Chapter 1.1 A Brief History of Video Games Overview First Patent

Transcription

Overview
 
Filmaker history study Orson Welles & Citizen
Kane,
 
Shigeru Mihamoto’s
»  Film more successful but Video Games are catching up.
Chapter 1.1
A Brief History of Video Games
»  Donkey Kong
»  The Legend of Zelda
PPT content from Introduction to Game
Development
 
Time Line Approach
 
Other:
Robert Bakie (Chapter Author)
»  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games
Editor Steve Rabin
(Jon A Preston)
First Patent & TV History
 
Early History
1947 – Thomas Godsmith, Jr. & Estle Ray
Mann filed a patent described as
 
1949-1950 First Bouncing Ball program, not
interactive.
 
1952 Graphical Tic Tac Toe by AS Douglas to
demonstrate human computer interaction.
»  “Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device”
– Interactive, simulate firing of air-borne
targets
 
»  EDSAC computer, player competed against a
computer.
http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/
a/Television_Time.htm (television history, 1831
electronic communication, 1862 first
transmission of a still image, 1880 Bells
photophone to transmit sound, 1900
“television”, 1924 moving silhouette images)
3
Maria Hybinette, UGA
Two
4
First Video Game …
The First Video Games
  William
2
Higginbotham and Tennis for
  Steve
» Created in 1958 for the Brookhaven National
Laboratory s annual visitor day
Russell and Spacewar
» Created in 1961 at MIT for the DEC PDP-1 computer
» Display was an oscilloscope (side view)
» 2 player, maneuver spaceship while trying to shoot
other player with torpedoes
» Game ran on an analog computer
» Switches to control game
» Sound effects were a side-effect of the relays
that made the game run
» Hugely popular within MIT
» No one realized its significance
» Eventually shipped as a diagnostic program with PDP-1s
» Required prohibitively expensive equipment ($120K)
» Knob for trajectory & button for
» gravity controlled ball.
» 1969 ARPANET
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Games for the Masses
  Breaking
Into the Amusement Business:
Nolan Bushnell and Atari
  The
Advent of Home Video Games:
Ralph Baer and the Magnavox Odyssey
» Engineering major at the University of Utah
» 1966, initial idea for a game machine that
would work on home TVs
» Background in coin-operated amusement
devices
» Created a shooting game and ice hockey
game
» Tried to bring Spacewar to arcades as
Computer War
» Sold to Magnavox in 1972
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  Bringing
Masses
The Console Kings
!  Atari
Games to the
and the 2600
! Atari VCS (1600) released in
1977
» Atari founded by Nolan
Bushnell in 1972
! Not quite the first cartridgebased home system
» Brought Pong to arcades
! Open architecture allowed
easy development
» Sued by Baer and
Magnavox
! First to introduce licensing of
a system
» Paid a one-time license
fee of $700,000
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The Console Kings
The Console Kings
  Sega
  Nintendo
and Shigeru
Miyamoto
» Created in 1952 in Japan to
sell amusement games on US
army bases (Service Games)
» Released Donkey Kong
arcade machine in 1981
» Released the popular Sega
Genesis in 1990
» Released Nintendo
Entertainment System in
1985
» Final console was 1999 s
Sega Dreamcast
» During late 80 s Nintendo
owned 90% of the market
» Now dedicated to software
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The Console Kings
  Sony
The Console Kings
s PlayStation
» Created out of an aborted
attempt to launch a CD-ROM
based system with Nintendo
» Released PlayStation in 1994
» PlayStation 2 released in 2000,
maintaining backwards
compatibility with hugely
popular PS1
» PS3 and PSP current
» (ATARI Jaguar (1993)
cartridges, stick in CD into
cartridge
  Microsoft
» Xbox released in 2001
» Based on a PC-like architecture
» Initially significant money lost on
each console sold
– Foothold in living rooms
world wide
»  Halo and Halo 2 are its most
popular games
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The Designers
Apple Computer
! Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula in 1976
! Apple II was released in 1977
! Revolutionized the home computer market
! 
Commodore
! Commodore Vic-20 Released in 1981
! Low price and shrewd marketing lead to success
! Commodore 64, released in 1982, became the best selling computer
in history
! 
IBM
! IBM PC introduced in 1981
! Moderate pricing helped it gain a foothold in the business world
! BIOS licensing model backfired on them, allowing cheap clones to
enter the market
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  Maxis
and Will Wright
»  SimCity released in 1989
» Other Sim games
followed (SimAnt,
SimCopter)
» Maxis becomes part of
Electronic Arts
» Released The Sims in
2000
»  The Sims has sold more
than 6 million copies so
far
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The Designers
  Sierra
and Ken and
Roberta Williams
and Sid Meier
» Founded by Sid Meier and
Wild Bill Stealey
» Concentrated on strategic
simulations in early years
»  Sid Meier s Pirates! in
1987 was Sid s first
signature game
» Genre-defining Railroad
Tycoon and Civilization
followed
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/
will_wright_makes_toys_that_make_worlds
.html
The Designers
  MicroProse
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Home Computers
! 
and the Xbox
» Created first graphical
adventure game, Mystery
House in 1980
» Great success followed with
King s Quest series, Police
Quest series, and Leisure
Suit Larry series
» Published Half-Life
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The Phenomenons
The Designers
  Space
  Origin
Systems and
Richard Garriott
» First big Japanese success
» Introduced the High Score list
to video games
» Created the Ultima series
» In 1997 created Ultima
Online, one of the first
Massively Multi-Player
Online Role-Playing
Games
  Pac-Man
» American debut in 1981
» Attempt to create a completely
non-violent game
» Studios disbanded in
2000 by EA
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» Generated $100 million in sales
during its lifetime
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The Phenomenons
  The
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The Phenomenons
Tangled History of Tetris
»  Created by Russian programmer Alexy Pajitnov
in 1985
!  Square
»  Helped drive the success of Nintendo s Game
Boy
  Capcom
and Resident Evil
!  Cyan
»  Capcom founded in 1979
»  Resident Evil has spawned 15 variations and
sequels as well as two Hollywood movies
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The Phenomenons
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The Studios
  Activision
  Pokémon
»  Created by Japanese video game enthusiast Satoshi
Tajiri
»  Pokémon Red and Green released for Nintendo Game
Boy in 1996
»  Movies, TV series and multiple sequels have followed
Rise and Fall of the Video Game Mascot
»  Early mascots helped sell game systems
and Infocom
» Activision founded
by former Atari
programmers
» Lawsuit by Atari created
the royalties system still
employed by console makers
today
» Merged with Infocom and
gutted it
»  Mascots are seemingly less popular now
» Still a strong player today
»  Over-exposure and an aging audience may be
explanations for this trend
and Myst
! Created by Rand and Robyn Miller
! Released in 1993 on the Apple Macintosh
! Helped popularize the CD-ROM drive
»  Created Street Fighter, Mega Man and Resident
Evil
and Final Fantasy
! In 1987 released Final Fantasy as a last-ditch effort to
stave off bankruptcy
! 15 games have been released since then, selling more
than 40 million copies
! Computer-animated Hollywood movie released in 2001
»  Became a pop culture sensation
  The
Invaders
» Introduced to the US in 1978
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The Studios
  Electronic
The Studios
Arts (EA)
  Interplay
» Created by Trip Hawkins in
1982
» Formed in 1983
» Revolutionary business plan
did three things
» First big hit was The Bard s Tale in 1985
» Famous for their CRPGs, including Wasteland,
Fallout, Baldur s Gate, Baldur s Gate II: Shadows
of Amn
–  Creative talent treated like artists
–  Creation of in-house tools to aid
cross-platform development
» Since de-listed from the NASDAQ
–  Handle own distribution
» Now the largest game software
company in the world
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The Studios
The Studios
  LucasArts
» Formed in 1982 as
an offshoot of
LucasFilm Ltd.
  Blizzard
» Released Maniac
Mansion in 1987
» Started in 1991 by
Frank Morhaime, Allen Adham, and Frank Pearce.
» Created strong
history of
adventure games
and
Star Wars universe
games
» Released one of the seminal Real-Time Strategy
games, Warcraft, in 1994
» Their latest release, the MMORPG World of
Warcraft, has become the fastest selling PC game
in history
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The Studios
Genres
  Adventure
» Sub-genres include text-based adventure and
graphical adventure
»  Zork by Infocom
  id
»  King s Quest by Sierra
Software
  Action
» Formed on February 1, 1991
» Successfully utilized Apogee s shareware
formula
» Superset of all other action-oriented genres
» Created the defining first-person shooter
with DOOM
»  Spacewar, Pong, and Space Invaders helped
define the genre
» Typified by fast-paced combat and movement
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Genres
A Genres
  Action-Adventure
  Fighting
» Adventure games with action elements
»  Players typically fight other players or the computer
using swordplay or martial arts
»  Double Dragon is an example of a side-scrolling
fighter
»  Virtua Fighter, Mortal Kombat, and Street Fighter are
examples of versus fighters, where the players fight
each other
» The Legend of Zelda was first break-out hit
»  Jak 3, Metroid Prime 2 Echoes, and Resident
Evil 4 are modern examples of the genre
  Platformer
» Typified by a character running and jumping
in a side-scrolling playing field
  First-Person
»  Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog,
Pitfall! and Super Mario 64 are examples
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Genres
Genres
  Real-Time
  Role-Playing
Strategy (RTS)
»  Final Fantasy, Baldur s Gate and Wasteland are
some popular examples of the genre
» Popularized by Westwood s Dune 2 and
Command and Conquer and Blizzard s
Warcraft
  Massively
Multiplayer Role-Playing Game
(MMORPG)
»  An RPG set in a persistent virtual world populated by
thousands of other players
Strategy
» Like real-time strategy games, but turnbased
»  Civilization, X-COM, Master of Orion, and
Jagged Alliance are standouts of the genre
Game (RPG)
»  The video game counterpart to pen and pencil games
like Dungeons and Dragons
» Typically, a game in which the goal is to
collect resources, build an army and combat
the other player or computer
  Turn-Based
Shooter
»  Action game where player is behind the eyes of the
game character in a first-person perspective
»  id Software s Wolfenstein 3D and DOOM are the
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earliest
popular examples
Maria
Hybinette, UGA
»  Ultima Online in 1997 was the first popular one
»  World of Warcraft is currently the most popular one
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Genres
Genres
!  Stealth
! Characterized by a focus on subterfuge
and planned-out, deliberate play
! Metal Gear in 1987 was one the first
! Popular modern series include Metal Gear,
Splinter Cell, and Thief
!  Survival
  Simulation
» Based on the simulation of a system
Horror
»  SimCity and The Sims are example of God
simulations where you control the lives of a
town or a family
! An action-adventure or first-person
shooter where survival elements and a
fight against the undead are stressed
! Resident Evil is easily the most popular
series in this genre
»  Wing Commander and X-Wing are popular
space combat simulation games
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Genres
Genres
  Racing
  Rhythm
» Games that involve competing in a race in a
vehicle
» Gauge player s success based on the ability
to trigger the controls in time to the beat of
music
» Typically try to re-create a real-world activity
» Sometimes require specialized controllers
such as dance pads or bongo drums
»  Pole Position was first popular racing game
  Sports
» Games that simulate the sporting experience
» Konami s Dance Dance Revolution is the
pre-eminent title of the genre
» Breakouts include John Madden Football and
Tiger Woods Golf
» Rock Band & Guitar Hero
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Genres
Genres
  Puzzle
» Games that combine pattern matching,
logic, strategy and luck with a timed
element
!  Traditional
! Computerized versions of board, word, and card games
! Battle Chess and the Hoyle series are standouts of this
genre
»  Tetris is the breakout hit of this genre
  Mini-Games
!  Educational
» Short, simple games that exist within the
context of a larger game
! Games designed to teach grade-school concepts to
children and young adults
»  Mario Party and Wario Ware are popular
examples of this genre
! Oregon Trail was the first popular game in this genre
! The Carmen Sandiego series and Mavis Beacon
Teaches Typing are more modern popular examples
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Genres
Chapter 1.2
Games and Society
  Serious
» A game designed to teach real-world events
or processes to adults
» Most are privately funded
» Popular with the US
Government and the
medical field
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Why Do People
Play Video Games?
Audience and Demographics
 Goals
 What
 Stages
 Are
 Real-Time
Community
43
Audience and Demographics:
ESA 2003 Survey Results
broad brushstrokes
of a particular place and
period of time
information stands out?
» 50% of all Americans play games
  EC
(Early Childhood)
  E
(Everyone)
  E10+
(Everyone 10+)
  T
(Teen)
  M
(Mature)
  AO
(Adults Only)
  32
45
ESRB 2003 Statistics
  57%
of games received an E rating
  32%
of games received a T rating
  10%
of games received an M rating
  1%
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ESRB
  Snapshots
  What
they always accurate?
Interaction
 Facilitating
  Provides
good are demographics?
different Content Descriptors
ESRB 2003 Statistics (2)
  70%
of best-selling console games
were E or T rated
  90%
of best-selling PC games were
E or T rated
received an EC rating
  Buying
habits?
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habits or development
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Societal Reaction to Games
 Legal
  Misleading
perception of games as
being child s play
Issues: Night Trap (1992)
» Undue attention given quality of
the game
  Violence
in video games drawing
parental attention
» Content comparable to a B-grade
slasher movie
» Misleading press reports about the
player s role
49
Issues: Mortal Kombat
(1992)
 Legal
  Legal
Issues: 1993 Senate hearings
» Industry was called to the carpet
» Threatened with government regulation
» Featured quasi-realistic violence
» Created a 12-point plan for selfregulation
» Virtual gouts of blood
» Home release drew attention
where the arcade release was
largely ignored
50
» Birth of the ESRB
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Issues: Doom (1994) and the
1999 Columbine Massacre
  Legal
  Legal
City
» Shooters were known to play Doom
Issues: Grand Theft Auto: Vice
» Haitian-American Rights Groups protest
game content, launch Federal case
» Lawsuits were initiated against the
industry, but eventually dropped
» Rockstar Games changes game content
» Lawsuit moved to Florida courts in
hopes of a stringent ruling
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  Legal
Issues: St. Louis County
Ordinance
  Games
and Youth Violence
» Current studies on games and youth
violence are not flawed and not
definitive
» Ordinance was passed regulating game
access
» How does one define violence in the
context of video games?
» Lawsuit filed by the ESA
» Judge upheld ordinance specifying that
video games did not contain speech
» Ruling was over-turned
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Cultural Issues
  Root
of All Evil, or Good, OldFashioned Fun?
  Worst…Stereotype…Ever
» Games are seen as meaningless fun
»  Shadow Warrior (1997) lampooned
Asian cultures and stereotypes
» Games are also seen as a troubling
source of youth violence
» Japanese-American community wasn t
amused
» Are these views contradictory?
» Risk of offending market
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Cultural Issues:
Foreign Diplomacy
 
Cultural Issues:
Foreign Diplomacy
  China
Germany
»  The Index – List of banned games
» Controversial elements
»  Partial list of controversial elements
– Changing Historical Facts
–  Nazi Iconography
– Recognizing the sovereignty of
disputed territories
–  Red Blood
–  Extreme violence
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Cultural Issues:
Foreign Diplomacy
Cultural Issues:
Cultural Acceptance
  Japan
  The
» Controversial elements
rules are . . . there are no rules
– Sex
» Violence and sex may lead to a game
being banned
– Violence
» . . . Or they may not
» Surprisingly, not controversial
» Past bans may be the only accurate
predictor of what game types are truly
objectionable to a specific culture
– EA s Medal of Honor: Rising
Sun, a game that depicted the
Pacific campaign in WWII
61
Society Within Games:
Online Behavior
  The
Society Within Games
Good
  Tools
»  Everquest Weddings
  The
» Moderators
Bad
» Communication tools
» Addictive properties
» Online rivalries becoming offline rivalries
» Can games contribute to erratic offline
behaviors?
  The
62
» Fan sites to discuss gameplay and
community outside of the game
Ugly
» Disinhibition and deindividuation occur
because of perceived anonymity.
» Crimes
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Chapter 1.1 A Brief History of Video Games Overview First Patent

Transcription

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