Type IIB - Arrowhead Collecting On The Web

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Volume IV, Number 6
June 2012
Remember The “Ice Man” Found High In The Alps Between
Italy And Austria? This Month Features An Analysis Of The
Stone Arrowhead Which Ended His Journey 5,200 Years Ago.
Thank you for subscribing to
our newsletter, “Arrowhead
Collecting On The Web”.
I hope you enjoyed the recent
special edition, Volume IV,
Number 5, of our digital
e-magazine ... the May, 2012
issue about the Clovis culture
and its extensive use of hard-tofind natural resources all across
the continent of North America.
“Arrowhead Collecting On The
Web” provides an on-going
series of articles and graphic
presentations of information
related to the many different
aspects of discovering and
learning about artifacts of
previous cultures found today.
Now with over 1,900 monthly
subscribers across North
America, plus South America,
Africa, Europe, Australia, New
Zealand and Asia, we are now
mid-way through our fourth
calendar year, Volume IV. This
June 2012 edition addresses the
following topics, among others:
• Professor Vittorio Brizzi
in northern Italy has long
studied “The Ice Man” and
artifacts associated with
his mummified remains
discovered high in the Alps
between Italy and Austria.
In this issue he brings us a
fully illustrated article about
the arrowhead which had
CAT SCAN of the Iceman provides a view of the arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder. Vittorio
Brizzi writes an in-depth analysis of the arrowhead and Otzi’s archery supplies. (Pages 3-11.)
a great deal to do with the
death of “Otzi” some 5,200
years ago. (See page 3-11.)
• Of continuing interest to this
e-magazine is the collecting
of authentic artifacts ...
in person and from online sources. A long-time
reader shares his personal
experience in collecting as
guidance to new hobbyists
about acquiring artifacts
from collectors and on-line
sources. (See pages 14-15.)
• An exciting aspect of artifact
collecting is the continual
development of a better
understanding of what we
find. The publisher has long
identified one of his large
jasper points found in the
foothills of western Oregon’s
Cascade mountains as a
“Scottsbluff” ... however, it
appears very similar to the
“Windust” points shown in
recent issues, with shoulder
and base details virtually
identical to those “Windust”
artifacts from about 11,900
years ago. (See page 12.)
Read, learn, find, enjoy. And
pass it all along to your family
and friends.
ACOTW
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Our editorial objective is to
help our readers become longterm, even serious collectors
of arrowheads, over the years
to come. Here are some of the
things we hope to accomplish
for you in this process:
• Help you find new points
and understand what it is
that you are finding;
• Help you to recognize the
different kinds and styles of
collectable arrowheads and
other implements;
• Help you to understand
about the life ways of the
cultures represented by the
stone tools which remain;
• Help you to discover ways
to find good and desirable
arrowheads from other
sources, such as eBay and
special subject web sites;
• Help you understand about
modern flint knapping, how
new points and implements
are made, how to recognize
them, and how to appreciate
those items for the skill and
the craftsmanship of the
work which they exhibit;
• Help you to understand that
some people still try to sell
unsuspecting collectors
items which may or may not
be what the items are
described to be, that you
should be careful when you
think about buying points
for your collection;
• Help you to learn about
authentication services and
their value to you as a
collector.
As we do these things, we will
maintain your readership and
interest in our newsletter for
many years to come.
Volume IV, Number 6
Thank you for your participation, and your interest in
“Arrowhead Collecting On The
Web”.
Sincerely,
F. Scott Crawford
Carrollton, Texas
When you want to know how to
identify the ancient Indian (native
American) stone arrowheads which
you and your family may find in the
Pacific Northwest, read the new book:
Stone Projectile Points Of The
Pacific Northwest
An Arrowhead Collectors’ Guide To
Type Identification
This 144 page book is now available
online at www.Amazon.com,
ISBN number: 1453798471; or
directly from the publisher through
the web site:
www.BlackRockPublishing.com
Member AACA
Authentic Artifact Collectors Association ®
© 2012. All Rights Reserved.
www.ArrowheadCollectingOnTheWeb.com
F. Scott Crawford, Carrollton, Texas
2
About The Author
From the time when I was 13 or
14 in the forested foothills of the
western Oregon Willamette Valley
and found my first arrowhead, an
obsidian “bird point,” in a field my
dad had plowed for an experimental crop of maize, I have always
wondered about the people who
used these stone tools, how they
lived, and what became of them.
Some friends had collected Indian
artifacts in the desert areas of
eastern Oregon and my brothers
and I all enjoyed looking at their
display of those arrowheads. So,
to find some points of our own, on
the family land, was particularly
exciting. After that, whenever we
were working in the bean fields,
or tending livestock, or moving
irrigation pipes, or just wandering
across the back 40, we always
would keep an eye out for bits
and pieces of worked stone, tools
and points, to add to our growing
collection.
Today, I still keep an eye out for
remnants of past cultures. And as
the world has changed so much,
I can now do much, but not all, of
that wandering and learning on
the internet, on the world wide
web. That’s how I came to be
collecting arrowheads on the web,
and why I began to put together
this newsletter, for others across
the land who also are interested
in “ Arrowhead Collecting On The
Web”.
FSC
p.s. There is still a time and a
place for criss crossing a plowed
field, or walking along the banks
of a stream, just to see what you
might find. Knowing where to look
and how, is part of what we plan
to explore in the pages of “Arrowhead Collecting On The Web.”
Read, learn, find, enjoy.
p.p.s. You are invited to visit my flint
knapping web site:
www.StoneBreaker-FSC.net
June 2012
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Readers will remember Vittorio Brizzi’s previous article about Bronze Age arrowheads in Northern
Italy published in the December 2011 edition. He is the Professor of Experimental Archaeology at
the University of Ferrara in northeastern Italy. He has performed extensive studies into the tools and
weapons found with the “Ice Man” whose mummified body was discovered in 1991, high up in the
Alps along the border between Italy and Austria. In May and June of 2012, his home area was hit by
several large earthquakes. You can read his email correspondence about those events on page 16.
“Otzi, During His Last 24 To 48 Hours Was Probably Involved
In A Really Awful Battle For Survival. Not Against The
Natural Elements But Against His Fellow Men.”
by Vittorio Brizzi & Alice Brizzi
Hundreds of mummified figures have been
found throughout the world. Some of them were
as old as the Iceman, but none was discovered
in his exact circumstances. Almost all of these
mummies had arranged burials in which the
mummification process was carried out by
man or brought about by particular climatic
or environmental conditions. These burials,
in fact, tell us a great deal about a mummified
person, and give us extremely interesting facts
about its physiology, biology and genetics. But
most of all, these details are important to give us
evidence of ritual or religious procedures which,
in turn, can relate to specific social or cultural
characteristics.
In the last few years several theories
have been formulated about the death
of the Iceman. Some of those, made
recently by reputable scientists, are
strongly against the scientific evidence
discovered to this date. One of the
most off base theories is without doubt
the one which postulates a “ritual
burial.” As in any scientific debate,
all assumptions are considered, until
certainty and facts prove otherwise.
What is certain is that this late theory
of a “ritual burial” is quite hard to
digest. Primarily because the scenario
of an escape in which a running battle
to the death occurred fits the forensic
evidence which has been discovered.
Figure 1. The Otzaler Alp mountain, the red circle is the site of the Iceman, located just 60 meters
inside Italian territory, outside Austrian land. He was found here in 1991, on the glacier.
This evidence has been studied, its
understanding has matured, and today
this story of a conflict, flight and subsequent death high on the mountain is
quite difficult to dismantle.
This article will examine some of the
components of this scenario, relating
to the documentary evidence of the
arrowhead found eleven years ago in
the Iceman’s left shoulder, and some
aspects of the “material culture” of
Copper Age artefacts like stone arrowheads.
Figure 2. Chest x-ray of the Iceman: first
radiography of the arrowhead.
Volume IV, Number 6
Ötzi, in fact, is a 5,200-year-old photograph. His particular distinctiveness is
that he was frozen deep in time physically along with objects of his relevant
daily lifestyle. Those numerous functional artefacts found near his body allow us some room to conjecture about
how he lived, his habits and even his
3
personality. All of this, part of an
enormous Copper Age culture scan,
yields much information. Thanks to
earlier archaeological excavations and
recent scientific studies, we now have
been given a rare insight to comprehensively reconstruct a chain of knowledge and events to understand the last
days of the Iceman’s (“Ötzi” as he has
been nicknamed) life.
Ötzi, during his last 24 to 48 hours was
probably involved in a really awful
battle for survival.
This was not against nature, but
against his fellow men.
His wounds, apart from the arrow
head in his shoulder, stand witness:
the cuts on his hand and forearm; the
bruises on his back and the blood from
more than four different men on his
(...continues on p. 4)
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knife, jacket and the point of a broken
arrow which he carried with him in his
quiver.
There were few certainties in this case,
and it would be difficult not to lose
oneself in fantasy.
Ötzi’s shoulder wound, it would be
fair to suggest, might well have been
the mortal blow, even though it is well
known that in certain cases people
struck by a flying projectile can survive
for a long time. One example of this
is Kennewick Man, dated back 9,200
years ago in Washington state, who
had a spear point embedded in his
pelvic2 bone; the stone fragment was
surrounded by regrown bone tissue
… evidence that he survived. Another
example is that of a woman, 11,000
years ago, from the Grotta di San Teodoro, in Sicily, who had remnants of a
stone projectile stuck in her side … she
survived the wound for a long time.
Once again the regrown bone tissue
bears this out.
Figure 3. CAT SCAN of the Iceman shows the arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder.
My own hunting experience using
prehistoric equipment, and that of
other bow hunters with whom I am
in contact, could be useful to understand some aspects of the battle in
which Otzi was involved, but only up
to a certain point … I’ve never been
involved in a real battle between humans, and modern reference works are
scarce about the topic of archery-based
conflict.
The impression which I get from the
wound and the penetration of the
arrow, compared with examples of
similar situations in wildlife, is that the
injury could have been (or become) fatal, even if the times and circumstances
as they are known today are unable to
support an absolutely positive verdict.
In our case the facts are these: The
arrow penetrated the jacket material at
the left shoulder, smashed the shoulder blade, stopping a few centimetres
from a lung. The forensic observation3 proves that the arrow shaft was
removed before death and no parts of
it remain in situ.
By removing the shaft of the arrow, its
head must have been slightly retracted
to such a position where the barbs
securely caught in the tissue and,
eventually, the arrowhead separated
from the now missing shaft. This also
(...continues on p. 5)
Volume IV, Number 6
Figure 4. 3D view of the arrowhead.
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indicates that the Iceman was at this
time in a semi up right position, similar to the one in which his corpse was
found in 1991 on the glacier. The outer
end of the shooting channel is currently obstructed by the prominently
right-bending left arm.
Since the slightly more ventrally positioned subclavian vein can be clearly
identified, this also proves that the lacerated more dorsal vessel must be the
subclavian artery. Major symptoms
often include massive active bleeding,
expanding haematoma and shockrelated cardiac arrest. Certainly this
wound was very painful, worsened
by a heavy bleeding coupled with a
progressive weakness.
Figure 5. The arrowhead rebuilt by a rapid
prototyping process based on three-dimensional
tomography CAT-SCAN.
Figure 6. The flint replica by the author.
The Murderous Arrow Head
Of the arrow shaft that killed Ötzi
nothing is present except for the small
flint arrowhead, first discovered by
Gostner’s x-ray in Bolzano. The arrow
point was subsequently rebuilt with
a rapid prototyping process based
on a three-dimensional tomography
(CAT-SCAN). Naturally x-rays pass
undisturbed through organic materials, so it is quite impossible to know
how much organic material may still
be attached to the arrow head. (Figures
1, 2, 3) From the pictures of the reconstruction I made it is easy to notice
how the prototype process made point
is lacking in details; it measures 2.1cm
long by 1.7 wide. (Figures 5, 6)
I almost forgot to say that those
reports, showing the amazing details
of Ötzi’s archery accessories, may
suggest a sub-alpine cultural tradition.
This conclusion is possible because
the arrow heads fitted to the only two
complete arrows in the quiver (supposing of course that these arrows are
Ötzi’s own and not collected during
the anxious flight of his running battle)
belong to a style of point used on the
southern alpine slopes (Remedello
Culture, Figure 7) and are not north
Tyrolean arrow heads from the mountain cultures.
Moreover, the arrow head in the
Iceman’s shoulder, even if shorter, is
of the same type. Archaeological evidence shows that the ancient Austrians
(of the Cham and Altheim Culture,
Figure 8) preferred flat-bottomed or
slightly curved triangular arrowheads
minus a central stem.
Volume IV, Number 6
Figure 7. “Classical” arrowheads of the Remedello Culture, author’s replicas.
This characteristic shape, both cultural
and functional1, clearly identifies the
arrow head and allows the gory
incident which happened to Ötzi to
be recorded as the result of a clash or
disagreement between people from
the slopes of the Southern Alps. On
the other hand, investigating the food
remains eaten by Ötzi, we understand
with reasonable accuracy his route
which began from the Valley Venosta,
continued in direction of the present
artificial lake of Vernago, and then
along the Tisental (the valley of Tisa),
as far as Giogo di Tisa. The murder
scene was then on the crest between
the Punta di Finale and the Hauslabjoch, which mark the borders between
the northern and southern slopes
of the Otzaler Alp mountain range
(Figure 1).
This tells us in all probability that
Ötzi’s attackers were proto-Italic men.
If the arrows in the whole quiver,
those fitted with arrow heads, were
owned by our man, he may come from
the same ethnic background. Having
said that, the doubt about the small arrow head remains; at this point we still
have many uncertainties.
Figure 8. Cham & Altheim Culture arrowheads, author’s replicas.
5
We are sure just about one thing: The
(...continues on p. 6)
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arrow head is really quite small, yet
it penetrated 50mm (2”) of cloth and
smashed the left shoulder blade. We
don’t know if the arrow may have also
passed through other cloth or fabrics
and what additional damage the impact might have caused.
And here is the doubt: Was it a “last
chance” attempt, shot from a strong
bow and arrow weapon system fit
for a real warrior or perhaps from a
light bow made for a less imposing
“weedy” man? (Might this suggest a
theory about an angry lover?)
The size and the form of this arrow
head was the result of a corrective
adjustment to allow its re-use.
In other words, the arrow head formed
a portion of a set of archery equipment
similar to that used by Ötzi.
The reader should make note of this
fact: The relative power of the propulsion unit of a bow and arrow hunting
system allows a solitary hunter (or,
for that matter, one who tracks game
with fellow hunters) to shoot an arrow
Figure 9. Comparison between Iceman’s shoulder arrowhead (bottom right) and “usual” arrowheads
found in burial sites of the Remedello Culture.
effectively at short to medium range,
both for accuracy and body-damaging
impact. This helps in the retrieval
of bigger game, by not giving prey
a chance to run away with a lesser
wound.
Up to now, everything seems to make
sense: I would never dream of going
off to hunt large game (like the black
bear, the European red deer or the big
alpine Stambecco – Capra Ibex) with a
(...continues on p. 7)
Figure 10. Otzi carried a 14-arrow quiver -- a dozen rough-hewn Viburnum (Viburnum lantana) shafts, each with a single incision for the arrow head, and
two complete but broken shafts. One of these was entirely made of Viburnum; the other was a composite, with a Cornel (Cornus mas) foreshaft which was
armed with the arrow head.
Volume IV, Number 6
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bow weaker than 70 pounds and with
arrows lighter than those found in
Ötzi’s quiver.
What means the term “last chance”?
Accounts reveal eye witnesses telling
how, in emergency situations, hunters emptied their quivers against a
target. As a good hunter, the archer
carries many arrows on his shoulders,
among them different style and weight
arrows, some intended for large and
some for small game. When in deep
need, having already shot his most
appropriate arrows, he may be driven
to empty his quiver, even using those
intended for different game.
In Denmark, near lake Vig, they found
a very beautiful Mesolithic aurochs
or urus rib (Bos Primigenius) with a
trapezoidal arrow point struck in it
(the classical transversal cutting edge,
a trapezius with the bigger side corresponding to the impact edge)4 .
It is easy to imagine how that poor
bison, already wounded by the other
arrows and about to be killed like a
bull full of banderillas or barbed darts,
felt when this extra arrow hit him. In
theory, it was not meant for him. The
Volume IV, Number 6
hunter had certainly targeted him,
firing every available arrow. I would
probably have done exactly the same
thing with a wounded and very angry
bison in the middle of the water, not
worrying about the “how”.
My opinion that the Iceman’s arrow
head was the result of a “repair job”
after previous use stems from the fact
that its base dimension are very close
to those of the others, which in other
aspects are longer in form, more like
new, unused points.
As far as I know, “new” arrow heads
with a design which could be contained in a square (I mean the “body”
of the arrow head without the stem)
have almost never been found in burial
sites; instead, in burial sites you find
many unused arrow heads with an
isosceles triangle shape base twice or
more the body length.
On the other hand, reshaped and
reworked arrowheads which are
now shorter in their linear dimension
are common enough in the shallow
ground surfaces where, presumably,
they were witness to multiple hunting
and/or fighting episodes; the tips being
7
re-sharpened after impact damage,
while the base would not need repair
as often.
Comparing the reproduction arrow
heads (Figure 9) to those in Ötzi’s
equipment (see Figure 10) you can see
at once that the base or tang length is
more or less similar, while the “live”
area length is almost doubled. As you
can see in the photo of my reconstruction, the length is not bad.
The one thing common to all three
of the original arrow heads I think is
the system of re-utilisation, which is
evident from the similarity of the finishing retouches and the obvious signs
of impact (this assumption of damage
from actual use impact is backed up by
blood traces found in two of the items
from the quiver, see below).
The shoulder arrowhead from the
Iceman’s body could be characteristic
of the more advanced re-utilization
process. The reshaping naturally concerns not just the arrow’s point but its
shoulders, too, which may suffer damage when the arrow enters its target.
In many hunting scenarios this has
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happened to my arrowheads. I have
had to reshape the arrow head’s edge
and even make some stronger adjustments to arrows which were damaged
when they missed their targets or even
arrows which hit their targets but lost
their wholeness in the impact.
During these very hurried situations
(I had neither the time nor the equipment to hand) I have often adjusted
the arrow head by simply supporting
my work on a tree trunk as a support
and using a deer antler tip to reshape
the damaged arrowhead by pressure
flaking (see Ötzi’s pressure flaking tool
in Figure 11). Up to a certain limit, it is
possible to continue reshaping a damaged arrow head without compromising the arrow’s ballistic performances,
but when the “live area” length of the
point becomes smaller than its width,
the arrow becomes “downgraded”.
Personally, I re-use these arrows for
hunting small game (and winged
game, replacing the tail feathers with
three having bigger surface, so that
their penetration capability is less than
needed for big game.
Figure 11. The Iceman’s retouching tool (antler tine hafted in Tilia wood handle).
The Arrows In Ötzi’s Quiver
Now, regarding the arrows in Ötzi’s
quiver, I refer to the undamaged ones
(with attached points) which are the
most powerful you can have at your
disposition … the complete arrow
weighs about 900-1000 grains each
(Figure 10).
Based on the current knowledge you
can just imagine a very powerful
weapon system with a bow boasting 38 to 45 kg tension, worthy of an
English bowman during the Hundred
Years’ War!
This is quite different from Arm
Paulsen’s thought, who has tried to
reproduce Ötzi’s unfinished bow,
supposing it to be a standard version
bow from that civilization. I prefer to
consider Ötzi’s bow shaft as a makeshift temporary weapon, a transitory
prototype, an incomplete expedient
destined for use in an emergency (due
to the on-going fight and the lack of
time to prepare himself with effective
equipment).
Without going into too many theoretical considerations, the large number of
his arrows, their length and diameter
were also more suitable to a very
strong bow. In 2006 I published a
Volume IV, Number 6
Figure 12. The little flint Dagger in the Iceman’s equipment. The blade is a clear example of
Remedello side notched typology (V. Brizzi--S. Iacopini replica).
study5 about this topic, and in 2011
I began a research program6. Starting from these facts, dimensions and
weights, the kinetic energy calculation
(and that of momentum) from the arrow is a straight forward process. You
can then calculate the draw of the bow
which has discharged these arrows
with reasonable accuracy.
Ötzi carried a 14-arrow quiver … with
a dozen rough-hewn Viburnum Lantana shafts (each with a single incision
for the arrow head) and two complete
but broken shafts (Figure 10). One of
these was entirely made of a single
shaft of Viburnum. The other was a
composite, with a Cornel (Cornus mas)
fore shaft, which was armed with the
arrow head. Some say that the additions of such extensions were made
in order to re-use a shaft which had
been previously broken in its last 10
cm. I rather believe it was the intentional first design for the arrow, rather
8
than an attempt at repair. Evidence of
creating such a two-stage missile (the
fore shaft) is well noted in numerous
primitive societies.
The last two arrows were also different: Helicoidal or flattened spiral
feathering, fastened to the shaft with
birch-bark glue and reinforced with a
wrapping of lamb’s hair, one of them
in a right helical twist, the other one in
a left helical twist. This was supposed
by Arm Paulsen, (the first re-constructor of Ötzi’s personal archery effects),
to have been produced by two different people; one of them right-handed,
the other, left-handed.
At a first glance, this explanation appears perfectly reasonable.
Then, one day, I scanned through the
arrows that I normally use for hunting,
and I found the same thing. A number
of arrows, made a long time ago by
(...continues on p. 9)
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someone whom I don’t clearly remember, in an old goatskin quiver … some
were right-wing feathered arrows and
some with left-wing feathers. This
means that the binding process itself is
absolutely insignificant, just as it does
not matter whether the spiral is to the
left or to the right side. It depends
only on where you want to start the
binding, if from the nock or from the
opposite direction further down the
shaft. Anyway, this doesn’t mean that
the two arrows could not have been
made by two different people. Other
colleagues interested in primitive
archery confirmed my theory.
The arrowheads found equipping the
arrows in the quiver were part of two
shafts broken in several places. On
closer examination, the breaks did not
seem to me to be the result of a fall
(the other non-feathered shafts seemed
to be intact and were in the majority)
rather, this suggests that the arrows
had been repaired several times. The
analysis of blood traces present up
to 50cm from the tip would seem to
confirm this.
Their most recent shot at a target
resulted in a miss, with the impact
producing breaks upon which work
was planned in an effort to recycle the
valuable bits. They could even have
been fired arrows that missed our fleeing man, which were quickly collected
by him for re-use (Ötzi only had unfinished equipment, but kept with him all
the necessary tools for their rebuilding
and assembly).
The arrowheads which we are talking
about are of the Remedello type, and
show clear signs of corrective retouching. One of these (the one engaged
in the Cornel fore shaft) is fractured
in the shank, which has an abnormal
magnitude (visible from the X-ray,
still connected within the shaft). We
can suppose that it was originally of
considerable size and mass.
On the other hand, a rod of viburnum
1 cm (a little over 3/8”) in diameter and
90cm (35.4”) long weighs from 60 to
70 grams (about 1000 grains, including
the arrowhead, the birch-bark mastic
and the feathers and binders) and
would require, from a ballistic point of
view, a tip considerably heavy to have
a dynamic center of gravity moved
forward enough. This is for stability in
the air and the penetration coefficient.
Volume IV, Number 6
Figure 13. Profile of Arrowheads found in the Iceman’s quiver.
Forensic Analysis Af The Arrow With
Foreshaft.
Some close observation, from Loy 1994
preliminary reports7:
This arrow shaft is the only one that
shows extensive modification and
decoration. It was a compound arrow
consisting of both a shaft and foreshaft. The shaft has an intermittent
spiral pattem of darkened stripes. The
fletching is attached with string binding and the same black pitch compound used as a hafting resin.
The foreshaft is inserted into a cylindrical hole made in the distal end of
the shaft. The outer surface of the
shaft at the area of foreshaft insertion
was carved into a shallow depression
completely around the shaft. When
the foreshaft was inserted into the
shaft, this depression was bound with
string and covered with the black
pitch. Traces of the string wrapping
pattern are evidenced by remnants of
the pitch; only one small piece of the
string and a remnant fragment of the
pitch are currently attached to the distal end of the foreshaft. The foreshaft
has a compound geometry which, at
the joining with the shaft is circular
and at the joining with the arrowpoint
is rectangular in cross-section. The
tang of the arrowpoint was inserted
into a groove, lashed with string and
coated with pitch. The foreshaft and
shaft were tested with the Hemastix
to determine the origins of discoloured patches and larger areas, and
to in vestigate the origin of the spiral
pattem. In addition, a series of tests
were made along the length of the
whole shaft to in vestigate the possible
maximum penetration of the shaft into
9
a prey animal. Very strong reactions
were noted on both the foreshaft (4+)
and 4 cm proximal from the end of the
shaft/foreshaft join (3+); tests taken
near the midpoint of the shaft yielded
reactions of 2+. From the midpoint of
the shaft to a point 13.5 cm from the
broken proximal end gave reactions of
1+. Testing the difference in reaction
of the spiral discoloured band and adjacent clear areas yielded a reaction of
1+ in both samples. I conclude that the
maximum penetration was up to 1/2
the length of the arrow and that there
is a background of blood deposition
on the remaining rear 1/2 of the arrow
most likely reflecting handling (with
bloody hands) during the removal of
the arrow from the (human) prey.
The dark spiral decorative pattern did
not give elevated Hemastix reactions
(not greater than a score of 1), nor did
the dark areas appear similar microscopically with any of the bloody areas
on other parts of the shaft/foreshaft.
This spiral pattern of light and dark
bands was most likely produced by
wrapping the shaft with a narrow
piece of leather or plant material and
exposing the whole of the shaft to
dense smoke. Such a treatment would
leave the observed spiral pattern after
the wrapping is removed. Examination of the darkened areas with very
high magnification might reveal traces
of carbon (fly ash, soot) within the fabric of the woody tissue. Wrapping and
smoking of arrow shafts for decorative
purposes is a widespread practice in
many parts of the world.
This point was recovered from the
quiver separately from the shaft and
(...continues on p. 10)
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
Figure 14. The Foreshaft with its assembly components for the composite arrow.
has been glued back into its original
position during conservation, a fact
which makes it difficult to observe the
morphology of the break. However
even without being able to see the
entire break clearly, the geometry of
the break is consistent with experimental evidence suggesting a high energy
impact along the axis of the arrow
shaft as opposed to a low energy break
(dropping, damage during pressure
retouching). The arrow point was
separated from a long tang section still
remaining in the fore shaft.
The tip has been damaged by impact
with a hard, but yielding material
shown by a bending-type snap fracture. In addition there has been the
removal of a “burin-like” flake from
the area of the snap fracture. Residues
were observed in the scar of the snap
fracture, but not in the scar area of the
burin-like flake removal. This indicates two separate episodes of impact
tip-damage. There is pronounced edge
rounding on one edge (from roughly
the midpoint to the base) suggesting
a long period of use had elapsed since
its manufacture.
The residues observed include hair
fragments embedded in both the hafting pitch and in protein residues on
the point surface. The residues on the
point surface have parallel striae visible near the tip which are aligned with
the long axis of the point. The residues
are thicker over the proximal 2/3 of the
point than in the forward 1/3. Muscle
tissue was observed near the base. The
residues were very thick near the base
and the thickest zone corresponds to
the location of a previous hafting position. Blood residue was visible in the
area between the surface of the point
and the inner surface of the hafting
wood. A single Hemastix test was
made which returned a reaction of 1+.
The surface was very hydrophobic and
comparisons made before and after the
test indicate that very little residue was
actually removed and tested. When
removing residue from the basal thick
deposits (Sample #24) more liquid was
used and a longer soaking time was allowed. The subsequent liquid sample
was viscous and reddish brown, consistent with experience removing thick
blood residues from other archaeological tools (for example see Loy 1993).
Associated with the mix of residues at
the base of the point were small grains
of angular mineral sand and silt.
Also observed was one plant spicule
(trichome) consistent in shape and size
with those found on the Scraper of
the Iceman. The sand particles on the
surface but not incorporated within
the residue, and the striations within
the residue near the tip suggest direct
contact with soil, probably at the time
of the breakage, ie. the last use. The
phytolith could have come from a
variety of activities, too many in fact to
make any useful inference at this time.
Arrowhead Without Foreshaft
This arrow point was not hafted into
a foreshaft, but directly into an arrow
shaft. The breakage point was near the
proximal end of the tang. The arrow
point is still wrapped in pitch covered
“string” and includes the forward
portion of the arrow shaft. Some of
the pitch has been removed on both
sides revealing the string wrapping. A
previous hafting line is evidenced by a
buildup of residue just forward of the
present haft. The geometry of the broken surface at the tang reflects a high
energy rotational impact break. Sand
grains are impacted into residues near
the haft, in step fracture scars which
are oriented to face toward the tip, and
under and in the wooden shaft at the
haft itself. There is impact damage to a
small area of one edge near the tip.
(...continues on p. 11)
Figure 15. The Arrowhead with foreshaft showing sampled locations (circle with number) designated Face B, side (edge) B uppermost; black area is extensive pitch deposit, note the tip has been snapped.
Volume IV, Number 6
10
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
Figure 16. The single shaft Arrowhead.
Residues include hairs on both surfaces which are embedded in blood
residues. Only one hair had the scale
pattem well preserved, the remaining
hairs were abraded and/or the cuticular scale pattern was obscured. The
residues are very thick in some places
(> 20 μm) and have a dark brown/
black appearance, similar to the pitch
used in hafting. Hemastix reactions
of this thick deposit yield 4+ reactions,
and thus the colour reflects a very
thick blood residue rather than pitch.
Striated muscle tissue is preserved
in residue near the base of the arrow
point. Near the tip there is dragging
and smearing of the residue parallel to
the axis of the point.
Abrasion of cuticular scale pattems in
hairs is not uncommonly observed in
prehistoric residues; I had previously
thought this to be due to abrasion by
movement of the soil against the tool
during the burial period. Although
the cause of the abrasion seen here
cannot be unambiguously determined,
Volume IV, Number 6
it is clearly not a soil abrasion effect
given burial in ice and the storage of
the broken point in the quiver. The
abrasion could have came from either
a secondary effect of the point hitting
the ground when it broke, from quiver
wear during its use life, or simply long
use.
Important is the presence of clearly
identifiable red blood cells almost at
the midpoint of one face (Figure 16,
lower, boxed area). The cells are classic in shape (circular, biconcave) and
have no nucleus. Some cells appear
(without staining) to be nucleated and
I guess that they are probably circulating “white” cells (eg., lymphocites,
macrophages).
Notes and Bibliography
1
“functional”: the hafting system of a triangular tip is much weaker than to a stemmed
(or notched) hafting system but can be a
functional response to the need to remain
stuck in the target, leaving free the shaft
and to promote the bleeding of the wound.
2
Bachechi L., Fabbri P.F., Mallegni F.,
11
1997. An Arrow-Caused Lesion in a Late
Upper Paleolithic Human Pelvis, Current
Anthropology, Vol. 38, No. 1, 135-140, The
University of Chicago Press
3
Pernter P., Gostner, P., Egarter Vigl, A.,
Ruhli, F. 2007: Radiologic proof for the Iceman’s cause of death (ca. 5,300 BP), Journal
of Archaeological Science 34 (2007) 1784 e 1786
4
Crombé, Philippe, Yves Perdaen, Joris
Sergant, and Jean-Paul Caspar. 2001. Wear
Analysis on Early Mesolithic Microliths
from the Verrebroek Site, East Flanders,
Belgium. Journal of Field Archaeology 28:
253-269.
5
Baugh D., Brizzi V., Baker T, 2006, Otzi’s
Bow, The Society of Primitive Technologies
Bulletin #31. Spring 2006
6
Brizzi V., Pedrotti A., Loi. C., 2011: Looking
for an experimental frame of reference for the
Otzi’s bow, 3rd International Congress of
Experimental Archaeology (Banyoles, 17-19
October 2011),
7
T.H. Loy Analysis of the Artefacts of the
Ice Man of Hauslabjoch: Microscopy and
Residue Analysis, Mainz, Innsburck: Forschunginstitut für Alpine Vorzeit, LeopoldFranzens Universität. (Manuscript on File).
August 1994
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
Two Opaque Black Obsidian “Windust” Projectile Points From
Idaho & Eastern Oregon, Prompt Re-Examination & Possible
Identification Of A Jasper Artifact From Western Oregon.
The jasper projectile point to the
right was found on an un-paved
mountain logging road in Linn
County, Oregon in the mid 1960s.
For many years I had no idea what
type of projectile point it is.
Some years ago I decided that perhaps it is a “Scottsbluff” point.
However, after examining these
two “Windust” points from eastern Oregon and Idaho, I am of the
revised opinion that it exhibits the
same wide, parallel-sided base
tang, with strong side to side pressure flaking on the tang, plus the
same barbed, hooking shoulders as
these two “Windust” points.
In addition, it displays the same
highly skilled pressure flaking
craftsmanship as the two “Windust” projectile points. Shown
here actual size, at 2-1/2” long, the
jasper point is a little shorter, and
its 5/8” wide base is almost as wide
as the 3/4” base of the other two.
The right, smaller obsidian “Windust” point was found in the 1950s
in eastern Oregon (shown actual
size, 3-1/4” long).
The left, slightly larger obsidian
“Windust” point is a cast made by
Pete Bostrom at the Lithic Casting
Lab in Troy, Illinois.
The original projectile point was
found associated with a burial discovered during a gravel quarrying
operation in Twin Falls County,
Idaho in 1989. The burial was carbon dated to 11,875 calendar years
before the present.
Volume IV, Number 6
12
June 2012
FLINT KNAPPING 20.12
ACOTW
TM
TM
“24 Comprehensive Steps ~ Your Fast Track to Making Arrowheads Yourself”
Collecting
On The
Web
If youArrowhead
just gotta learn
how to make
stone
arrowheads, spear and dart points or knife
blades, make sure you order a subscription
today, so you don’t miss a single one of the 24
profusely illustrated lessons in the new flint
knapping correspondence course:
“FLINT KNAPPING 20.12”
You will learn to make arrowheads which you’ll
be proud to show your friends ... guaranteed.
Or You Pay Nothing!*
*(See my “Chiseled In Granite & Chipped In Flint
Guarantee!” below.)
Your First Two
Lessons -- My
FREE Gift To You,
As An Introductory Trial
Membership.
by F. Scott Crawford
The first two lessons in your subscription are
my gift to you. Even the postage is on me.
They are the Introductory Trial Membership
to your full subscription.
After you receive these first two free lessons of
“FLINT KNAPPING 20.12”, if you are not
happy with your subscription for any reason
whatsoever, simply reply to the first monthly
billing notice from PayPal®, and request that
your subscription
be cancelled.
You will owe
nothing and you
may keep the first
two introductory
lessons as my gift
to you. All the risk is
mine, and the rewards
of learning an exciting
and challenging new
craft are yours to enjoy
for many years to come.
What Do You Get
When You Order
“FLINT KNAPPING
20.12”?
Twice Each Month,
You Will Learn More
Ancient & Proven
Secrets To Build A
Solid Foundation In
The Essential Aspects
Of “Flint Knapping”.
• Spalls Of Stone
• Chips Off The Old
Block
• Heat Treatment
• Percussion Cores
• Chips & Blades
• Indirect Percussion
• Pressure Flaking
• Edge Preparation
• Platform Preparation
• Perfecting A Practice
Piece
• Percussion Preforms
Here is the list of topics
prepared for your complete series of lessons in
“FLINT KNAPPING
20.12”.
• Mastering The Stone
• Hammer Stone
Percussion
• Soft Hammer
Percussion
Here’s How To Order
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paid. Your membership
continues twelve months,
‘til you get all 24 lessons.
I thought about delivering
each lesson once a
month ... but what eager
flint knapping student
Each twice-monthly lesson of “FLINT KNAPPING 20.12” is designed to
introduce flint knapping methods and ideas in an additive order so you
will learn and use them progressively to begin making arrowheads for
yourself, with increasing skill and confidence as you learn and practice.
“I Guarantee It!”
If, after 180 days (six months ~ 12 issues) of “FLINT KNAPPING 20.12” you
can not use the recommended methods and tools to make stone arrowheads
you are proud to show your friends, just send an e-mail to me, the author, and
I will refund every penny of your subscription paid to that point in time. Keep
the personalized notebook and lessons you have received as my gift to you.
No questions. No problems. Period.
That’s my “Chiseled in Granite & Chipped in Flint Guarantee!” to you ~ it’s
tougher than any old Bronze, Iron or even Space Age refined sugar warranty.
F. Scott
Crawford,6 Carrollton, Texas (fscottcrawford@aol.com)
Volume
IV, Number
• Preforms & Slabs ~
Ready To Finish Now
• The Secret To More
Powerful Pressure
Flaking
• Notch Your Stuff &
Better Notching Tools
• Small Point Pressure
Flaking
• Working With Core &
Blades
• Completing A
Percussion-Only Project
• Gunther Style Arrowhead ~ Northwest
• Cahokia Style Arrowhead ~ Midwest
• Dalton & Humboldt ~
Early Archaic Period
• Necessity Is The
Mother Of Invention
• Stone Sources In
The Space Age &
Stone By Mail
• Clovis & Agate Basin
~ Paleo Period*
• Ishi Arrow Points ~
End Of The Stoneage*
• Folsom & Cumberland
~ Indirect Percussion*
*Bonus Editions
Read, study and practice
what you learn in each
lesson. Do this and you
will indeed be on the
“Fast Track” to learn,
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After your 24 lessons are
complete, you’ll also get
Three Bonus Editions
about the most desired
and challenging flint
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projects: “Clovis &
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Points ~ End of the
Stoneage” and “Folsom
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Indirect Percussion”.
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“FLINT KNAPPING 20.12” is a trademark of F. Scott Crawford.
ACOTW
TM
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
“The Worldwide Net Has Extended The Reach Of Artifact
Collectors And, At The Same Time, It Has Increased The
Vulnerability Of The Artifact Collector” -- What Can You Do?
by Bruce Pailler
The worldwide net has extended the
reach of artifact collectors and, at the
same time, it has increased the vulnerability of the artifact collector who
may become the victim of the plague
of fraud that has infested the online
component of the hobby. Despite the
recent strides accomplished by AACA
to remove the artifakers from Ebay
and other venues, collectors must
remain vigilant to protect themselves
from fraud.
As a lifetime {64 yr.} collector, I have
derived some general principles that
help protect me from fraud and enhance my joy of collecting. Learning
is often a process of trial and error. I
offer the following guidelines as a way
of reducing the probability of error:
Principle I -- BUY ONLY FROM
PEOPLE YOU KNOW AND TRUST
There is a modicum of risk involved
in any relationship. It is a good idea
to begin with relatively small stakes.
Most often I find my initial “gut feelings” confirmed with individuals who
sell artifacts. I would like to think that
I learned something about character
judgment after 30 years of working as
a psychologist.
Principle II -- LEARN BEFORE YOU
BUY
Collecting artifacts exposes one to a
wealth of knowledge in the fields of
archaeology, artifact typology and
anthropology. These fields are on the
cusp of resolving the mystery of the
origin of the first Americans. The science of genetics will reveal more in the
current century than carbon 14 analysis did in the last century. Intact DNA
from 14,000 year old fossilized bones
has been extracted and sequenced.
Some books should be required reading for all collectors. Jim Bennett’s
tome on reproduction artifacts is
essential. Jim’s introductory series on
collecting is excellent. Unfortunately,
Greg Perino’s Selected Preforms,
Points and Knives of the American Indians (1986) is out of print. Volume 1
of this three volume set is the one most
Volume IV, Number 6
applicable to collecting in the U.S.
This is an extremely difficult book to
find but it is well worth the premium
price.
Another author important for artifact
collectors is Noel Justice. I am currently rereading his Stone Age Spear
Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Justice approaches
typology through the concept of
”clusters” which capture the interrelated aspects of point types. He also provides maps of the distribution ranges
of point types which are informational
but, because of the extensive exchange
networks that moved points hundreds
of miles beyond their origins, the maps
cannot be interpreted literally to type
all points.
When a collector limits himself to specialization in selected points defined
by type or region, a focus is defined. It
is impossible to collect all the points of
the world. Eventually the paleo collector learns about the Solutrean (possible
European precursor). Yesterday, I saw
one found in Rhode Island!
tifact, they should be asked before the
transaction is considered. A seller’s
return policy should be specified and it
should be reasonable (at least providing a 30 day interval within which
items may be returned). If part of an
item’s description is a photograph
and there are any ambiguities about
the picture, it is reasonable to request
another picture.
Finally, in the event of an item represented as authentic, which is subsequently examined and determined
by a reputable authenticator to be
a reproduction or to be highly rechipped, it is important to file a formal
complaint with the purchasing venue
management. In these instances I
usually offer the seller the alternatives
of a full refund or formal mail fraud
charges. Mail fraud is relatively easily
initiated with a form available in most
post offices.
Examples of Principles in Action
Principle III -- CONSIDER THE
PAPER
Because there is no objective, valid,
reliable method of dating the flaking
on ancient stonework, the cottage industry of authentication has emerged.
Authenticators are individuals who
examine artifacts and issue a certificate delineating their opinion of the
artifact’s authenticity. This process
is often criticized as “only one man’s
opinion.” And some authenticators
have been charged with fraud, but
the issuance of “paper” (COA’s) is an
important and useful feature for the
collector. Not only does a COA help
ascertain the value of an artifact, it is a
good predictor of one’s impression of
the artifact.
The collector should find authenticators whose opinions they share and respect so that authenticator’s paper can
be used in making buying decisions.
Principle IV -- BE AN ASSERTIVE
BUYER
If there are any questions about an ar14
First pictured is an artifact I bought
from an on line offering from an Indiana collector I had dealt with for about
six years (Principle I). I had concluded
that this was either a Hardaway or a
Quad (Principle II). Because of my
relationship with the seller (Principles
I and IV) we agreed that the transaction would be pending based upon
authentication of the artifact (Principle
III). Ben Stermer subsequently authenticated it as an authentic Hardaway.
(...continues on p. 15)
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
This is a Thebes E-notch type which I
bought from a Southern Ohio collector I have known for many years
(Principle I). The Thebes is a type that
I have studied with fascination since
I moved to Ohio in 2005. The attractiveness of this artifact was enhanced
by the Stermer COA that came with it
(Principle III).
This (Los Aminas Co., Colorado) Calf
Creek was bought with some flexibility
of principle, but it is now one of my favorite artifacts. It was purchased from
an Ebay seller I did not know (violation of Principle I), but it had a Rogers
COA (Principle III). The Calf Creek
is an artifact that has fascinated me
for years and I have read most of the
archaeologic data on the type (Principle II). It is interesting how in this
particular example I used Principles II
and III to rationalize my lack of literal
adherence to Principle I.
Volume IV, Number 6
Above is a Northern Side Notch point
that I bought from an Ebay seller who
had sold me another Oregon point
years ago (Principle I). I have been interested in artifacts from Oregon since
a visit with my brother in law in that
state years ago. I had subsequently
read Noel Justice’s excellent book on
the artifacts of the Great Basin (Principle II). As the auction for this item
progressed, I equivocated because
of the price. After I read the Stermer
COA (Principle III), I went for it and I
am glad I did!
Pictured is a St. Louis type Clovis
purchased from a Missouri collector
with whom I have exchanged rocks
for about ten years (Principle I). The
type is one I have studied and lusted
after for many years (Principle II). The
artifact came with both Rogers and
Stermer papers (Principle III).
15
Pictured above is a (Ross Co., Ohio)
Thebes I bought from an Ohio seller
with whom I am in the initial stage of
an artifactual relationship(building
on Principle I). I have bought a few
points from him and an EXCELLENT
bannerstone. I am attracted to the
pictured point by the banding of color
in the flintridge material. The artifact
came with a Davis COA (Principle III).
It is currently accepted that the Thebes
type is from around 9,400 BP, which
places this long undervalued artifact
in the same category as some of the
Transitional Paleo/early Archaic types
which attract more interest and higher
prices (Principle II).
Pictured is a (White Co., Arkansas)
Calf Creek with Stermer paper (Principle III) obtained from a long term
collector friend in Arkansas. I met
this seller on line about ten years ago
and he has become a trusted fellow
collector with whom I have exchanged
numerous artifacts (Principle I). The
power of the web to facilitate this type
of positive relationship is something
that I value.
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Danish Neolithic
Dagger Type IIB
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
e-Mail Letters:
May 20, 2012
Hi Vittorio,
I hope this finds you without damage from
the recent earthquake there in northern
Italy! Stay safe my friend.
Scott
May 20, 2012
Thank you, Scott,
Last night was “fun” ... the first
earthquake was developed about 40
km from my home. I live in a recently
built palace at the tenth floor, I calculated oscillations (fortunately only
lasted 10 seconds) by 20 centimeters
wide, but nothing serious has happened. The first quake (the worst) was
of the sixth Richter Scale degree. Fortunately, the following have been less
violent. My University, 750 years old,
has had several injuries, but nothing
really serious. Unfortunately, many
other ancient monuments in Ferrara
have had major injuries.
... After the first shock, the first thing
I did was run to my bookshelf hoping that my flint blades had not been
damaged ...
Thanks again,
Vittorio
May 31, 2012
Vittorio,
I hope you have not been having too much
“fun” the last couple of days with the
aftershocks! Our thoughts are with you,
my friend.
Scott
June 7, 2012
Thank you very much Scott,
especially for companies in the most
affected areas), but the “morale” of the
people, who live in constant apprehension in tents fitted out. These days
have been very busy, because I work
with civil protection volunteer to help
(I have a degree in physics) for the estimates of damage in homes not directly
affected by the earthquake.
Personally, I moved all my collections
in “super protected” areas...!
ciao e grazie, Vittorio
p.s. I have read the last number of
ACOTW on fluted point distribution,
very, very beautiful. Just find a little
balance (!) I’ll make technical questions about.
June 7, 2012
Hi Vittorio,
Good luck with your efforts in your homeland. We have heard about several of the
quakes and aftershocks, but not the event
in the Adriatic.
Also, I am eager to see your questions and
ideas about “balance” related to the fluted
points distribution in North America. My
opinions are just my opinions, from an
interested, close observer, amateur archaeologist, artifact collector and experienced
flint knapper, but not from a scientist. So,
your thoughts will be most welcome, when
you get a chance.
I found it interesting that George Frison
and Bruce Bradley also wondered my same
basic question: “how did they find all the
rare, out-of-the-way stone sources?” in
their book about the Fenn Cache. That
question I found as I was finishing my
article and I included it on the page with
the Buffalo photograph and the casts from
the Fenn Cache.
The earth continues to tremble, but are
not too strong shock here, fortunately.
Best to you and yours,
The epicenters moved westward until
Sunday, then yesterday, oddly enough,
in the middle of the Adriatic Sea there
was a strong shock that has alarmed
the whole coast, little more than 80
km from my house. Fortunately, the
hypocenter was very deep, 25 miles,
and then the wave was dissipated very
quickly.
p.s. I will be using your story about
“Otzi” and the arrowhead in the next issue
of ACOTW.
The real problem is not the damage
(although there have been many,
Volume IV, Number 6
Scott
Publisher’s e-mail address:
fscottcrawford@
arrowheadcollectingontheweb.com
16
eBay Seller ID:
“tomho1248”
from an
old Danish
collection.
June 2012
ACOTW
TM
Old Stone Age
Handaxe (Paleolithic),
age 200,000+/- years.
Arrowhead Collecting On The Web
Artifact Authentication Services
& Certificates Of Authenticity
You can use a
jeweler’s Lupe
8X magnifier,
just to begin the
high enlargement
examination of an
artifact, to look
for edge wear and
tool marks.
Authentication and evaluation
services for artifacts from all
over the world are available
from a number of highly respected sources.
Some offer these services for
regional items, since they
specialize in Western, or South
Western, or South Eastern, or
North Central or North Eastern
artifact types.
And most of the authenticators
have web sites. Read up on
their services, learn about their
specialties, obtain pricing and
timing information, and determine how to send items for
authentication and evaluation.
Here are some well known and
respected authenticators:
Dwain Rogers
Texas Flint Authentication
4102 Birch Avenue
Temple, Texas 76502
Telephone: 1-254-791-5520
Jeff Baker
Baker Authentication
www.BakerCOA.com
P.O. Box 772
Paragould, Arkansas 72451
Telephone: 1-870-239-9722
Volume IV, Number 6
Bill Jackson
Jackson Galleries
www.JacksonGalleries.com
P.O. Box 1005
Mount Sterling , Kentucky 40353
Telephone: 1-800-466-3836
Fax: 1-859-499-0160
Tom Davis
Davis Artifacts, Inc.
www.TomDavisArtifacts.com
P.O. Box 676
Stanton, Kentucky 40380
Telephone: 1-606-663-2741
Ben Stermer
Western Typology
www.WesternTypology.com
44207 W McClelland Dr.
Maricopa, Arizona 85238
email: BSte122241@aol.com
Jeb Taylor
Jeb Taylor Artifacts
P.O. Box 882
Buffalo, Wyoming 82834
Telephone: 1-307-737-2347
Ken Partain
www.kensrelics.com
7044 Market Street
Dover, Arkansas 72837
Telephone: 1-479-331-3486
Sam Cox
www.SamCoxArtifacts.com
968 Floyd Drive
Lexington, Kentucky 40505
Telephone: 1-859-351-5675
17
http://www.Stormbroek.com
A European artifact gallery,
which offers quality antiquities
from all historic eras, and all
areas around the world.
eBay Store: Stormbroek
Scottsbluff Spear
Point, late Paleo, early
Archaic period, age
8,000 to 10,000 years.
eBay store: SWArkArtifacts
eBay ID: “razrbk”
Dealer located in Arkansas, features
authentic artifacts from the south/
central United States, many with
Certificates of Authenticity.
eBay Store: SWarkArtifacts
June 2012
FIELD NOTES
~
For The Arrowhead Collector’s
Recorded Discoveries
F. Scott Crawford
Use the publisher’s new book, which provides 88 pages for your sketches and notes,
and gives you an excellent format for recording your own arrowhead collecting discoveries:
“FIELD NOTES”.
It is now available from the web site: www.Amazon.com ~ look under books,
by the author, F. Scott Crawford, or the identifying number: ISBN-10: 1-46800-648-7
$11.95 (Soft Cover Book)