate Marketing
should be marketed in a culture that values
large, leisurely lunches.
The bag proclaimed, “You’re going to enjoy
the [McDonald’s] difference,” and listed several
“favorite places where you can enjoy McDonald’s
Innovation succeeds best when it is culturally
In 1980 when I visited Brazil after a seven-
products.” This list confirmed that the marketing
appropriate. This axiom of applied anthropology
year absence, I first noticed, as a manifestation
people were trying to adapt to Brazilian middle-
could guide the international spread not only of
of Brazil’s growing participation in the world
class culture, but they were making some mis-
development projects but also of businesses,
economy, the appearance of two McDonald’s
takes. “When you go out in the car with the kids”
such as fast food. Each time McDonald’s or
restaurants in Rio de Janeiro. There wasn’t
transferred the uniquely developed North Amer-
Burger King expands to a new nation, it must
much difference between Brazilian and North
ican cultural combination of highways, afford-
devise a culturally appropriate strategy for fit-
American McDonald’s. The restaurants looked
able cars, and suburban living to the very
ting into the new setting.
alike. The menus were more or less the same,
different context of urban Brazil. A similar sug-
McDonald’s has been successful interna-
as was the taste of the quarter-pounders. I
gestion was “traveling to the country place.”
tionally, with more than a quarter of its sales
picked up an artifact, a white paper bag with
Even Brazilians who owned country places could
outside the United States. One place where
yellow lettering, exactly like the take-out bags
not find McDonald’s, still confined to the cities,
McDonald’s is expanding successfully is Brazil,
then used in American McDonald’s. An adver-
on the road. The ad creator had apparently never
where more than 50 million middle-class peo-
tising device, it carried several messages about
attempted to drive up to a fast-food restaurant in
ple, most living in densely packed cities, pro-
how Brazilians could bring McDonald’s into
a neighborhood with no parking spaces.
vide a concentrated market for a fast-food
their lives. However, it seemed to me that
Several other suggestions pointed custom-
chain. Still, it took McDonald’s some time to
McDonald’s Brazilian ad campaign was missing
ers toward the beach, where cariocas (Rio na-
find the right marketing strategy for Brazil.
some important points about how fast food
tives) do spend much of their leisure time. One
>“Appreciating Diversity” boxes explore the rich diversity of cultures (past and present)
that anthropologists study. These boxes supplement the extensive discussions of cultures
around the world presented throughout the text.
These are just some of the reasons why three out of
four Kottak adopters report that they will adopt the
new edition of the text.
If you would like to participate in any of the McGraw-Hill research
initiatives, please contact us at www.mhhe.com/faculty-research
This page intentionally left blank
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Cultural
Anthropology
/Volumes/202/MHSF174/kot16988/0078116988/kot16988_pagefiles
Appreciating Cultural Diversity
Also Available from McGraw-Hill by Conrad Phillip Kottak
kot16988_fm_i-xxxvi_1.indd Page iv
Anthropology:
Appreciating Human
Diversity,
14th ed. (2011)
Mirror for Humanity:
A Concise
Introduction
to Cultural
Anthropology,
7th ed. (2010)
Window on Humanity:
A Concise
Introduction to
Anthropology,
4th ed. (2010)
On Being Different:
Diversity and
Multiculturalism in
the North American
Mainstream,
3rd ed. (2008, with
Kathryn A. Kozaitis)
Assault on Paradise:
The Globalization of
a Little Community
in Brazil,
4th ed. (2006)
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Cultural
Anthropology
/Volumes/202/MHSF174/kot16988/0078116988/kot16988_pagefiles
Appreciating Cultural Diversity
Fourteenth Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
University of Michigan
TM
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To my mother, Mariana Kottak Roberts
TM
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2004, 2002, 2000,
1997, 1994, 1991, 1987, 1982, 1978, 1974 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic
storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
ISBN: 978-0-07-811698-8
MHID: 0-07-811698-8
Vice President, Editorial: Michael Ryan
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The credits for this book begin on page 421 and is considered an extension of the copyright
page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kottak, Conrad Phillip.
Cultural anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity / Conrad Phillip Kottak. — 14th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-811698-8 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-811698-8 (alk. paper)
1. Ethnology. I. Title.
2009943479
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and
McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
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List of Boxes
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xix
About the Author
xxi
Preface xxii
PART 1
Introduction to Anthropology
1 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
2
2 CULTURE 24
3 METHOD AND THEORY IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 48
PART 2
Appreciating Cultural Diversity
4 APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY 78
5 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION 100
6 ETHNICITY AND RACE
7 MAKING A LIVING
124
154
8 POLITICAL SYSTEMS 182
9 GENDER 210
10 FAMILIES, KINSHIP, AND DESCENT 238
11 MARRIAGE 260
12 RELIGION 284
13 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS
PART 3
310
The Changing World
14 THE WORLD SYSTEM AND COLONIALISM 340
15 GLOBAL ISSUES TODAY
Glossary
366
393
Bibliography 401
Credits 421
Index 423
Map Atlas 439
vii
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xix
About the Author
xxi
Preface xxii
INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
1
What Is Anthropology?
2
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology
9
Cultural Anthropology 9
Archaeological Anthropology 10
Biological, or Physical, Anthropology 12
Linguistic Anthropology 12
Anthropology and Other Academic
Fields 13
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Changing
Places, Changing Identities
13
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology 14
Anthropology and Psychology 14
Applied Anthropology
15
The Scientific Method
15
Theories, Associations, and Explanations 15
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY:
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 4
Human Diversity
Anthropologist’s Son Elected President
4
When Multiple Variables Predict 18
PART 1
Adaptation, Variation, and Change 5
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: “Give
Me a Hug” 6
General Anthropology 8
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology 9
Summary
Key Terms
20
21
Test Yourself!
21
Suggested Additional Readings
viii
23
16
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2
Culture
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24
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 26
What Is Culture?
27
Culture Is Learned
27
Culture Is Symbolic
Culture Is Shared
27
28
Culture and Nature
28
Culture Is All-Encompassing
Culture Is Integrated
29
29
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Remote
Poked, Anthropology’s Dream Tribe
and
30
Culture Can Be Adaptive and
Maladaptive 32
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis
33
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culture
Clash:
Makah Seek Return to Whaling Past 40
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Bulgarian
Hospitality
33
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
What We Share with Other Primates 33
Globalization
How We Differ from Other Primates 34
Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Universality
Generality
35
Summary
Key Terms
35
35
43
44
45
Test Yourself!
Particularity: Patterns of Culture 36
42
45
Suggested Additional Readings
47
Culture and the Individual: Agency and
Practice 37
Levels of Culture 38
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism,
and Human Rights 39
3
Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
48
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 50
Ethnography: Anthropology’s Distinctive
Strategy 51
Ethnographic Techniques
51
Observation and Participant Observation
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Even
Get Culture Shock
51
Anthropologists
52
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview
Schedules 52
The Genealogical Method
Key Cultural Consultants
Life Histories
54
54
55
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and
the Ethnographer’s 55
Problem-Oriented Ethnography
56
Contents
ix
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Longitudinal Research
Team Research
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56
Culture and the Individual 68
57
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology 69
Culture, Space, and Scale 57
Survey Research
Structuralism 70
Processual Approaches 71
58
World-System Theory and Political
Economy 71
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Should
Anthropologists Study Terrorism?
Theory in Anthropology over Time
60
Culture, History, Power 72
62
Anthropology Today
Evolutionism
62
The Boasians
63
Summary
Functionalism
65
Key Terms
Configurationalism 66
Neoevolutionism
Cultural Materialism
APPRECIATING CULTURAL DIVERSITY
4
75
75
Suggested Additional Readings
68
Science and Determinism
74
Test Yourself!
67
72
77
68
Applying Anthropology
78
Development Anthropology
84
Equity 85
Strategies for Innovation
86
Overinnovation 86
Underdifferentiation 87
Indigenous Models 87
Anthropology and Education
Urban Anthropology
88
89
Urban versus Rural 89
Medical Anthropology
91
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culturally
Appropriate Marketing
94
Anthropology and Business
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 80
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist
Early Applications
Careers and Anthropology
82
82
PART 2
Academic and Applied Anthropology 82
Applied Anthropology Today 82
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Archaeologist
in New Orleans Finds a Way to Help the
Living 84
x
Contents
Summary
Key Terms
94
95
96
97
Test Yourself!
97
Suggested Additional Readings
99
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Language and Communication
100
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 102
What is Language? 102
Nonhuman Primate Communication
Call Systems
Sign Language
103
The Origin of Language
105
Nonverbal Communication
105
The Structure of Language
107
Speech Sounds
107
Language, Thought, and Culture
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Focal Vocabulary
Meaning
103
103
108
108
109
110
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: It’s
All in the
Historical Linguistics
Nickname 111
Sociolinguistics
111
Linguistic Diversity
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Using
Modern
Technology to Preserve Linguistic and
Cultural Diversity 120
111
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Googling
Locally 112
Gender Speech Contrasts
Summary
113
Language and Status Position
Key Terms
114
Black English Vernacular (BEV)
116
121
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity
122
Suggested Additional Readings
Ethnicity and Race
Status Shifting
121
Test Yourself!
Stratification 115
6
118
Language Loss 118
123
124
126
127
127
Human Biological Diversity and the Race
Concept 128
Explaining Skin Color
131
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: What’s
with Race?
Wrong
134
Race and Ethnicity
134
The Social Construction of Race
136
Hypodescent: Race in the United States
Race in the Census
136
137
Not Us: Race in Japan
138
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil
140
Contents
xi
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Ethnic Groups, Nations, and
Nationalities 141
Chips in the Mosaic 146
Aftermaths of Oppression 146
Nationalities and Imagined Communities 141
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation
Assimilation
142
142
The Plural Society
Summary
151
Suggested Additional Readings
145
148
151
Test Yourself!
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity 143
Basques
150
Key Terms
142
Roots of Ethnic Conflict
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The
153
Prejudice and Discrimination 145
7
Making a Living
154
Intensification: People and the
Environment 163
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY:
A World on Fire
164
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Children,
Parents, and Family Economics
Pastoralism
166
166
Modes of Production
168
Production in Nonindustrial Societies 168
Means of Production 169
Alienation in Industrial Economies 170
Economizing and Maximization
171
Alternative Ends 171
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Scarcity
the Betsileo
Distribution, Exchange
The Market Principle 174
Adaptive Strategies 156
Redistribution 174
Foraging
Reciprocity 174
San: Then and Now
158
Correlates of Foraging 160
Cultivation
161
Horticulture
Agriculture
161
162
The Cultivation Continuum 163
xii
174
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 156
157
Contents
and
172
Coexistence of Exchange Principles 176
Potlatching
Summary
Key Terms
176
179
179
Test Yourself!
180
Suggested Additional Readings
181
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Political Systems
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182
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 184
What is “The Political”? 184
Types and Trends
185
Bands and Tribes
186
Foraging Bands
186
Tribal Cultivators 189
The Village Head
189
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Yanomami
Update:
Venezuela Takes Charge, Problems Arise 190
The “Big Man”
192
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades
Nomadic Politics
Chiefdoms
192
194
196
Political and Economic Systems in
Chiefdoms 197
Social Status in Chiefdoms
197
Social Control
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Comparing
Political Parties in Guatemala and the
United States 198
Status Systems in Chiefdoms and States 198
Stratification 199
Weapons of the Weak 203
Politics, Shame, and Sorcery 204
Summary
206
207
Population Control 200
Test Yourself!
Judiciary
Suggested Additional Readings
201
Enforcement
207
201
Gender
210
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 212
Gender among Agriculturalists
Sex and Gender
Patriarchy and Violence
212
Recurrent Gender Patterns
Gender among Foragers
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: A
for India
214
Gender and Industrialism
217
Women’s Train
Gender among Horticulturalists
225
226
226
The Feminization of Poverty 228
218
Sexual Orientation
229
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY:
220
Reduced Gender Stratification—Matrilineal,
Matrilocal Societies 221
Reduced Gender Stratification—Matrifocal
Societies 222
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Motherhood
as the Key Component of Female Identity
in Serbia 223
Matriarchy
209
201
Fiscal Systems
9
Hegemony 203
Key Terms
States 199
202
223
Hidden Women, Public
Men–Public Women,
Hidden Men 230
Summary
Key Terms
233
234
Test Yourself!
234
Suggested Additional
Readings 236
Increased Gender Stratification—PatrilinealPatrilocal Societies 224
Contents
xiii
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Families, Kinship, and Descent
238
Changes in North American Kinship 244
The Family among Foragers 247
Descent
248
Descent Groups 248
Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules 249
Ambilineal Descent 249
Family versus Descent 249
Kinship Calculation
250
Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms 251
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: When
Are Two
Dads Better than One?—When the Women
Are in Charge 252
Kinship Terminology
253
Lineal Terminology 254
Bifurcate Merging Terminology 254
Generational Terminology 255
Bifurcate Collateral Terminology 255
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 240
Summary
Families 240
Key Terms
Nuclear and Extended Families 241
Industrialism and Family Organization 243
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Social
Kinship Style
11
260
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 262
What Is Marriage?
262
Incest and Exogamy
263
Explaining the Taboo
265
Although Tabooed, Incest Does Happen 265
Instinctive Horror
266
Biological Degeneration
266
Attempt and Contempt 266
Marry Out or Die Out 267
Endogamy 267
Caste
267
Royal Endogamy
268
Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage
269
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Families,
Kinship, and Descent (a Turkmen Student
Writes) 269
xiv
Contents
257
Test Yourself!
257
Suggested Additional Readings
Security,
244
Marriage
256
259
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APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Five
271
55 Children
Bridewealth and Dowry 271
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Love
and
Marriage 272
Divorce
Key Terms
276
Polygyny
280
281
Test Yourself!
Plural Marriages
12
275
277
Wives and
278
Polyandry 280
Summary
Durable Alliances
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281
Suggested Additional Readings
283
277
Religion
284
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 286
What Is Religion? 286
Origins, Functions, and Expressions
of Religion 287
Animism
287
Mana and Taboo
287
Magic and Religion
289
Anxiety, Control, Solace 289
Rituals
290
Rites of Passage
290
Totemism 291
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: A
Parisian
Celebration and a Key Tourist
Destination 292
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Driven by
Religion or by Popular Culture 294
Religion and Cultural Ecology
Sacred Cattle in India
Social Control
294
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Islam
Globally, Adapting Locally
295
A New Age 305
298
Protestant Values and the Rise
of Capitalism 298
Summary
301
306
306
307
Test Yourself!
300
Revitalization Movements
Syncretisms
Secular Rituals
Key Terms
World Religions 299
Religion and Change
Expanding
302
Antimodernism and Fundamentalism 304
Kinds of Religion 297
Religion in States
294
307
Suggested Additional Readings
309
301
Contents
xv
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Arts, Media, and Sports
310
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Visual
Arts
in Hong Kong and the United States 320
Representations of Art and Culture 320
Art and Communication 320
Art and Politics 321
The Cultural Transmission of the Arts 321
The Artistic Career 323
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: I’ll
Get You,
324
My Pretty, and Your Little R2
Continuity and Change 325
Media and Culture
327
Using the Media 327
Assessing the Effects of Television 329
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: What
to Class?
Ever Happened
330
Sports and Culture
332
Football 332
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 312
What Is Art?
312
Art and Religion
Summary
313
Locating Art 314
Key Terms
Art and Individuality
316
Art, Society, and Culture
THE CHANGING WORLD
14
317
343
The Emergence of the World System 343
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Bones
Truth in “Noble Savage” Myth
Industrialization
Reveal Some
344
346
Causes of the Industrial Revolution 346
Socioeconomic Effects of
Industrialization 348
Industrial Stratification 348
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Education
and Colonialism 350
PART 3
337
Suggested Additional Readings
The World System and Colonialism
The World System
Colonialism 350
British Colonialism
Contents
337
317
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 342
xvi
336
Test Yourself!
The Work of Art 316
Ethnomusicology
What Determines International
Sports Success? 333
351
340
339
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The World System Today
French Colonialism 352
Colonialism and Identity
Postcolonial Studies
Development
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Is
Sustainable?
Summary
354
355
366
American Dream
Plight of Climate
Environmental Anthropology
Indigenous Peoples
373
Summary
Deforestation
Key Terms
376
377
389
389
Suggested Additional Readings
378
391
379
Making and Remaking Culture
Indigenizing Popular Culture
A Global System of Images
381
381
383
Glossary
393
Bibliography
381
A Global Culture of Consumption
People in Motion
388
388
Test Yourself!
378
Cultural Imperialism
386
The Continuance of Diversity
Global Assaults on Local Autonomy 375
Religious Change
up the
384
Identity in Indigenous Politics 387
370
Interethnic Contact
364
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Giving
Global Climate Change 369
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The
362
Suggested Additional Readings
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 368
Risk Perception
362
Test Yourself!
356
Global Issues Today
Refugees
Mining
358
361
Key Terms
355
Postsocialist Transitions
15
357
Industrial Degradation 359
The Second World
Communism
353
353
354
Neoliberalism
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382
Credits
Index
401
421
423
Map Atlas
439
Contents
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ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropologist’s Son Elected
President 16
Using Modern Technology to Preserve
Linguistic and Cultural Diversity 120
Remote and Poked, Anthropology’s
Dream Tribe 30
What’s Wrong with Race? 134
A World on Fire 164
Should Anthropologists Study
Terrorism? 60
Hidden Women, Public Men—Public
Women, Hidden Men 230
Archaeologist in New Orleans Finds
a Way to Help the Living 84
appreciating
“Give Me a Hug”
A Parisian Celebration and a Key
Tourist Destination 292
I’ll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little
R2 324
Is Mining Sustainable? 358
Giving up the American Dream 384
D I V E R S I T Y
6
The Basques
Culture Clash: Makah Seek Return
to Whaling Past 40
Culturally Appropriate Marketing
112
148
Scarcity and the Betsileo
Islam Expanding Globally, Adapting
Locally 302
172
Yanomami Update: Venezuela Takes
Charge, Problems Arise 190
Even Anthropologists Get Culture
Shock 52
Googling Locally
When Are Two Dads Better than One?—
When the Women Are in Charge 252
Love and Marriage 272
A Women’s Train for India
94
218
Social Security, Kinship Style
Five Wives and 55 Children
244
What Ever Happened to Class? 330
Bones Reveal Some Truth in “Noble
Savage” Myth 344
The Plight of Climate Refugees
278
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370
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living anthropology VIDEOS
“New” Knowledge among the Batak
Being Raised Canela
10
Ethnography and Ethnology—Two Dimensions of
Cultural Anthropology 10
56
Unearthing Evil: Archaeology in the Cause of Justice 81
Language Acquisition
The Return Home
108
Timeline and Key Works in Anthropological Theory 73
Leadership among the Canela
Marginalization of Women
The Four Subfields and Two Dimensions of
Anthropology 81
Advantages and Disadvantages (Depending on
Environment) of Dark and Light Skin Color 132
213
Courtship among the Dinka
Globalization
175
189
Tradition Meets Law: Families of China
242
Language Contrasted with Call Systems 105
275
Types of Ethnic Interaction 147
299
Art of the Aborigines
Steps in the Scientific Method 19
Ethnography and Survey Research Contrasted 59
146
Insurance Policies for Hunter-Gatherers?
Ritual Possession
RECAP
Forms of Cultural and Biological Adaptation
(to High Altitude) 8
29
Adoption into the Canela
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Foragers Then and Now 159
322
Yehudi Cohen’s Adaptive Strategies (Economic Typology)
Summarized 167
355
Cultural Survival through History
Economic Basis of and Political Regulation in Bands,
Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States 199
380
The Four Systems of Kinship Terminology, with Their
Social and Economic Correlates 256
through the eyes of
OTHERS
Changing Places, Changing Identities
Bulgarian Hospitality
It’s All in the Nickname
Oppositions between Liminality and Normal
Social Life 291
Anthony F. C. Wallace’s Typology of Religions
13
Star Wars as a Structural Transformation of
The Wizard of Oz 326
33
Ascent and Decline of Nations within the World
System 357
111
Children, Parents, and Family Economics
166
What Heats, What Cools, the Earth? 373
Comparing Political Parties in Guatemala and the
United States 198
Motherhood as the Key Component of Female Identity
in Serbia 223
Families, Kinship, and Descent (a Turkmen Student
Writes) 269
Driven by Religion or by Popular Culture
294
Visual Arts in Hong Kong and the United States
Education and Colonialism
xx
List of Boxes
350
320
298
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Conrad Phillip Kottak (A.B. Columbia College, 1963;
Anthropology: Appreciating Cul-
Ph.D. Columbia University, 1966) is the Julian H. Steward
tural Diversity (this book) are be-
Collegiate Professor of Anthropology at the University
ing published by McGraw-Hill in
of Michigan, where he has taught since 1968. He
2010. He also is the author of Mir-
served as Anthropology Department chair from 1996
ror for Humanity: A Concise Intro-
to 2006. In 1991 he was honored for his teaching by
duction to Cultural Anthropology
the university and the state of Michigan. In 1992 he
(7th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010) and
received an excellence in teaching award from the
Window on Humanity: A Concise
College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts of the Uni-
Introduction to Anthropology
versity of Michigan. In 1999 the American Anthropo-
(4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010). With
logical Association (AAA) awarded Professor Kottak
Kathryn A. Kozaitis, he wrote On
the AAA/Mayfield Award for Excellence in the Under-
Being Different: Diversity and Multiculturalism in the
graduate Teaching of Anthropology. In 2005 he was
North American Mainstream (3rd ed., McGraw-Hill,
elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
2008).
and in 2008 to the National Academy of Sciences.
Conrad Phillip Kottak
Conrad Kottak’s articles have appeared in aca-
Professor Kottak has done ethnographic fieldwork
demic journals, including American Anthropologist,
in Brazil (since 1962), Madagascar (since 1966), and
Journal of Anthropological Research, American Eth-
the United States. His general interests are in the pro-
nologist, Ethnology, Human Organization, and Luso-
cesses by which local cultures are incorporated—and
Brazilian Review. He also has written for more popular
resist incorporation—into larger systems. This inter-
journals, including Transaction/SOCIETY, Natural His-
est links his earlier work on ecology and state forma-
tory, Psychology Today, and General Anthropology.
tion in Africa and Madagascar to his more recent
In recent research projects, Kottak and his col-
research on globalization, national and international
leagues have investigated the emergence of ecological
culture, and the mass media.
awareness in Brazil, the social context of deforestation
The fourth edition of Kottak’s popular case study
and biodiversity conservation in Madagascar, and
Assault on Paradise: The Globalization of a Little Com-
popular participation in economic development plan-
munity in Brazil, based on his continuing field work in
ning in northeastern Brazil. Professor Kottak has been
Arembepe, Bahia, Brazil, was published in 2006 by
active in the University of Michigan’s Center for the
McGraw-Hill. In a research project during the 1980s,
Ethnography of Everyday Life, supported by the Alfred
Kottak blended ethnography and survey research in
P. Sloan Foundation. In that capacity, for a research
studying “Television’s Behavioral Effects in Brazil.”
project titled “Media, Family, and Work in a Middle-
That research is the basis of Kottak’s book Prime-Time
Class Midwestern Town,” Kottak and his colleague
Society: An Anthropological Analysis of Television and
Lara Descartes have investigated how middle-class
Culture (revised edition published by Left Coast Press
families draw on various media in planning, manag-
in 2010)—a comparative study of the nature and im-
ing, and evaluating their choices and solutions with
pact of television in Brazil and the United States.
respect to the competing demands of work and
Kottak’s other books include The Past in the Pres-
family. That research is the basis of his recent book
ent: History, Ecology and Cultural Variation in Highland
Media and Middle Class Moms: Images and Realties
Madagascar (1980), Researching American Culture:
of Work and Family (Descartes and Kottak 2009,
A Guide for Student Anthropologists (edited 1982)
Routledge/Taylor and Francis).
(both University of Michigan Press), and Madagascar:
Conrad Kottak appreciates comments about his
Society and History (edited 1986) (Carolina Academic
books from professors and students. He can be
Press). His most recent editions (14th) of Anthropol-
reached by e-mail at the following Internet address:
ogy: Appreciating Human Diversity and Cultural
ckottak@bellsouth.net.
xxi