1 Setting up Dial-in Networking
Transcription
1 Setting up Dial-in Networking
Reference :USER 188 Issue date :February 2003 Revised :August 2004 Classification :Network Originators :K.W.Rowe, T.Cossburn, E.G.Hampson REVISED DOCUMENT Student Laptop network configuration •••••••••••••••••••••• This document explains how to set up (configure) your laptop to connect to the University network from on-campus connection points. You must register your laptop prior to configuration. This can be done at Stafford and Stoke via the online form at: http://bslabnet1.labs.staffs.ac.uk/laptops/ Lichfield users can register using form IT94a, available at the Student IT Support Desk or you can obtain a pdf version from the 'miscellaneous forms' list on the documents and forms page at: www.staffs.ac.uk/uniservices/infoservices/infotech/documents/index.php Completed forms should be handed in at the Student IT Support Desk Other relevant documentation L052a Student Laptop Connection Service - this contains essential information if you are considering using the network connection service. Before you start These instructions assume that you have already successfully installed your Network Interface Card (NIC) and it is functioning correctly. You may need your operating system installation discs in order to configure your machine. In accordance with licensing laws, Information Services can not provide these discs for you. The first step is to physically connect your computer to the network. Laptop computers with integrated network cards Some laptop computers are fitted with integral network cards and the cable supplied for standard PC and Macintosh computers will fit directly into the laptop network card. If this is the case with your laptop, please follow the procedure outlined below. • plug one end of this cable into the network card in your computer until you hear a click, or it is firmly seated. It does not matter which end of the cable goes into the network card, as both ends of the cable are the same. • Next plug the other end into the network port Laptops with PCMCIA cards Most laptops have an additional network card that slots into place, these are called a PCMCIA network cards. If you have purchased a laptop network card from Information Services this is what you will have. An example of this type of card is shown below. 2 This type of card is supplied with a cable that has different plugs at each end. One end fits into the PCMCIA card as shown below, whilst the other end (with a standard network plug) fits into the network port . Note that some PCMCIA network cards have a socket that will receive a standard network plug. If this is the case with your card, please follow the instructions for ‘laptops with integrated network cards’. Network Port Now that you have your cable plugged in to the back of your machine you need to plug the other end in to the network port. • Plug the network cable into the network port. The plug should fit easily into the port, but may need to be clicked firmly into place. Do not force a plug into a socket if it does not appear to fit. Now that the cable is plugged in you can begin to configure your machine. Configuring your machine If you have your network card installed, connected to the port by a cable and your operating system disks then you are ready to configure your connection. Please read and follow the instructions in this guide carefully. The guide has been divided into sections for different operating systems. • • • • Windows 98 and ME……..page 4 Windows XP......................page 9 Windows 2000..................page 17 Windows NT 4.0 ...............page 23 Follow the instructions that match your own operating system. if you have used a Laptop connection before your machine may not need reconfiguring but you will need to follow the instructions and check that your configuration is correct. 3 Windows 98/ME PC Install TCP/IP • Click on Start | Settings |Control Panel. • Double-click on the Network icon in the Control Panel. (If you are using Windows ME the Network icon may be hidden. To show it you must click on view all control panel options in the left hand panel) 4 A Laptop connection needs to use the TCP/IP protocol. If this is not listed in the component box, you will need to install it. • Click on the Add button. • Select Protocol and click the Add button. • Under Manufacturers, select Microsoft. • Under Network Protocols, select TCP/IP. • • Click OK. After a short wait you will return to the network component list. 5 • The Client for Microsoft Networks component should also have automatically installed. If it has not installed:• • • • • • Click the Add button. Select Client and click the Add button. Under Manufacturers, select Microsoft. Under Network Clients, select Client for Microsoft Networks. Click OK. After a short wait you will return to the network component list. • In the Primary Network Logon box, Client for Microsoft Networks must be selected. • Next, you will need to configure your computer’s identification. • Click on the Identification tab. • In the Computer Name box you may give your computer whatever unique name you wish. If someone else has already used the same name, you will be prompted to change it later. In the Workgroup box you must type student The Computer Description box can be left blank if you wish. Click OK. You may then be prompted to insert your original Windows CD. You will then be prompted to restart your computer. Click on Yes, and wait for your computer to restart. • • • • • 6 Configure TCP/IP • • • • • • • Click on Start | Settings |Control Panel. Click on the Network icon in the Control Panel. In the Network Control Panel, highlight the component labeled TCP/IP. Ensure that if you have more than one network adapter (e.g. a Dial-Up Adapter), highlight the copy of TCP/IP bound to your network interface card. Click the Properties button. Click on the IP Address tab and ensure the option Obtain an IP address automatically is selected. Click on the WINS Configuration tab and ensure Use DHCP for WINS Resolution is selected. 7 • • Click OK Click OK again. Windows may copy some files. You may then be prompted to restart your computer. Your network configuration is complete. Proceed to page 26 - 'Installing your Laptop connection software' 8 Windows XP Install TCP/IP • Click on Start | Control Panel (Or if using Classic View Start | Settings | Control Panel ) • Click on Network and Internet Connections and then on Network Connections. (If using Classic View, just double click on Network Connections) • Right Click on the Local Area Network connection icon and then click on Properties. 9 • Laptop connection needs to use the option Client for Microsoft Networks. If this is not listed in the component box, you will need to install it. • Click on Install. • Select Client and click the Add button. Select Client for Microsoft Networks then click OK. It will be added to the component list. 10 • Ensure that there is a check in the tick box to the left of the Client for Microsoft Networks entry. • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) should also have been added when installing Client for Microsoft Networks, if it is not visible in the component box, click on Install. • • • • • • Select Protocol then click Add. Select TCP/IP and click OK. It will then be added to the component list. Ensure that there is a tick in the box next to Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). You will be prompted to Restart your computer. Press OK to do this now. • When your computer restarts, you must configure its name. Click on Start | Control Panel (Or if using Classic View Start | Settings | Control Panel ) Double click on System • The following window will appear. 11 • Click on the Computer Name tab • Click on the Change button 12 • In the Computer Name box you may type whatever unique name you wish. If someone else has already used the same name, you will be prompted to change it later. • In the Member of box, you must select the Workgroup radio button and type STUDENT in the box. • • Click OK and a message will welcome you to the workgroup. Click OK again, and restart your computer. Configure TCP/IP • Click on Start | Control Panel. (Or if using Classic View Start | Settings | Control Panel ) • Click on Network and Internet Connections and then on Network Connections. (If using Classic View, just double click on Network Connections) • Right Click on the Local Area Network connection icon and then click on Properties. 13 • In the Network Control Panel, highlight the component labeled Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). • Ensure that if you have more than one network adapter (e.g. a Dial-Up Adapter), highlight the copy of TCP/IP bound to your network interface card. • Click the Properties button. 14 • Ensure that the Obtain an IP address automatically radio button is checked. • Ensure that the Obtain DNS server address automatically radio button is checked. • Click on the Advanced button. • Click on the WINS tab. • Remove any numbers that may be in the Wins addresses box by highlighting them and clicking on Remove. 15 • Ensure that the radio button next to Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP is checked. • Click OK. • Click OK again. Click Close. Your network configuration is complete. Proceed to page 26 - 'Installing your Laptop connection software' 16 Windows 2000 Install TCP/IP • Click on Start | Settings | Control Panel • Double click on Network and Dial-up Connections • Right Click on the Local Area Network connection icon and then click on Properties. • Laptop connections needs to use the option Client for Microsoft Networks. If this is not listed in the component box, you will need to install it. 17 • • To do so click on Install. Select Client and click Add. • Select Client for Microsoft Networks then click OK. It will be added to the component list. • Ensure that there is a check in the tick box to the left of the Client for Microsoft Networks entry. • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) should also have been added when installing Client for Microsoft Networks but if it is not visible in the component box, • • click on Install. • Select Protocol then click Add. • Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click OK. It will then be added to the component list. Ensure that there is a check in the tick box next to Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). 18 • Press OK and restart your computer. • When your computer restarts, you must configure its name. • Right click on My Computer. Then click on Properties. • Click on the Network Identification tab, and then click on the Properties button. • You can give your PC any unique name you wish, but must make it a member of the Workgroup student. Do this by clicking on the radio button next to Workgroup and typing STUDENT in the text box. • • Click OK and a message will welcome you to the workgroup. Click OK again, and restart your computer. 19 Configure TCP/IP • Click on Start | Settings | Control Panel Double click on Network and Dial-up Connections. • Right Click on the Local Area Network Connection icon and then click on Properties. In the Network Control Panel, highlight the component labeled Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). 20 • Ensure that if you have more than one network adapter (e.g. a Dial-Up Adapter), highlight the copy of TCP/IP bound to your network interface card. • Click the Properties button. • Ensure that the Obtain DNS server address automatically radio button is checked. • Ensure that the Obtain an IP address automatically radio button is checked. • Click on the Advanced button. • Click on the WINS tab. 21 • Ensure that the radio button next to Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP is checked. • Click OK. • Click OK again. Click OK one more time. Your network configuration is complete. Proceed to page 26 - 'Installing your Laptop connection software' Windows NT 4.0 • Click Start | Settings| Control Panel. • Double-click on the Network icon. 22 • Under the Identification tab, click change. • You may give your computer whatever unique name you wish, but it must be in the student Workgroup. • • Do this by clicking on the radio button next to Workgroup and typing STUDENT in the text box. • Click OK and a message will welcome you to the workgroup. • Now click on the Protocols tab. 23 • Laptop connection uses the TCP/IP Protocol. • If TCP/IP Protocol is not installed, click the Add button. • Select TCP/IP Protocol and click OK. • You may be asked to insert your Windows NT disc. • When asked, “Do you wish to use DHCP?” Click Yes. • Files will then be copied to your PC. • Click on the TCP/IP Protocol and then click on properties • Ensure that Obtain an IP address from a DHCP server is selected. 24 • Click the OK button. • Click the Close button. • • Click the OK again and restart your computer. Your network configuration is complete. Proceed to page 26 - 'Installing your Laptop connection software' 25 Installing Your Laptop connection Software Now that you have completed the configuration of your network settings you can install the software that you need to use your connection. In the back of your Laptop connection folder you will find a CD containing the following:• • • • • • Microsoft Internet Explorer (Web Browser) Netscape Navigator (Web Browser) McAfee Anti Virus (Virus Protection) Execmail (Email client) Software for connecting to your Home Directory All documentation in this folder is also stored on the CD in Microsoft Word format. Information Services recommend that you install the software provided as it will automatically configure you browser and email software to work via the Laptop connection Service. If you do not wish to install the software, then please refer to the 'Manual Configuration' section of this document. If you do not wish to install McAfee Anti Virus you must install an alternative and effective anti virus package and keep the software up to date. This is to protect your own machine and those of other users of the University network. Failure to do so may result in you being disconnected from the Laptop connection service. Important Licence Agreement You must read the following before continuing The software provided on the Laptop connection CD, is done so on the condition that use of the software is restricted to students and staff of Staffordshire University. The software is not to be made available to persons who are not students or staff of Staffordshire University. The software is provided on the understanding that if the user ceases to be a student or member of staff of Staffordshire University the software will be uninstalled from the user’s personal computer. The software is provided “as is” and neither the software providers, Information Services nor Staffordshire University can accept any responsibility for any damage or loss of data as a result of installing or using the software provided. By installing this software you agree to the terms and conditions listed above and it is your legal responsibility to adhere to them. Step One • • Check that you have completed the “Configuring Your Machine” section of this document on page 9 and restarted your machine Log on to your machine using your University username and password. (e.g. xy123456 as a username and your password) 26 Step Two • • • • Insert the Laptop connection CD into your CD drive. It should automatically launch an installation menu screen. If it does not, click on Start| Run Then type “x:\install.exe” where “x” is the letter of your CD drive (Normally d) in the text box. Step Three Install the software in the following order. McAfee Anti Virus This will protect your machine from any harmful viruses that could be contracted via your connection to the internet or by floppy disk. The software will also check your system to see if you already have any viruses. • To begin installation click on the “Install McAfee Anti Virus” • The following progress bar will appear (If using Windows XP please see Windows XP users please note below.) • After the installation has completed, you will be notified and asked to click OK. Windows XP users please note : You may experience screen corruption as McAfee installs. This is due to a known issue with the installation package. There is no need for concern, and the application will install as normal. Just click OK on the final screen. 27 McAfee will automatically update its virus definitions once a month from the University ftp server. Information Services strongly recommend you do not disable or prevent this update from running. If you do remove the update function you may find yourself in breach of Laptop connection and Information Services’ regulations and could be disconnected from the Laptop connection service Execmail This is the same software you use at the University to connect to your Student email account. Execmail is currently the Information Services recommended email client software, is the only supported email client that will allow you to send an email external to the University. • To begin installation simply click on “Install Execmail” and follow the on screen instructions Please Note! As of Semester One 2004, first year students (and those who have specifically requested it) will be using Microsoft Outlook e-mail accounts. To access your email from a Laptop Connection, you must use Web Outlook. This can be accessed via your web browser by typing the following url into your browser: www.staffs.ac.uk/weboutlook Internet Explorer/ Netscape Navigator These are the two web browsers supported by Information Services. You can either install both, or just one according to your own personal preference. Information Services recommend you install at least one of the browsers included on the CD as it will automatically configure all the necessary settings to allow internet access via Laptop connection. • To install either browser just click on the appropriate software from the menu screen and follow the on screen instructions. Connecting to your Home Directory This software will create a shortcut on your desktop, that will give you access to your University Home Directory, or H:\ drive. Your home directory is available to you whenever you log onto any machine within the University. For Windows 98/ ME Users • To configure your machine to connect to your Home directory, simply click on the “Connect your Home Directory” link. • A small black box (or DOS window) will appear 28 • After a short wait you will be prompted to Please enter your University username. • This is the username you use whenever you log onto a University machine (e.g. xy123456) • You will be prompted to press any key. • Dependant on your operating system, the window will then either close or you will need to manually close it by clicking on the X in the top right corner of the window. For Windows XP / Windows 2000 Users • To configure your machine to connect to your Home directory, simply click on the “Connect your Home Directory” link. • A small black box (or DOS window) will appear • After a short wait you will be prompted to Enter the user name for ‘studenthome’: • You must enter your user ID in the following format student\xy123456 Do not forget the preceding student. • You will then be prompted to Enter the password for studenthome. 29 • Enter your usual University log on password. Note: No characters will be displayed as you enter this. • You will then be prompted to Press any key to continue • The DOS window will then close. After a reboot you will have access to your Home Directory via a desktop shortcut. 30 Manual Configuration and Configuration of Other Operating Systems Information Services recommend that only advanced users configure their Laptop connection settings manually. Information Services can only support and advise on the settings for the operating systems in this document. For users of none supported operating systems, some of the information in this section may be useful to aid configuration. Manually Configuring Your Web Browser In order to connect to the Internet via Laptop connection all http traffic must pass through the University’s proxy servers. This involves a setting in your web browser. Without this you will be unable to browse the Internet. The setting is controlled by an automatic configuration script, that is located at: http://www.staffs.ac.uk/proxy.config To add this setting in Internet Explorer • • • • • • Start Internet Explorer From the Tools Menu select Internet Options Click on the Connections tab Click the button at the bottom on the screen labelled LAN Settings In the Automatic configuration section of the screen tick the Use automatic configuration script check box In the box below the check box type http://www.staffs.ac.uk/proxy.config Your settings should look like the picture below To do this in Netscape Navigator. • • • Start Netscape Navigator From the Edit menu select Preferences On the left hand side of the screen click on the + symbol next to advanced to expand the tree 31 • • - Click on Proxies On the right hand side of the screen check the Automatic proxy configuration box. In the connection location (URL) box type http://www.staffs.ac.uk/proxy.config 32 Manually Connecting to your Home Directory If you wish to make a manual connection to your Home Directory, the network location of your folder can be identified as described below. Map a network drive to: \\studenthome\studentX Where X is a number from 1 to 5 corresponding to the first letter of your family name as shown using the formula below. Student1 Student2 Student3 Student4 Student5 A to C D to H I to M N to S T to Z You will then be presented with a list of folders and may create a shortcut to your own personal folder represented by your own unique University username e.g. yz123456 Please Note Although you will be able to list other users’ folders you will only be granted access to the folder corresponding to the username and password you logged onto your machine with. Manually Configuring your E-Mail Client Information Services does not support the use of any e-mail client software other than Execmail and Web Outlook via a Laptop Connection. If you do not wish to install Execmail the only other alternative available is IMP, a web mail client to read your University email via your web browser. Please go to www.staffs.ac.uk/imp for more information. 33 Testing Your Laptop Connection Now that you have completed the configuration of your network settings and installed your software, you can carry out the following tests to ensure that your configuration has been successful and your connection is working correctly. Testing Network Connections Internal to the University • • • Open your preferred web browser. In the address box type the following http://www.staffs.ac.uk You should be directed to the University’s home page. If this is successful it proves that http traffic is correctly negotiating the internal University network. Next, try the following; • • Double click on the Home Directory shortcut on your desktop. Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000 Professional users may be prompted to enter a username and password, in the format student\xy123456 and their usual password. • Your Home Directory should open on your machine. If this test is successful it demonstrates normal network traffic is correctly negotiating the University network. Next, Execmail users can test that you can connect to the email server. Note: First year users and those who have specifically requested an Outlook account, will not be able to complete the Execmail test. • • • Click on Start | Programs | Execmail 5.1 | Execmail You will be prompted to enter your Execmail username and password. • Click Ok 34 • Your usual Execmail inbox will open, giving you access to your University email account. This test demonstrates that you have a functional connection to the University email server. Testing Network Connections External to the University • • • Open your preferred web browser. In the address box type the following http://www.bbc.co.uk The BBC’s homepage should open in your browser. This test shows that http traffic is successfully communicating with the web outside the University’s own network. If all the tests are successful Congratulations, you have successfully configured your Laptop connection and it is working correctly. If all the tests have failed Go back and carefully follow all the setup instructions again ensuring that you have not missed out any sections. If you have thoroughly checked all of your settings again then refer to the troubleshooting section overleaf. If some of the tests have failed If some of the tests are successful, but not all then check the troubleshooting section overleaf. 35 Troubleshooting If you are experiencing problems with your Laptop connection it may be due to a number of things. The first step is to check that:• The network cable from your computer to the wall has not come loose • There is no scheduled downtime or maintenance taking place • Other people nearby are using the laptop connection without problems • That none of your configuration settings have changed • You haven’t installed any new hardware or software on your computer that may be interfering with your configuration • You haven’t changed your network card If you are still having problems then the next step is to read the section on common problems below, to see if your problem is listed. Common Problems Here is a list of the most commonly experienced problems on Laptop connection and how to fix them. Please check through this section before contacting the Student IT Support Desks. My connection has stopped working Your patching cable connecting your machine to the port in the wall may have come loose. Check that both ends of the cable are firmly clicked in to place. If you have lights flashing on the back of your network card then you can be sure you have a proper connection. Restart your machine and try again. If this doesn’t work check with other Laptop connection users to see if they can get a connection. If other people are affected then there may be a network fault. When I try to use the internet my machine tries to dial a connection to my ISP You need to stop your machine from trying to dial a connection. To do this go into control panel | internet options and click on the connections tab. In the dial up settings section select the radio button that says dial whenever a network connection is not present. 36 I can’t access any web pages outside of Staffordshire University Ensure that your chosen web browser is configured to use the proxy settings. For instructions on how to do this go to the manual configuration section on page 64 and follow the instructions on ‘manually configuring your web browser’. I can’t map a drive to access my home directory If you are using windows NT/XP/2000 to map a network drive you must but the prefix student\ before your username in the username box. E.g. student\xy123456 . For more details see the testing your Laptop connection connection section on page 74. I can’t get any video or audio streaming to work You need to configure your client software (typically Real Player or Windows Media Player) to use the proxy settings. Configure your software to point to wwwcache1.staffs.ac.uk and enter the port number as 3128 I can’t get my internet chat or messenger software to work You need to configure your client software, e.g. ms messenger, to use the proxy settings. Configure your software to point to wwwcache1.staffs.ac.uk and enter the port number as 3128 My connection works sometimes but not others Have you installed a personal firewall? If so please consult the manufacturers instructions on how to configure it correctly. Getting Help If you still haven’t found out what is causing your problem then you will need to fill out the fault diagnostic document that can be found on the software CD or the Laptop connection web pages. Print out the document and follow it through filling in the relevant information as you go along. Take your completed document to your nearest Student IT Support Desk and you will be contacted at as soon as possible with a solution to your problem. Contact details for the Support Desks can be found below. Ocatgon Support Desk (Stafford) Tel : 01785 353339 Brindley Support Desk (Stoke) Tel : 01782 294135 Please Note : The student IT Support Desks can not provide you with help on how to configure your connection. All the information needed is provided in this booklet. 37 Laptop connection Repair Service If you can’t get your computer to work using the instructions provided then Information Services can repair your Laptop connection configuration for a small fee. Information Services can only repair problems with your Laptop connection, we can not provide a general repair service. For current charges and to book an appointment to have your computer reconfigured please contact your nearest Student IT Support Desk. Your Responsibilities As a Laptop connection user you are responsible for your own computer equipment and the use of the Laptop connection in your room. The University accepts no responsibility for loss or damage to your machine sustained from configuration or connection to Laptop connection. Each connection is intended to provide services to the resident of the room only. You must only plug in equipment that has been registered for use when you subscribed to Laptop connection. You will need to notify Information Services if you change your network card or if you move room, as these things will stop your connection from working. Viruses When your machine is connected to a network there is a greater chance of contracting a virus. McAfee anti virus is supplied on your software cd and should be installed on your machine. The version provided is set to update the virus definition files automatically so that you will be protected against the latest viruses. If you choose to use your own antivirus software then it is your responsibility to make sure that it is always up to date. If you are found to have a virus that is infecting other users of the network then you will be notified and disconnected until the virus is removed. Information Services can provide assistance with virus removal. Protecting your machine To minimise the risk of unauthorised access to your computer across the network it is strongly recommended that you do not share any of your files or folders on your hard drive. If you must share files ensure that they are read only and the share is password protected so that others can’t delete or edit your files. It is also recommended that you turn your computer off when it is not in use. Bandwidth Bandwidth refers to the amount of network connection available. This network connection is a limited size that is shared by all Laptop connection users. 38 People who use excessive amounts of bandwidth cause the network connection speed to slow down reducing the quality of service for other users. Information Services request that you use your Laptop connection responsibly so that other users are not affected. As a guideline, if you are web browsing and sending emails, then you will not be taking up more than your fair share of bandwidth. The problem arises when people download and share large files (videos and MP3’s) via sharing software such as Napster, Kazaa, E-donkey, Audio Galaxy and Ftp. If the quality of service is degraded then services will be restricted. Please see the Policies and Regulations section for more details on restricted services. Policies and Regulations Policies The following policies exist in order to run and manage the Laptop connection service effectively in order to provide the best service possible to all users. Maintenance Should the need for system maintenance arise users will be notified in advance via their University email account. Information will also be displayed on the Laptop connection web site. Network Monitoring Information Services monitors the use of Laptop connection regularly to ensure an optimal service. This consists of:• • • Monitoring network traffic Port scanning Monitoring unrestricted shares Information Services will not scan personal files on your computer. Restricted Services Laptop connections are provided primarily for academic related work. Recreational use of the service is permitted but traffic will be prioritised in favour of academic use. If certain types of network traffic (services) start to degrade the network connection speed for the majority of users then Information Services will either decrease the priority of the traffic or stop it completely. These restricted services will be evaluated on a monthly basis throughout the year. For a current list of restrictions please see the Laptop connection Web site. 39 Regulations As a user of the Laptop connection service you have agreed to the following regulations • You are not permitted to run any kind of server from your machine, this includes web, FTP and audio/video streaming servers • You will only plug in equipment specified on your Laptop connection application form in to the connection in your room. You may not plug in any other network devices such as hubs. • You will run up to date anti virus software on your machine to prevent the spread of viruses to other network users. • You will not misuse the service, this includes - • Sending anonymous email Emailing messages of a threatening, abusive, racist or obscene nature Downloading or viewing obscene, pornographic, racist or other offensive material Hacking or attempted hacking of any systems or individuals machine Scanning the network Staffordshire University’s IT Regulations. In particular you must comply with the following:- JANET Acceptable User Policy Computer Misuse Act Data Protection Act Copyright Design and Patents Act Information Technology Regulations for Staffordshire University. These regulations are available on the University web site. Breaking these regulations may result in your network connection being withdrawn without prior notice. No refunds will be given and disciplinary procedures may be implemented if appropriate. 40