Chin World No(3) Final
Transcription
Chin World No(3) Final
16 February 2013 or®wOD;odef;pdef\ tpdk;&opfoufwrf;twGif; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf csif;jynfe,fodkha&muf&Sd tar&duef r&def;wyf\ AdkvfrSL;tqifh&Sd csif;wdkif;&if;om; yl;AefvseftkyfESifhawGYqHkjcif; pm (6) odkh csif;jynfe,fwpfNynfe,fvHk;&Sd aus;&Gmaygif; oHk;q,ftm; {NyDvtNyD;a&zlvHkap&eftwGuf wm0ef,rl nfU{&ma&Tvif;ukrP Ü D jrefrmEkid if tH xufyikd ;f wm0efcH Ouú|OD;ñGevhf idI ef ahJ wGYqjkH cif; pm (9) odkh wm&Tef;'Drdku&ufwpfaumifpD pm (10) odkh EkdifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;rIumvtwGif; jynfaxmifpk or®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf? or®wOD;odef;pdefESifhtwl oufqdkif&m jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm;? wkdif;&if;om;a&;&m0efBuD; rsm;onf azazmf0g&v D (15) &ufaeh? eHeufyikd ;f 9 tcsed w f iG f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ? uav;NrdKYavqdyfodkh a&muf&SdaMumif;od&onf/ eHeufydkif;wGifEkdifiHawmfor®wonfuav;NrdKYe,f&Sd uav;NrKd Y jynfoaYl q;&HEk iS hf uav;wuúov kd u f Mkd unf&h pI pfaq;cJNh y;D naeydkif;wGifNrdKYawmfcef;rüNrdKYcHjynfolvlxkESifh awGYqHkcJhonf/ uav;wuúokdvfwGifor®wBuD;rS trSmpum;ajymMum;&wGif q&mq&mrrsm;taejzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;? jynfaxmifpk pdw"f mwf &Sio f efBu;D xGm;vmapa&;jyKpyk sKd ;axmifay;&efrmS Mum;cJNh y;D jynfaxmifpo k r®w? jrefrmEkid if aH wmftwGi;f rSw D if;aexdik Mf uonfU oef;aygi;f 60ausmjf ynforl sm;twGuyf nma&;ESiphf ;D ;yGm;a&;u@wkw Yd iG f ajyvnfatmif pwifjyKvkyfaeNyDjzpfaMumif;ESifh zkefuwfrsm;ukd vnf; wefzkd;enf;uwfrsm;tjzpf trsm;jynfoltqifajyap&ef aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; xnfUoGif;ajymMum;cJhonf/ Edik if aH wmfor®wMu;D onf azazmf0g&v D (16)&ufaehwiG f wD;wdefNrdKUodkUoGm;a&mufrnfjzpfNyD; xdkrSwpfqifh zvrf;ESifh [m;cg; NrdKYawmfodkhoGm;a&mufum [m;cg;NrdKYwGifntdyf&yfem;rnfjzpf aMumif;od&onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh(1&)&ufaehwGif csif;jynfe,f awmifydkif; rif;wyfNrdKYodkh qufvufc&D;jyKrnf[kvnf;od&onf/ or®wOD;odef;pdeftaejzifh ol\or®woufwrf;twGif; csif;jynf e,fodkY yxrqHk;tBudrf oGm;a&mufonfUc&D;pOfjzpfonf/ or®w OD;odef;pdefonf EkdifiHwumc&D;pOfrsm;tNyD; csif;jynfe,fodkh ,ck uJhodkhoGm;a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckc&D;pOfESifhygwfowfNyD; csif; wd;k wufa&;ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rI;(2)yl;&Sed ;f xGe;f rS ]'Dc&D;pOf udk MunfcU sit f m;jzifh Edik if aH wmf&t YJ oGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvjzpfpOfrmS yGifhvif;jrifomrI&SdvmaMumif; rsuf0g;xifxifawGY jrif&ygw,f} [kajymonf/ ,ckor®wc&D;pOfESifhywfowfNyD; yvuf0a'ocH wpfOD;rS ]or®w&JYcsif;awmifc&D;pOfudk tckvdkMum;&wm0rf;omyg w,f/ 'gayr,fh t&ifuvlBu;D awGvydk J csi;f jynfe,f&aYJ wmifyikd ;f NrKd Y yvuf0udk oGm;r,ft h pDpOfrygawmh tawmfav;pdwyf surf w d ,f/ A[du k aecsi;f awmifuv kd mwdik ;f yvuf0udck secf sex f m;wm t&if uwnf;uyJ/ wu,fqdkyvuf0NrdKYu csif;jynfe,ftwGuf oD;oefhvkdjzpfaeawmh rjzpfraeoGm;oifhw,fvdkhxifw,f} [k &ifzGifhpum;ajymonf/ pDtJefyDESifU pDyDyDwdkh yl;aygif;awmhrSmvm; ryl;aygif;awmhbl;vm; csif;trsKd;om;wkdY&JY rd½dk;zvm ajr,mykdifqkdifrItufOya' pm (22) odkh csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;\ csi;f trsKd ;om;aeh pm (16) odkh qvdkif;tdkufZufcifajymwJh tqif;&JqHk;jynfe,f&JYtajz pm (14) odkh pm (12-13) odkh 1 Vol. 1, No.3 Chin World News Journal CEO Salai Mang Advisor Ko Naing (Chin Taung) Chief Editor Nhgepi Thian Uk Thang Editors Mya Kabya, B A Thang Chief Reporter Salai Hung Tun Gei @ salaitun Reporters Zam Thuam, Bosco Lian, Mang Bik Lian, She Om, Ni Rem Mawi, Thang Suan Lian Marketing Manager Salai Peter Van Ceu Operation Manager Mai Democracy Distribution Manager Mai Betty Accountant Mai Iang Za Men Video Journalist Salai Peng Lian Sang Publisher Salai Yan L:in Man (Tem-1636) Offset Myo Thant Offset (Per-10112) t,f'w D mhtmabmf 'DESpfu csif;wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGufawmh r*Fvm&SdwJh ESpfwpfESpfvdkh qdk&ygr,f/ taMumif;uawmh ESpfaygif;twefMum csi;f jynfe,faehtjzpf wpfzufvn S u hf si;f yae&wJh azazmf0g&D 20? csi;f trsKd ;om;aehukd csi;f trsKd ;om;aehtppftjzpf w&m;0ifjyefusi;f y EdkifawmhrSmrdkhvdkh jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rIESifh &yfwnfaewJh vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGuf tifrwefta&;BuD;wJhudpöjzpfygw,f/ a&SaY vQmufvnf; 'guq kd ufvufxed ;f odr;f Ny;D ud, k t hf wGujf zpfoifw h hJ ta&;t&mawGukd oufqikd o f al wG todtrSwjf yKvufcEH ikd af tmif ta&mufyzhkd hkd vdt k yfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm azazmf0g&D 20 udk csi;f trsKd ;om;aehtjzpf jyefvnfowfrw S u f si;f yzdhk tm;xkwcf o hJ t l m;vH;k udk csif;a0gvfu av;pm;aus;Zl;wif&SdaMumif;rSwfwrf;wifygw,f/ ajymif;vJvmwJh acwfa&pD;aMumif;eJhtwl csif;owif;orm;awG? csif; *sme,f^r*¾Zif;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; xGufay: xkwaf 0vmMuwmudv k nf; 0rf;omBuKd q&kd ygw,f/ 'Dvkd a'otvku d f jyefu h saJ ewJt h m;awGukd pkpnf;Edik zf t hkd wGuf csi;f pme,fZif;orm; awG&JY pk&yfwpfae&m vdkvmygNyD/ csif;pme,fZif;aumifpDac:ac:? csif;*sme,fvpfuGef,ufqdkqdk pwkw¬r@dKiform;awG&JY cdkvHI&m ae&mav;wpfckawmh usaemfwdkh wu,fvdktyfygw,f/ a'otvdkuf udk,fh&JYbmompum;eJh xkwfa0aeMuol rD'D,morm;rsm; 0dkif;pOf;pm;ay;apcsifygw,f/ tJ'DrSm tckjyXmef;r,fh rD'D,mOya'rSm usaemfwdkh wdkif;&if;om;awG&JYpmaytcef;u@ESifh rl0g'tBuHjyKcsufawG 0dkif;vkyfEdkifMur,f/ a'ooHk;bmompum;awGeJh xkwfa0wJh *sme,f^r*¾Zif;awG&JY vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnfydkifcGifhawG? w&m;wabmif &ifqdkifp&m&Sd&if Oya'aMumif;t&tumtuG,fay;EdkifrIawG? wm0efcrH &I NdS y;D vGwv f yfwhJ csi;f rD', D morm;aumif; rsm;rsm;ay:xeG ;f zdhk ysdK;axmiftm;ay;rItpDtpOfawG 0dkif;0ef;azmfaqmifEdkifMur,fvdkharQmfvifhygw,f/ a&ZGmNrdKYe,fcGJodkY,m,DNrdKYe,fcGJtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmif&eftoGm;qkdifu,ftufqD;'ifUjzpfyGm; csif;jynfe,fa&ZGmNrdKUe,fcGJtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; aejynfawmf odkh oifwef;wufa&mufpOf twGif;,m,DNrdKYe,fcGJtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef oGm;a&mufonfU yl;atmifavm[monf azazmf0g&D(4)&ufaeh eHeuf(9)em&D0ef;usifwGifa&ZGmNrdKYodkhtoGm; qdkifu,ftufqD;qifhjzpfyGm;NyD; b,fvufusdK;'Pf&mjzifh [m;cg; jynfolYaq;&HkwGifaq;ukorIcH,lvsuf&SdaMumif;od&onf/ yl;atmifavm[monfa&ZGmodkh wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef [m;cg;rSxu G cf cG NhJ y;D [m;cg;rSridk f (20) ausmaf 0;onfq U wm;aus;&Gm tausmf (3) rkdifcefhwGiftufqD;'ifhjzpfyGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ yl;atmif avm[monfyvuf0NrKd eY ,fwiG 'f Ok ;D pD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcsed f jzpfNy;D vpf[aeonfaU &ZGmNrKd eY ,fct JG yk cf sKyaf &;rSL;wm0efukd ,m,D wD;wdefNrdKYe,f? ewfwHcg;acsmif;BudK;wHwm; wnfaqmufrSK acwå&yfqdkif; csi;f jynfe,f wD;wdef NrdKhe,f a':vGiftkyfpkESifhcdef;Zef tkypf Mk um;&Sd ewfwcH g;acsmif;ul; BudK;wHwm; wnfaqmufaerSK tm; 2013 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D vqef;ydkif;rS pwifum acwå &yfqidk ;f xm;aMumif; a'ocHrsm; \ ajymjycsuft& od&Sd&yg onf/ csi;f jynfe,f tpd;k & bwf*sujf zifh OD;xGe;f Ed;k wm0ef ,l a qmuf v k y f v suf & S d a om tqd k y gMud K ;wH w m;ud k usyf ode;f aygi;f (108) jzifh aqmuf vk y f j cif ; jzpf N yD ; ,ck t cg aqmufvkyfrI (75) &mcdkifESKef; NyD;pD;aeNyDjzpfí tqdkyg bwf *sufukefoGm;ygojzifh aqmuf vkyrf I &yfqikd ;f xm;Ny;D jynfe,f tpd;k &xHob Ykd wf*suw f ;kd awmif; xm;onf[k od&onf/ ewf w H c g;acsmif ; xrf;aqmif&efwm0efay;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ yl;atmifavm[monf ,cifcsif;jynfe,frif;wyfNrdKY? &efukefwdkif;a'gyHk? wkdufBuD;ESifh &Sr;f jynfe,fww hkd iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifcNhJ y;D vGecf o hJ nfEU pS Ef pS af usmrf S csif;jynfe,fodkhjyef vnfajymif;a&TYvmjcif;jzpfonf/ [m;cg;NrdKYe,f tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;&H;k wGif 2 ESpcf efw h m0efxrf;aqmiftNy;D yvuf0NrKd o U Ukd ajymif;a&TYwm0efay;jcif;cH&NyD; ,ck 6 v0ef;usif&SdNyDjzpfonf/ a&ZGmNrdKYe,fcGJodkh wm0efxrf;aqmif&efrjzpfEkdifawmhonfUtwGuf 4if;tpm; rwlyDNrdKYe,frSwpfOD; apvTwfvkdufaMumif;owif;&&Sd onf/ a&ZGmNrdKYESifh[m;cg;NrdKYonfrkdif 100 ausmfuGma0;onf/ salai Hung Tun Gei wD;wde-f wGe;f ZHMum;t"duum;vrf;ay:&dS wHwm;wpfpif;usKd ;us tm; csif;bmomjzifh Tuingo lui [kac:NyD; ,if;acsmif;onf Zonuamsang ES i f h Kimlai (Dolluang) tkyfpktMum;wGif wnf&SdNyD; xdkBudK;wHwm;udk 2012 ckESpfwGif pwifaqmuf vkyfjcif;jzpfum tvkyform; rsm;tjzpf a'ocH(2)&GmrS &GmcH rsm;tm; ac:,ltoHk;jyKaMumif; od&onf/ pu lian &ckdifjynfe,fwGiftultnDvkdonfh'ku©onfrsm;ulnD&ef csif;jynfe,foHk;NrdKUrSapwemU0efxrf;(12)OD;oGm;a&muf csif;jynfe,f oHk;NrdKY e,f r S Muuf a jceD a pwemh 0efxrf;(12) OD;&ckdifjynfe,f 'ku©onfrsm;tm; ulnD&ef az azmf0g&D 12&ufaehwiG f ppfawG NrKdo Y ahkd v,mOfjzifah &muf&adS Mumif; od&onf/ xdMkuufajceD apwemU 0efxrf;(12)OD;tm; &ckdifjynf e,fodkhoGm;&eftwGuf aejynf awmfXmecsKyf&Sd enf;jyrsm;rS vma&muf oifwef;ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ apwemU0efxrf;(12) OD;wGi[ f m;cg;rS(9)OD;? rwlyrD (S 2) OD;? wD;wdefrS(1)OD;yg0ifaMumif; od&onf/jrefrmEdik if MH uufajceD toif;taejzifh &ckdifjynfe,f 'ku©onfrsm;twGuf jynfe,f ESiw hf idk ;f a'oBu;D rsm;rS tvSnhf usoGm;a&muf&NyD; ,ckaemuf qHk;tokwftaejzifh csif;jynf e,frS apwemU0efxrf;(12)OD;? u,m;jynfe,frS apwemU0ef xrf;(11)OD;? &efuek w f ikd ;f a'o BuD;rS apwemh0efxrf;(10)OD; pkpkaygif;(33)OD; oGm;a&mufMu aMumif;od&onf/]&ckid jf ynfe,f ig;NrdKYe,frSm volunteer vkyf& r,f? tJ'iD g;NrKd eY ,fawmh aocsm rod&ao;bl;}[k csi;f jynfe,f rSvu dk yf goal pwemh0efxrf;wpf OD;uajymonf/&ckid jf ynfe,fohkd oGm;a&muf&eftwGuf &efukef NrKw dY iG af wGq Y Mku H Ny;D 12&ufaehv,f 11em&DwiG pf pfawGNrKd o Y ahkd v,mOf jzifh xGufcGmoGm;Mujcif;jzpf onf/ salai Hung Tun Gei csif ; jynf e ,f a jrmuf y d k i f ; wD;wdef-wGef;ZH um;vrf;ay:&Sd ZvG;D acsmif;wHwm;onf azazmf 0g&Dv 6 &uf eHeufwGif usKd ;usomG ;aMumif; od& onf/ jzpfyrkH mS csi;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f zG H Y N zd K ;a&;vk y f i ef ; wm0ef , l aqmif&Gufaeonfh wif0if; xGe;f ukrP Ü \ D vrf;wl;pufBu;D wifaqmifvmonfh q,fbD; 2 um;BuD; wHwm;ay:jzwfcsdef wGif 4if;wHwm;usKd;usoGm; jcif ; jzpf N yD ; xd k u m;ay:wG i f um;armif;olwpfOD;om yg&Sd aMumif;? um;armif;olrmS tem w&r&&SdbJ wD;wdef&Jpcef;u xd e f ; od r f ; xm;aMumif ; vnf ; od & S d & onf / xd k w H w m;onf oHabmifabvDtrsK;d tpm;jzpfNy;D wHwm;t&Snfay70? wHwm;cH Ed k i f 0 ef w ef 3 0 jzpf a Mumif ; od&Sd&onf/ wGef;ZHjrdKhe,fESifh usDcg;NrdKhe,f&Sd jynfolvlxk\ pm;0wfaea&;ESifh qufoG,f a&;u tqdkyg t"duxm; tm;ud k ; onf j zpf & m ,ck wHwm;ysujf cif;aMumifh xdak 'o &S d j ynf o l r sm;'k u © a &muf & aMumif;a'ocHrsm;xHro S &d onf/ 16 February 2013 csif;trsdK;om;aehudk jynfe,fESifhwkdif;a'oBuD;&SdNrdKYe,frsm;wGifcrf;em;pGmusif;yrnf azazmf0g&D (20) &ufaehwGifcsif;jynfe,faeh[kemrnf wyf usi;f yapcJ&h mrS csi;f trsKd ;om;aeh[k w&m;0ifjyefvnfusi;f y Ekdifjcif;aMumifhjrefrmEkdifiH ae&mjynfe,fESifhwkdif;a'oBuD;&SdNrdKYe,f tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifcrf;em;pGmusif;yrnfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ 1948 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&v D (20)&ufaeYwiG f oufO;D qHyikd f ya'o&mZfpepfrS acwfrD'Drdkua&pDpepfusifhoHk;&eftwGuf csif; vlxkrS qE´jyKa&G;cs,fowfrSwfay;cJh&mrS xdkaehukdcsif;trsdK;om; aeY[t k wnfjyKowfrw S cf MhJ uNy;D 2013 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D (20)&uf aeYwGif (65)ESpfjynfUajrmufNyDjzpfonf/ (65)ESpfajrmuf csif;trsdK; om; aeYtcrf;tem;tm; csif;jynfe,ftwGif;aomfvnf;aumif;? jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;aexdik &f m a'otoD;oD;wGif usi;f y MurnfjzpfNy;D rauG;wdik ;f rauG;NrKd ?Y aqmNrKd (Y yxrtBurd )f ? rEåav; wkid ;f aejynfawmf('kw, d tBurd )f ? rEåav;NrKd ?Y ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f rH&k mG ESihf uav;NrdKYrsm;wGif BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm usif;yoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ uav;Nrd K U w G i f N rd K U r d N rd K U z rsm;rS N rd K Y w G i f ; zuf ? ausmif ; ol a usmif ; om;rsm;rSajraG wmifajcwGif usi;f yrnfjzpfonf/ &efuek w f ikd ;f r&rf; uke;f NrKd ?Y &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifBu;D ('kw, d tBurd )f yJc;l wkid ;f jynfNrKd rY sm; wGiv f nf; azazmf0g&v D (20)&ufaehü csi;f trsKd ;om;aehtm;pnfum; odkufNrdKufpGmusif;yrnfjzpfonf/ csif;jynfNrdKYe,ftoD;oD;odkh csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD;rS yGJusif;ya&;twGuf usyf(1)odef;pDvSL'gef; rnf[kaMunmxm;aomfvnf; ,cktcgraocsmawmhaMumif;rif; wyfNrKd cY si;f trsKd ;om;aeh jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD0ifwpfO;D rSajymonf/ [m;cg;NrdKYwGifjyKvkyfrnfU csif;trsdK;om;aeYtcrf;em;udk jynfe,f tpdk;&rS OD;aqmifum pnfum;odkufNrdKufpGm usif;yoGm;rnf[k od&Sd&onf/ csif;trsdK;om;aeY usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfonfU &efyakH iG&mS azGru I kd Chin Youth Organization (CYO) rS OD;aqmifNy;D T-Shirt?uHprf;rJ? Post Card rsm;a&mif;csvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkhjyif azazmf0g&Dv 18-20 txd csif;trsdK;om;aeYyGJawmftpDtpOfudk usi;f yoGm;rnfjzpfum NrKd eY ,ftvdu k f &d;k &m0wfpm;qif,ifrNI yKd iyf ?JG acwfay:tvSr,fNydKifyGJ? &dk;&meyef;NydKifyGJ? acwfay:aw;*Dw tpDtOfrsm;? acsmwdkifwufNydKifyGJ? &dk;&m Khuang Cawi rsm;jzifh pnfum;pGm usi;f yoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; od&&dS onf/ &d;k &m Khuang Cawi twGuf tvSr,fudk Mai Ni Hlei Cuai tm; ,ckESpf twGuf a&G;cs,fxm;onf/ csif;trsKd;om;aeYtcrf;tem;tpDpOfudk azazmf0g&Dv 20 &ufrSmusif;yrnfjzpfNyD; yGJawmftpDtpOfudk ydkrdkNyD;pnfum; atmif rauG;NrdKYe,f?*efha*ge,f? rHk&Gme,frsm;rS ukefonfpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS aps;qdkifrsm;vma&mif;jcif;upm;zG,f&mrsm;jzifh vma&mufMurnfjzpfaMumif;vnf;od&Sd&ygonf/ azazmf0g&D 12 &ufaehwiG &f efuek w f idk ;f ? tif;pdeNf rKd eY ,f&dS t&SdKcsif;ESpfcsif;toif;awmfü csiftrsdK;om;aehtBudKtcrf;tem; usif;ycJhMuonf/ xdktcrf;em;odkht&SdKcsif;trsdK;om; 300 eD;yg; wufa&mufcJhMuNyD; t&SdKcsif;&dk;&mtursm;jzifhpnfum;odkufNrdKuf pGm csif;trsdK;om;aehtBudKudkusif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf/ t&SdKcsif; pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDOuú|qvkdif;rGefvSdKif(jynfe,fynm a&;rI;tNird ;f pm;) u ]uReaf wmfwhkd (20) &ufaehrmS awmh &efuek rf mS yJtm;vH;k yg0ifrmS yg/ tckutBuKd vyk w f myJjzpfygw,f} [kajymonf/ aejynfawmfwiG v f nf; (65)ESpaf jrmufcsi;f trsKd ;om;aehukd pnfum; odkufNrdKufpGmusif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ,refESpf(64)ESpf ajrmufudk wdkif;&if;om;aus;&GmwGif 'kAdkvfrSL;BuD; pdk;xufOD; aqmifrIjzifh aejynfawmfwGifyxrqHk;tBudrfusif;ycJhaomfvnf; yGJOD;aqmifolrsm;rSm 0efxrf;rsm;jzpfonfuwpfaMumif; csif; trsdK;om;aehudk csif;jynfe,faeh[kom acgif;pOfwyfusif;ycJhMu aMumif;? ,ckEpS rf mS rlaumfrwDrsm;zGpYJ nf;Ny;D jrefrmrSmaewJch si;f awGa&m? urmÇt&yf&yfrmS a&mufaewJch si;f trsKd ;om;awGpw d 0f ifpm;atmifvyk zf hkd tpDtpOf&SdaMumif;? vTwfawmfwufaecsdefjzpfonfhtwGuf vTwf awmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udv k nf;udzk w d x f m;aMumif;? vTwaf wmfOuú| rsm;udkvnf;zdwfMum;&efpDpOfxm;aMumif; csif;trsdK;om;aehudk csif;trsdK;om;aehtwdkif; acgif;pOfwyfNyD;vkyf&if aumif;rvm;[k pOf;pm;csed w f iG f w&m;0ifusi;f ycGi&hf onft U wGuf twkid ;f xuftvGef 0rf;ajrmufaMumif; yGJjzpfajrmufa&;tzGJYrS AdkvfBuD;0if;apmOD;u csif;a0gvf\ar;jref;csufudkajzMum;cJhonf/ jrefrmh &kyfjrifoHMum; Xmeudv k nf; rSww f rf;wif&efzw d x f m;aMumif;? tu tzGrYJ sm;tjzpf &efukef Lai Baptist Church rStutzGJY? a&qif; wuúodkvfrS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? aejynfawmfwyfukef;rS csif;rsm;udk zdwfxm;aMumif;od&onf/ ]t&ifvdkr[kwfyJ csif;trsdK; om;aeh qdkwJhacgif;pOfeJU usif;yr,fhaejynfawmf&JY yxryGJrSmuzdkhyg&wm t&rf;aysmfrdygw,f}[k&efukef Lai Baptist Church rStu tzGJY wGiyf g0ifol Mai Mawi te rSajymonf/ rEåav;wdik ;f rEåav;NrKd w Y iG f vnf; Swam Hotel wGiaf ehv,f (1)em&Drn S ae(3)em&DMum; usi;f y jyKvkyfrnfjzpfonf/ rauG;wdkif;rauG;NrdKUwGifvnf; wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;ygwcD ef;rü nae(4)em&DrS (10) em&Dxd usi;f y jyKvyk rf nfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/rauG;wdik ;f aqmNrKd Y (csi;f vlrsKd ; 700 0ef;usif&SdonfU) wGif;vnf;,ckESpfyxrqHk;tBudrf csif;trsdK;om; aeh u d k csif ; wd k ; wuf a &;ygwD \ jynf e ,f v T w f a wmf trwf uD;xef;vGe;f \ aetdrw f iG u f si;f yjyKvyk rf nfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ Edik if &H yfjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;jzpfaom tdE, d´ Ekid if ?H rav;&Sm; EdkifiH? Mopaw;vsEdkifiH? Oa&mywdkuf&Sd *smreD? aemfa0;? 'def;rwf? e,fomvefESifh t*FvefEdkifiHrsm;? uae'gEdkifiHESifh tar&duefjynf axmifp&k dS csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;aexdik &f m jynfe,frsm;wGif csi;f trsKd ;om;aeY tcrf;tem;tm; pnfum;odkufNrdKufpGm usif;y&efjyifqifvsuf &SdMuonf/ xdkodkhwwd,EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ,ckESpf(65)ESpf csif;trsdK; om;aeY usa&mufaom&uf twdtuswGif usif;yEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ EdkifiHtajctaet& azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf (odkY) azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaeYrsm;wGif usi;f yoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ ,cifcsi;f trsKd ;om; aeh tm;w&m;0ifemrnfoHk;pGJ usif;ycGifhr&SdbJ csif;trsdK;om;aeh (20)&ufaehukd csi;f jynfe,faeh[u k si;f y apcJ&h m rS2012 ckEpS 'f ZD if bmvwGif csif;jynfe,fvTwfawmfwGif w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfNyD; ,ckESpfrScsif;trsdK;om;aehudk jyefvnfusif;ycGifh&jcif;jzpfonf/ BA + Salai Hung Tun Gei aejynfawmfjynfaxmifpkaeYtcrf;tem;wGif csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; wufa&mufjyD;? csif;jynfe,ftuya'omtzGJYrSvnf; ujyazsmfajzcJh Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &rS 2013 ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D v (12) &ufaeYwGif aejynfawmf ü MuD;rSL;usif;yaom (66) ES p f a jrmuf jynf a xmif p k a eY tcrf;tem;MuD;wGif csif;jynf e,ftutzGJYrS tuya'om jzifh ujyazsmfajzcJhjyD;? csif;EdkifiH a&;ygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmif rsm;vnf; wufa&mufcJhMu onf[k od&onf/ csif ; jynf e ,f t u tjzpf udk,fpm;jyKujy azsmf ajz&eftwGuf atmufwdkbm v (14-15) &uf? 2012 wGif [m;cg;NrKd üY usi;f ycJah om Hlawn Siang, 11) Mai Ngun Hlawn Tial, 12) Mai Lal Rin ]yxrtMudrf csif;&dk;&m qdku-a&;-wD; NydKifyGJ} 0if zvrf; NrdKYe,f tutzGJYtm; jynfe,f tpdk;&rS wm0efay;tyfcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ csif ; jynf e ,f t u tzGJYtm; jynfe,f,Ofaus;rI OuúX Pu On Khan Kap, Pu azmfjyoGm;rnf[k tzGw YJ iG f yg0if olwpfOD;rS Chin World odkY ajymonf/ csif ; jynf e ,f t utzG J Y w G i f trsdK;om; (12) OD;? trsdK;orD; (12)OD; pkpak ygi;f (24) OD;yg0if NyD; trsdK;om; rsm;rSm- 1) Salai wdkhjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ trsdK;orD; (12) OD; rSm 1) Mai Par Sui Hnem (acgif;aqmif), 2) Mai Cung Ral Lian Kham ESihf Saya Hrang Phun Lian Hmung @ Lynlyn, Hoi Par, 3) Mai Van Tawk Thawm Vel wdr Yk OS ;D aqmifonf/ 2) Salai Lal Awm Pui, 3) Salai Cer, 4) Mai Lian Nei Kim, 5) csif ; jynf e ,f t u tzGo YJ nf zvrf;NrKd eY ,ftwGi;f &Sd rsKd ;EG,pf w k pfcjk zpfaomHualngo csif;&dk;&m 0g;n§yftujzifh ujy Robinson, 4) Salai Lal Nei Mai Lal Ruat Kim, 6) Mai Sang, 5) Salai Van Mang Lian, Siang Kim, 7) Mai Lal Biak 6) Salai Ral Lian Thawng, 7) Sui, 8) Mai Rem Mawi, 9) wdkYjzpfonf/ xdkhjyif or®w OD; odef;pdef\ npmpm;yGJESifh jynf axmif p k a eY tcrf ; tem;od k Y csif;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (CPP) rS OuúX Pu No Than Kap? typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabm wlnDcsuf vufrSwf a&;xdk; xm;aom csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD; (CNF)rSwz J G uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (2)a'gufwma&Tcg;wdkh wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1947 ckEpS ?f azazmf 0g&DvwGif csif;jynf? ucsif jynf? &Sr;f jynfEiS hf ArmjynfwrYkd S acgi;f aqmifrsm; &Sr;f jynfaxmif yifvNkH rKd w Y iG f awGq Y ckH NhJ y;D jAw d o d sS wdx Yk rH S vGwv f yfa&;twlwuG &,lum wef;wlnDrSsa&;udk tajccH o nf U jynf a xmif p k pepfjzifh tem*wfwdkif;jynfudk wnfaqmufoGm;&ef [laom oabmwl n D c suf rsm;jzif h vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhNyD; xdkaeh azazmf0g&v D (12) &ufaeYtm; jynfaxmifpak eY[k owfrw S u f m ESpfpOf ESpfwdkif;usif;yvsuf &Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ Salai Van Sui Mawng, 8) Salai Mai Sui Len Siang, 10) Mai BA Thang Zual vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;cufcJonfU csif;jynfe,f rif;wyfNrdKY ia&Smif&mG vrf;f tqifajyNyD ,cifvrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;cufcJonfh csif;jynf e,f? rif;wyfNrKd eY ,f? trSw(f 3)wdu k ef ,f? ia&Smif&mG vrf;onf ,ckqdkifu,fjzifhoGm;vmEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ xdkodkUvrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;cufcJonfU ia&Smif&Gmvrf;udk &efuek w f ikd ;f &Sad rSmb f ND rKd ?Y 0g;eufacsmif;wGi&f ;kH pdu k af omjrefrmjynf cspfjcif;arwmvlrIa&;vkyfief;rS J.P Biak Tin Sang \ ulnD yHhydk;rIjzifhxdkodkUvrf;azmufvkyfEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkyHhydk;rIjzifh vDavmif;&Gm? wHt k rd &f mG ? ia&Smif&mG &Gmpkpak ygi;f vrf;t&Snf (7) rdkifausmfudkvlxktiftm; (100) ausmfrSESpfygwftMumwl; azmfcJhum Zefe0g&D&ufaeUwGifNyD;pD;NyD; ,cktcgqdkifu,frsm; jzifhoGm;vmEdkifNyDjzpfonf/ xdkUjyiftqdkygqdkifu,fvrf;tm; puf,E&m;BuD;rsm;jzifhum;vrf;tqifhxdwdk;csJUazmufvkyfrnf jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ trSwf(3) wdkufe,f? ia&Smif&Gmonf tdrfajc(94) 0ef;usif&Sdonf/ Salai Hung Tun Gei Biak Lian Uk, 9) Salai Ca Hlei Thang, 10) Salai Ngun Nei Piang, 11) Salai Van Rem Ruat, 12) Salai Ram Nei Zul 3 Vol. 1, No.3 &efuek t f ajcpdu k f csi;f tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;ESihf a'guw f mvserf eI ;f qmacgi;f wdaYk wGq Y kH wD;wdefwGif usyfodef;wpf&mausmfwefzdk;&Sd rl;,pfaq;rsm;awGY&Sd csif;jynfe,f? wD;wdef NrdKUe,fwGif usyfodef;wpf&mausmfwefzdk;&Sd ql'dktufzD'&if; aq;jym;rsm;udk 2013 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (5) &ufaeYwGif zrf;qD;&rdcJhaMumif; tqdkyg NrdKYe,f &Jpcef;xHrS od&onf/ uav;rl;,pf (txl;) tzGJYESihf wD;wdef&JwyfzGJY0ifwdkYu tqdkyg aeYwGif wD;wdefrS uav; NrdKUodkY armif;ESif vmaom qdik u f ,fwpfp;D udk ud;k rdik &f pJ cef;teD;wGif ppfaq; cJh&m qdkifu,fcGMum;wGif wifaqmifvmaom ajymufusm; ausmydk;tdwftwGif;rS tjzLa&mif yvwfpwpfjzihf xkyx f m;aom ql't kd ufz'D &if; tmedoifyg tjzLa&mifaq;jym; wpfxkyfvSsif 9000 jym;yg 15 xkyf? tav;csdef 900 *&rfyg? aq;jym;aygif; 135ç000 jym;? pkpkaygif; wefzkd;usyf 135 odef;udk &SmazGawGY&Sd onf[k od&onf/ w&m;cHrsm; pD;eif;vmaomqdik u f ,frmS tem*gwcf si;f vlrsKd ;rsm; zGYH NzKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk rnfuo hJ Ukd tusKd ;&Spd mG yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifomG ;Ekid rf nfqo kd nfh tvGwo f abm aqG;aEG;yGu J dk azazmf0g&(D 4)&ufaeh naeydik ;f wGif &efuek Nf rKd aY jreDuek ;f &Sd "EkjzLa':apm&D xrif;qkid w f iG f a'guw f mvserf eI ;f qmacgi;f (Director of Burma Center for Ethnic Study) ESifhtwl &efukeftajcpdkuf csif;vlrItzGJYpnf;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhaMumif;od&onf/ teufa&mif uifbdkqdkifu,ftrsdK;tpm;jzpfjyD; Saipimual &Gmae Tg. Cin Suan Khai (26 ESpf) ESifh aemufwGifvdkufygpD;eif;olrSm- wpf&GmxJae Pu Hau Do Pau (58ESpf) wdkhjzpfonf/ qdik u f ,f armif;ESiv f mol usiq fh iG ;f cdik f ESifh a[muf';kd aygiw f u Ykd kd wD;wde&f pJ cef;u r,(y) 4/2013? rl;,pfaq;0g;ESihf pdwfukdajymif;vJ apaom aq;0g;rsm;qdik &f m Oya'yk'rf 15/16(c)/ 21 wdkhjzihf trIzGihf ta&;,lxm;aMumif; tqdkyg &Jpcef;xHrS od&onf/ Ny;D cJo h nfU Zefe0g&v D (18) &ufaeYu vnf; wD;wdeNf rKd eY ,ftwGi;f wGif tqdyk g aq;jym; tav;csdef (421) uDvdk*&rfudk zrf;qD;&rdcJhNyD; 9 rdkif &Jpcef;u ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhaMumif; ,if;&Jpcef; xHrS od&onf/ pu lian *kPfxl;OD;odef;Edkifu wD;wdefwGif wuúodkvf0ifwef;txl;xkwfrsm; vSL'gef; tqdkygtcrf;tem;udk csif;ynma&;uGef&uf (CEN) rSpDpOfjyKvkyfcJhNyD; wufa&mufvmonfh vl r I t zG J Y t pnf ; rsm;ES i f h tvG w f o abmaqG ; aEG ; rI r sm;jyKvk y f c J h M uonf / awG Y q H k y G J o d k h csi;f pmayESi, hf Ofaus;rIaumfrwD? csi;f ynma&;uGe, f uf? Chin Youth Forum, Zo Education h zGt YJ pnf;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf Program, CDES, YSBS, Chin World Media ponft csif;EkdifiHa&;ygwDjzpfMuonfh csif;trsdK;om;ygwD? csif;wdk;wufa&;ygwDwdkUrSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;pkpkaygif; (30) OD;0ef;usif wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ awGYqHkyGJ tzGifhpum;udk udkNzdK;aevif;rSajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkhaemuf a'gufwmvsefrIef;qmacgif;rS aqG;aEG;&mwGif 4if;wdkh\ BCES(Burma Center for Ethnic Study) tzGJYtpnf;onf xdkif;EkdifiH csif;rkdifrS rMumrD 0ifa&mufvmawmhrnfjzpfaMumif;? zuf'&,fEiS yhf wfoufNy;D wdik ;f &if;om; trsm;jynfoo l hdk todynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifomG ;rnf jzpfaMumif;? csi;f ta&;ESiyhf wfowfí csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifw h m0ef&adS Mumif;? zGYH NzKd ;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeMuonfh tzGJYpnf;rsm;taejzifh rvkdtyfbJ ruGJjym;apvkdaMumif;? yGifhvif;vmaom EkdifiHa&;ESifhzGHNzdK;a&;twGuf aemufxyf0ifa&mufrnfh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;&SdaMumif;? 4if;taejzifh ,ckawGq Y ykH v JG yk &f jcif;onf Ekid if aH &;taejzifh awGq Y ykH JG jyKvyk jf cif; r[kwaf Mumif; awGq Y yHk w JG iG x f nfo h iG ;f ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkhaemuf wufa&mufvmonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefar;cGef;rsm; Peng Lian Sang ar;jref;ajzqdk aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf[kod&onf/ csi;f jynfe,f wD;wdeNf rKd eY ,ftwGi;f &Sd txufwef;ausmif; (3) cktwGuf *kPx f ;l OD;ode;f Edik u f 2012-13 ynmoifESpftwGuf 'orwef;txl;xkwf pmtkyfrsm;tm; ay;tyfvSL'gef;cJhonf[k od&onf/ *kPx f ;l OD;ode;f Edik o f nf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 'orwef;twGuf usL&Si?f ausmif;rsm;zGiv hf pS af om ausmfMum;aom jrefrmpmq&mjzpfNyD; txl;xkwf (614) tkyf vSL'gef;cJhonf[k od&onf/ Tedim Youth Fellowship (TYF) OuúX Tg. Nang Siang Tuang rS- ] ZCD &JU wdkuf wGef;rIeJY q&mOD;odef;Edkifu vSL'gef;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ TYF uae ausmif;tkyfq&mMuD;awGqDudk tyfESHrItaotcsmvkyfNyD; vTJtyfvdkufygNyD}[k Chin World odkYajymonf/ xdkodkY txl;xkwfpmtkyfrsm; ay;tyfvSL'gef;rIudk azazmf0g&Dv(2)&uf? 2013 ckESpfwGif txu (1) wD;wde?f txu (2) wD;wdeEf iS hf xkwv f ikd &f mG txuausmif;wdw Yk iG f usi;f yjyKvyk cf o hJ nf[k od&onf/ 2011-2012 ynmoifESpfwGif wD;wdefNrdKYe,frS 'orwef;ausmif;om;pm&if; (1132) OD;&SdNyD; ,if;txJtwGif (1008) OD;ajzqdkum? atmifjrifol (229)OD; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;txJwGif (4)bmom*kPfxl;&Sif (1)OD;? (3)bmom*kPfxl;&Sif(1)OD;? (2)bmom*kPfxl;&Sif(3)OD;ESifh (1)bmom *kPx f ;l &Sif (18)OD;yg0ifonf[o k &d onf/ 2011-2012 twGuf (4)bmom*kPx f ;l &Sio f nf csi;f jynf e,fwGif *kPfxl;trsm;qHk;&ausmif;om;jzpfonf[kod&onf/ zvrf;NrKd U usirf mG vf&yfuuG wf iG f um;Bu;D 0if;twGuf ae&m&SmazGrrI sm;jyKvyk f azazmf0g&D 23 rDZdk&rfwGif Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yrnf zvrf;NrdKY usifrGmvf &yfuGufwGif ,cifw&kwfocsØKif;ukef; wnf&Sd&mae&mtm; um;BuD;0if;tjzpf ajymif;vJ wnfaqmuf&ef tpDtpOf&SdaMumif; usifrGmvf&yfuGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; OD;rdkufu,fu csif;a0gvfodkY ajymMum;onf/ þtpDtpOfudk zvrf;NrdKY NrdKYrdNrdKYzrS OD;pD;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfNyD; trIw*JG &efuv kd nf; oufqikd &f mXmeodYk wifjyNy;D jzpfaMumif; od&&dS onf/ OD;rdu k u f ,fu ]zvrf;NrKd eY ,f jynfolvlxkrsm;? zvrf;NrdKYudk a&muf&SdvmonfU {nfUonfrsm; ,mOftEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;? c&dkifNrdKYESifh tnD vuf&SdAdkvfcsKyfvrf;ESifh <uefbdcfvrf;rS bkef;BuD;ausmif;vrf;wdkYudk wpfvrf;armif;tjzpf owfrw S Nf y;D 12&moD um;Bu;D oGm;vmEdik af tmif jyKjyifa&;? um;0if; (,mOf&yfem;pcef;) aqmufvyk Nf y;D teD;tem;wGif wnf;cdkcef;rsm; aqmufvkyfa&;wdkYudk pepfwus taumiftxnfazmf&ef &nf&, G x f m;ygonf}[kajymMum;onf/ qufvufí OD;rdu k u f ,fu ]txufu aqmufvyk cf iG t hf rdepYf m &&if vuf&Sd ocsØKif;ukef; awGudk pepfwuseJY NyD;pD;atmifajymif;a&TY&OD;rSmyg/ tck oHk;aewJhocsØKif; ajrae&mr[kwb f J tJ'aD e&m&JU tay:awmifuek ;f udyk J toH;k jyKzYkd &nf&, G x f m;ygw,f} [k &Si;f jyonf/ xdak wmifuek ;f ae&monf pnfyife,ferdwjf zpfNy;D 1 'or 10 {u us,0f ef;í vuf&o dS csKØ i;f uke;f wGif Asufykrf tkwf*l (10) ckausmf &SdaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/ rDZkd&rfü azazmf0g&D 23wGif usif;yrnfh Mum;jzwf a&G;aumufyt GJ wGuf t&deS jf rifh vmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;onf rJqE´&Sif 17054 tm;rJqG,f&ef zGHYNzdK;a&;? jcpm; rI? ukefaps;EIef;jrifhwufvm rIEiS v hf o l ;kH ukeyf pön;f rsm; toH;k jyK&rIrsm;tygt0if taMumif; t&mtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk jri§ w hf ifpnf;½H;k vmMuonf[k od&onf/ 4 aus;vuf r sm;ü opfawm ESifhywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;ESihf ajymif;a½TYpdkufysdK;&ef rD;&dIYrIESifh ckwfxGifrIrsm;acsrIef;jcif;tm; jriS w hf ifonfh New Land Use Policy (NLUP) tm; tEdi k &f ygwDrS 4if;\ausmfMum;vm a&;twGuf tc&m y½dk*&rf tjzpf &if;ES;D jry§ Ef v HS su&f o dS nf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&u NLUP &Sd rdom;pk 90000 ausmt f m; tultnDay;aeNy;D txl;ojzifh tusdK;cHpm;&ol rsm;rSm rdom;pkwpfcv k Qif &ly;D (1)oef;cefh ay;tyfjcif;cH& onf[k ajymMum;onf/ ygwt D m;ulnD jcif; rSm NLUP tm;jzifh taxmuf tyHhjyKrnfh rJqE´&Sifrsm;tm; rJqG,fEdkif&ef vTwfawmftm; ulnDaejcif;jzpfonf/ 16 February 2013 0efBuD;csKyf[kef;idkif;rSrif;wyfNrdKYe,f&Sdc&pf,mef*dkPf;aygif;pHkbmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifUawGY jynfe,ftusdK;jyKaprnfUvli,frsm;ay:xGef;vm&ef0dkif;0ef;ysdK;axmif&efarwåm&yfcH csi;f jynfe,frif;wyfNrKd w Y iG f 0efBu;D csKy[ f ek ;f idik ;f ESihf rif;wyfNrKd eY ,f c&pf,mef *dP k ;f aygi;f pHak wGqykH w JG iG f 0efBu;D csKyrf S jynfe,fut kd usKd ;jyKaprnfU vli,frsm;ay:xeG ;f vmzdhk bmoma&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; 0dik ;f 0ef;jyKp?k ysKd ;axmif ay;&efarwåm&yfccH ahJ Mumif;od&onf/ 0efBu;D csKy[ f ek ;f idik ;f OD;aqmifonfU tzGYJ onf azazmf0g&v D (3)&ufaeheeH uf(8)em&Dct JG csed w f iG f rif;wyfNrKd eY ,f c&pf ,mef *dP k ;f aygi;f pHEk iS hf rif;wyfEpS jf cif;toif;awmf&;kH cef;wGif awGq Y ckH MhJ ujcif; jzpfonf/xdo k hkd rif;wyfNrKd eY ,f&dS c&pf,mef*P kd ;f aygi;f pHak wGq Y jkH cif;onf 'kw, d tBurd jf zpfaMumif;ESihf xdo k ahkd wGq Y jkH cif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf surf mS bmoma&; vkyif ef;vkyaf eolrsm;taejzifh bmoma&;vkyif ef;wifrubJ rdr&d yf&mG a'o wGif&SdMuonfh vli,fvl&G,frsm;udk tusifhpm&dwÅydkif;? ynma&;ydkif;? txl;ojzifh rdrdjynfe,fudktusdK;jyKaprnfUvli,frsm; ay:xGef;vmap&ef 0dik ;f 0ef;jyKp?k ysKd ;axmifay;Muyg&eftxl; arwÅm&yfcaH Mumif; ajymMum;oGm; onf[kod&onf/ xdktjyifc&pf,mefbmoma&; taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh ywfowfí ajrydkifqdkifrItaxmufxm; (105-106) &NyD; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;jynfUpHkygu wpfygwfwGif;aqmufvkyfcGifhay;oGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; jyóem&Sdaomajrjzpfygu aqmufvkyfcGifhay;rnf r[kwf aMumif;ajymMum;cJhNyD; bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ar;jref;csufrsm;udk jyef vnfajzMum;cJo h nf/ ,if;awGq Y ykH w JG iG f csi;f jynfe,f0efBu;D csKyf yl;[ke;f idik ;f tyg0if? vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;yl;iGefqef;atmif? pnfyif0efBuD; yl;edeEf ikd ;f ? pdu k yf sKd ;a&;0efBu;D yl;Aefaxmif;? opfawma&;&m0efBu;D yl;ausmNf ird ;f wdkhwufa&mufcJhMuNyD; awGYqHkyGJtNyD;wGif0efBuD;csKyf[kef;idkif;rS aiGusyf rdk;yD;armif (3)odef;wdwdvSL'gef;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ csif;trsdK;om;aehwGif tpdk;&ausmif;rS(10)wef;ausmif;ol^om;rsm; pmar;yGJajzqdkrnfUtcsdefZ,m; jyefvnfjyifqifowfrSwf csif;jynfe,fwGif vufzuftxGuf ig;qcefYwdk;&ef arSsmfvifh[k awmifolrsm;qdk csif;jynfe,fwGif vufzuf txGufEIef; (5)qwdk;yGm;&ef aqmif&u G f aeaMumif; jynfe,f \ vufzuf t"duxGuf&Sd&m wD ; wd e f N rd K Y e ,f ? a'gvf v G m if a'orS tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; OD;axmif cefhcGmvfu csif;a0gvfodkY ajym onf/ ]bdk;bGm;ydkifawG&,f? Edik if aH wmf&UJ vufzufpu kd yf sKd ;a&; pDru H ed ;f awG&,faMumifh vmr,fh ig;ES p f t wG i f ; rS m jynf e ,f & J Y vuf z uf x G u f E I e f ; u ig;q avmuf wd;k vmEdik yf gw,f} [k 4if ; uqd k o nf / 2000 ck E S p f aemuf y d k i f ; csif ; jynf e ,f u d k vufzufjynfe,f jzpf&rnf[k qdkum tpdk;&rS pDrHudef;rsm; csrS w f a qmif & G u f c J h a Mumif ; od&onf/ vuf&Sd a'gvfvGmif a'o\ wpfESpfvufzufxGuf EIe;f rSmtajcmufyó d m (4000) rS (8000)xd&SdNyD; wpfydóm vSsif (3000-4000) usyf&Sd aMumif;od&onf/ aps;uGu0f if vufzufyifjzpfvmap&ef (5) ESpfrS(7)ESpfcefYtxd apmifh&NyD; wpfEpS v f sS if tenf;qH;k (2)Burd f cl ; Mu&aMumif ; od & onf / a'gvfvGmif a'owGif t"du xGuu f ek t f jzpfvufzufajcmuf wpfrsdK;wnf;jzpfNyD; vufzufpdk rjyKvkyfEdkifao;aMumif; od& onf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif; rGefvmygu vufzuf aps;uGuf ydkrdkus,fjyefhvmEdkif rnf[k a'ocHvufzufpdkuf awmifow l pfO;D uqdo k nf/ xefpGrf;vsH(uav;) jynfe,ftpd;k &u A[dt k pd;k &xH pmwifco hJ nft h wGuf csi;f trsKd ; om;aehwiG f ajzqdrk nfh ausmif; ol^om; rsm;\tcsed Zf ,m;tm; jyef v nf a jymif ; ay;vk d u f NyDjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ ,ckvazazmf0g&DwGif tv,f wef;tqifhrsm;rSm 26 &ufaeh wG i f twef ; wif p mar;yG J ajzqd k & rnf j zpf a omf v nf ; twef;wifpmar;yGJr[kwfbJ tprf;pmar;yGjJ zpfonfh oH;k em&D ar;cGef;ajzqdkrnfh q,fwef; ausmif;ol^om;rsm;rSm 4if;wdkh pmar;yGJajzqdkonfh aemufqHk; aehonfcsif;trsdK;om;aehESifh wd k u f a ecJ h a Mumif ; od & onf / 4if;udpöESifh ywfowfNyD; ouf qdkif&mvTwfawmftrwf rsm;rSwqifhjynfe,ftpdk;&odkh wif j ycJ h a omf v nf ; A[d k r S owfrSwfonfh aehjzpfaom aMumifh jynfe,ftpdk;taejzifh ajymif;vJ&efcufc[ J k taMumif; jyefonf[kod&NyD; 4if;udpöESifh ywfowNfyD;q&m^rtcsdKY pdwf raumif;jzpfc&hJ aMumif;od&onf/ ]ud, k t hf rsKd ;om;aehrmS awmift pd k ; &pmar;yG J u sif ; y&wm wu,fukd pdwrf aumif;p&myJ? 'gayr,ft h ckvjdk yefvnfajymif; vJjyifqifay;wJt h wGuf q&mr wdkhtyg0ifausmif;ol ^om; awGvnf;t&rf;0rf;omMuw,f} [ktxufwef;jy q&mrwpf OD;uajymonf/ jynfe,ftpd;k & ud k o uf q d k i f & m vT w f a wmf trwfrsm;xH rSwpfqifh wifjy aomf v nf ; ol i ,f w ef ; ES i f h cdk;0ifb*FgvD (8)OD;udk axmif'Pfig;ESpftoD;oD;csrSwf csif;jynfe,f zvrf;NrdKYwGif cdk;0ifb*FgvDrsm;\ w&m;r0if e,f p yf j zwf a usmf rI c if ; ud k azazmf0g&Dv (7)&uf 2013 eHeuf 11;30em&DwiG f zvrf;NrKd Y e,f w&m;½Hk;rS trdefYcsrSwf vdu k f NyjD zpfaMumif; owif;&&Sd onf/ w&m;vdrk mS zvrf;NrKd eY ,f v0u OD;pD;rSL; OD;iGef0kefjzpfNyD; w&m;cHrsm;jzpfaom azGwDZm avmif (27ESpf)? a&SmfbD&mref (32ESpf)? azG&m pvrf(40ESpf)? rd[ k mruf qmv rGwf (30ESp)f ? rdo k &D mS ;&f (20ESp)f ? Zdik ef aD vmuf (45ESpf)? zGefem'vD (32ESpf)? El&fabm&Sm; (20ESpf) wdkYtm; 1947 ckEpS f jrefrmEdik if H vl0ifrI BuD ; Muyf a &; (vwf w avm jyXmef;csufrsm;) tufOya' yk'fr 13(1)t& axmif'Pf ig;ESpfpDuscHap&ef trdefhcsrSwf jcif;jzpfaMumif; owif;&&So d nf/ tqdyk g cd;k 0if b*FgvD (8)OD;tm; 'DZifbm 26? 2012 &ufaeY wGif zvrf;NrdKYrS 8 rdkifcefYa0; aom ZmoD;&f (Zathlir) &GmwGif zrf;rdjcif;jzpfonf/ w&m;½Hk;u csrSwfaom axmif'PfrS csKyf &ufrsm;udk xkwEf w k cf pH m;cGijhf yK onf[kowif; &&Sdygonf/ Asufykrf 5 yxrwef;udkom csif;trsdK; om;aehwGif rajzqdk&ef cGifhjyK cJhNyD; q,fwef;udkrl A[dkrS owfrw S o f nfqo kd nft h aMumif; jycsufjzifh rvkdufavsmEkdifcJh aMumif;qufqo kd nf/ ,cifEpS f rsm;wGio f il ,fwef;? yxrwef; ESihf q,fwef; ausmif;ol^om; rsm; rSm azazmf0g&DwGif ajz& aomfvnf; (20)&ufaehwGifrl pmar;yGrJ ajz&aMumif;? odahk omf rESpfu oli,fwef;ESifh yxr wef; ausmif;ol^om;rsm; (20) &ufaehwGifajz&aMumif; od& onf/ xkdhtjyif 19 &ufaeh pmar;yGNJ y;D Ekid &f ef(1)&ufBuKd wif ajzqdkjcif;rsdK;vnf; jyKvkyfcJh aMumif;? jynfe,frS owfrSwf aom azazmf0g&D (20)&ufurkd l pmar;yGaJ jzqd&k efa&SmifcahJ Mumif;? pmar;yGJ ar;cGef;onfvnf; wpfjynfe,fvHk;twkdif;twm xkwo f nfh ar;cGe;f rsKd ;r[kwb f J rdrdausmif;\q&m^rrsm;uom xkwfonfh ar;cGef;jzpfaMumif; txufwef;jyq&mrwpfOD;\ ajymjycsuf t&od & onf / xefwvefNrdKYrS jynfe,fvTwf awmfudk,fpm;vS,fyl;&dkbifu ]'Dupd u ö Reaf wmfvnf; tawmf pdwfraumif;bl;? A[dkuvm wmjzpfwt hJ wGuf jynfe,fuyJ pdwfBudKuf jyifqifcGifhr&Sdvdkh jynfe,f 0efBu;D csKyv f nf; pdwf raumif;wmawGY&w,f}’ [k ajymjyonf/xefwvefjynfolY vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f yD;ZmwvJrfxHrSwpfqifh A[dk odkh pmwifxm;aMumif;quf ajymonf/,ckuJhodkh csif;trsdK; om;aehwGif pmar;yGJajzqdkjcif; rjyK&ef jyef v nf t aMumif ; Mum;pmudk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &ufaeUwiG w f &m;0ifMum;&aMumif; txufwef;jyq&mrwpfOD;u ajymonf//csi;f trsKd ;om;ygwt D axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;qvkdif; uJstb kd cd af xmifrS ]twef;wif pmar;yGJvnf;r[kwf pretest ud k a wmif r S jynf e ,f t pd k ; & upD r H c G i f h r&S d a wmh b l ; vm;? wuúodkvftqifhwdkh? twef; wifwdkhqdk&if xm;vkduftHk;? 'D [ mav;awmif r S A[d k u qd k w mjzpf r aeoif h b l ; /'D q H k ; jzwfcsufudkjynfe,f tqifhrSm &Sdoifhwmjzpfw,f A[dkudkyJ apmifhae&if bmtvkyfvkyf awmh r S m vJ ? tJ v k d r sd K ;qd k & if uReaf wmfwv hkd cdk siw f hJ zuf'&,f qdw k mtvSr;f a0;ae ao;w,f qdkwmjrifae&w,f} [kajym Mum;onf/t&SdKcsif;trsdK;om; ygwDtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; qvkdif;atmifrif;vSdKifrSvnf; ]2008 tajccH Oya'[mjynf axmifpkpepfudk oGm;aew,f qdkwm tckvkdrsdK; jynfe,f tpd;k &&Jt U ao;rTm; udpaö wGtp csKyfudkifwmudk Munfhjcif;tm; jzif h t rS e f r [k w f bl ; qd k w m jyaew,f/jynfe,fay;xm;wJh tmPm[m b,f avmufedrfh usvJ q d k w m axmuf j yae w,f} [k csif;a0gvfrD'D,m\ ar;jref;csufudk ajzMum;oGm; onf/ salai Hung Tun Gei Vol. 1, No.3 tar&duef r&def;wyf\ AdkvfrSL;tqifh&Sd csif;wdkif;&if;om; yl;AefvseftkyfESifh awGYqHkjcif; CW -jref r mjynf j yef v m&wJ h &nf&G,fcsufav;ajymjyay;yg/ Ad k v f r S L ;-jref r mjynf j yef v m& wJ h & nf & G , f c suf u awmh M hawai toch Commander XmecsKyf&JY tvkyfudpöeJhvm wmyg/ tJ'Dudpöuawh'kwd, urÇ m ppf u aoqH k ; oG m ;wJ h ppf o m;awG & J Y t½d k ; t<uif ; tuseaf wG ud&k mS azGw;l azmfa&;? 'DEpS pf wifw;l azmfzt hkd wGupf pD Of xm;w,fqdkawmh tJ'Dtvkyf twG u f v k d t yf r ,f h ypö n f ; tqifq h ifh vkyzf t hkd wGuf vrf; aMumif;yGifhatmif vmvkyf& wmjzpfw,f/ b,fvdk a&mufcJhNyD;awmh b,fvdkeJh ppf w yf u d k a &muf o G m ;cJ h w ,f qdkwmajymjyygtHk;/ Adv k rf LS ;-1986atmufwb dk mrSm a&muf w ,f / ppf w yf u d k a wmh 2000 ckESpfrSm a&mufwm jzpfw,f/b,fvkdyHkpHeJhoGm;cJh vJqdkawmh 1985 rSm taz jcm;tjzpf avhvmcGifhawG& vmNyD/ ygawmh ryg0ifEkdifao; bl;/ 'gayr,fah vhvmol tae eJU tar&duefu tcGifha&;ay; vmNyq D akd wmh aemufq&kd ifb,f vkdyJjzpfjzpfjrefrmEkdifiHeJhESpfEkdifiH cspfMunfa&;ppfa&;avhusifhrI awGvkyfvmzdkh arQmfrSef;csuf trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh taumifxnfazmfzdkhawmhMum tHk;r,f/ i,fyD;+[kef;xGef;a* jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppfAdkvfwpfOD; jzpfczhJ ;l awmh ol&Y aYJ ehpOfvyk if ef; awG udMk unfNU y;D tm;uscw hJ ,f/ 'gayr,fh tar&dua&mufomG ; awmh ppfom;todkif;t0ef;eJh raeawmhbl;qdkawmh ppfwyf xJu0kd ifzUkd tpDtpOf r&Scd yhJ gb;l / 'gayr,f h ausmif ; NyD ; awmh ukrÜPDawGrSm tvkyf0ifvkyf &if; tar&duefrSm ppfAdkvfrSL; b,fvkdjzpfvmw,f qdkwm tifwmeufxJuae MunfU&if; pdwf0ifpm;NyD; usaemfvnf;0if vkyfvkdh&wmyJ vkdhxifwmeJh 0ifcGifh&zdkh enf;vrf;&SmcJhwmyg/ CW-AdkvfrSL;tqifhxd CW- CW- tqifh qifh&mxl;wufvmyHkudkvnf; rQa0ygtHk;/ Adv k rf LS ;- r&de;f wyfom;awGq&kd if bG&YJ wJo h al wGr0S if&w,f/ 0ifNy;D &if q,fywfoifwef;wuf& w,f/ tJ'gNy;D &if 'kAv kd &f w,f/ 'kAv kd u f ae yxrAdv k &f zdUk ESpEf pS f wdwdMumw,f/ AdkvfBuD;&zdkh ESpfESpfcGJMumw,f/ AdkvfBuD;u ae AdkvfrSL;&zdkh aemufxyf 6 ESpfwdwdMumw,f/tckAdkvfrSL; &wm 2011 Mo*kwv f qdak wmh q,fhwpfESpfavmuf Mumwm aygh/ CW- AdkvfrSL;u yifw*GefeJY r&def;wyfrSm pasific division &JY action officer vkdhodxm;& w,f/ Adv k rf LS ;&JY t"du wm0ef ,lrItydkif;udk odcsifygw,f/ Ad k v f r S L ;- 'D v k d a wmh & S d w ,f uRefawmfwdkh&JY 8syefEkdifiH vHkNcHK a&;? cspfMunfa&;t& pmcsKyf csKyfwJhtay:rSm rlwnfNyD;tck tdu k eD m0guRe;f rSm&Sw d hJ r&dr;f wyf tzGJYtcsdKYudk olwdkhtar&duefeJh *syefEpS Ef idk if o H abmwlncD sut f & wyfom; 5000 udk tdkuDem0g uRef;uae ajymif;zdkh tpDtpOf &S d w ,f / tJ ' gud k b,f v k d taumif x nf a zmf & rvJ ? b,fvv dk yk rf ,f? b,fae&mrSm pcef;csr,fqw kd mrsKd ; aqmif&u G f &w,f/ taumiftxnfazmfwhJ ae&mrSm vG,fw,fxif&ay r,fh vufawGYvkyfaqmifwJh tcg *syefEkdifiHeJh n§d&w,f? tpd k ; &eJ h v nf ; n§ d & w,f / XmecsKyftaeeJh vnf;b,fol awGb,frSm ajymif;&r,fqdk wJh[mrsdK; tukefvHk;n§d&w,f/ CW-tar&duefudk Ad k v f r S L ;&J Y t ar&d u ef ppf o m;wpf a ,muf t aeeJ Y omrefwpfaehwm jzwfoef;rIukd odcsifygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;-tckusawmhvkyfief; uawmh ppfwdkufwJh pcef;eJh rqdkifbl;/ ½Hk;rSmyJxdkifw,f qdkawmh &Hk;udpöawGudkyJ pDpOf& tar&d u ef p pf w yf e J h jref r mppf w yf p pf a &; yl ; wG J avhusiahf wmhr,fqNkd y;D owif; awG xGufaewm Mum;&w,f/ tJ'Dtay: AdkvfrSL;b,fvkdjrif ovJ/ AdkvfrSL;- tJ'guawmh aumif; ygw,f/ uRefawmfh atmufu CW-tar&d u a&muf qH;k oGm;awmh tar&JY nDrwdu Yk ta0;rSm&SdwJhtcsdef jzpfw,f/ olwdkhrSmuav; r&SdMuawmh uReaf wmfwu hkd kd arG;pm;zdahk c:jcif; jzpfw,f/uRefawmf&,f uRef awmf h nD r av;wpf a ,muf &,f? tpfudkwpfa,muf&,f a&muf o G m ;jcif ; jzpf w ,f / tar&duefrSm 8 wef;uae ausmif;pwufjzpfw,f/ CW-ppfom;b0udk b,fvkd aMumifha&G;cs,fcJhwmvJ/ AdkvfrSL;- jrefrmEkdifiHrSmaewkef; ppfom;todkif;t0ef;rSm aecJh wm&,f? uRefawmfhOD;av;[m w,f/wpfaeukef &H;k rSmyJ xdik &f w,f/ 'gayr,fh wpfESpfudk wpfBudrf avhusifhcef;qif;& w,f/ aoewfypfwmwkdh tyg 0ifaygh/ ppfwdkufwJh ppfom; awGusawmh wpf&ufwpfcg avhusifhcef;qif;&w,f/ &Hk;yJ wufawmh vufeufrudkif& bl;/ &H;k wufw,fqw kd m raysmf bl;/ bmvdkhvJqdkawmh pdwf taESmifUt,SufawGrsm;w,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJh &Hk;rxdkifbJ ppfpcef;rSmaeNyD; vkdtyfwJh vkyfief;vkyf&wm? taumif txnfazmf &wmrsKd ;udk ydBk uKd uf w,f/ csif ; awGtay: tar&duefa&muf csif;AdkvfrSL;taeeJholwdkhtay: tjrifav;odcsifygw,f/ Ad k v f r S L ;- csif ; vl i ,f a wG e J U awGw Y t hJ cg tNraJ jymjzpfygw,f/ ppfwyfrSmb,fvdktcGifhta&; &SdwJhtaMumif;awGaygh? trsm; pkuawmh tvkyfyJ vkyfNyD; awmh ausmif ; quf w uf z d k h rpOf ; pm;Mubl ; / tvk y f o H k ; av;ckvkyfNyD; ydkufqH&SmzkdhyJ od M uw,f / ppf w yf b uf & J Y tawG Y t BuH K awG u d k v nf ; ajymjyayr,fh olwdkhpdwfxJrSm awmhr&SdMubl;/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm aevmwm MumNyD q d k a wmh tJ'jD refrmEkid if &H YJ ppfom;awGvdk xifawmh aMumufwmrsKd ;vnf; awG&Y w,f/ avhusichf ef; rvkyf Ek d i f r S m pd k ; &d r f M uwmvnf ; awGY&w,f/ ar;awmhar;Mu ayr,fh b,forl rS 0ifMuygb;l / CW- tar&duefppfom; jzpfzhkd 0yfrmS aewke;f uvJ teD;em;jzpf wJx h ikd ;f ? uarÇm'D,m;? tif'ekd ;D &Sm;? zdvpfydkifwdkheJh ppfa&;avh usifhrI awGtjyiftjcm;ppfwyf zufeq J idk w f [ hJ mawGvyk cf w hJ ,f/ usawmhpdwfxJrSm tNrJwrf; &Sdwmuvnf; wjcm;EkdifiHawG eJhppfa&;avhusifhrIawG jyKvkyf NyD; jrefrmEdkifiHeJhuawmh rvkyf Ekdifbl;qdkwm pdwfxJrSmtNrJ wrf;&SdcJhw,f/ tpdk;& taeeJh vnf; ajymif;vJvmNyD? tukef awmh tqifrajyao;bl;aygh/ 'Dvukef xkdif;EkdifiHrSmusif;y r,fh Cobra Gold rSmvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHppfAdkvfawG tydkif; 6 ppf w yf x J 0 if E k d i f z d k h b,f v k d t&nfcsif;awGvkdrvJ/ AdkvfrSL;-udk,fcE¨mydkif; jynfUpHk &r,f/ t"du pm&Gufpmwrf;? txuf w ef ; atmif pm&G u f pmwrf;awG? omref ppfom;awG twGuf Ekid if o H m;jzpfzrhkd vkb d ;l / w&m;0ifaexdik cf iG &hf wJh pm&Guf pmwrf;awG? tJ'pD m&Gupf mwrf; awGpHk&if 0ifcGifhajzvkdh&w,f/ olwUkd owfrw S x f m;wJUh bmom &yfuakd jz&w,f/ tJ't D rSwrf mS rl w nf N yD ; ol b ,f t yd k i f ; rS m vkyu f ikd Ef idk rf vJqw kd m owfrw S f xm;wm&Sdw,f/ CW-tar&duefAdkvfrI;taeeJh csif ; jynf t wG u f jzpf a pvk d wJhtem*gwftdyfruf/ AdkvfrSL;- i,fi,fuwnf;u csi;f jynfe,frmS Bu;D ysi;f vmawmh csif;jynfe,fu tajctae raumif;qHk;ayghaemf/ tpdk;&u vnf; ody*f &krpdu k w f hJ e,fajr qdak wmh 0efav;rdygw,f/ avm avmq,fawmh vkyaf y;Ekid w f m r&Sad o;bl;/ tar&d ueftpd;k & tay: wm0ef c H & wJ h t yd k i f ; jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dydkif;odyf0if rygEkdifbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf wdk; wufapcsifwmaygh/ csif;jynf e,fut kd "du tpd;k &u *&kpu kd f zdv hk w dk ,f/ a'ocHawGu, kd w f ikd f t&rf;vkyfEkdifzdkh cufw,fqdk awmhav/ EkdifiHjcm;uulnDcsif &ifawmif tpdk;&eJhtrsm;BuD; oufqikd af o;wmud;k / CW- a&Sw Y ef;ppfajrjyif tawGY tBuKH&Sd&ifvnf;odcsifygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;- a&SYwef;oGm;wmu uReaf wmf2006azazmf0g&u D ae atmufwkdbmvxd ajcmufv ud k tD & wf r S m wm0ef x rf ; aqmif&ygw,f/ tJ'rD mS aemuf wef;uae tD&wfppfajrjyif rSmvkdtyfwJh ppfvufeufawG pDraH y;&w,f/ ppfwifu h m;awG vufeufawGukd b,fvkdpDpOf ay;&rvJ b,fvw dk m0ef,al y; &rvJqkdwmrsKd;awGukd ajcmuf vvk H ; vk H ; vk y f a y;&w,f / tmz8ef e pö w ef r S m 2011 Zef e 0g&D u ae Zl v k d i f v xd ajcmufvyJ/ uRefawmfoGm;cJh wJhae&mu tmz8efepöwef&JY ajrmufyidk ;f jynfe,frmS yg/ tJ'rD mS tar&duef r&def;wyfzGJYpcef; tBuD;BuD;wpfck&Sdw,f/ tJ'D ywf0ef;usif&JY sources and help 'grr S [kwf ppfom;awGukd logistic supportvkya f y;&w,f/ CW- csif ; a0gvf r S w pf q if h pmzwfolrsm;udk ajymcsifwm av;/ AdkvfrSL;- xl;xl;jcm;jcm;awmh r&Sdygbl;/ udk,fhvlrsdK;awGb,f ae&myJa&mufa&muf BudK;pm; apcsiw f ,f/ ud, k ahf 'oudak wmh arh r oG m ;apcsif b l ; / b,f avmuf y J tjcm;Ek d i f i H o m; cH , l y gap ud k , f h r l v eJ h a wmh rwlEkdifygbl;/ udk,fBuD;jyif; &mawmh rarhzdkh ta&;BuD; aMumif; ajymvkdygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ udk,fa&;tusOf; trnf&if; rdb - Major Darryl P. Lamberth - Rev. Charles Hrang Khum & Pi Vum Thiam ynmt&nftcsif; - M.S (International Relation) Zmwd arG;ouú&mZf ZeD;^om;orD;rsm; - zvrf; ar 8? 1973 Charity Thian Rem Mawi orD;(1)a,muf? om;(3)a,muf 16 February 2013 csif;trsdK;om;aeh tay:olwdkh\rSwfcsufpum;rsm; rif;ukdEkdif (88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;) vl r sd K ;wk d i f ; rS m trsdK;om;aehqkdwm&Sdygw,f udkudkBuD; (88rsdK;qufausmif;om;) wdkif;&if;om;awG rSm wef;wltcGifUta&;&Sd&yg r,f/ wef;wltcGifUta&;qdk &mrSm EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;eJh pmay,Ofaus;rIawGrmS yg &S&d rSmyg/ wdik ;f &if;om;pmay,Of aus;rItydkif;rSmu wkdif;&if; om;awGtaeeJh udk,fwdkifu tusyftwnf;Mum;xJuudk tm;xkwfaerSyJjzpfrSmyg/ NyD; awmh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if; om;awGtm;vHk;0dkif;NyD;awmh tJawmh uReaf wmfwYdk wkid ;f &if; om;vlrsdK;jzpfwJh csif;trsdK; om;aehrmS vn;f csi;f trsKd ;om; awG wpf o uf v k H ; &csif w J h uReaf wmfwYdk jynfaxmifpBk u;D xJrmS tcGit hf a&;wef;wlnrD Q &zkdY vIyf&Sm;&kef;uefaeMu& wmawGudk uReaf wmfwt Ydk od trSwjf yKygw,f/ tJ'gawG[m w&m;rSswjcif;? vGwv f yfjcif;? wef;wlnDrSsjcif; okH;csufeJY tajccHNyD; tjrefqkH; tJ'D yef;wkdifukd a&mufygapvkdY uGsefawmf qE´jyKygw,f/ vk y f a qmif & rJ U u @awG r S m vnf ; Armud k t pOf t vm jrifwJU csOf;uyfrIrsdK;eJh rjrifbJ tm;vH;k rdom;pkawGvykd J 0dik ;f 0ef; aqG;aEG; &Mu&r,fvhkd ajymcsif ygw,f/ OD;EdkifaiGodrf; (rGef'Drdkua&pDygwD) t&ifuqdk&if csif;trsdK;om; aeh usif;yzdkhtwGuf tcuf tcJawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fU,ckESpf csif;trsdK; om;aehrSmawmh t&ifuvdk tcuftcJ taESmifUt,Suf r&Sb d eJ hJ pnfum;atmifjrifpmG usif;yEdkifygap/ OD ; ombef ; (&cd k i f t rsd K ;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf) csi;f eJ&h cdik u f teD;qH;k awGyaJ v? Arakan Hill Tribe, Chin k ekd eD ,fcsYJ Hill Tribe qdNk y;D udv vufatmufrmS aevmcJMUuwm/ Ny;D awmUuReaf wmfwu hkd wef;wl tcGit Uf a&;ukv d ckd sicf MUJuwmyg/ cGJxGufa&;udk vdkcsifcJUMuwm r[kwfygbl;/ ajymcsifwmu awmh ppfreS w f jUJ ynfaxmifpk &zdhk oEédXmefcsNyD; BudK;pm; Muygvdkh/ OD;rif;ausmf0if; (rGef'Drdkua&pDygwD) uRef a wmf w d k h j ynf axmif p k w d k i f ; &if ; om;awG & J Y t"d u arQmf r S e f ; csuf j zpf w J U zuf'&,ftxd uRefawmfwdkh twl w uG tvk y f v k y f M u& atmif / csif ; trsd K ;om;awG pkpk&Hk;&Hk;eJh zGH Y NzdK;wdk;wufa&; OD;wnfcsufudk uRefawmfwdkh rGeftrsdK; om;awGtygt0if wd k i f ; &if ; om;awG tm;vH k ; vufwGJcsDwuf oGm;Muygr,f/ OD;*ifurfvsef (ZdkrD;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf) csi;f trsKd ;om;eJyh wfoufNy;D csif ; trsd K ;om;aeh u yif v H k oabmwlnDcsuft& udk,fU a'ou jynfolvlxk BudKuf ESpfoufwJh yk*d¾KvfawGuaygh aemf/ &yfuGufaus;&GmtkyfcsKyf a&;NrdKYe,ftvkduf tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPm&Sd&r,fqdkwm ay:vm w,fav/ bmvdkhvJqdkawmh tJ'g0rf;omw,f/ 'gayr,fU ,aeh c sif ; trsd K ;om; aeh u ya'o&mZf p epf u d k awmf vSefEdkifayr,fU ppftmPm&Sif pepfukd rausmv f eG Ef ikd af o;bl;/ yifvo kH abmwlncD suu f kd quf vufxrf;yd;k Muzdhk vli,fwikd ;f rSm wm0ef&w dS ,fqw kd m csi;f a0gvf rD', D muwpfqifah jymvdyk gw,f/ OD;cGefxGef;OD; (&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf) uReaf wmfw&hdk rS ;f awGcpH m;&ovkd csif ; awG v nf ; cH p m;&w,f / tJvdkcHpm;&wJh[mawGyaysmuf atmif cHpm;csufawGxkwfazmf NyD;awmh ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk BuD ; ud k o G m ;Mu&atmif v d k h csif ; a0gvf r D ' D , muwpf q if h csif ; jynf o l a wG u d k a jymcsif y g w,f/ Chin Hill regulation act uuReaf wmfwhdk aqGpOfrsKd ;quf tkyfcsKyfwJhpepf jzpfaew,f/ tJ ' gawmf v S e f vd k u f w m/ OD;ydkufvif; yvuf0NrdKYe,f jynfov Yl w T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? yxrtBurd f jynfov Yl w T af wmf udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;taejzifh 2013ckEpS f csi;f trsKd ;om;aeYoYkd trSmpum;yg;cGifh&ojzifh *kPf ,l0rf;ajrmufygonf/ csi;f trsKd ; om;aeYonf awmifay:aecsif; rsm;ESifh ajrjyefYaecsif;wdkif;&if; om;rsm;tzd k Y rarh t yf a om ordkif;0ifaehjzpfygonf/ csif; trsdK;om;aeYESifh ywfoufí rd r d w d k h \ oabmxm;tjrif trsKd ;rsKd ;&SMd urnfreS af omfvnf; aemifrsKd ;qufopfcsi;f vli,frsm; \ rdrdtrsdK;udkcspfpdwfrSonf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; cspfpdwfodkh wkd;wufzGHY NzdK; arG; NrLvmEdkifa&;udk arQmfrSef;vsuf taumif;jrif0g'udck , H &l ygrnf/ a&S;,cifu wdkhcsif; wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;onf rsKd ;EG,pf k tvdu k f aus;&Gm? aus;&Gmtkypf k rsm;zGJY í MoZm&Sdolrsm;u OD; aqmifO;D &Gujf yKprD t H yk cf sKyv f mMu onfrS aemiftcgrsKd ;&d;k pOfquf tkyfcsKyfvmonfU tpOftvm jzpfco hJ nfrmS ordik ;f pOfMum&Snf vmcJyh gonf/ xdo k hkd OD;aqmiftyk f pd;k olrsm;uvnf;oufBu;D &G,t f dk rsm;\ tBuHOmPfrsm;udk cH,l usifhoHk;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfMuojzifh tkycf sKyo f rl sm; awmfveS yf ek u f ef rI ordkif;pOfr&SdcJhyg/ wpfjcm;rsdK; EG,fpkrsm;u vma&muftEdkfifcH aESmifh,SufvmvQif ckcHwdkuf xkwfjcif;om &SdcJhygonf/ aemifwpfacwfajymif;ordik ;f pOfwiG f csi;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;onfnaD emif wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESit hf wlvufwJG um jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&; twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 'Drdkua&pD yl;ay:vQHvGif? rwlyDNrdKY trsdK;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 1951 ckESpf rif;wyfrSmusif;ywJU csif; trsdKom;aehrSm EdkifiHawmfor®wu o0PfvTmay;ydkhcJUNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwdkif wufa&mufyg0ifcJhzl;ayr,fh vnf;? usOf;ajrmif;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf ckaMumifh 1974 uae 2012 ckEpS t f xd (38)ESpfvHk;vHk; csif;trsdK;om;aehtpm; csif;jynf e,faehtjzpf usif;ycJh&w,f/ csif;vlrsdK;awGu rvkdvm;Muayr,fh tkycf sKypf rD cH efh cGrJ t I &tJ't D wdik ;f yJusi;f y cJMU u&ygw,f/ 'DEpS f 2013 upNy;D csi;f trsdK;om;aehtjzpf jyefvnfusif;ycGifh &MuNyDjzpfvkdh tifrwef0rf;ajrmuf&yg w,f/ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;ESihf wdik ;f &if; om;tcGifhta&;udk tpdk;&opfu pwif taumiftxnfazmfw,fqw kd moufao jyp&mjzpfapygw,f/ csif;trsdK;om;aehpwif 7 OD;wifOD; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf yifvHkrSmuwnf;u csif;acgif; aqmifawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ygcJUMuw,f/ e*dkuwnf;u wkid ;f &if;om;awGu Sovereign State awGyg/ Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf; aecJ U M uwm/ vG w f v yf a &; aemufydkif;rSmawmU enf;enf; ,HkMunfrIuGJjym;vmcJUMuw,f/ oHo,av;awG&v dS mMuw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm wdkif;&if;om;awG taeeJh rlv&SdcJUwJUt&mudk jyef awmif;wmw&m;w,f/jyóem &JY tajzudkaocsm&SmzdkhawmU vdkw,f/ jyoemay:vmwdkif; vufeufeJh rajz&Sif;ygeJh/ wef; wltcGifUta&;wdkh udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifUwdkh &Sdukd&Sd&r,f? &udk &xdkufw,f/ tm;wef(ucsiftEkynm&Sif) 0rf;omygw,f/ ucsifta&;eJh ywfoufNyD;awmU csif;awG&JY jynfwiG ;f jynfyu aiGaMu;t& aomfvnf;aumif;? pdw f yf ikd ;f qdik f &mta&aomf v nf ; aumif ; ulnDaz;rrIawGudk trsm;BuD; cHpm;&ygw,f/ vHk;0udk tod trSwjf yKygw,f/ ordik ;f aMumif; t& nDtpfuakd wGvo hkd x d m;Ny;D awmU bmoma&;t&vnf ; odyu f jJG ym;rIr&Sb d ;l / bmyJjzpfjzpf csif;eJhucsifwdkhu cGJvdkhr&wJU nDtpfuakd wGyg/ csi;f trsKd ;om; aehuv kd u dI v f u dI v f v JS aJS ppreciate vkyfygw,f/ pepfjzifEh ikd if x H al xmifrnft h ajccH Oya't& trsm;oabmwl a&G;aumufcH&olu tkyfcsKyf awmhrnfhpepfudk xdkacwftcg u rsdK;EG,fpk acgif;aqmifrsm; u oabmxm;BuD; pGmvufcH NyD; csif;wdkif;&if;om; (vlxk) rsm;u 0rf;ajrmufpmG oabmwl MuonfU 1948 ck? azazmf0g&D (20)zvrf;NrdKY vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ (awGq Y ykH BJG u;D )udk csi;f trsKd ;om; aeh[o k wfrw S cf MhJuonf/xdv k x l k pnf;a0;yGo J Ehkd ikd if aH wmfacgi;f aqmif BuD;rsm;vnf; yg0ifMuygonf/ xkpd nf;a0;yGo J hkd csi;f 0daoowdkif; (9)NrdKYe,frS csif; rsKd ;EG,pf u k , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;udk cufcufcJcJ jzwfausmfa&muf&Sd vmMuonf / ,cif w pf c grQ rawGYqHkzl;aom rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; yxrtBudrfawGYqHkMuonfUaeh vnf; jzpfygonf/ xdkawGYqHkyGJ BuD;onf (1) csif;rsdK;EG,fpkbdk;ab;rsm;? acgi;f aqmifrsm;? rsLd ;EG,pf u k , dk f pm;vS,rf sm;\rdwq f ykH jJG zpfonf/ (2) ,cifbdk;ab;rsm;? rsdK; EG,pf ak cgi;f aqmifrsm;onf Edik if H awmfw;kd wufzNHYG zKd ;a&;? wnfwHh cdkifrma&;twGuf 'Drdkua&pD pepfEiS t hf nD a&;qGo J nfU zGpYJ nf; yHt k ajccHOya'udk 0rf;ajrmufpmG vufcMH uonfaU ehvnf;jzpfonf/ (3) EdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmifrsm; csif;wdkif;&if;om;tay: ulnD tm;ay;yl;aygi;f yg0ifonft U pOf tvmpwifco hJ nfah ehjzpfonf/ (4) jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om; aygi;f pH\ k pdww f u l , kd w f o l abm wl pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;jyaom yifvn kH v D mcHaehukd xyfavmif; twnfjyKonfhaehvnf; jzpfyg onf/ odkhjzpfygí uREkfyfwdkh onf txufazmfjyyg 0daoo xl;vSonft U rSww f &aeh (csi;f rsdK;om;aeh)udk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf; om BuKd qykd g0ifqifEo JT ifv h aS y onf/ nDtpfudk tjcm;wkdif; &if ; om;rsm;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a wmf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ tm;ay; yg0ifru I v kd nf; vIu d v f u dI v f v JS JS aus;Zl ; wif v suf 'D a eh u d k pOfqufrjywfxed ;f odr;f Muygp[ hkd k wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/ ay:ayguf v m&jcif ; taMumif ; &if ; u e,fcsJYawmfvSefa&;upcJhw,f/ t&if csi;f jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;rSm tkycf sKyrf I tmPm&,lxm;MuwJh wdkuftkyf? wdkuf olBuD;ESifh rsdK;&dk;pOfvm &GmolBuD;awGu olwdkh&JYtkyfcsKyfrItmPmudk rlaorudkif awmhbJ jynfot l rsm;BuKd uf ESpo f ufwhJ 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfay: aygu&f ef oabmwlonfaU ehjzpfygw,f/ trsm;jynfolu ,cifwdkufolBuD;? wdkuftkyf? &GmolBuD;apmf bGm;rsm;xHu tmPmodrf;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfwJhtaMumif; ud'k aD cwfvil ,frsm;em;vnfapcsiyf gw,f/ Vol. 1, No.3 zGHYNzdK;a&;ukd twef; tpm;cGw J t hJ cg ESprf sK;d &Syd gw,f/ Community development ESifh Infrastructural develop- ment wkdY jzpfygw,f/ vlxkukd tajccHwJh zGYHNzdK;a&;ESifh wkdif; jynfukd tajccHwJh zGHYNzdK;a&;vkdY ajym&atmif a emf / 'D E S p f r sKd ; pvkH;ukdvnf; vkyfykHvkyfenf; t& ESprf sK;d jyefc&JG ygw,f/ Topdown development ESifh Bottom-up development jzpf y g w,f/ txuftrdefYtmPm awGeYJvkyfwm&,f? NyD;awmh atmufajcvlxkqE´ESifh vkyf wm&,fqNdk y;D awmh ajym&atmif yg/ qk;H jzwfcsuu f b,fov l yk f ovJ qkdwJhtay:rSm MunfUNyD; awmh cGJjcm;&wmyg/ NyD;awmh trsKd;tpm;qkdvJ ESpfckjyefcGJ Ekdifygw,f/ Human Resource Development ESifh Material Development wkdhjzpfygw,f/ vlom;&if;jrpfzNYHG zKd ;a&;ESihf ypön;f ud&d,m zGHYNzdK;a&;vkdY ajym& atmif txufajymcJhwJh zGHYNzdK; a&;awG[m olY[meJYol tm; omcsu?f tm;enf;csuf tukef &SdMuygw,f/ tajctaeay: rlwnfNy;D awmhvnf; uGmoGm;Ekid f ygw,f/ vkt d yfcsuu f t"du pum;ajymygw,f/ 0rf;ukduf 0rf;avsmjzpfaewJh ta&;ay: umvawGrSmu aq;0g;u,f q,fa&;ukd Xgeqkdif&mawGu wk d u f & k d u f v k y f a y;wJ h t cg taumif;qkH;jzpfygw,f/ qkdvkd wmuTop-down ESirhf elief wkid ;f u raumif;wm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,f h awmif o l a wG u k d [kd[mpkdufyg 'D[mpkdufyg qkd wmrsKd ; usawmh Top-down pepfu vkH;0raumif;ygbl;/ csi;f jynfe,f[m vufzufjynf e,f jzpfap&r,fqkdwJh aqmif yk'fatmufrSm trdefhnGefMum; csuf a wG e J h &G m om;awG u k d vufzufpkdufckdif;cJhzl;ygw,f tJ ' g ratmif j rif c J h y gbl ; / atmif j rif w ,f q k d & if ck u csif;jynfe,f vufzufjynf e,f wu,fjzpfavmufNyaD v/ atmifjrifwJh Top-down pepf &SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ w&kwfjynfrSm armfpw D ek ;f &JY oHrPdprD u H ed ;f ayg/h oHrPdpDrHudef;u atmifjrif aecsdefrSm w½kwfjynfol oef; aygif;rsm;pGm tiwfab;BuKH aoqk H ; cJ h M uygw,f / jref r m wpfjynfvkH;twGuf Muufql pDrHudef;ESifh twlwlaygh/ 'Dvkd [mrsKd;rSm Top-down pepfu vkH;0 tm;enf;csuf&Sdygw,f/ NyD;awmh zGYHNzdK;a&;qkd wm tusKd;cHpm;cGifhESifh qkdifyg w,f/ tusKd;cHpm;cGifhtay:rSm MunfNU y;D awmh 'g wu,fh zGNYH zKd ; a&; pDru H ed ;f [kwrf [kwf ajym vkdY&ygw,f/ tusKd;cHpm;cGifhvkdY trsKd;om;a&; vIyf&Sm;aewJh csif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESifh qkHawGYwkef;u csif;jynfrSmbmawGjzpfysufovJqkdwmukd uRefawmf wifjyawmh olu uRefawmfuawmh zGHhNzdK;a&;vkyfief;qkd&if bmrqkdvufcHw,f/ 'gukd qefYusifvIyf&Sm;aeMuwmu vkH;0 axmufrcHbl;vkdY ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ olxifwmu uRefawmfwkdY vlrItzGJYtpnf;awGu zGHhNzdK;a&; vkyfief;pOfawGukd qefYusifw,f vkdYyJjzpfrSm aocsmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh zGHhNzdK;a&; tjrifrwlwmav;ukd uRefawmfwifjycsifygw,f/ zGHY NzdK;a&;qkdwm ajymwJhtcgrSm oufqkdif&m a'ocHawGukd t"du pOf;pm; &ygw,f/ vlxt k wGuf tusK;d cHpm;cGirhf &S&d if tJ'gu zGNYH zKd ;a&; r[kwfygbl;/ ausmufpdrf;wGif; wl;wmu zGHYNzdK;a&;vkdY rac:yg bl;/ wGif;ykdif&SifolaX; 'grS r[k w f avmbef ; twG u f tusKd;tjrwf&Sdayr,fh a'ocH vlxktwGuf tusKd;tjrwf r&Syd gb;l / pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;wpfck omjzpfygw,f/ rPdy&l a&um wm pDrHudef;ukdykHjy&&if tJ'D a&umwmu vSsyfppf"gwftm; 360 r*¾g0yfxw k , f Nl y;D rdwv D¦ m pufrIZkHukd ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ csif;jynftwGufu 66 r*¾g0yf avmufyJay;rSmjzpfNyD; (17) &mckid ;f EIe;f avmufyJ jzpfygw,f/ qnfajrmif; a&oG,fay;&rSm uvnf; ppfukdif;wkdif; jzpfyg w,f/ csif;jynf&JY a&jyif {u 6000 ausmu f a&vTr;f oGm;wJh ae&mawG? qk;H &I;H &r,fh pm;usuf ajr? awmif , majrrsm;eS i f h pm&if tusK;d tjrwfu tenf; qkH; 50 &mckdifEIef;awmh ausmf oifhygw,f/ rD;ay;r,fqkdwm uvnf; MunfUvkdufr,fqkd&if tvum;ay;rSmrS r[kwfwm? a&vnf; twlwal yg/h ray;cif rSmawmif aiGaMu;u aumufcH xm;NyD;om; trsm;BuD;&SdaeNyD/ 'g[m vlxu k pkd ;D yGg;a&;vmvkyf wmyJjzpfw,f/ tJ'gudk b,fvdk zGNYH zKd ;a&;emrnfwyfvYdk &rvJAsm/ ykq d ;dk wmu a&umwm pDru H ed ;f ESifh wGJvmwJh opfxkwfvkyfrI jzpfygw,f/ a'ocHawG bm cHpm;&ovJAsm/ Ny;D awmh ckjrefrmhEidk if H a&; taetxm;uk d v nf ; MunfUzkdYvkdw,f? 'DcsdefrSm o,H ZmwawG tukex f w k af zmfvu dk f r,fqkd&if vlxku wu,f tusKd;cHpm;zkdY aocsmvm; qkd wmygyJ/ qkd;usKd;rsKd;pkHuawmh cHpm;zkdY aocsmygw,f/ rkH&Gm vufyawmif; aMu;eDprD u H ed ;f ukd bmaMumif h txd r cH w mvJ qkw d myJ &Si;f &Si;f pOf;pm;vkYd &yg w,f/ a'ocHawGu olwkdY epfemwmrkdYvkdY qE´jywmyg/ tpkd;&uawmh vlxkukd um uG,af y;wmxuf tMurf;zuf vkdufwmygyJ/ 'gqkd vufy qvd k i f ; eD a bG ; awmif;u vlxt k wGuf wku d f &kdufrajymeJY oG,f0Idufenf;eJY awmif tusKd;cHpm;cGifhr&Sdwm aocsmoGm;NyDav/ wkdif;jynf twGuq f w dk hJ pmwrf;atmufrmS jynfolawGu rygvmwwfyg bl;/ tEå&m,fMum;rSm vlxu k dk xm;cJhNyD;awmh ykdufqH&atmif vkyo f mG ;wJh vkyif ef;rsK;d u zGNYH zKd ; a&;rac:Ekdifygbl;/ uRefawmfwkdY csif; jynfrmS vnf; a>rawmif owåK wGif;? rPdyl& a&avSmifwrH? av;NrKd aY &umwm? ewfrawmif trsKd ; om;O,smOf E S i f h urÇ m vSncUf &D;oGm;vkyif ef;? uefyuf vufzufrSmvnf; owåK wl; azmfrI&Sdw,fvkdY Mum;&ygw,f/ tJ'gawGtm;vkH;ukd zGHYNzdK;a&; pHcsdefESifhwkdif;vkduf&if &IH;wm aocsmygw,f/ csif;jynfe,f ygvD r ef t rwf e J Y uRef a wmf pum;ajymzl;ygw,f? olajymwm u rif;wkdYu zGHYNzdK;a&;twGuf taESmift h ,Suf wu,fay;wm yJw/hJ uReaf wmfu vlxt k wGuf vlxu k , dk w f idk f yg0ifq;Hk jzwfw?hJ vl x k t usKd ; cH p m;cG i f h t wG u f vkyw f hJ zGNYH zKd ;a&;qk&d if uReaf wmf wk d Y tm;ay;ygw,f / tJ ' g aocsmatmif cif A sm;wk d Y u pOf;pm;oifyh gw,f/ cifAsm;wku Yd vlxu k , dk pf m;vS,af wGyJ vlxk qE´twkdif; vkyfaqmif&r,fh vlawGyJr[kwfvm;vkdY ajzcJhyg w,f/ vlxk&JY &yfwnfrIukd Ncdrf;ajcmufwJh vkyfief;awGu zGNYH zKd ;a&;vkYd rowfrw S Ef idk yf gb;l / ukvm;wef pDru H ed ;f ESihf ywfoufNy;D awmh uReaf wmf wkdY pum;ajymwJhtcg awmf awmfrsm;rsm;u tJ'gukd em; rvnfMuygbl;/ taMumif;u awmh vrf;rBuD;rajymeJY *spf um;vrf;awmif csif;jynfe,f u iwfrw G af eawmh 'Davmuf BuD;rm;wJhvrf;rBuD;&Sdwmukdu 0rf;omp&mvkdvkd cHpm;Muyg w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY pOf;pm;& rSmu 'Dum;vrf;ukd vlxk twGuf b,fvt dk usK;d &Sad tmif vkyfEkdifrvJqkdwmyg/ tpkd;& awGu bmay:vpDcsay;xm; ovJqkdwmu ta&;BuD;yg w,f/ cku ukvm;jynf olaX; awGeJY jrefrmjynfolaX;awG? w&kwftygt0ifaygh? ul;vl; qufoG,fzkdYavmufyJ&Sdw,f/ ajr,meJY vlrItouf&Sif &yf wnfrI qkH;&IH;oGm;r,fh a'ocH vlxku bmrS&p&mr&Sdygbl;/ um;vrf;r &SdwmavmufeJY vl awGu wkd;wufoGm;a&mvm; ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dum; vrf ; &J Y tusKd ; aus;Zl ; awG a'ocH a wG u wu,f & &S d cHpm;vmatmif a'ocHvlxk b0ukd b,fvkdjr§ifhwifrvJ qkw d mvk;H 0r&Scd w hJ mu jyóem yg/ cku avSsmfaMu;ray;wm 8 rsm;w,f? ay;&wJhavSsmfaMu; wcsKd U q k d & if o&uf w pf y if twGuf usyf 5000 avmuf yJ/ tJ'Do&ufyif wpfESpfrSm b,favmuf oD;ovJ? b,f ES E S p f t xd quf o D ; OD ; rvJ ? wef;zk;d tm;jzifh b,favmufvJ tJ o vk d wG u f c suf N yD ; awmh avSsmfaMu;u ay;oifhwmaygh/ 'grSr[kwfvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; avSsmf aMu; ay;r,fhykHpHukd Oya' aumif;aumif;jyXge;f Ny;D vlxu k dk today;oifw h ,fav/ vlxu k cHyJcHr,f pm;u rpm;&bl; qkd wm aocsmaeawmh vlxku vnf; ukd,fhukd,fukd ckcHum uG,yf idk cf iG &hf w dS ,fav/ tvG,f ajym&&if tJ'DpDrHudef;ukd qefY usif&awmhrSmaygh/ a&G;p&mrS r&Sad wmhwm/ tJ'gu zGNYH zKd ;a&;ukd rBuKd uv f Ydk r[kwyf gb;l ? zGNYH zKd ;a&; ukd qefYusifwmvnf;r[kwfyg bl;/ 2008 zGJYpnf;ykHt& u ajrtm;vk;H ukd tpk;d & (Ekid if H awmf) ykdifqkdifw,fwJh/ vlxk r[kwfygbl;/ tJ'D&JYtusKd;quf u vlxyk idk q f idk rf u I dk odr;f vku d f &wmyJ/ aiGaMu;twGuf vlxk ykdifqkdifrIukd vk,ufa&mif;pm; vkdufwJh tjzpfrsKd;yJ/ jynfe,f tpkd;&qkd&if awmfao;w,f? vlxkeJY odyfra0;bl;av/ A[kd qkdwmu vlxkESifh awmfawmf a0;wJh ae&myg/ vlxktoHu A[ku d adk &mufzYdk rvG,b f ;l / 'Dvdk xd x d a &muf a &muf A[k d u k d a&muf&zdS q Ydk &dk if qE´jyzkyYd &J w dS ,f av/ rD ' D , muaewpf q if h a&mufwmu ykdxda&mufoGm; Ny/D wu,fq&dk if jynfaxmifpk wpfckrSm A[kdqkdwmu vlxk oD;oefrY &Syd gb;l / vlxu k uk, d hf jynfe,ftpkd;& ukd,fpDeJYyg/ jynfe,fawG tm;aumif;vm&if A[kdu tvkdvkd tm;aumif; Ny;D om;yg/ Ny;D awmh uReaf wmfwYdk jrefrmEkdifiHrSmu tpOftvm t& ajrykdifqkdifrIu wkdif;&if; om;tcsif ; csif ; Mum; uG m yg w,f/ txl;ojzifh bk&ifrif; awG tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh wkdif;jynfu vlxkawGtwGuf ajr&Sifa&&Sif u t&ifuwnf;uae bk&if rif;awGjzpfcJhawmh tpmvG,f vG,af MuEkid Mf urSmyg/ uReaf wmf wkdY csif;trsKd;om;wkdYvkd awmif ay: wkdif;&if;om;awGusawmh tpOftvmt& ajrykid q f idk rf u I woD;yk*¾v&,f? bkHykdifqkdifrI &,fqNdk y;D ESprf sK;d ESppf m;&Sw d myg/ zGYHNzdK;a&; pDrHudef;ESifh ywfouf vmvkdY&Sd&if tJ'gawGuta&; Bu;D vmNy/D vlxb k 0eJY wku d &f u dk f qufpyfwJh[mawG jzpfaewm ukd;/ 'gaMumifh vlxk&Jh ykdifqkdifrIukd tajccHwJh vlxk b0ukt d mrcHcsuaf y;wJh Oya' txl;ojzifh zGJYpnf;ykH tajccH Oya'rjzpfoa&GY zGHYNzdK;a&; pDrH ude;f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vlxk eJY ezl;wkduf'l;wkduf xdyfwkduf &ifqkdifzkdYu rsm;ygw,f/ vlxk b0uk d jrif h w if a y;rI r &S d w J h vkyfief;awG[mqkd&if zGYHNzdK;a&; vk y f i ef ; vnf ; r[k w f o vk d vlxkb0ukd xdyg;wJhvkyfief; rsKd;qkd&if vlxkuawmh tNrJ umuG,f ckcHMurSmaocsmyg w,f/ vlxkb0eJY qufpyfNyD; awmh zGNYH zKd ;a&;ukd em;rvnf&if zGHYNzdK;a&;vkyfief;tay: tjrif uGJjym;rIu awmfawmfBuD;vm rSmyJ/ trSeq f &dk ifawmh pD;yGg;a&; ESifh zGHYNzdK;a&;cGJjcm;odjrifzkdY vkdyg w,f/ qvdkif;eDabG; 16 February 2013 csif;jynfe,fwpfNynfe,fvHk;&Sd aus;&Gmaygif;oHk;q,ftm; {NyDvtNyD;a&zlvHkap&eftwGuf wm0ef,lrnfU{&ma&Tvif;ukrÜPDjrefrmEkdifiHtxufydik f;wm0efcHOuú|OD;ñGefhvIdifeJhawGYqHjk cif; ar;/ /yxrqHk;taeeJh tefu,fhvkyfief;eJhtefu,f&JY &mxl;wm0efudk odyg&ap/ ajz/ / {&ma&Tvif;aqmuf vkkyfa&;rSL;ukrÜPDvDrdwufyJ/ txufjrefrmjynfXmecGOJ uú|yg/ vuf&Sd&efukef&Hk;csKyfrSmawmh 'g&dkufwmyg/ ar;/ /{&ma&T v if ; uk r PD & J Y t"duvkkyfief;ubmjzpfrvJ/ ajz/ /t"duuawmh aqmuf vkyfa&;vkyfief;? a&ay;a&; vkyfief;? vQyfppfvkyfief;? vQyf ppfqdkwm "mwftm;vdkif;? yg0g vdkif;awGwnfaqmufwmawG t"duvkkyfw,f/ ar;/ / csif;jynfe,ftpdk;&eJh yl;aygif;NyD; csif;jynfe,fwpf jynfe,fv;kH a&zlvzkH v hkd yk af qmif r,f v d k h o d & w,f ? jynf e ,f tpk;d &eJh b,fvpkd Ny;D oabmwl cJUwmvJ/ ajz/ / yxrqHk;wif'gaygh/ jynf a xmif p k 0 ef B uD ; XmeeJ h e,fpyfa&;&m0efBuD;Xmewdkhu 5? 12? 2012rS m aMu;rH k owif;pmrSm wif'gac:w,f/ tJ'gudktefu,fwdkh odvkduf w,f/ tefu,fwu hkd aqmuf vkyfa&;vkyfief;qdkawmU wif'g pNyD;oGif;w,f/ wif'gxkwf w,f ? tuk e f v H k ; wG u f c suf w,f/ wGufcsufNyD;a&ay;a&; vkyfief;vkyfzdkh csif;jynfe,f twGufqdkNyD; wifvdkufw,f/ jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &u wif'gukd 1? 1? 2013rSmzGiw hf ,f/ wif'g zGiw hf UJ Ouú|Adv k cf sKyaf Zmf0if;ayg/h Adv k cf sKyaf Zmf0if;u tefu,fwhkd taeeJh csif;jynfe,ftwGuf wifwJU wif'gatmifw,fqw kd m od&wJUtcsdefusawmh jynfe,f u 0efBuD;csKyfwdkh? 0efBuD;wdkhudk qufoG,fNyD;awmhrS csif;jynf e,f a&ay;vkyif ef;awGtwGuf uRefawmfwdkh ukrÜPDu wif'g atmifvdkh 'Dvkyfief;awGvmNyD; aqmif&u G yf grh ,fqNkd y;D uGi;f qif; w,f / csif ; jynf e ,f r S m tck vuf&Sdudk;NrdKYe,fudk uGif;qif; avUvmNy;D oGm;Ny/D tJ'aD wmUuiG ;f qif;avhvmwJUtcsdefrSm jynf e,fu 0efBuD;OD;edefEdkif;? aus; vufa&ay;a&;Xmevufaxmuf nTefMum;a&;rSL;OD;atmifvGif? oufqdkif&mNrdKYe,fpnfyif tkyf csKyf a &;rS L ;awG ? uk r Ü P D u 'g&dkufwmawG? tif*sifeD,m 0efxrf; awGtukefvHk;yl;aygif; NyD; uGif;qif;avhvmcJUw,f/ csif;jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf tb [kef;idkif;uvnf; yHhydk;ulnD w,f/ qvd k i f ; [k e f ; xG e f ; a* csi;f jynfe,frmS tapm ykdif;u tefu,fwdkhua&ayg w,fvdkhxifcJUw,f/ awmif wef; a'ourdk;aumif;w,f aygh / a&aygw,f q d k w mu rdk;wGif;rSmawmh a&aygw,f/ rdk;NyD;wmeJh pdrfhprf;awGu a& xGufrIawG usoGm;w,f/ a& xGuw f aUJ e&muvnf; &GmawGehJ oH;k rdik u f mG ? av;rdik u f mG aeawmh &G m awG r S m a&&zd k h t wG u f u ajrjyefw h v hkd rkd sKd ;yHpk H yH;k awGeo hJ mG ; xrf;vdkhr&bl;/ ydkufvdkif;eJha& oG,frIpepfenf;awmh aus;&Gm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm a&&Sm; wmawG&Y w,f/ um;vrf;eJeh ;D wJU &GmawGrSmawmh a&enf;enf; tqifajyygw,f/ a&xGufyif &if;eJv h ufvrS ;f rDw,f/ aus;&Gm wcsdKYrSm udk,fxludk,fxoG,f wmrsKd ;&Sw d ,f/ aemuf tef*st D kd tzGJYtpnf;awGuvnf; oG,f ay;wmawGY&w,f/ 'gayr,fh tvSrf;uGmwJU wpf&ufESpf&uf ntdyo f mG ;&wJU aus;&GmrsKd ;awG rSmawmh a&vHk;0r&wmawG jzpfaew,f/ ar;/ /t"dua&&Sm;wm bm taMumif;aMumifhjzpfrvJ/ ajz/ /a&tcuftcJjzpfwmu t"duuawmh csif;jynfe,f&JY wnfae&maMumifhyg/ a&cufcJ w,fqw kd m uke;f jrifah wmifwef; awGrmS a&awGawmh&w dS ,f/ 'gay r,fh &GmawGeJhtvSrf;a0;w,f/ &GmawGe(hJ 5)rdik ?f (6)rdik u f mG w,f/ a&ajrobm0tcH u vnf ; ausmuf a wmif a usmuf o m; awGjzpfwt UJ wGuf a&atmif;Edik f wJUtvm;tvmu t&rf;enf; ygw,f/ ajrom;uefawG vkyf r,fqv kd nf; tqifrajyygb;l / ajrBu;D u a&xde;f rxm;Edik b f ;l / 'gaMumifh a&xGufyif&if;udkyJ rScD &kd wmjzpfw,f/ csi;f jynfe,f rSm a&&Sm;ygw,fqdkwm tJ'g ygyJ/ NyD;awmhyif&if;eJha'ou vnf;tvSr;f uGmw,f/ yif&if; uaeaus;&GmawGqD a&a&muf atmifvkyfzdkhtukeftust&rf; rsm;w,f/ tefu,fwah k d &ukrP Ü D a&m a'ocHawGa&m yl;aygif; &rSmayghaemf/ tefu,fwdkhu tckcsi;f jynfe,frmS vkyif ef;oGm; vkyfawmhrSmjzpfw,f/ vkyfief; vkyrf ,f&h mG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vdktyfwJUypnf;ydkhcsifNyD/ um; vrf;uaetwGif;ykdif;udk rdkif (20)a0;wmwdkh? (15)rdkifa0; wmwdhk aemufum;vrf;rayguf bl;/ ypön;f ydw hk m? ydu k v f ;kH ydw hk m vdktcsdefrsdK;rSm ydkufvHk;ydkhr,fh ta&twG u f u yd k u f t vH k ; (3000)? (4000)&Srd ,f/ &GmvH;k uRwfo,fwmawmifrS ypönf; tukefa&mufzdkh(4)&uf(5)&uf Mumr,f / NyD ; awmh t k w f c J ? bdvyfajrwdo hk w J ?hkd tkwu f efawG aqmufzdkhayghaemf/ tJ'gawGudk vnf;acgif;eJh&GufNyD; o,f& awmhrSm/ tJ'DtcuftcJrsm; awmh a'ocHawG&JY tiftm; trsm;BuD;vdkw,f/ olwdkh&JYyl; aygi;f aqmif&u G rf aI yg/h tefu,f wd k h y J vk y f w mrsd K ;r[k w f b J a'ocHawGyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf &ifawmh 'Dvyk if ef;atmifjrifrmS aocsmw,f/ ar;/ /t"dubmaMumifh a&rzl vHkbl;vdkhxifvJ/ ajz/ /t"dua&rzlvHkwmu a&xGuyf if&if;awGenf;aew,f/ OD;tjrifrSm t"dua&TYajymif; awmif,mpepfaMumifhvdkhxif w,f/ awmif,mudkwpfESpf vkyf&if aemufwpfESpfrvkyf awmhb;l / ajrqDvmT ysupf ;D w,f/ Ny;D awmhopfyifjyefpu kd w f t UJ avh txr&Sb d ;l / tJ'aD wmh a&xGuf yif&if;u a&0ifa&xGufawG od y f r &S d a wmh b l ; / 'gaMumif h pdrfhprf;a&awGtwGuf wpfEdkif wpfydkifawmh jyefvkyfay&r,f/ ar;/ /NrdKYrSma&m aus;&GmrSma&m b,fvdkyHkpHa&&vmrS csif;jynf e,frSma&zlvHkw,fvdkh ajymvdkh &rvJ/ ajz/ /a&zlvHkw,fqdkwmu awmh Oyrm-ajrjyefha'orSmu ylawmh vlwpfa,muf&JY wpf ud, k o f ;kH a&twGuf *gvt H pdwf vdk howfrSwfxm;w,f/ csif; jynfe,frSmawmh tat;ydkif; a'ojzpfawmh vlwpfa,muf twGuf (15)*gvHqdk a&zlvHk w,fvdkhajymvdkh&w,f/ tJ'D awmh Oyrm-csif;jynfe,frSm vlOD;a&(1)oef;&Sdr,f xm;yg awmh? qdak wmh csi;f jynfe,frmS vloHk;a&zlvHkzdkhtwGuf vl(1) oef;pmtwGuf wpfaehwpfaeh rSm *gvH(15)oef;aygh/ 'gay r,f'h gu vltoH;k awGy/J pufrI vkyif ef;awGvyk v f mr,f? jyKvm r,fq&kd ifawmh tJ'aD vmufru vdkvmNyD/ a&tm;vQyfppfawG xkwfvmr,fqdk&if trsm;BuD; vdkygw,f/ ar;/ /tefu,fwt hkd aeeJh b,f awmhavmufvkyfief;taumif txnfazmfEkdifrvJ/ ajz/ / vk y f i ef ; taumif txnfazmfzdkh qdkwmuawmh tefu,fwv hkd yk if ef;wif'g pzGiUf wm Zefe0g&Dv?(1)&ufaehaygh/ 9 'Dawmh tefu,fwv hkd yk if ef;&NyD qdkwm odvkdufNyD/ NyD;awmh &GmawGrmS uGi;f qif;w,f? Munfh w,f wdkif;wmppfaq;w,f/ a&xGufyif&if;awGudk vdkuf&Sm w,f/tJ'[ D mudw k pfvavmuf tcsdefay;&w,f/ &Gm(30)udk ayghaemf/ tckrwfvqdk &Gm (30)a&&atmif tNy;D vkyrf ,f/ tcsdKYt&rf;vrf;yef;qufoG,f a&;cufcJwJU&Gm usefEdkifao; w,f/ tefu,fwdkhu {NyDv udktNyD;vdkh cefhrSef;xm;w,f/ &Gm(30)pvHk;aygh/ ar;/ /&Gm(30)qdkwmu b,f bufydkif;awGvJ odcsifygw,f/ ajz/ /2012-13 bwf*swfxJ uaygah emf/ tJ'g2013 oH;k vydik ;f rSm tNyD;vkkyf&rSmjzpfw,f/ &Gm aygif;(30)qdkwmu [m;cg; NrdKYrSm(5)&Gm? uefyufvufrSm (4)&Gm? wD;wderf mS (3)&Gm? wGe;f ZH rSm(2)&Gm? xefwvefrSm(3)&Gm? zvrf;rSm(5)&Gm? rwlyrD mS (2)&Gm? rif;wyfrSm(4)&Gm? &dacg'g&frSm (2)&Gmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D&Gm(30) pvH k ; ud k wpf N yd K if e uf w nf ; rvkyfEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumifh jzefh usuNf y;D vky&f w,f/ yvuf0NrKd Y udkawmh jynfaxmifpkuae wdkuf&dkufvkyfay;rSmjzpfw,f/ jzefhusufvkyfwJUcsdefrSm t"du 'g&d k u f w mawG u d k rif ; wyf ? [m;cg;? wD;wdefrSmxm;xm; w,f/ ar;/ /tckvkyfrSmawGu aus; vufa'oyJvm;/ NrKd aY y:rmS aum b,fvdkpDpOfxm;vJ/ ajz/ /NrdKYay:awmh avmavm q,frygao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh jynfe,ftpdk;&u taumif txnfazmfr,fh NrdKYay:twGuf oGm;a&mufy;l aygi;f Ny;D uGi;f qif; avhvmcJUw,f/ jzpfEdkifpGrf;awG awmh rwGufcsuf&ao;bl;/ wavmuvnf; [m;cg;NrdKYrd NrdKYzawGtygt0if [m;cg;NrdKY twGuf a&b,frSm&EdkifrvJ qdkwmawG oGm;a&mufavhvm cJ h M uw,f / ol w d k h e J h v nf ; taumiftxnfazmfzhkd wdik yf if xm;w,f / n§ d E I d i f ; xm;cJ U M u w,f/ ar;/ / tefu,fwdkht"du vkyfief; taumiftxnfazmf wJt U cg b,f[mutcufcq J ;kH jzpfrvJ/ ajz/ /t"dutcuftcJqHk; uawmh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; yJ/ ypönf;axmufyHhzdkh? ydkhzdkh rvG,b f ;l / aqmufvyk af &;vkyf ief; o,HZmw&Sm;w,f/ o,H ZmwqdkwJUae&mrSm csif;rSmoJ r&Sdbl;/ acsmif;rSmjyKef;ausmuf awGyJ&Sdw,f/ aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rSm tkwfpD&iftayguf t[awGehJ a&pdrx hf u G Ef ikd w f ,f qdkawmh oJudk[m;cg;ukdykdhr,f qd&k if [m;cg;udq k &kd if *efah *gu wpfqifh zvrf;? wD;wdefwdkh bufudkusawmh uav;NrdKYu aeo,f & r,f / ajrjyef h r S m oJwpfusif; (5000)? (6000) usyfjzpfayr,fh csif;awmifay: ta&mufus&if ajcmufaomif; uae odef;ausmfjzpfoGm;w,f qdkawmh aqmufvkyfa&;rSm ypön;f oH;k wmcsi;f twlwl csi;f rSmu ajrjyefhxuf av;ig;q ydkoGm;w,f/ t"dutcuftcJ uawmh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; yg/ NrdKYe,fcsif;oGm;wJUvrf;awG udkawmh jyifaewmawG awGY& ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aus;vuf a'orSmawmh tckrStaumif txnfazmfaewmawG awGaY e& w,f/ ar;/ /csif;jynfe,f [m;cg; NrdKYay:twGuf tao;pdwfuGif; qif;avhvmrIbmawGvyk Nf yv D /J NrKd aY y:a&ay;a&;twGuaf ygah emf/ ajz/ /NrKd aY wmfa&ay;a&;twGuf tMurf;zsif;aygh/ NrdKYay:rSm ydkuf vdkif;av;awGeJh a&oG,fawm av;awG awG&Y w,f/ [m;cg;NrKd Y awmf p nf y if o m,ma&;u wm0ef , l N yD ; awmh a&wG i f ; ? a&uef u wpf q if h a y;aewm awGY&w,f/ t"dua&xGuf yif&if;awGtwGuf vdkifAm;udk wpfcsuo f mG ;Munfw U ,f/[m;cg; &JaY wmifbufyikd ;f rSm&Sw d UJ oD;jrpf acsmif;udk qnfcwfr,f/ tJ'g udk jynfe,fuaerS NrdKYrdNrdKYz awGeahJ &G;Ny;D awmh vkyrf ,fq&kd if awmh survey qif;r,f/ tJ'g vkyfNyD;[m;cg;udka&ay;zdkh tpD tpOfawmh&Sdw,f/ q,fhESpf&m oDywfv;kH a&&atmifayg/h 'gay r,fh vQypf pf"mwftm;u vHv k kH avmuf a vmuf r &ao;bl ; / vQyfppf"mwftm;vHkvHkavmuf avmuf & rS m om p&d w f p u enf;enf;eJah y;Edik rf ,f/ vQypf pf "mwftm;vHkvHkavmufavmuf r&cifay;&ifawmh p&dwfrsm; r,f/ 'DZ,ftif*siaf wGeahJ rmif; &if ukeu f sp&dwt f &rf;rsm;r,f/ vQyfppf"mwftm;vHkvHkavmuf avmuf&Nyq D &kd ifawmh vQypf pf "mwftm;eJh pkyfwifNyD; tjrifh uae a&ay;EdkifNyDqdk&ifawmh [m;cg;uawmh trsm;BuD ; ajymif;vJvmrSmyg/ qvdkif;[kef;xGef;a* Vol. 1, No.3 wm&Tef;'Drdku&ufwpfaumifpD Salai Van Cung Lian The Tashon Democratic Council pum;csD; ,aeY]wm&Tef;}[laompum; vH;k udak zmfjy&rnfqv kd siS w f cdsKu U zvrf;NrdKYrSta&Shbuf (2) rdkif tuGmwGif&Sdaom &Gmi,fav; wpf&Gm? wcdsKYu &J&ifhaom Pu Con Bik (Adv k q f eG yf uf) arG;zGm; BuD;jyif; tkyfcsKyfcJYaom&Gmwpf &Gm[kajymqdjk rifa,mifMuygrnf/ odaYk omf Tashon wdo Yk nf (19) &mpkeSpf csif;awmifwef;wpfck vHk;wGif MoZmtmPmtMuD; rm;qHk;jzpfcJhonfudk vltrsm; onfarhavsmhaumif;arhavsmh? þordkif;aMumif;udk odaumif; odaeEdkifygonf/ Tashon wdkY onf xdpk Oftcsed t f cgu olwYkd \tdref ;D em; csi;f trsm;pktay:ü MoZmtmPm&Scd MhJ uonf/ olwYkd \MoZmtmPm?csr;f om<u,f0 rI? OD;aqmifEdkifrI tcef;u@ wdkYonf olwdkY\tdrfeD;em;csif; omru csif;awmifwpfckvHk; odahk usmMf um;cJo h nf/ csi;f vlrsKd ; rsm;tMum;wGif xif&Sm;aom ordkif;okawoDrsm;jzpfMuaom Dr. Vum Son, Zapeng Sakhong ESihf Dr. Lian Hmung Sakhong wdr Yk v S nf; NAw d o d sS wYkd csif;awmifwef;tm; rodrf; ydkufcJhonf&Sdaomf wm&Tef;wdkY onfaemifwpfcsdefwGif csif; awmifwef;wpfcv k ;kH tm; olwYkd Edik if aH &;pepfwpfck atmufwiG f oG w f o G i f ; aygif ; pnf ; oG m ;Mu vdrfhrnf[k azmfjycJhMuonf/ olwdkYonf urÇmhordkif;wpf avSsmufwiG f tiftm;tBu;D rm; qHk; tifyg,mjzpfaom The Great Britain Emperor yifvSsif raMumufr&GHYwGef;vSef 0Hholrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYtif tm;Bu;D Ny;D ta&;ygt&ma&muf aom tajctaewpfcktm; ydkifqdkifEdkifjcif;onf olwdkYwGif Edik if aH &;pepfypkH w H pfct k m; toH;k jyKEdkifMujcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkY toufoGif;toHk;jyKEdkif cJ h a om Ed k i f i H a &;yH k p H o nf taemufEikd if rH sm;\ 'Dru kd a&pD pepf u J h o d k Y j zpf N yD ; H.N.C Stevenson u Tashon Democratic Council [k olYpmtkyf xJwGif ac:qdkcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyf olrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDpepft& a&G;cs,fcHMu&olrsm;jzpfonf/ a&G;cs,fcHol jzpf&eftwGuf rd&;kd zvm tajctae? uRejf zpf jcif; ponfU Zmwferd ?hf Zmwfjrifh rsm;udk rMunfUay/ pma&;ol t aejzif h þaqmif ; yg;tm; The Chin Hills 1Ä96 V.1 by Carey & tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpH (The Falam Council) HNC Steven rS csi;f wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHtm; 'Drdk ua&pDpepftkyfpkESifh oufOD; qHydkiftkyfpk[lí cGJjcm;onf/ xdo k ufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyrf u I kd L. H. Sakhong uawmifolMuD;? &GmolMuD; (Ram-uk, Khuabawi) pepf[kolYpmtkyfxJrSm ac:qdkcJhonf/ ]oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfpepf usifhoHk;olrsm; onf olwt Ykd yk cf sKyaf omaus;&Gm wGif MoZmtmPmtjynf&h adS omf vnf; rdrdtkyfcsKyfaom&Gm\ Tuck (C&T)? A military report in Chin-Lushai Hills 1Ä93 eSifY The Economic of the Central Chin Tribes 1943 by HNC Stevenson (HNC) [laom pmtkyfrsm;rSaumuf Ekwjf cif;jzpfonf/ pma&;olonf t*FvefEdkifiHwGif NrdKY jytif*sif eD,mtjzpf toufarG;0rf; ausmif;jyKaeNy;D ,if;pmtkyrf sm; tm; vef'efNrdKY&Sd urÇmausmf The British Library wG i f personal pdwf0ifpm;pl;prf;jcif; rS &&Sdfjcif;jzpfygonf/ wm&Tef;qdkonfrSm ]wm&Tef;wdkYonf ol w d k Y \ rd b rl u m; Sunthla em;ü&SdaomvdkifvGef(Lailun) ausmuf*lrSqif;oufvmonf [k,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkYaemuf olwdkY\ bdk;ab;bDbif rsdK; qufrsm;onf vdik v f eG ;f ausmuf *lteD;&Sd Sunthla &GmodkY tajc pdkufcJhonf/ wm&Tef;wdkYonf xd k & G m trnf j zif Y o m ol w d k Y ud, k o f w l t kd m; Sunthla [k ac:chJ MuNyD; awmifbuf&Sd rsdK;EG,fpk rsm;uvnf; xdt k rnfjzifo Y w l Ykd udk od&SdcJhMuonf/ vGefcJhaom rsdK;quf (4)quf (17 &mpk) cefYwGif olwdkYonf Sunthla rS Klashun(Tlaisun)odYk ajymif;a&TY tajcpdkufcJhMuonf/ (C&T. Pg142) þae&mwGif xdk&Gm trnfjzifYolwdkYudk,folwdkYtm; Tashon [kac:co hJ nf[k ,lq& onf/(þ Tlaisun &Gmonf,aeY zvrf;NrdKYrS(2)rdkif tuGmwGif &Sdaom&Gmr[kwfay) ]olwdkY tajcwusrjzpfrDwGif [m;cg; olBuD; Lian Nawl rS Sunthla ES i f h Tlaisun rsm;tm; zsuf qD;cJhonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifh olwo Ykd nf ESpaf ygi;f tawmfMum ppfab;oifrh sm;taejzifh &Sio f ef cJh&on/f xdkYaemufwm&Tef;wdkY onf xdpk Oftcsed f wm&Te;f wd\ Yk NrdKYawmfzvrf; (Falam) ac: ,aeYvuf&Sd wm&Tef;&Gmtm; pwifxlaxmifcJhMuonf/ (C&T, pg 142)}/ ,ckvuf&Sd zvrf; NrKd o Y nf 1890 aemufyikd ;f rSom NAdwdoSswdkhu wnfaxmifjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkYxlaxmif&ef opfom;rsm;vkt d yfaomaMumifh txuf w G i f a zmf j yxm;aom Tlaisun&Gmtm;wpfppDpepfwus jzdKusjcif;aMumifh ,aeYwGifr&Sd awmYay/ þ&Gmonf ,aeY vuf&Sdwm&Tef;&GmESifU reD;ra0; wGifwnf&SdcJhrnf[k pma&;ol xifro d nf/ ArmvlrsdK;rS- olwdkY tm; wm&Te;f ]Tashon}? pD;,if; ESifh wD;wdefrsm;rS "Palamte" (After their principal village Falam)[k vnf;aumif; teD; tem;&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;rS ]zvrf;} [kvnf; ac:cMhJ uonf/ HNC Stevenson rS ]t"dywd (Paramount) Tashon [kac:Ny;D olwYkd ud, k o f w l Ykd ]Taisun} [kac:Mu onf/ þaqmif;yg;wGif pma&; ol rSjD irf;aom pmtkyrf sm;xJrmS twdkif; ]Tashon (wm&Tef;)} [ktoHk;jyKoGm;ygrnf/ wm&Tef;wdkY\MoZm jrifhwufjcif; ]wm&T e f ; wd k Y o nf olwdkh\tdrfeD;em;csif; a&maESm vsuf&Sdaeaom rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; tm;pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhonf/ olwdkY tkycf sKyaf om rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm;onf wm&Tef; (The ruling tribe) rsKd ;EG,pf x k uf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm rsm;jym;vsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkY\ tdrfeD;em;csif; rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; tm; pkpnf;yHrk mS wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f yd k u f j cif ; xuf r[mAsL[m 10 t"d u rd o m;pk 0 if t jzpf o d k Y oGwo f iG ;f onf/ om"utm;jzifh olwaYkd umifp0D iftxJwiG f t&nf tcsi;f &SNd y;D Bu;D us,cf rf;em;qH;k (the greatest man in the tribe) omrefvlwOD;[k owfrSwfEdkif aom Con Bik onf aumifpD 0iftjzpf a&G;cs,cf &H jcif;? acgi;f aqmifro d m;pk0iftm; vufxyf jcif;jzifh tBuD;tuJjzpfvm onf/(C&T: pg 143)} xdo k aYkd umifpD tqifh odkY wufa&mufEdkif&eftwGuf xdkolonf tjcm;wpfOD;tm; owfzl;ol jzpf&rnf[kvnf; yg&o dS nf/ C&T wdrYk S ] þtcsi;f t&monf trSefwu,fjzpfyg u olwt Ykd wGi;f wGif aoG;at; pGm owfjzwfrIaygif;rsm;pGm jzpf r nf j zpf o nf / tb,f aMumifq h akd omf wm&Te;f wdo Yk nf wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm; r[kwf ay}/ aumifpt D m; Mang Hlur, Khar Lian, Con Bik, Cong (trategy)udk toH;k jyKNy;D olw\ Ykd vufatmufoYkd oGwo f iG ;f cJjh cif; jzpf o nf / (C&T, pg 14Ä)}/ }olwdkYxHodkY eSpfpOfqufaMu; (tributaries) ay;ydkYolrsm;wGif xdkpOftcgtiftm;juD;rsdK;EG,fpk rsm;jzpfaom Zahau, Hualngo, Khuangli tjyif Sunthla, Tawyan ES i f h Khualsim wd k Y vnf;yg0ifcJhonf/ (C&T, pg 143)} wm&Tef;wdkhonf pD;,if; wdkYESifhvnf; ppf(6)BudrfjzpfyGm; cJu h m? pD;,if;wdahk y:ü uefo Y wf xdef;csKyf (Limited control) Ed k i f c J h o nf / ]vuf a wG Y w G i f wm&Tef;wdkYonf olwdkY\ MoZm rsm;tm; xdef;odrf;&mwGif EIwf yg;pyftm;jzifh t"duxdef;odrf; cJhMuonf/ olwdkYtkyfcsKyfonfU e,fajrESifY rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;tm; Munfjh cif;tm;jzifo Y w l \ Ykd tkycf sKyf a&;pG r f ; &nf xuf j ruf y k H r S m xif&Sm;vSayonf/ olwkdY\ tmPm tpOfrysuf xdrf;csKyf Edik jf cif;rSm olw\ Ykd wdu k cf u kd af &; pGrf;&nfxufjrufjcif;aMumifh t"dur[kwb f J olw\ Ykd pOf;pm; OmPf xufjrufjcif;jziYf rsdK; EG,fpk wpfckeSifYwpfcktay: olwt Ykd m; rausmv f mT ;Edik af p&ef jc,fvS,fupm;jcif;jzifY rsdK; EG,fpk tm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyf xm;onf/ (C&T, Pg 148) wm&Tef;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tjyifwiG rf o l w l \ hkd MoZmtmPm onf tenf;i,frsS om &Sad wmh onf/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepftm; usihf oHk;aom wm&Tef;wkdYrSmrl olwdkh \MoZmtmPmESiv hf ufwo H nf ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;odkh ouf a&mufeikd o f nf/ (HNC: pg 17) ]wm&Tef;a'oudkrl (5)OD;yg aumifpt D zGrYJ S tkycf sKyf jyD; ,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Sunthla rsd K ;EG , f p k j zpf a om (Tashon, Conghte, Cong Heng, Zamual) rsm;rS a&G;cs,f onf/ xdo k aYkd &G;cs,&f mwGif ol\ rd&dk;zvmtm; MunfU½Ijcif; r[kwfbJ vlxk\ rJqE´jzifh a&G;cs,fMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY aomf pnf;rsO;f wpfct k aejzifrh l aumifpDtrwfonf t"du rdom;pk0ifjzpf&rnf/ (C&T: pg 149)}/ wm&Tef;aumifpDacgif; aqmifrsm;tm; yHrk eS t f m;jzifh (3) ESpfvSsifwpfMudrfESifh xdkxuf tenf;i,f ydkrdkMumjrifhcsdefwGif a&G;cs,favh&SdjyD; a&G;cs,fyGJrsm; tm; aumufopfpm;yGJrsm;ESifh wGufcsufjyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ omrefvw l pfa,muf onf ppf a &;uG s rf ; usif o l ? oHwrefa&;&m uGsr;f usio f El iS hf csrf ; om<u,f 0 ol j zpf y gu aumifpD0iftjzpf wifajr§muf cGifh&Sdonf/ xdkodkYaumifpD0if tjzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&olwt Ykd m; t"durdom;pk0ifESifY vufxyf xd r f ; jrm;jcif ; jyKvk y f a y;NyD ; Khar ESifh Bawi Hmung wdkYrS OD;aqmifonf/ Mang Hlur E S i f h Khar Lian w d k Y o n f tBuD;tuJrdom;pkrS jzpfNyD; tjcm;(3)OD;rSmrl omrefvw l ef; pm;rSjzpfum t&nftcsif;jzifh yg0ifcGifh&aom olrsm;jzpfMu onf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wm&Te;f &Sd Butu &yfuu G f (khua) wGif tajcpdkufaexdkif&onf/ wm&Te;f NrKd aY wmftm; (6)&yfuu G f jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;NyD;xdk&yfuGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aumifpD 0ifrsm;rS a&G;cs,fcefYtyfonf/ olwt Ykd yk cf sKyaf ome,fy,fa'o tm;vnf ; wm&T e f ; &G m uJ h o d k Y e,fajr (6)cktjzpf ydkif;jcm;NyD; xd k v uf a tmuf c H a 'orsm;rS ay;aqmifaom qufaMu;rsm; tm; oufqdkif&m wm&Tef;&Sd &yfuu G w f pfcck si;f qDoYkd ay;yd&Yk onf/(C&T, pg 149) &yf u G u f r sm;onf aumifpD\ xdef;csKyfrIatmuf wGif&Sdonf/ &yfuGuf (6) ck\ acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm- Con Khar (Phangpho &yfuu G )f ? Hniar Ci (Khawthar &yfuGuf)? Mang Hlur (Butu &yfuGuf)_ Tatpi (Laiko &yfuGuf)? Yat Kwe (Hliap &yfuGuf) ESifh Bawi Hmung (Khuasat Khua ac: Lun Oo &yfuGuf) wdkhjzpfMu o n f / (C&T, pg 149) / wm&Tef;&Gm\ xl;jcm;csufrSm olwdkh&GmxJ&Sd&yfuGufrsm;udk}&Gm (Khua) e.g Phangpho Khua [kac:qdkMuNyD; ,aehxufwdkif pmrsufESm(11)odkh . . . 16 February 2013 csif;jynfe,frD;acsmif;eSifhav;NrdKh jrpfwpfavsmuf&d0S g;rsm; &cdik jf ynfe,foahkd &mif;csrjkS rifwh ufvsu&f dS aemfa0;tpdk;&rS jrefrmausmif;om^olrsm;twGuf ynmoifqkay;tyfrnf xk d i f ; Ed k i f i H & S d Asian Institute of Technology wGif 2013ckESpf? Mo*kwfv ausmif;zGifUcsdef wGif r[mbGJYynm qufvufoif,l EdkifrnfU tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yftjzpf aemfa0;tpdk;&rS jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmif; om;^ol 40 OD;udk ynmoifqk xyfrH ay;tyfrnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ,ckuJUodkh jrefrmEdkifiHrSt&nftcsif; jynfUrDaom ausmif;om;^olrsm;udk xdik ;f Edik if &H dS Institute of Technology wGif r[mbGJYynm wufa&muf oif,El ikd rf nft U pDtpOfudk aemfa0;tpd;k & rS 2012 ckESpfrSay;tyfcJUjcif;jzpfNyD; 3ESpfwdkifwdkif ynmoif qka&G;cs,fay; tyfoGm;rnfjzpf aMumif;od&onf/ ynmoifq&k &So d l ausmif; om;^ol r sm;taejzif h Asian Institute of Technology, School of Environment, Resource and Development, School of Engineering and Technology, School of wdkhwGif ynmoif Mum;ydkhcsay;vsuf&Sdaom bmom&yf rsm;udk avhvmoif,El ikd rf nfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoifqw k u G f avQmuf vTmudk www.ait.asia wGif &,l Edik Nf y;D ynmoifqk avQmufvmT ESit hf wl bGJYvuf rSwf? rdrdtaMumif; t*Fvdyf bmomjzifUpmvHk;a& 400 cefha&;om; Management pmrsufESm(10)rStquf . . . þ&Gm 6 &Gm&SdaeqJjzpfonf/ pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm; aeYpOf reufyikd ;f wGif aumifp0D ifwpfO;D OD;\ tdrw f iG f aumifpD0ifrsm; awGYqHkMuNyD; rsd K ;EG , f p k r sm;ta&;ES i f h qH k ; jzwfp&m&Sdonfrsm;? ta&;,l &ef&o dS nfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;avh&dS Muonf/ acgif;aqmifwpfOD; wnf ; rS ud p ö & yf w pf c k t m; oabmusq;kH jzwfyikd cf iG rhf &Sad y/ udpö&yfwpfckcsif;pDtm; acgif; aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; twlwuG qH;k jzwfMu&onf/ aumifp0D if rsm;tMum; owfrw S x f m;aom tcGit hf mPmxuf vGeu f u J m tmPmtoHk;jyKrdygu 'Pf owfrw S jf cif;rsKd ;vnf; &So d nf/ om"utaejzifBh awi Hmung onf vli,fyDyD pdwfjrefvuf jrefjzifh udpö&yfrsm;udk pD&ifjyK vkyfcJhrIrsm;&SdcJhNyD; xdkhtwGuf aMumif h 'Pf o wf r S w f j cif ; cH&onf/ pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm;[lonfrmS wm&Te;f wd\ Yk aqmifyk'fjzpfcJhonf/ odkhjzpf aomaMumifh &yfuu G w f pfcck si;f pDonf &yfa&;&Gma&;udp&ö yfrsm; udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif tm;wuf oa&m ud, k pf m;jyKaqG;aEG;cJMh u onf/ (C&T, pg 149-150) tjcm;oufaowpfck azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkhjyifq&m? vkyfief;cGifrS tBuD;tuJ(odkh) rdom;pk0if wpfOD;OD; txl;ojzifh rdrd\ynm a&;tajctae udk aumif;pGmod&Sd olESpfOD;\ axmufcH pmudkvnf; yl;wGJwifjy&rnfjzpfonf/ ynmoif q k avQmuf vTmESifh yl;wGJygtcsuftvuf rsm;udk 2013ckESpf? azazmf0g&D 15&uf aemuf qHk;xm;í admissions@ait.asia od k h tD ; ar;vf j zif h a y;yd k h & rnf j zpf N yD ; tifwmeuftoHk;jyKí tqifrajyyg uvnf; xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd AIT admissions office ES i f h jref r mEd k i f i H & S d Myanmar Egress xHohkd ay;ydx hk m; EdkifaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoif q k a vQmuf v T m wifonft U cgwiG f AIT udk avQmufxm; &onf U taMumif ; t&if ; ES i f U t wl avQmufxm;ol\ l tem*wf&nfreS ;f csu?f jrefrmEdkifiH\zGYHNzdK;a&;wdkhtwGuf umv ukd umv&SnfESifh tv,ftvwfMum; umvwdkhwGif oufqdkif&mtcef;u@ wdkhü rnfodkhyg0ifaqmif&GufoGm;rnf qdkonfukd jrefrmbmomjzifU pmrsuf ESmoHk;rsufESm pmpDpmuHk;a&;om;í ay;ydkh &rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ynmoifqkavQmufxm; oltaejzifh &Sdxm;&rnfU t&nftcsif;? xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd Asian Institute of Technology wGif ynmoifqkjzifU wufa&muf&ef avQmufxm;olrsm; tae jzifh wuúodkvfwpfckrSbGJYwpfck &&Sdxm; &rnfjzpfonf/ t*F v d y f p m ta&;ES i f h tajym uRr;f usi&f rnfjzpfNy;D IELTS 4.5 &&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfNyD; IELTS &rSwfr&Sdygu Asian Institute of Technology rSppfaq;onfU t*Fvyd f t&nftcsif;tppf pmar;yGJudk ajzqdk atmifjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ ausmif;tyfumv jzpf onfU 2013 ckESpf? Mo*kwf vrwdkifrD touf 40ESpfatmuf jzpf&rnfjzpf onf/ vkyfief;tawGY tBuHKtenf;qHk; wpfESpf&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfwufa&muf pOftwGi;f oifMum;ydchk sorQukd ausmif; ac:csdefrSefuefjcif;? wuf<upGmavhvm oif,El ikd jf cif; &S&d rnfjzpfNy;D pmar;yGrJ sm; wGiv f nf; atmifjrifpmG ajzqdEk ikd rf nfjzpf onf/ ausmif;Ny;D yguvnf; jrefrmEdik if H &Sd zGHYNzdK;dwkd;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfpGrf;tifzGHYNzdK;wdk; wufa&;wdkhtwGuf jyefvnfrQa0ay; Edkifol jzpf&rnfjzpfonf/ ynmoifqk avQmufvTm ay;ydkh&rnfhvdyfpm csif;jynfe,fyvuf0NrdKYe,f twGif;&Sd av;NrdKY jrpfESifh ukvm;wefjrpftwGif;odkh pD;0if vsu&f aSd om rD;acsmif;jrpfwpfavQmufwiG f 0g;ckwf ,la&mif;cs olrsm;rSm,cifeSpfrsm;xufvmae aMumif;od&onf/0g;ckwo f rm; wpfO;D vsiw f pfaeh 0g;tvk;H a&(50 rS100) Mum;ckw, f El ikd Nf y;D 4if;0g; tm; rdrdckwf,lonfU ae&mwGifa&mif;csvQif wpfv;Hk wGiu f syf (70 rS 100) xdom&&deS id af omf vn;f &cdkifjynfe,f ausmufawmfNrdKYwGifrl 0g;wpfvkH;vsifusyf (200) ESifhtxuf &&SdEdkif aBumif; rD;acsmif;a'o 0g;awmwpfae&mwGif 0g;ckwf,laeaom rD;acsmif;a'ocH 0g;ckwform; wpfO;D uajymonf/ 0g;rsm;tm; vma&muf0,f,l olrsm;xHwGif p&HaiGBudKwifxkyf,lNyD; owfrSwf umvwpfcktwGif; 0g;rsm; jyefvnfckwfay;& aMumif;ESifh ,ckESpfwGifrl 0g;ckwf ,la&mif;csol rsm;jym;vG e f ; aomaMumif h a&mif ; csEd k i f a om 0g;aumif;rsm;&Sm;yg;vmaeaMumif;vnf; ,if; a'ocHuajymoGm;ygonf/ 0g;rsm;tm;aqmuf v k y f a &;vk y f i ef ; cGifwGifokH;onfUtjyif pdkufcif;eSifhtdrfNcHpnf;;&dk; um&H & mwG i f v nf ; tok H ; jyKvsuf & d S M uaMumif ; od&ygonf/ uGsefawmfuocsFmawmfw,f oluordkif;awmfw,f vGefcJhaom tESpf(40)cefYwGif &efukefwuúodkvfBuD;odkY csif;jynfe,f aus;&Gmwpf&GmrS ausmif;om; (2)OD; ynmoif,l&ef a&muf&SdvmcJhMuonf/ wpf&Gmwnf;om;jzpfNyD; xdkpOftcgu csif;vlOD;a&enf;ygvSaom aqGr&Sd rsdK;r&Sd &efukefNrdKYBuD;wGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm twlwuG ynmoifMum;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkESpfOD;teufwpfOD;rSm ocsmFxl;cRefNyD;? aemufwpfOD;rSm ordik ;f bmomxl;cReMf uonf/ wpf&ufwiG f (2)OD;teufwpfO;D rSm tjyif;zsm;Ny;D wuúov kd af q;&Hw k iG f twGif;vlemtjzpf aq;ukorIcH,l&onf/ aqGr&Sd? rsdK;r&SdqdkonfUtwdkif; usefonfUwpfOD;rSm reufwpfcg? aeYv,fwpfcg? naewpfcg aeha&mnygapmifhtdyfNyD; txl;*&kpdkufay;avonf/ q&m0efrsm;Bu;D rS xdo k Ykd ud, k zf &d ifzd jyKpak y;aerIukd jrifawGY Ny;D txl;tm;&auseyfum ]'DvdkacwfrSm 'DvdkrsdK;ulnD½dkif;yif;wmawG odyfawGY&cJoGm;NyDuGm? t&rf;aumif;w,f/ 'geJU rif;wdkYESpfa,mufu bmawmfMuovJuG} [kar;&m ntdyfapmifhay;aom csif;ausmif;om;rS ]uGsefawmfu ocsFmawmfw,f/ olu ordkif;awmfw,f} [k tm;&0rf;ompGm jyefajzvdkufavonf/ Myanmar Egress trSwf35? rif;"r®vrf;ESifh usdKuf0dkif; bk&m;vrf;axmifh? r&rf;ukef;NrdKYe,f? &efu k ek /f zkef;-656840? 656841? 665482/ tm;tHhMorifoufrdaponf/ jAdwdoSswdkYrSvnf; tHhMorif oufcJhaMumif;udk Carey and Tuck wdkYrS ]most extraordinary circumstance to find a Chin tribe disregarding birth} taejzifh Pu Con Bik onf Indin t&yf w G i f C aptain Raikes ESifhawGYqHkpOfü ]þ Tashon rS cspw f aumif; zGHY NzKd ;wd;k wufa&; vrf;aMumif;udpö&yftm; uREfkyf wpfOD;wnf; rqHk;jzwfEdkifyg/ wm&T e f ; rS m &S d w J h aumif p D r S m uREfkyfjyefaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyf onf} [k ajymqdkcJhonf/ wm&Tef;wdkY\ &yfwnfcsuf ESifh *kPfodu©m olwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY qD r S wH p d k ; vuf a qmif r sm; vufcH&efudk tpOfjiif;qdkcJhMu onf/ olwu hkd av;i,frsm;tm; ay;aom vufaqmifrsm;udk vnf; rnfrSsyifao;i,faom vufaqmifjzpfapumrl jyef vnf ay;tyfco hJ nf/ xdw k m&Te;f &Gmom;wdo Yk nf ESpaf ygi;f twef Mumatmif ay:wmqG J u m tvk y f v k y f a pjcif ; rsm;tm; uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf olBuD; rsm;jzpf M uonf [ l í tpOf wpdkuf jiif;qdkcJhMuonf/ odkY aomfjim;vnf;olwo Ykd nfNAw d o d sS wdkYxHodkY ulvDtvkyfrsm;vkyf aqmif&efEpS pf Of(15000) OD;a& tpOftNraJ xmufychH NhJ y;D xdo k w l hkd onf wm&Tef;&GmrS r[kwfMu acs/ (C&T, pg 150) ed*Hk; jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifyif pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifYtmPm uefY owfNyD; ygvDreftm;tmPm ay;onfpU epf? vlxt k m; rJay; cGifh? pdwfuGefhjrL;vkyfaqmifcGifh? wDxGifcGifh? vGwfvyfrI&Sdaom Salai Moe (maypaw) pD;yGm;&Smjcif; ponfUenf;pepf rsm;toHk;jyKNyD;rSomvQif urÇm ay:wiG Mf oZmtjynf0U qH;k tifyg ,mEdkifiHtjzpfodkY a&muf&SdedkifcJh onf/wm&Te;f wd\ Yk MoZmtmPm BuD;rm;rIonfvnf; olwdkY\ EdkifiHa&;pepfaMumifUjzpfonfrSm pma&;ol ud k ; um;xm;onf h pmtkyrf sm;wGif xif&mS ;pGmazmfjy cJhonf/ olwdkY\ MoZmtmPm udk EdkifiHa&;pepfwpfckwnf; r[kwfbJ pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh vnf; olwx hkd ed ;f csKyx f m;yHk tm; aemufaqmif;yg;wGif pma&;ol a&;om;azmfjyoGm; rnfjzpfyg onf/ jyifyurÇmESifh qufpyfrI r&S d c J h a omf v nf ; ,ck u J h o d k Y 'Drdkua&pDpepfBuD;udk toHk;jyK aeEd k i f c J h j cif ; onf pma&;ol 11 [k azmfjycJhMuonf/ odkUaomfNAdwdoSswdkY csif;awmifwef;tm; odrf;ydkuf Ny;D aemuf olwo Ykd nf xdw k m&Te;f 'Drdkua&pDpepftm; zsufodrf; NyD; rlvvufa[mif;jzpfaom rD;&dk;zvmolBuD;pepftm; jyef vnfoGwfoGif;cJhNyD; Tashon Tribal Area \ tkkyfcsKyfa&; acgi;f aqmif&mxl;udk tkyk cf sKyrf I MoZmtmPmt&Sq d ;kH jzpfwhJ Pu Con Bik (c)Adv k pf eG yf ufukd cef htyfcJhonf/ olESifY&oifh&xdkuf aom tusdK;rsm;udkvnf;ol\ ud, k af &;ud, k w f m toH;k tEIe;f rsm; twGufvTJajymif;ay;cJh onf / xd k v uf a [mif ; pepf onf NAdwdoQwdkYtwGuf csif; awmiftm;xdef;csKyf&ef ydkrdk vG,fuljcif;aMumifh jzpfonf [k HNC Steven uazmfjyxm; onf/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm;onf jAdwdoQwdkY jyefvnftouf oGif;cJhaom þoufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfpepftm; pGefhcGmum 1948 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (20)&ufaeYwGif 'Drdkua&pD pepfyHkpHjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepf tm;toHk;jyK&ef vuf&Sdzvrf; NrdKYwGif vufcHtwnfjyKcJhMu NyD; ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; ]csif;trsdK; om;aeY} tjzpf atmifyGJcH qif,ifusif;yvsuf&Sdonf/ csif ; trsd K ;om;aeY tESpfom&BuD;jzpfaom 'Drdk ua&pDpepfonftrSefwu,f tm;jzifh 1948 ckESpf azazmf 0g&Dv(20)&ufrS tpjyKjcif; r[kwfay/ csif;awmifwef; ay:wGif vGefcJhaom(19) &mpk wGif pwifusifhoHk;vsuf&Sdae NyD;jzpfonf/ 1948 ckESpfwGifrS 'kw, d tMurd v f ufcjH cif;[kvnf; ac:qEkd ikd af yrnf/xdek nf;wlpmG yif *kPf,lp&maumif;vSonfrSmjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;wGifomru tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfpepf rsm;om usio hf ;kH cJNh y;D wm&Te;f wdYk onf tapmqH;k usio hf ;kH cJo h rl sm; jzpfrnfrmS ordik ;f avhvmolrsm; taejzifh tvG,w f ul od&EdS ikd f rnfrSmjzpfonf/ *kPf,lp&m aumif;vSayonf/ tm;vHk;aysmf&TifzG,f aumif;aom csif;trsdK;om;aeY tcgor, jzpfygap[k qkrGef aumif; awmif;tyfygonf/ Vol. 1, No.3 Edk;xefuyf (csif;wdk;wufa&;ygwDOuú| ar;/ /ajymoHMum;&wmawmh yl;aygif;a&;cufwmyk*d¾Kvfa&; awG a Mumif h v d k h a jymMuw,f / tJ'Day:bmajymcsifygovJ/ ajz/ /tckcsdefrSm yl;aygif;a&; ryl;aygif;a&;xuf trsm;BuD; vkypf &m&Sw d ,fvx hkd ifygw,f/ 'guOuú|udpöawGbmawGu tao;trTm;yg/ 'DOuú|ae&m udk b,folurS wG,fzufae wmvnf; r&Sdygbl;/ t"du uawmh NrdKYe,ftoD;oD;rSm NrdKYe,fwpfckeJhwpfck rwlbl;/ wcsdKYNrdKYe,fus awmhaygif;csif vdkhjrefjref ryl;aygif;vdkhqdkNyD; cGJxGufwm&Sdjyefw,f/ wcsdKY NrdKYe,fusawmh aygif;wmudk rBudKufvdkh cGJxGufwm&Sdjyef w,f/ tJ'gudkOuú|taeeJh NcKH Ny;D awmh Munfv U &hkd w,fav/ Oyrm-rwlyDawmifydkif;buf raygi;f csiw f o hJ &l w dS ,f/ ajrmuf ydkif;rSmvnf; xdkenf;vnf; aumif;yJ aygi;f csiw f o UJ &l w dS ,f? yl;'dkifxGef; (csif;wdk;wufa&; ygwDtwGif;a&;rSL; -1) ar; - 'Dy;l aygi;f a&;eJY ywfowf Ny;D awmh aqG;aEG;jzpfcw hJ m b,f ESpBf urd af vmufvyk jf zpfv?J b,f tcsed u f aepNy;D awmh paqG;aEG; jzpfwmvJ/ ajz - 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ NyD ; awmh 'D Z if b mvxJ r S m wpfcgaqG;aEG;w,f? tJ'DrSm CNP twG i f ; a&;rS L ;&,f ? CPP twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY&,feJY tJ'DrSmwpfcg aqG;aEG;jzpfcJh w,f? yl;aygif;a&;udpö rltm; jzifh olwdkYtzGJYu oabmwlcJh w,f? (aemufawmh 2011 ysufoGm;w,f)? 2012 ESpfrSm jyefvkyfw,f? jyefvkyfwmu ESpfzufygwDu joint committee (yl ; aygif ; a&;aumf r wD ) ? zGJY NyD;awmh ESpfzuf committee awGoHk;cgawGYw,f? 2012 rSm oHk;cgawGYw,f/ yxr? 'kwd,rSmwkef;u oabmwlcJh wmu yl ; aygif ; yH k r l t m;vH k ; oabmwlcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; tajccHrlawG csrSwfcJhw,f/ oabmwlnDcsufawG vkyfcJh w,f? Joint Committte tae raygif;csifwJUol&Sdw,f/ aygif; w,fqdkwmtiftm;BuD;csifvdkh aygif;wmyJav/ wu,fvdkh aygif;NyD;rS tiftm;avsmhoGm; rSmudkvnf;BudKwifrwGufxm; &if'gajcvSr;f rSm;wm jzpfomG ;rSm ayg/h 'gav;udk uReaf wmfwchkd sifh csdefNyD;oHk;oyfaewmyg/ ygwD Ouú|ae&muavQmufavQmuf ajymaewmyg/ bmrSrqdik yf gb;l / ar;/ /csif;jynfolawGuaum yl;aygif;wmeJh uGJjym;rItay: b,f[mydv k ckd sirf ,fvw hkd ifv/J ajz/ /A[kad umfrwD tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;wmxufjynfolawG&JY toHudkem;axmif&ifawmh ydk tqifajyvdrfhr,f/ ajym&wm enf;enf;cufao;w,f/wcsdKY ae&mrS m uG i f ; qif ; NyD ; awmh aygi;f &jcif;&JaY umif;usKd ;eJq h ;kd usKd ; awGeo hJ w l &dhk t YJ jrifuekd m;axmif NyD;rS&Sif;jy? tJovdkrvkyfbJeJh aygif;csifw,fqdkNyD; A[kdXme csKyfrSmaygif;&ifawmh tjcm; uRefawmfwdkhudkxm;oGm;w,f qdkNyD; tjcm;ygwDrSm oGm;aygif; vdkuf&ifaygif; &wmtusdK;r&Sd awmhbl;av/ tJ'guRefawmfpdk; &d r f w myg/ wpf c sd K Y Nrd K Y e ,f u aygif;csifw,fqdkNyD;awmh jynf oltrsm;pk&JYpnf;&Hk;a&;rvkyfbJ eJh aygif;csifwmcsnf;udkyJ uRef wmfwdkhworwfwnf;oGm;ae awmhrJtNydKif&zdkhu taumif; xuf tqdk;jzpfEdkifw,fav/ tJ'geHygwfwpftcsuf? 'kwd, tcsuu f awmh aygi;f Ny;D rSwpfO;D eJhwpfOD; tjrifrSmvnf;Munf vifzdkhvdkw,f/ awmfMumae aygif;NyD;rS jyefuGJoGm;wmrsdK;? pdw0f rf;uGo J mG ;wmrsKd ; r&Sad tmif awmh BudKwifowdxm;&wm ayghav/ aygif;NyDqdk&ifawmh ruGJpwrf;aygh/ jyefuGJr,fhyHkpH awmh twdwfrSmawGY cJYw,f av/ ud, k u f aygi;f csiw f m? tif tm;aumif;csifw,fqdkwmu wpfu@?aygif;NyD;rS twlwl vkyv f rhkd &wJt U ydik ;f &SEd ikd o f vm;/ uRefawmfwdkh wpfOD;eJhwpfOD; od y f o d M uwmr[k w f b l ; av/ 'gaMumifhjznf;jznf; oGm;wm rrSm;bl;/Ouú|taeeJh ud, k yhf gwD 0ifawGtm;vH;k yl;aygi;f csiw f ,f vdkhxifygovm;? r&Sdbl;/zvrf; rSmusawmh yl;aygif;r,fqdkwJU toHMum;wmeJhrBudKufMubl; av/wD;wderf mS a&m NrKd eY ,fawmf awmfrsm;rsm;rSmrBudKufMubl;/ wcsdKYNrdKYe,fusawmh BudKufjyef w,f/ NrdKYe,fwpfckeJhwpfcku rwlb;l / aygi;f csiv f hkd aygi;f r,f qdk&ifawmh trSwfavsmhenf; roGm;atmif tiftm;awmihf wif;csiv f hkd yl;aygi;f csiw f ,fqkd &if a wmh 'gud k M unf U & r,f / ay:vpDtydkif;rSmvnf; wcsdKY ae&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; n§d& r,fh tydik ;f &Sw d ,f/ Ouú|ae&m wdkhuawmh tao;trTm;yg/ eJ Y tJ ' D o abmwl n D c suf u d k tajccHrla&m ESpfzuf CEC wifzdkYqHk;jzwfcJhw,f/ ESpfzuf CEC wifwJhtcg CNP zuf uawmh Joint Committee &JY qH k ; jzwf c suf u d k tuk e f v H k ; oabmwl w ,f / 'gayr,f h *CePuawmh tcsufESpf csufudk jyifay;qdkNyD;awmif;zdkh CEC qHk;jzwfcJhw,f/ tJ'D tcsufESpfcsuf jyifr,fhudpöu CNP/CPP yl a ygif ; vd k Y & S d & if Ouú | ud k CPP zuf u ,l z d k Y ? e,u udk CNP zufu,lzdkY? aemuftaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; udk CNP u,lzdkY? usefwJh committee 0ifawmh tnDtrQ a&G;NyD;awmrStzGJY0ifudk 24 OD; tjzpf ,m,DoabmwlcJhw,f / CEC &JY oabmwlnDcsuf aygh/ tJ'DrSmuGJvGJwmu yxr Joint Committee oabmwl wkef;u Ouú| CNP ,lzdkY? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rl;udk CPP ,lzdkY tJ'DESpfckyJ enf;enf; uGJvGJaew,f/ aemuf,m,D aumfrwD&hJ oufwrf;u t&if u 6v vdkY Joint Committee uowfrSwfcJhw,f/ 'gay r,fh CPP u oabmrwl cJhbl;? vufrcHbl;/ ar;- ygwD E S p f c k y l ; aygif ; r,f qdktusdK;awG&SdEkdifNyD;? ryl;aygif; &ifaum b,fvdkrsdK;qdk;usdK; &SdEkdifovJ ajz - aygif ; &if a wmh t rsd K ; om;a&; tukev f ;kH oabmxm; wdkufqdkifr,f? oabmxm; nDr,f? aemufyl;aygif;&if rJ qE´e,fwdkif;rSm Ekdifzdkhtvm; tvm&Sw d ,f/ryl;aygi;f &ifawmh MuHUcdkifa&;ujzpfjzpf? NLD u jzpfjzpfuRefawmfwdkhudk tEdkif ,lEdkifr,fhtajcae&Sdw,f/ ar;-ESpfzufygwD&YJ joint committee 0ifawG[mESpfygwDtm; vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKw,fvhdk ajym vkdh&rvm;/ ajz - tukev f ;kH ud, k pf m;jyKwm awmhr[kwb f ;l / CEC uk, d pf m; olwu Ukd vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;xm;wmyg/ qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhray;bl;/ tNyD; owfqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhu CEC rSmyJ&Sdw,f/ ar; - csi;f ygwaD wGtaeeJh ygwD wpfcw k nf;jzpfwmaumif;ovm;? ygwDuGJwmydk aumif;ovm;/ ajz - ygwDwpfckwnf;jzpfwm taumif;qHk;aygh/ csif;rSm wpf ygww D nf;&S&d if pnf;vH;k nDnw G f rIydk&Sdwmaygh/ ar; - wu,fvkdh raygif;Ekdif bl;qdk&if vmr,fh 2015 a&G; aumufyrJG mS NyKd izf ufjynfrygwD awGu, kd OS Ef ikd rf ,fvx hdk ifovm;/ ajz - ryl;aygif;Ekdif&if&wJh ud, k pf m;vS,u f awmh&MurSmyJ/ CNP a&m? CPP a&m? ZCD? ENDP vnf ; &S d a o;w,f ? t"ducsi;f rSm (4) ygw&D w dS ,f/ NLD 0ifvmr,f? aemufjynf cdkifNzdK;vnf;&Sdr,f? tukefvHk; rJuu JG ek rf mS aygAh sm/ tjywfowf Ekid w f ,fqw dk mt&rf;&Sm;oGm;Ny/D 12 pDtJefyDESifU pDyDyDwdkhyl;aygif;awmh 2010 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&SdcJhMuaom csif;ygwDBuD;ESpfckjzpfonfU csif;trsdK;om;ygwD(pDtJefyD)ESifh csif;wdk;wufa&;ygwD(pDyDyD) wdkUonfa&G;aumufyGJ tNyD ; yl ; aygif ; a&;aqG ; aEG ; rI r sm;jyKvk y f w m 2013 wd k i f c J h y gNyD / csif ; jynf o l o m;rsm; omrutjcm;Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;taejzif h v nf ; csif ; ygwD B uD ; ES c k y l ; aygif ; a&;ud p ö t m; yl;ZkefvS,fxef; csif;wdk;wufa&;ygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ar;/ /yl;aygif;a&;MuefhMumwm bmaMumifUvdkhxifygovJ/ ajz/ /Mumw,f r Mumbl ; qd k wmusawmh uReaf wmfwphkd yD yD D bufuae tjrefaygi;f &atmif awmhrvdkcsifbl;av/NyD;awmh t"dujyoemubmvJqdkawmh Mum;umvav;rSm Ouú|u b,fov l yk rf vJqw kd UJ jyóem yJ/ uReaf wmfwb hkd ufu yl;aygi;f a&;aumfrwDzw YJG maygah emf/ tJ'D tzGJYeJY CNP yl;aygif;a&; aumf rwDnEd§ iId ;f w,f? aqG;aEG;w,f/ aqG;aEG;wJt U csed rf mS olwb hkd uf jyóemu yl;aygif;wJUMum; umvrSmtaxGaxGa&G;aumuf yGJrvkyfcsifbl;/ Mum;umvrSm pDtJefyDbufuae Ouú|vkyf r,f? twGif;a&;rSL;udk CPP bufuaevkyfNyD;awmhem,u udk CPP bufudkay;r,fqdkNyD; awmhtJ'Dvdkvmw,f/ 'Dbuf ydkif;rSmjyefaqG;aEG;w,f/ CPP CECrSmayghaemf/ jyefaqG;aEG; wJcU sed rf mS yl;aygi;f a&;aumfrwDrmS rygwo UJ al wGu'guawmh CNP buf u propose tqd k j yK wmjzpfEikd w f ,fvahkd 0zefo;kH oyf w,f/ n§dEIdif;rIvkyfwJUcsdefrSm cifAsm;uolrsm;udk propose vkyfwJUtcsdefrSm cifAsm;taeeJh vnf;cifAsm;ay;wJUtqdkjyKrIudk olwdkhucifAsm;udk ay;vdkufvdkh &Sd&if cifAsm;uvnf; ,l&rSm aygh/ tJ'grS fair propose jzpf rSmav/ cifAsm;u'gawGjzpf apcsif w,fvdkhtqdkjyKrI oGm; vkyfNyD;awmhcifAsm; propose vkyfwJUtwkdif; cifAsm;wdkhvkyf qd&k if 'Dur,lEikd b f ;l qd&k if tJ'D propose ufair propose rjzpf Ed k i f b l ; av/ 'guuRef a wmf h tjrif/ tJ'Dcsdefusawmh uRef awmfwdkhtqdkjyefjyKwmyg/tqdk jyefjyKwmudk CECuoabm wlzkdUvdkw,fav/ CPP buf uae Mum;umvrSm Ouú|vkyf r,f/ pDtJefyDutwGif;a&;rSL; vkyf? NyD;awmh CNP bufu em,uvkyf/ tJ'DrSmxGufvm wJUyHkpHtwdkif;uRefawmfwdkhbuf ujyef propose vk y f w ,f / 'D[mudkvufcH&ifyl;aygif;r,f qdkNyD;awmh CEC rSm qHk;jzwf csuv f yk v f u kd w f ,f/ tJNy;D awmh olwdkhudkydkhw,f/ ydkhwJUtcsdefrSm CNPbuf u vuf r cH E d k i f b l ; / tJ'DtajctaerSm ckxdaqG; aEG ; rI r jzpf E d k i f a wmh b l ; qd k N yD ; tvkyfrjzpfao;wmav/ uRef awmfh wpfa,mufwnf;tjrif yg/ygwD t jrif r [k w f y gbl ; / 'DOuú|udb k ,fov l yk rf ,f qdw k UJ jyóem/Ouú|qdw k muReaf wmf wdhk taxGaxGa&G;aumufyv JG yk f wJU tcsdefrSm trsm;ua&G;wJU vlu vkyfrSmyJav/ 'D(6)v umvav;rSm b,fol Ouú| vkyfrvJqdkwm jyóem &Sdae w,fvdkhuRefawmfjrifw,f/ ar;/ /Mum;umvqdw k myl;aygi;f a&;aqG;aEG;pOfumvudkajym wmvm;/ ajz/ /(6)vvnf;jzpfEdkifw,f? (1)ESpfvnf;jzpfEdkifw,f/ ar;/ /ygwED pS cf yk ;l aygi;f &ifaum b,fvdktusdK;&SdNyD; bmawG qHk&SLH;EdkifrvJ/ ryl;aygif;EdkifcJU &ifaum b,fvdktusdK;&SdNyD; bmawGqHk;½IH;EdkifrvJ/ ajz/ /yl;aygif;&ifydkNyD;tiftm; awmifrh ,fvjhkd rifwo UJ al wGtrsm; Bu;D &Sw d mayg/h tck,OS Nf yKd icf w UJ ek ;f uqdk rwlyDbufqdk&ift"du aygh/ uRefawmfwdkhyl;aygif;&if ydEk ikd Ef ikd f w,fvt hkd oHxu G v f m w,f/ csif;ygwDawGyl;aygif;&if trsm;Bu;D Edik rf ,fvv hkd t l rsm;Bu;D uoHk;oyfw,f/ yl;aygif;&if wpfygwjD zpfomG ;w,f/wpfygwD jzpfoGm;&if 'DtusdK;uawmh vuf&SdtajccHOya'rjyifbJeJh awmifrS trwfrSm majority ,lEikd &f ifawmh vTwaf wmfOuú| wdkh 'kOuú|wdkhygwDuae,lEdkif r,f/NyD;awmh udk,fvdkcsifwJU Oya'awGjyKEikd rf ,f/ vTwaf wmf rSmvnf; 'DbufuvdkcsifwJU twdkif;jzpfvmr,faygh/ tJ'D csdefrSm 0efBuD;csKyfudk or®wu cefhwmjzpf&ifawmifrS vTwf awmfuekd mcH&awmhrmS ayg/h vTwf awmfudkemcH&wJUcsdefusawmh csif;ygwDawG&JY ay:vpDtwdkif; csi;f jynfe,frmS jzpfvmrSmav/ Ny;D awmhtajccHOya'jyifEikd rf ,f? wu,fhjynfaxmifpkppfppfudk oG m ;Murvm;? jynf e ,f u d k udk,fhudk,fudkjyXmef;cGifhtrsm; Bu;D ay;wJU tqifrh mS a&mufvm vd&hk &dS ifvnf; ESpyf gwyD ;l aygi;f Ny;D majority jzpf v mr,f q d k & if tpd;k &vkyEf ikd w f ,fav/ Ny;D awmh trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ ryl;aygif; bJ e J h c sif ; ygwD u majority &r,f? rJvnf;trsm;BuD;&r,f qd&k ifawmh [drk mS vnf; oGm;uGJ Edik w f muk;d / Edik if aH &;upm;zkahd wG rSmaygh/ tjcm;aom twdkuf tcHygwDawGeJYrsm;BuD;&Sdygao; w,f/ ygwu D pd eö ahJ jymr,fq&kd if awmh tusdK;ydkrsm;rSmyg/ ar;/ /ryl;aygif;&ifaum vm r,fh 2015 a&G;aumufyGJrSm Nyd K if b uf j ynf r ygwD a wG u d k ,SONf yKd iEf ikd rf ,fvx hkd ifygovm;? csif;jynfe,frSm csif;ygwDawG adventage jzpfEdkifrvm;aygh/ ajz/ /bmvdrhk ,SONf yKd iEf ikd &f rSmvJ/ tckvnf;,SONf yKd iaf e&wmyJav/ csif;ygwDawG majority jzpfzdkh qdkwm ajym&cufw,f/ udk,fh t&nftcsi;f ay:rmS vnf;rlwnf rSmayg/h olwyhkd gw&D t YJ &nftcsi;f ? vTwaf wmftrwfu, kd pf m;vS,f awG&t YJ &nftcsi;f awGrmS trsm; BuD;rlwnfygw,f/ ordkif;rSm Munfrh ,fq&kd ifawmh csi;f rSmawGY &wmu a&G ; aumuf y G J p wJ U ygvDrefacwfuwnf;u csif; ygwDuyJ majority EdkifwmyJ/ Ny;D awmh 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; csif;ygwDuyJEdkifwmyJ/ 2010 rSmvnf; rqdk;bl;av/ awmfawmfEdkifwmyJav/ ar;/ /uGJjym;aewJUygwDESpfck taeeJu h , kd yhf gwu D csi;f wpfrsKd ; om; vHk;udkNcHKiHkEdkifw,fvdkhjrif ygovm;/ ajz/ / CPPuawmh csif ; &J Y wpfjynfe,fvHk;eD;yg;ayghaemf/ [m;cg;? xefwvefuvGJvdkhEdkif cJUwmyJ/ uav;?wrl;csif;awG trsm;qHk;ae&mrSmvnf; oGm; NydKifNyD;EdkifcJUwmyJav/ ar;/ /pDyyD &D t YJ axGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;taeeJh uGjJ ym;rIeyhJ ;l aygi;f rI tay:csif;jynfolawGu b,f [mudkydkvdkcsifr,f vdkhxifyg ovJ/ ajz/ /csif;jynfoltrsm;pku yl ; aygif ; wmud k v d k c sif w ,f / tJ'gaMumifh yl;aygif;wmudk vdkufavsmwmyJav/ 16 February 2013 rSmvm;? ryl;aygif;awmhbl;vm; pd w f 0 if w pm;apmif h M unf h v suf & S d y gonf / xd k U a Mumif h c sif ; ygwD M uD ; ES p f c k \ yl ; aygif ; a&; udpötqifajyrajycsif;jynfolom;pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;taejzifhem;vnfoHk;oyfEkdif&ef ESpfzufygwD wm0ef&Sdolrsm;\ oabmxm;rSwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf/ qvdik ;f [ke;f xGe;f a* yl;ZdkZrf csif;trsdK;om;ygwDOuú| ar;/ /ajymoHMum;&wmuawmh yl;aygif;a&;cufwmOuú|ae&m vd k h a jymMuw,f / tJ ' D a y:rS m bmrsm;ajymcsifovJ/ ajz/ /uRef a wmf u awmh tJ'gudkvufrcHbl;/ bmvdkhvJ qdkawmh Ouú|ae&mut"du csi;f jynfoal wG a&G;wJo U u l &rSm yg/ uRefawmfvnf;yJ jynfol urBudKufbl; ra&G;bl;qdk&if tcsdefra&G;yg? reufjzefuRef awmfhudkqif;cdkif;&if uRefawmf qif;rSmyg? 'gav;ygyJ/ ar;/ /Ouú|taeeJhudk,fh ygwD 0 if awG t m;vH k ; [myl ; aygif;vdkpdwf &SdMuw,fvdkhxif ygovm;/ ajz/ /Ouú|taeeJhuawmh uReaf wmhq f E´r[kwb f ;l / ygwD 0iftm;vH;k &Jq Y E´uv kd u kd af vQmuf zdt hk qifoifyh gy/J 'gaMumifh cke uRefawmfajymwJUpum; Ouú| ae&maygh tukefvHk; em;cdkif; w,fq&kd if uReaf wmfcsucf si;f em;yghr,f/ uRefawmfuawmh t"dujynfol&JYqE´yg/t"du jynfolu rJay;rSmjzpfw,f/ uRef a wmf w d k h E d k i f i H a &;Ouú | vkyfw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkh tMurf;wdkufzkdhyg/ tckNyD;oGm; NyDqdkawmh vli,fawG&JYvuf xJuOkd uú|? 'kOuú|ae&mwdu hk kd uRefawmf ay;csifwmyg/ qvkid ;f usJtb kd cd af xmif; (csif;trsdK;om;ygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;) ar; - yxrqHk;taeeJU CNP taeeJUyl;aygif;a&;udpö vkyfvmwJh tqufquf b,fESBudrfvkyfvmcJhvJ/ b,fuaepNyD;yl;aygif;a&; udpövkyfvmcJhvJqdkwmodcsifygw,f/ ajz - uReaf wmfwb hkd ufuajymvk&hd &dS ifawmh uGu J wnf;u tckxd jyefraygif;Ekdifblaygh/ a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcifrSmyJ pDyDyDbufuolwdkh aumfrwD0iftcsKd eY n hJ Nd§ y;D ? yl;'dik x f eG ;f eJn h Nd§ y;D awmh uReaf wmfwahkd wG&Y atmif? aumfrwDtcsi;f csi;f awG&Y atmifqNkd y;D useaf wmfuyJpcJw h ,f/ t&ifurf;vSrf;awmh uRefawmfwdkh&Hk;csKyfrSm uRefawmfwdkhESpfygwD awGYcJhw,f/ pufwifbmvavmufxifw,f/ ar; - tpuajymoGm;wJh ryl;aygi;f &ifrjzpfb;l qdw k rhJ el hJ qufawGMY u w,fvahdk jymw,f/ tJ'g[mbmaMumifv h /J ryl;aygi;f &ifr&bl;qdw k m bmaMumifhvJ/ ajz - yl;aygif;zdkhbmaMumifhvJqdkawmhtcsufrSm (1) uRefawmfwdkh vufvrS ;f rDorQ csi;f jynfwpfvmT ;udo k mG ;awmh jynfov l x l u k awmh yl;aygif;zdkhajymaew,f/ tifwmeufrSmqdkvnf; jynfolvlxku b,fawmhyl;aygif;jzpfrvJqdkwm ar;aew,fqdkawmh uRefawmf xifw,f/ jynfov l x l yk ;l aygi;f zdw hk pfceJ uftm;ay; wdu k w f eG ;f w,f vkchd pH m;w,f/ (2) usawmfwahkd wmfveS af &;urNy;D ao;bl;? 'Dcsed [ f m awmfveS af &;umvrNy;D ao;bl;/ 'Dawmh tJ'u D mvrSm uReaf wmfwhkd uGJvkdhrjzpfbl;/ uRefawmfwdkhu zuf'&,f&wJhtcsefrSmusawmh csi;f ygwD (50)uGu J ?JG (100)uGu J u JG pd rö &Sb d ;l / *&krpdu k b f ;l / zuf'&,f eJh 'Drkdua&pDtjynf0r&ao;cifrSm csif;ygwDuGJvkdhrjzpfbl;qdkwJh rl&adS ew,f/ (3) aemufusawmfwMUkd unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if uReaf wmf wdkh&JY vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;uaeNyD;awmh jynfaxmifpk tqifha&m? jynfe,ftqifhvTwfawmftm;vHk; CPP u(12)OD;? CNP u(10)OD;uvufrSwfxdk;NyD;NyD/ NrdKYe,faumfrwDrsm;utp yl;aygi;f zdw hk u kd w f eG ;f Ny;D Ny/D 'gaMumifh uReaf wmfw'hkd t D csed rf mS A[du k ae Adkvfvkyfcsifvkdhraumif;bl;/ tJ'DoHk;csufawGaygh/ ar; - pDtJefyD?pDyDyDyl;aygif;a&;udpöeJU ygwfowfNyD;awmh aemufqHk; aqG;aEG;rIrmS b,fvrkd sKd ;aqG;aEG;jzpfNy;D bmawGoabmwlncD suaf wG &cJhvJ/ ajz - aemufqHk;aqG;aEG;rIqHk;jzwfcJhwmawmh Road Map qGJxm; wm&Sdw,f/ Road Map qdkwmu tqifhoHk;qifhaygh/ tJ'Duae yl;aygi;f a&;udk uReaf wmfwhkd taumifxnfazmfr,fayg/h tJ'guEkd pS f zuf CEC udyk aYkd wmh uReaf wmfwhkd CEC uawmhtukev f ;kH twnf jyKNyD;NyD/ olwdkhbufvnf; twnfjyKNyD/ 'gayr,fholwdkhbufu ar;/ /Ouú | taeeJ h 2015 rwdkifrDyl;aygif;Edkifr,fvdkhxif ygovm;/ ajz/ /uReaf wmfwb hkd ufuawmh &mEI e f ; jynf h x if x m;ygw,f / 'gayr,f h y l ; aygif ; a&;qd k w m vuf 0 g;ES p f b uf p vH k ; &d k u f r S vuf c k y f o H u jrnf w muk d ; / vuf0g;wpfbufwnf;eJhawmh vufcyk o f u H Mkdum;&rSmr[kwb f ;l / ar;/ /yl;aygif;a&;aqG;aEG;rI umvrSm pDyDyDbufuENDP, ZCD wdkYeJhawGYqHkrItay: bm rsm; ajymcsifygovJ/ ajz/ /tJ'guawmhuReaf wmfw h hkd &JY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJYyg/ txl; ojzifu h Reaf wmhw f &hkd YJ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; ust J b kd cd af xmif; udk Free ay;NyD;om;jzpfw,f/ yl;aygi;f a&;eJyY wfoufvv hkd ;kH vH;k vsm;vsm;olwu hkd t kd yfxm;w,f/ uRefawmfvnf;olhwdkhudk vHk;0 Free ay;xm;ygw,f/ qvkdif;rsdK;cspf (csif;trsdK;om;ygwD twGif;a&;rI; 3) ar; - ESpfygwDyl;aygif;a&;rSm qvk d if ;rsd K ;cspf t aeeJ h joint committee rSmyg0ifvm;/ ajz - [kwfuJh/ ygygw,f ar; - yl;aygi;f a&;tpnf;ta0; rSm b,fESBudrfwufjzpfvJ/ ajz - av;ig;Budrfavmuf wufjzpfw,f/ ar; - tckcsif;trsdK;om;ygwD yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm t"du tm;r&wJt h csuaf wGubmvJ/ ajz - t"dutm;r&wmawmh ygwDvlawGu yGifhyGifhvif;vif; r&SdwmrsdK;aygh/ wu,fhpdwf&if; xJu[mudkrajymbl;/ NyD;&if yg;pyf e J h ajymwmeJ h t jyif r S m vkyfwmrwlnDwmawG&Sdw,f/ NyD;awmh vlrqHkwmrsdK;awG&Sd w,f/ OyrmbmaMumifv h aJ wmh rodbl; wpfckckudk taMumif; jyNyD;rS jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdatmif vrf;vTJwJh[mrsdK;awG&Sdw,fvkdh uRefawmfuawmhxifw,f/ ar; - tJv&dk adS ew,fqw kd mu ud, k yhf gww D iG ;f vm;/ [dzk ufygwD wGif;vm;/ ajz - [dzk ufuvkahd wmh r[kwf bl;/ tm;vHk;vdkhyJ uRefawmf rltm;jzifo h abmwlqNkd y;D twnfjyKw,f/ tJ'gupkd yD yD aD jyma&;qdck iG hf &Sdol OD;&Sdef;xGef;uaeNyD;awmh Chin World Online Media udk wifcw hJ ,f/ pOf;pm;p&maumif;wmu ESpyf gwpD vH;k u A[dt k qifu h ae rltm;jzifh oabmwlNyD;NyDqdkawmh b,frSmwpfaeovJaygh/ cufwmu uRefawmfwdkhuESpfzufyl;aygif;a&; nDvmcHMuawmh rac:Ekdifbl;jzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dae&mrSmwpfaew,f/ ar; - yl;aygif;a&;udpöaqG;aEG;wJh umvtwGif;rSm t"dupdefac: csufu b,f[maMumifh MuefhMumw,fvkdhxifvJ/ ajz - t"duawmh uReaf wmftNraJ jymaew,f/ vuf&t dS ajcaerSm tckvdk 70% uyl;aygi;f zdt hk qifoifjh zpfaeNy?D tckuReaf wmfajymovkd vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGtm;vHk;aum? NrdKYe,faumfrwDaum? A[dkaumfrwDawGutrsm;pkjzpfaeNyDqdkawmh b,fem;rSmoGm;wpf aewmvJ/ oGm;wpfwJhae&mudkajym&r,fqdk&ifawmh 100% rSm 10% yJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'DvlawGu uefhvefhvkyfaew,f/ tJ'D[mu bmaMumifhvJpOf;pm;vdkhr&bl;/ 'gayr,fhcefhrSef;rdoavmufqdk&if olwdkhrSm Precondition(BudKwifjyifqifrI) &Sdw,f/ precondition qdw k muawmhajym&r,fqv kd &hdk &dS if ae&mjyoemwpfcv k hkd uReaf wmf xifw,f/ ar; - NyD;awmh tapmuajymwJh 70% uyl;aygif;zdkhtqifoifh jzpfaeNyD? 10% yJusefw,fqdkwm b,fygwDudkajymaewmygvJ/ ajz - 'D[muajymzdkhawmhapmao;w,f/ uRefawmfwdkhuawmh ajymajymaew,f/ rMumcifaemufqHk;&xm; uRefawmfarmif;& awmhr,f/ yl;aygif;csifwJhvlawGtm;vHk;uayghAsm/ 'D 70%awGu aemufqHk;&xm;armif;wJhcsdefMu&if rMumrD&xm;xGufawmhr,f/ 13 jrifrdw,f ar; - aemufqHk;wpfcku ygwD ESpfygwD[m 2015 rwdkifrD yl;aygif;Ekdifr,fvkdhxifvm;/ ajz - yl;aygif;raygif;udkawmh rajymcsifawmhbl;/ jzpfudkjzpf &r,fvkdhyJajymcsifygw,f/ ar; - yl;aygif;a&;rSmudpöudk vlxktm;vHk;u vufcHr,fvdkh xifovm;/ ajz - vlxkawGuawmht&if uwnf;uzdtm;ay;aew,f/ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG vnf;yl;aygif;zdkh BudKufaewJh tajcaerSm&Sad ew,f/ qdak wmh A[dktqifhacgif;aqmifydkif;awG rSm t"duwm0ef&Sdvmw,f/ 2015 rS m csif ; jynf e ,f r S m csif;jynfrSm tpdk;&zGJYcGifh&zdkh&m csi;f vlrsKd ;awGuw kd ;kd wufapcsif wJholawGeJhrS igwdkhcsif; tem *wf[m vSyEdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ qdkawmhyl;aygif;a&;rSmaygif;Edkif atmifrvkyfwJhacgif;aqmifydkif; awG&JYwm0efjzpfoGm;NyD/ orkdif; uolwdkUudkb,fvkdajymrvJqdk wmawmh olwdkUtckcsdefb,fvkd qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfrvJqdkwJh tay:rlwnfr,f/ olwdkUqHk; jzwfcsufrSm;&if csif;awGem r,f/ csi;f awGem&ifjynfoal wG uolwdkhacgif;ay:vufn§dK;xdk; awmhr,f/ w&m;cHjzpfoGm;Ekdif w,f/ tJ'DtcgusefcJhwJholawG&Sd&ifayghAsm/ tJ'DvlawGay:vmrSmyg/ 'gayr,fhb,folrSrusefcJhatmifqkawmif;ygw,f/ 'Dcsdefyl;aygif;zdkh tqifoifhrjzpfao;wJh 10%EIef;udkvnf; uRefawmfawmif;yefyg w,f/ jzpfEkdifvdkh&Sd&ifpdwfajymif;yg/ jzpfEdkif&if'Dyl;aygif;a&; rulnD EkdifonfUwkdifatmif taESmuf,Sufray;ygeJh/ tJvkdyJajymcsifw,f/ ar; - csif;jynfolawGtaeeJh yl;aygif;wmeJhryl;aygif;wm tJ'Dtay:csif;jynfolawGu b,f[mydkvdkcsifr,fvkdhxifvJ/ ajz - ajymcJhovkdyJ/ tm;vHk;uajymaeMuNyD/ rif;wyfrSmqdkrapmifh Ekid v f ahdk ygi;f vdu k Nf y/D uReaf wmfwahkd umfrwD0iftcsKd Y NLD xJ0ifNy;D Ny/D wD;wderf mS vnf; tJvadk jymaeMuw,f/ raygi;f csiw f o hJ b l ,fo&l w dS m vJqdkwm uRefawmfpOf;pm;r&jzpfaew,f/ ar; - ygwDESpfckryl;aygif;EdkifcJhvkdU&Sd&if csif;EkdifiHa&;rSm b,fvdkrsdK; aumif;usdK;awG&SdEdkifrvJ/ ryl;aygif;&ifaum b,fvdkrsdK;qdk;usdK; awGjzpfoGm;EkdifvJ/ ajz - 'gawmfawmfudkaumif;wJh ar;cGef;jzpfygw,f/ ryl;aygif;Edkif vdkh&Sd&if odwJhtwdkif;yJcku pdwf"mwfawGuGJukefNyD? wpfcsufu pdw"f mwfuu kd csi;f awGuw JG ,fqw kd [ hJ mawGjzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck u 2010a&G;aumufyGJrSm pDtJefyD? pDyDyD0ifNydKifwJhae&mawGudk MunfUr,fqkd&if Oyrm-rif;wyf? uefyufvufwdkYrSm rJaygif;&if BuHHUckdifa&;rJudk uRefawmfwdkYausmfw,f/ csif;ygwDuGJjcif;&JY a&G; aumufyGJwGif;qdk;usdK;aygh/ pDtJefyD? pDyDyDrJaygif;a&; usdef;ao&if BuzUH rYHG u J v kd ;kH 0ausmw f ,f/ aemufNy;D awmh uGjJ ym;aejcif;u uReaf wmf wdpYk nf;&H;k a&;qif;wJt h cg tajctaeraumif;bl;/ csi;f awGuw JG ,f qdkwJh[myJ jzpfaew,f/ tm;omcsuftaeeJY ajym&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if pDteJ yf ?D pDyyD v D w T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af ygi;f &if ESpq f ,fausmw f ,f/ ESpq f ,fausmv f &Ydk &dS if jrefrmEdik if v H uf&ydS gwt D Bu;D qH;k xJrmS BucUH ikd af &; NyD;&if tJeft,fvf'DNyD;&if tBuD;qHk;eHygwfig;ae&m&vdrfhr,f/ cGet f m;awGpv k mvd&Yk &dS if Edik if w H umrSma&m wdik ;f &if;om;ygwaD wGqD rSma&m jynfrygwDawGqDrSma&m ußGefawmfwdkYbmrSrsufESmi,f p&mrvdkbl;/ tck[mu tm;enf;enf;av;yJ&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh uGJaew,f/ csif;ESpfygwDaygif;&if 2015 rSm csif;ygwDvHk;0 tEdkif&ap&r,fqdkwJh[mudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJhtydkif;jzpfw,f/ ar; - bmrsm;xyfjznfUpGufcsifygao;ovJ/ ajz - wpfckawmhjznfUpGufcsifygw,f/ 'Dvdkyl;aygif;a&;rSm OD;'dik x f eG ;f wdv Yk kd q&mi,fy;D wkv Yd kd q&mapmjrwdv Yk kd OD;ausmNf ird ;f wdv Yk kd olwdkYvdkrsdK;tm;vHk;pdwf"mwf&Sd&if ußGefawmfwdkYyl;aygif;a&;u tck avmufMumrSmr[kwfbl;/ Vol. 1, No.3 ar;/ / csif;jynfe,fu tqif;&JqkH;jynfe,fvkdY owf rSwfcH&wJYtay: q&m&JYtjrif okH;oyfcsufukd odcsifygw,f/ ajz/ /csif ; jynf e ,f u tqif;&JqkH;jynfe,fjzpfw,f aygah emf/jrefrmEkid if &H q YJ if;&JraJG wrI xkwfjyefwJU 2011 rSwfwrf; t&qkd&if 26% yJ&Sdw,f/ rSwfwrf;u az:jywmuawmh vlwpfa,mufu wpf&ufukd tar&duef 1 a':vm atmuf aiGvv J , S Ef KS e;f t& qk&d ifawmh 850 usyfatmuf wpfvukd 25000 uae 30000 Mum; avmufom&&Sdygw,f/ wpfv ukd ESpfaomif;(okdh) okH;aomif; w,f/ tJ'Dvdkjynfrudka&muf oGm;MuwJt U wGuf csi;f jynfe,f rSmaeNy;D awmh pD;yGm;a&;vkyrf ,fh vlawGxuf jynfwiG ;f xGuu f ek f Export vk y f r ,f h v l a wG x uf a'orSmaexdik Nf y;D awmhrS jynfr odrhk [kwf wjcm;Edik if u H ydahk y;wJU 0ifaiGehJ wif;wdrw f rUJ o d m;pkawG ydkrsm;vmw,f/ tJ'Dtcg jynf e,f & J Y x G u f u k e f jynf e ,f & J Y 0ifaiGu tvdkvdkeJhusoGm;wJU oabm&Sw d ,f/ aemufwpfcu k bmvJqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkhu a'otwGif;rSm odyfNyD;awmh a&mif ; 0,f a zmuf u m;p&m rvdb k ;l / uReaf wmfwihkd ,fi,fu aps;0,f w ,f q k d w J U [ mu awmfao;wJhtcgrSm uRefawmf wkdh&JY resource flow utjyif ukda&mufukefw,f/ uRefawmf wkw hd idk ;f wJt h cg csi;f jynfe,fudk qif;&Jw,fvkdh ajymwmjzpfNyD; csi;f vlrsK;d awGutqif;&Jq;Hk vkhd ajymwmr[kwfbl;/ csif;jynf e,fukdyx0Dtaetxm;t& owfrSwfwmqkdawmh tJ'gukd owdxm;zkv hd w dk ,f wjcm;ae&m eJh Ekid if jH cm;rSmaewJh csi;f awGu wu,f q if ; &J o vm;qk d w m aemufxyfar;cGef; wpfckjzpf w,f / csif ; jynf e ,f a wmh qif;&J&if qif;&JEidk w f ,f/ 'gay r,fch si;f vlrsK;d awGawmh rqif;&J bl;vdkh NcHKNyD;awmhajym&ifawmh a'oawG u awmh yvuf 0 ? xefwvefeJh r&mbufawGjzpf NyD;awmh tJ'DbufawGrSm tck xufxdjyef struggle rvkyfEkdif ao;bl;/ atmufyidk ;f rSm recovery vkyfwJhEIef;u awmfawmf ukdenf;oGm;w,f/ 'gukdjyef Munfw h t hJ cgrmS csi;f jynfe,frmS &SdwJh csif;vlrsKd;awGu okH;pGJEkdif wJhtm;eJh wu,fhwu,f aps; uGurf mS wwfvmwJu h ek af ps;EIe;f tm;ukd r,SOEf idk af wmhb;l / 'Dvdk rsKd; uRefawmfwkdhcsif;jynfe,f a&mifah &mif&h &J aJ eayr,fh wpfcck k BuKaH wGv Y u dk &f wJt h cgrsK;d rSmqk&d if emvefxlEdkifwJhtwkdif;twm awmfawmfenf;oGm;w,f/ cHEidk f usifukduRefawmfwkdhvkHavmuf atmif xdef;odrf;EkdifrIr&Sdawmh wmrsKd;? Oyrmtm;jzifhukvm; wefjrpfaMumif;? 'Djrpf[mqk&d if csif;jynfe,frSm&SdwJhtBuD;qkH; jrpfyJ/ awmfawmfav; Social value jzpfw,f/ bmaMumifh ukvwef;jrpfukdajym&vJqkd&if 'D{&d,mu'Daehywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;rSm jrefrmjynfrmS tnHU qkH;pm&if; xJrSmygw,f/ tJ'D awmh Fractile {&d,muae Fragile {&d,mukd a&mufoGm; w,f/ tJ'DykHpHrsKd;u csif;jynf e,fudk bmawGxcd u dk o f mG ;apvJ qkdawmh [m;cg;? zvrf;buf awGrSmvnf; tyifpdkufwmyJ/ w,f/ tJ'gubmaMumifhvJ qk d & if a wmh enf ; ynmaygh / wu,fq&dk ifawmh ocifa,&I u ausmufwkH;ukdaygifrkefhjzpf atmifvkyfay;w,fqkdwJh[m tJ'Dtkdif'D,mu tckolwkdhvkyf aewJh oJaomifjyifawGudk aygif rkew hf pfenf;tm;jzifh pm;p&mjzpf atmifvkyfEkdifw,f/ uRefawmf wdYk oif,&l rSmutJ'gayg/h uRef awmfwkdh csif;awmifrSmqkd&if bmrSr&Sb d ;l / 'gayr,f&h EdS ikd af o; w,f/ tJ'guenf;ynmydkif;yJ/ csi;f vlrsK;d taeeJu h vnf; enf; ynmukt d aJ vmuftm;ray;bl;/ csi;f vlrsK;d awGuusr;f pmausmif; wwfr,f? oif;tkyfq&mvkyf qvdkif;tdkufZufcif ajymwJh tqif;&JqHk;jynfe,f&JYtajz Mum;avmufom &&Sdw,fvkdh jrif&ygw,f/ wpfvukd ESpf aomif;cGJ ok;H aomif;avmufom &wJhvlawGonf csif;jynfe,f wGif aexkid ;f oltrsm;pkjzpfonf [k t"dyÜg,foufa&mufapyg w,f/ 0ifaiGESifhajym&&if csif; jynfe,fwGifaexkdifol trsm; onfpkonf 0ifaiGtenf;qkH; &&S d o l r sm;jzpf w ,f / tJ ' D v d k jzpf&wJh taMumif;&if;ukd ajym &&if yxrtcsufaeeJh xGuf ukefukd aocsmwifykdhrI tae txm;r&Sdwmaygh/ csif;jynf e,frmS xGuu f ek rf &Sw d m r[kwf bJ csif;jynfe,f&JY xGufukef yef ; oD ; wk d Y vd a r® m f o D ; wk d h u t&rf;aumif;w,f? csKdvnf;csKd ygw,f/ uReaf wmfi,fi,fwek ;f u csi;f jynfe,f ukvwef;jrpf bufrSm tonfawG o,fwJh vdar®mfjcif;awGu t&rf;csKdNyD; t&rf;aumif;ygw,f/ wu,fh wu,fMuawmh export control quality market computetion aps;uGufudkrxdef;csKyfEdkif bl; jzpfaew,f/ aps;uGufudk control rEdkifbl;qdkwmuawmh export vkyfwJUtcg csif;jynf e,fxGufukefawGu market r&Sdwmr[kwfbJeJh wu,faps; uGuaf &mufawmh tESrd cf &H wm wd&hk w dS ,f/ 'gaMumifh uReaf wmf wdkh jynfe,frSm&SdwJUolawGu jynfe,fxGufukefudk tm;pdkuf NyD;awmhvkyfzdkh 'gayr,fh b,f vdkrSvkyfvdkhr&wJUtcgusawmh tJ'gut kd csed af y;Ny;D awmh rvkyf Muawmhbl;/ tJ'Dawmh market rSm tESdrfcHcJU&w,f? tJ'g wpfckayghaemf/ aemuf ' k w d , wpf c k u awmh ynma&;u uRef a wmf w d k h & J Y OD ; wnf c suf j zpf v mw,f / tJ'Dvdkynma&;udk a&G;wJUtcg usawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u jynf r buf u d k a &muf o G m ;Mu qvdkif;[kef;xGef;a* awmfawmfux kd ;l qef;wm? 'gukd vlrsdK;jcm;awGvkyfwm/ csif; awGqdkwmu wpfa,mufeJh wpfa,muf ra&mif;aumif;bl;/ 0,fpm;&w,fqdkwm csif;awG xJrmS r&Sb d ;l / ydu k q f aH wG tBu;D tus,o f ;kH Ny;D awmhrS a&mif;0,f azmufum;p&mrvdkbl;/ uRef awmfwdkh&JY Market udku wpf a,mufeJhwpfa,mufwe*FaEG aehrSawGYNyD; &SdwJhvlu r&SdwJU vludkay;Mu/ tJ'Dvdkqkdawmh uReaf wmfwq hdk rD mS yku d q f t H rsm; Bu;D &SmNy;D awmY 0,f&a&mif;&wJh tJvkdpepfuuRefawmfwkdhqDrSm jynfruavmuf odyaf cwfrpm; bl;aygh/ tJ'DawmhuRefawmfwkdh csi;f jynfe,fxrJ mS jynfravmuf aiGaMu;pD;qif;rIrjyif;xef;bl;ayg/h 'grsK;d uvnf;jynfe,f&YJ tom; wif0ifaiGuw dk u G w f chJ grmS ygw,f qkdawmh wu,far;vkduf&if uRef a wmf c sif ; vl r sKd ; awG u wu,f q if ; &J o vm;qk d w m xG u f v mw,f / bmaMumif h tJvadk jymvJq&dk if csi;f vlrsK;d awG rSm&SdwJh wef;zkd;xm;rIukd jyef MunfU&w,f/ 'gayr,fh uRef awmfwkdh a&&SnfrSmus&ifawmh ykNd y;D awmh qif;&JvmEkid w f t hJ ae txm;rSm&Sdw,f/ tJ'g yxr tcsufu Market u awmf wu,fawmh qif;&Jwm aemufxyfwpfcku EkdifiHa&; pepfaMumifhyJ? tJ'DpepfaMumifh csif;jynfe,fwifrubl; jrefrm EkdifiHrSm&SdwJhjynfe,f awmfawmf rsm;rsm;xdckdufcH&w,f? ab;z,f cH&wJhtcgusawmh . . . . . &Ekdifw,f/ csif;jynfe,fawmh qif;&JEkdifw,f/ 'gayr,fhcsif; vlrsKd;awGawmh qif;&JcsifrS qif;&Jr,fqkdawmh 'Dae&mrSm yx0Dtaetxm;t& owf rSww f q hJ if;&JreI hJ vlrsK;d &Jq Y if;&JrI 'DEpS cf u k dk focus jy&r,f/ tJvrdk S r[kw&f iforl sm;awGuuReaf wmf wkdhcsif;vlrsKd;awGukd wu,f qif;&Jw,fvkdh xifvdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfwkdhxuf qif;&JwJUvl awG&Sdao;w,f/ (&,fvsuf) 'gtawG;wpfcak yg/h wpfc&k w dS m u vGecf w hJ o hJ ;Hk av;ESpaf vmuf u <uufawG&aUJ b;'Pfuu dk Ref awmf w k d h tck x d c H a e&w,f emvefrxlEidk af o;bl;/ vGecf w hJ hJ ESpfig;q,favmufrSm jzpfoGm; wJ h < uuf a b;'Pf r S m awmh jrefjrefqefqefyJ xlaxmifa&; awG jyefvkyfEdkifcJhw,fvkdhxif ygw,f / 'D w pf a cguf j zpf w J h tcgrSmawmh xlaxmifa&;awG xdxad &mufa&mufjyefrvkyEf idk f cJ h b l ; / awmf a wmf x d o G m ;wJ h 14 &nftm;uvnf; t&ifwkef; uxufpm&if usvmovm; qk d w mawG ; rd w ,f / aemuf wpfcg apmapmu uRefawmf ajymcJhwJh Migration u awmf awmfrsm;w,f/ EdkifiHjcm;rSm vnf; tajccsaexkdifNyD; EkdifiH twGif;rSmusawmh ucsifjynf e,fw?hdk &efuek w f ?hdk ppfuidk ;f wdik ;f wkb hd ufudk tajccsaewm rsm; vmwJt h cgusawmh human resources vkyftm;aygh/ vlhpGrf; tm;t&if;tjrpfawGu awmf awmfenf;vmwJhtcgxkwfukef rSmoGm;xdw,f/ xkwu f ek rf mS xd vmwJhtcgusawmh uRefawmf wkdhxkwfukefu t&ifwkef;u emrnf B uD ; cJ h w J h csif ; awmif yef ; oD ; wk d h ? vd a r® m f o D ; wk d h u emrnfrBu;D awmhb;l / tJ'gbmeJh qkid v f q J adk wmh vkyw f v hJ el q hJ idk f w,f/ vkyfwJhvlawGuvnf; wjznf ; jznf ; enf ; vmw,f / wpfqufwnf;rSmyJ bmeJhqkdif vmvJqadk wmh obm0ywf0ef; 'gayr,fh um;vrf;wpfavQmuf rSm ckwfwmyJ&Sdw,fqkdawmh pku d w f yhJ rmPeJh Bu;D xGm;vmwJh yrmPqkd&if pkdufwmyJ&Sdw,f Bu;D xGm;vmwJph m&if;odyrf &Sb d ;l / Bu;D xGm;vmw,fqw dk o hJ wif;u odyfenf;w,fav/(&,fvsuf) csif;awmifrSm obm0ywf0ef; usifeJhywfouf&if csif;awmif uvlawGu xdyfqkH;uoGm; w,f/ wjcm; obm0ywf0ef; usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;awGuaemuf rSmaygh/ csif;awGupNyD;awmh obm0ywf0ef;usiu f u dk muG,f cJw h mayg/h 'gayr,fv h nf; uRef awmfwkdhrSm tyifpkdufwmyJ&Sd w,f/ tyifBu;D xGm;atmifjrif oG m ;wJ h yrmPuod y f e nf ; w,fqkdawmh tJ'DrSmwpfckck awmh v k d a eovk d y J / tJ ' gu b,frSmoGm; xdcdkufvJqkdawmh a&T Y a jymif ; awmif , mpepf y J / a&TYajymif;awmif,mu uRef awmfwu hdk o dk al X;rjzpfapEkid b f ;l / uReaf wmfw&dk YJ Traditional life uk d u awmif , mck w f w maygh / wpfae&mwpfawmifckwfr,f? aemufwpfae&mwpfawmifcw k f r,f/tJ'aD wmif,mckww f phJ epf utJ'v D u l o dk al X;rjzpfapEkid b f ;l av/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfwu hdk awmif,mckww f phJ epfuydk u J sio hf ;Hk aeawmh tjyifrSm &efukef? rEÅ av;rSmjzpfaewJh ukeaf ps;ESKe;f ukd b,fvkdrS rvkdufEkdifbl;/ vkduf Ek d i f w J h t if t m;vnf ; r&S d b l ; / 'gawGukd uRefawmfwkdhawGYyg w,f/ wpfqufwnf;ajymr,f qkd&if 'gawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; a'o&Jt U aetxm;eJah jymrvm;? aemufta&;BuD;wmwpfcku 'gawGausmfvGefEdkifwJh taet xm;r&S d b l ; vm;aygh / Oyrm tpöa&;qkd&if olwdkhrSmajr&kdif;eJh oJuEåm&awGy&J w dS ,f/ 'gayr,fh csif;jynfe,fxuf trsm;BuD; csrf;omwJh taetxm;rSm&Sd r,f 'grSr[kwf EkdifiHjcm;oGm; r,f? tvkyfoGm;vkyfr,f a&G; Muw,f/ csif;jynfukdjyefvm NyD;awmhrS enf;ynmukdzGHY NzKd; atmifrvkyEf idk b f ;l / tJvydk cJ si;f awmif&x YJ u G u f ek af wG[mqk&d if vnf; enf;ynmxGufukefawG jzpfoifhw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRef awmfwehdk nf;ynmykid ;f ukd trsm; BuD;tm;pkdufzkdhvkdw,f/ enf; ynmykid ;f rSmtm;enf;awmh xGuf ukefr&Sdbl;/ tJ'gu a&&SnfrSm qkd&if enf;ynmzGHY NzKd;rIuae bmawGxw k Ef idk rf vJ? pufypön;f eJh ywfoufwm wpfckckaygh/ tJ'grsK;d ukad wmh avmavmq,f rpOfpm;Edkifbl;aygh/ pOfpm;wJh vlvnf; &Sd&if&dSrSmyg/ okdhaomf vnf;vufawGrY vkyw f t hJ wGuf aMumifh qif;&JwJhtxJrSmyg w,f/ wu,fawmh qif;&Jwm aemufxyfwpfcku EkdifiHa&; pepfaMumifhyJ/ tJ'DpepfaMumifh csi;f jynfe,fwifrubl; jrefrm Ekid if rH mS &Sw d jhJ ynfe,f awmfawmf rsm;rsm;xdcu dk cf &H w,f/ab;z,f cH&wJt h cgusawmh wu,f&h if; ESD;jrKyfESHrIawG? wu,fhzGHNzKd;rI pDrHudef; BuD;BuD;awGr&Sdawmh bl;/ wpfzufuMunfU&ifvnf; bmrSvmrvkyaf o;awmhtaumif; wkdif;usefaeao;w,faygh/ ppf tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfwJh wpfavQmuf vk;H ? NyaD wmh rqvwpfavQmuf vkH;rSm csif;jynfe,f csefvSyf xm;jcif;cH&w,f/tJ'w D ek ;f uqkd csi;f awGuawmfw,f/ 'gaMumifh rkv hd hdk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u csi;f awGurdk emvked nf;enf;jzpfw,f/ wpfzufuvnf; csif;awGu awmfwJhtjyif acgif;vnf;rm w,f/ taphtpyfvnf; odyf rvkyfcsifMuawmh tJ'gvnf; ygr,fxifw,f/ EIdif;,SOfvkduf &if ucsifwkdh? &Srf;wkdhxuf ydkqif;&Jwm jzpfEdkifygw,f/ qufvufazmfjyygrnf 16 February 2013 csi;f trsKd ;om;aehrmS olwhkd b,frmS &Srd mS vJ LR csrf; &efukefrSm&Sdr,f? oDcsif;qdkzdkh/ csif;trsdK;om;aehqdkwm csif; tEG,ftm;vHk;qHkwJUaehjzpfw,f/ tJ'DvdkaehrsdK;rSm yg0ifcGifU&wJU twG u f uRef r *k P f , l w ,f / csif;vlrsdK;wdkif;vnf; 'Dvdkaehxl; aehjrwfuykd g0if&wJt U wGu*f P k , f l oifhygw,f/ rd;k rd;k (c)Van Dawt Cin aejynfawmfrSm&Sdr,f/ csif;vlrsdK; awGtwGuf *kPf,lp&maehjzpf w,f / ud k , f U & J Y & d k ; &mtwG u f tjrwfwEd;k ay:viG af pzdv hk yk w f m jzpf w J U t wG u f tm;vH k ; yg0if apcsifygw,f/ xGP;f crf rwl y D r S m &S d r ,f / 'D E S p f u ESpftawmfMumcsif;jynfe,f aehjzpfc&h J wmuaecsi;f trsK;d om;aeh tjzpf jyefusif;ycGifh&wm 0rf;omw,f/jynfwGif;csif; awGa&m jynfyucsif;awGyg ud k , f h t rsd K ;om;a&;twG u f wwfEdkifoavmuf tNrJyg0if Muzdkh ajymcsifygw,f/ CW- Play Cross Roads qdkwJh y&dwo f wfawG&YJ Support click eJY a&G;cs,fwJhNydKifyGJtajctae u b,fvdk&SdygovJ/ MH- Crossroads tpDtpOf u bmrSowif;topf avm avmq,frSm r&Sdao;ygbl;/ rwfvukefrSyJ tajzxGufr,fh oabmyg/ 'D t pD t pOf r S m uGserf yg0ifciG &hf Edik w f muvnf; Maryland jynfe,f&JY Country Genre Chart rSm eHygwf (1)&EdkifwJhtwGuf 'DtpDtpOf rSm yg0ifEikd cf iG &hf w dS myg/ 'D Play Crossroads &J Y Madison Square Garden rSm yg0ifEdkifzdkY uawmh arSsmfvifhcsufawmh&Sd ygw,f/ CW- tEkynmeJY ywfoufjyD; a&Sq Y ufbmawGvyk zf Ykd tpDtpOf &SdygovJ/ MH- tckavmavmq,frSm awmh avmhpftif*svdpf (LA) rSm uGsefr&JY yxrqHk;pwdwf&Id; vkyfzdkY&Sdygw,f/ 2013 tar&d uefEdkifiH&JY aEG&moDumvxJ rSmjzpfyghr,f/ tpDtpOftwd tusudkawmh uGsefr rajymEdkif ao;ygbl;/ {NyDvukefavmuf us&if aMumfjimawG xGufvm rSmyg/ CW- jrefrmjynf jyefzdkYa&m b,fawmhavmuf tpDtpOf&Sd ygovJ/ MH- tJ'D LA &Id;yGJNyD;oGm;&if awmh jrefrmjynfjyefzpYkd pD OfrmS yg/ 'D 2013 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f avmufrmS jyefzt Ykd pDtpOf&ySd gw,f/&efuek f rSm uGsefr&JY y&dwfowfawGeJY ]Meet & Greet} tpDtpOfvyk f zdkYu uGsefr&JY yxrOD;pm;ay; tpDtpOfyg/ aemufNy;D uRerf &JY 'kw, d pD;&D;udk &efuek rf mS xkwf EdkifzdkY pOf;pm;xm;ygw,f/ CW- oDcsif;oDqdkrItydkif;rSm a&m oif,lrIawG&SdcJhvm;/ MH- r&Sc d yhJ gb;l / oDcsi;f awGukd uRerf &J&Y ifx?J tonf;xJuae pdwfyg0ifpm;jyD; vkyfjzpfoGm; wmyg/ *pfwmudkvnf; uRefr touf (16) ESpft&G,frSm udk,fhbmomudk,f pwD;&if; wD;wwfoGm;wmyg/ CW- Milla &J Y tBud K uf q H k ; tqdak wmfawGua&m/ MH- The Carpenters, Dixie Chicks, Shania Twain, Taylor Swift eJY Keith Urban wdkh jzpfygw,f/ CW- tBud K uf q H k ; oD c sif ; ud k ajymjyygOD;/ MH- Shania Twain &JY You´re Still The One qdkwJh oDcsif;yg/ 'DoDcsif;udk uGsefr touf csif;wdkh&JYorD;ysdK touf (22)ESp&f NdS yjD zpfaom Milla Dawt Hniang \ trnfonf 2013 ESpq f ef;ESit hf wl jrefrmEdik if o H ^l om;rsm;tMum;wGif wpf[ek f xdk;azgufxGufum emrnfBuD;vmcJholjzpfonf/ olronf tar&d uefjynfaxmifpkwGif jrefrmEdkifiHol^om;rsm;tMum; yxrqHk; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh oDcsif;acGxkwfvkyfoltjzpf rSwfwrf;0ifoGm; jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ olronf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY 2000 ckESpfwGif a&muf&SdaexdkifcJholjzpfonf/ 2013 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufaeYwGif Gone [laom trnfjzifh olr\ aw;pD;&D;tm; pwifjzefcY scD o hJ nf/ tacGa&mif;tm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í twdtusajymqdk &efurkd l ukrP Ü jD zifh pmcsKycf sKyq f x kd m;jcif;aMumifh xkwaf zmfajymqd&k ef tcuftcJtenf;i,f&SdonfhtwGuf em;vnfay;yg&ef olru arwåm&yfcHcJhonf/ Milla Dawt Hniang ESifh tifwmAsL; BA Thang olronf xdo k aYkd tmifjrifausmMf um;vSaomfvnf; use;f rma&;tm;jzifh cRw, f iG ;f olwpfO;D jzpfonf/ ydv k , D akd &m*gukd cyfi,fi,ft&G,rf mS yif BuHKawGYcHpm;cJh&oljzpfonf/ xdkaMumifhomrefvlwpfOD;uJhodkY oGuf vufvsijf refpmG rvIy&f mS ;? roGm;vmEdik af omfvnf; olr\ BuKd ;yrf;rI? olr\ wdu k w f eG ;f tm;ay;pum;rsm;onf Chin World pmzwforl sm; twGuf cGeftm;wpf&yfjzpfaprnf[k &nf&G,fum Milla Dawt Hniang tm; qufoG,fí tenf;i,far;jref;xm;ygonf/ (14) ESpt f &G,w f ek ;f u 0ifNyKd if cJhwJh oDcsif;qdkNydKifyGJrSm tJ'DoD csif;eJY0ifNydKifcJhwmjzpfygw,f/ trSwfw&vnf; t&rf;jzpf w,f/ 'DoDcsif;uawmh uRefr twGuf xm0&tBudKufqHk; oDcsif;jzpfygw,f/ CW- ydkvD,dka&m*gudk touf b,favmufrmS BuKH awGcY &hJ wmvJ/ MH- uGsefr touf(10)v rS m vrf ; avS s muf w wf y gNyD / 'gayr,fh touf (1) ESpjf ynfU NyD;aemufydkif; rusef;rrmjzpfNyD; ydkvD,dka&m*gudk &&SdcJh&ygw,f/ q&m0efawGtm;vH;k u touf &Sirf ,frxifb;l qdNk y;D ,HMk unfchJ olav;yg/ 'gayr,fh bk&m; ocif&JY arwåmawmfaMumifh ,aeYtxdwdkif usef;rmpGmeJY touf&Sifvsuf&Sdae&ygw,f/ CW- tJ'v D kd ruse;f rrmjzpfwhJ tcsd e f r S m bmawG u Milla twGuf tcuftcJqHk;ygvJ/ MH- 'DvdkrsdK; udk,fvufroef pGrf;wJhtcgrSm b,ft&mrqdk tcuftcJawGcsnf;ygyJvdkh jrif ygw,f/ uRefrBuHKawGYcJh&wJh b0rSm tcuftcJqHk;vdkh jrif wmuawmh uGsefr&JY yuwd t&Sw d &m;udv k ufczH u Ykd tcufcJ qHk;vdkhjrifw,f/ CW- tJ'v D rkd use;f rrmeJY tcsed f awGudk jzwfoef;cJh&wmawGrSm tcuftcJawG? 'ku©awGudk b,fvjkd zwfoef;cJv h /J Milla &JY b0jzwfoef;cJhrIudk tajcjyKNyD; pmzwfy&dwfowfudk bmawG wdu k w f eG ;f cGet f m;ay;vdyk govJ/ MH- ajymp&mawGawmh trsm; BuD;yg/ bmyJvkyfvkyf bk&m; ocifukd OD;xdyyf efqifzu Ykd awmh ta&;tBuD;qHk;yg/ wpfpHkwpfck udk tpjyKr,f? vkyaf wmhr,fqkd &if pdwyf sut f m;enf;jcif;r&Sb d J eJv Y yk zf ?Ykd ud, k ?f pdw?f Ev S ;kH tm;vH;k 15 csif;pDtwGuf jyifqifrIawG&Sd w,fqw kd mudo k wd&Ny;D BuKd ;pm; Muapvdkygw,f/ uGsefrwdkY&JY b0rSm raumif;rIawGev YJ nf; BuKH awG&Y Edik yf gw,f/ pdwx f m;raumif;ol awGev YJ nf; BuKH awG&Y Edik yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh b,fvdkvlrsdK;eJhyJ BuHKawGY&&ifyJjzpfjzpf olwdkYu cifAsm;tay: b,fvdkyJ owf rS w f ,H k M unf o nf j zpf y gap tm;vHk;tay:rSm taumif;qHk; jyefvnfwjhkH yefwwfzv Ykd ykd gw,f/ (Always Be Good to People, Even If They Don't Like You or Put You Down) tjynfht0xnfUNyD; pOfquf rjywfBuKd ;pm;zdv Yk ykd gw,f/ Mum; umvrSmtcuftcJawG tqif rajyrIawG trsm;Bu;D BuKH &rSmyg/ tJ'gudk pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY atmif jrifrIyef;wdkif qGwfcl;wJhtxd BudK;pm;Muyg/ aemufNyD; uGsefr vdrk sKd ; ruse;f rmolawGukd txl; rSmcsifwmuvnf; avmurSm tcuftcJ? 'kua© wGukd BuKH awGY &wm "r®wmyg/ tJ'gaMumifh uGserf wd&Yk YJ ruse;f rmrI? rjynfpU rkH I awGudk pdwfysufp&mrjrifbJ &Suaf MumufraebJ ud, k u hf , kd f ud, k cf spw f wfMuzdv Yk nf; vdt k yf ygw,f/ wefzdk;xm;wwfMuzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ rusef;rrmjzpf wJhtcgawGrSmvnf; pdwf"gwf ruszdkYvnf; txl;vdktyfvSyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh uGsefrwdkY&JY yuwdt&Sw d &m;udv k ufcw H wf zdkheJY auseyfwwfzdkhjzpfygw,f/ wjcm;vlawG&JY tEdkifusifhrI? ajymifavSmifraI wGuv kd nf; cHEikd f &ygr,f/ 'guxHk;pHyg/ bk&m; ocifu uRefrwkdYwpfa,muf aemufwpfcsut f aeeJu Y jrefrm jynfeJY csif;jynfe,frSm &SdwJhol awGtay: uRefrvdkrsdK; pdwf oGm;wdik ;f ud, k rf ygwhJ ruse;f rm olawGtay:rSm cspfjcif;arwåm tjynfheJYqufqHMuyg/ tar&d uefjynfaxmifprk mS qd&k if ud, k f vuft*FgrjynfUpHkol? rusef;rm olawGtay:rSmvnf; cGJjcm; qufqHrIr&Sdygbl;/ tJ'DtawG; tac:awGukd jrefrmjynfeYJ csi;f jynfe,frSmvnf; &SdzdkYtwGuf BudK;pm;ay;Muyg/ tJ'DvdkrsdK; tawG;tac:&NdS y;D vufawGv Y yk f aqmifEdkif&if bk&m;ocifqDu ae aumif;cs;D trsm;Bu;D &&Srd mS yg/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ Vol. 1, No.3 csif;vlrsdK;rsm;\ csif;trsdK;om;aeh tazsmufzsufcHae &onfU csif;vlrsdK;wdkh\ aehxl; aehjrwfjzpfaom csi;f trsKd ;om; aehtaMumif; wpfaphwpfapmif; udk trsm;od&Sdap&eftwGuf a&;om; wifjytyfygw,f/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm;[m b,fEdkifiH? b,fvlrsdK;&JY vufatmufcHrS rjzpfcJhbJ vGwfvyfpGm oD;jcm; udk,fydkifaexdkifvmcJhwJh vlrsdK; wpfrsdK;yJjzpfygw,f/ e,fcsJY t*Fvyd af wG 0ifa&mufrvmcif tcsdefxdygyJ/ Armrif;awG&JY vuf a tmuf r S m vnf ; rae xdkifcJhygbl;/ e,fedrdwfcsif; xdpyfaewJU tdE, d´ jynf&YJ vuf atmufrSmvnf; raecJUygbl;/ csif ; vl r sd K ;rsm;[m oD ; jcm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fhrif; ud, k chf si;f aexdik v f mcJMU uygw,f/ e,fcsJYt*FvdyfawG 0ifa&muf vmNyD;wJUaemufrSom uRefjyK tkycf sKyrf mS udk rvdv k m;vdhk csi;f awmifudk usL;ausmf0ifa&muf vmwJU e,fcsJYt*FvdyfawGudk pwif a wmf v S e f v mcJ U M uwm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdkudk,fhvlrsdK;? udk,fhe,fajrudkumuG,f&if;eJh csif ; vl r sd K ;rsm;[m t*F v d y f e,fcsJYawGudk awmfvSefMuwJh tjcm;aomeD;pyf&mArm awmf vSefa&;orm;awGeJh yl;aygif;NyD; e,fcst YJ *Fvyd af wGukd awmfveS f vmcJMU uwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'v D kd olYuRefb0u vGwfajrmufzdkh awmfvSefa&; qifETJcJUMuwJU ordkif;aMumif; tpOftvm aumif; aeh&ufaygif;rsm;pGmxJ urS csif ; vl r sd K ;wpf & yf v H k ; twGuf azazmf0g&(D 20)&ufaeh ud k csif ; trsd K ;om;aeh t jzpf owfrSwfa&G;cs,fcJUMuwm jzpf ygw,f/ bmaMumifch si;f awmif awmfvSefa&; aeh&ufaygif;rsm; pGmxJu azazmf0g&(D 20)&ufukd a&G;cs,fcJUMuovJqdk&if (1) 1918 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (20) &ufaehrSm arNrdKY(,ckjyifOD;vGif)rSm OD;0r® ol ; armif ; OD ; aqmif N yD ; csif ; trsKd ;om;ynmjri§ w hf ifa&; tzGYJ tpnf; zGJYpnf;cJUwJUaehjzpfwm &,f OD;0r®ol;armif;[m 2412-1924 rSm e,fcsJYppfxJrS EkwfxGufNyD;awmh 1-6-1925 rSm 0rf;ol;&GmrSm rlvwef; ausmif;zGiv hf pS Nf y;D trsKd ;om;a&; toGif pwifvIyf&Sm;cJhw,f/ Ny;D awmh 1934 ckEpS f rwfvrSm rif;wyfNrKd eY ,f rokeEf ;l aus;&Gm rS m csif ; trsd K ;om;pnf ; vH k ; nDñGwfa&;tzGJYudk zGJYpnf;NyD; awmh 1939 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 28 &ufaeYrSm csif;awmifnD ñGwaf &;tzGq YJ Nkd y;D ajymif;vJac: a0:um e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;udk vIyf&Sm;cJhygw,f/ tJ'DtzGJY[m wdkhArmtpnf;t½Hk;eJh zqyv tzG J Y c sKyf w d k h e J h q uf o G , f N yD ; NAdwdoQbk&ifcHxH csif;trsdK; om;wd&hk YJ tcGit hf a&;epfemcsuf 9 csufudk awmif;qdkcJhygw,f/ (2)1940ck E S p f a zazmf 0 g&D (20)&uf a eh r S m csif ; awmif ? awmifydkif;uefyufvufNrdKYrSm OD ; 0r® o l ; armif ; OD ; aqmif N yD ; csif ; vl x k ( 3000)ausmf u e,f c sJ Y awmf v S e f a &;qE´ j y oydwfarSmufcJUMuNyD; &GmolBuD;? wdkufolBuD;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfwdkh cefhtyfxm;wJU 4if;wdkh&JYcefhpm awG e J h jyef v nf y pf a yguf N yD ; awmf v S e f c J U w J U a eh j zpf w m&,f (3)1948ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D (20)&uf a eh r S m csif ; awmif ? ajrmufyikd ;f zvrf;NrKd rY mS csi;f rsKd ;cspf acgif;aqmifrsm;eJhvlxk(5000) ausmf wuf a &muf c J U M uNyD ; csif ; vl x k n D v mcH u sif ; yum ya'o&mZf t k y f c sKyf a &;pepf a[mif;csKyNf ird ;f apNy;D 'Dru kd a&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwnfaxmifzdkh qHk;jzwfcJUMuwJUaehjzpfwm&,f tJ'Dvdkxl;jrwfwJU csif;vlrsdK; rsm;&JY ordkif;aMumif;aeh&ufjzpf wJU azazmf0g&D(20)&ufaehudk tajccHNyD; csif;trsdK;om;aeh tjzpf owfrSwfcJhMuwmjzpfyg w,f/ tJ'Dvdkordkif;aMumif; tpOftvmaumif;awG jzpf wnfcJUwJU azazmf0g&D(20)&uf aehudk tajccHNyD;awmU 1948 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&(D 20)&ufaehukd csif;trsdK;om;aehtjzpf owf rSwfzdkh 1950ckESpf? atmufwdk bmv(5)&ufaehrSm csif;a&;&m aumifpu D ae ESppf Ofazazmf0g&D (20) &ufaehudk csif;trsdK;om; aehtjzpfusi;f yjyKvyk zf hkd twnf jyKqHk;jzwfcJUMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk qHk;jzwfcJUMuwJU 1951 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D(20)&ufaehrSm csif; awmifawmifyikd ;f ? rif;wyfNrKd rY mS yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf pnfum; odkufNrdKufpGm usif;yEdkifcJUyg w,f/ tJ'DyxrOD;qHk;tBudrf usif;ycJUwJUcsif; trsdK;om;aeh tcrf;tem;udk tJ'Dwkef;u jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf&JY or®wBu;D jzpfwUJ pyfa&Tou kd u f csif;trsdK;om;aeh o0PfvTm udkay;ydkhcJUNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek ud, k w f ikd f tcrf;tem;udk wuf a&mufvmcJUNyD; csif;trsdK;om; aehrSm rdefhcGef;ajymMum;oGm;cJUyg w,f/ tJ't D jyif tjcm;nDtpf qvd k i f ; &S , f a tmif udk wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpfMuwJU u&ifa&;&m0efBuD; ref;bcdkif? &Srf;jynfe,fOuú|eJh Edik if jHcm;a&;0efBu;D pyfceG cf sKd?(u&ife)D u,m;jynfe,f0efBu;D apm0PÖ? ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD; qrm; 'l 0 gqif 0 g;aemif w d k h u vnf ; csif ; trsd K ;om;aeh t wG u f 0rf;ajrmufaMumif;eJh t"Gefh&Snf wnfwyUH gapaMumif;o0PfvmT toD;oD; ay;ydkhcJUMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkordkif;aMumif; tpOf tvmaumif ; awG e J h j zpf w nf vmNyD; tESpfom&&Sd&Sdusif;ycJU MuwJU csif;vlrsdK;rsm;&JY csif; trsdK;om;aehudk arS;rSdefaysmuf uG,fatmifvkyfzdkh BudK;pm;vm cJUMuygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh 1966 ckESpfazazmf0g&D (18? 19?20) &ufaehawGrmS rif;wyf NrKd ?Y ygw, D el pfcef;rrSm tJ'w D ek ;f u wdkif;cGJ(3)'k-Ouú|? AdkvfrSL; jrifhodef;uae csif;trsdK;om; aehukd csi;f 0daoowdik ;f aehtjzpf twif;t"r® ajymif;vJowf rSwfzdkhn§dEIdif;cJU&mrS OD;0r®ol; armif;? OD;uD;azvde;f ? OD;tGref ed ?f OD;xef;aAG? OD;[kef;idkif;(5)OD;wdkh u jrefrmEdkifiH&JYaehxl;aehjrwf awGjzpfwJU vGwfvyfa&;aeh? jynfaxmifpkaehpwJU owfrSwf NyD; emrnfawGudk ajymif;vJ owfrw S v f &hkd Edik o f vm;? tJ'v D kd r&Edkif&if uRefawmfwdkh&JY csif; trsKd ;om;aehuv kd nf; ajymif;vJ owfrSwfvdkhr&Edkifbl;qdkNyD;uefh uGucf MUJ uygw,f/ tJ'v D kd ouf &Sdxif&Sm; rsdK;cspfawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifawG&JY rsufESmudkrS raxmuf 1966 ckESpf? azazmf 0g&D ( 20)&uf r S m usa&muf w J U (18)ESpaf jrmufcsi;f trsKd ;om;aeh udk csif;0daoowdkif;aehtjzpf t"®rvkyaf qmifcv UJ hkd tJ't D crf; tem;rS m csif ; trsd K ;om;aeh taMumif;eJh csif;awmifawmf vSefa&; ordkif;aMumif;awGudk rdefhcGef;vmajymcJUwJU OD;0r®ol; armif;udk 0rol;&Gmudkum;eJh jyefydkhap&mrSm um;arSmufvdkh OD;0r®ol;armif;[m olcspfwJU csi;f jynfoal wGehJ csi;f jynfBu;D udk toufaoqHk;onftxd wm0efausyGefpGmay;qyfoGm; cJUygw,f/ OD;0r®ol;armif;[m csif ; awmif a wmf v S e f a &;ud k aoqHk;onftxdudk,fusdK;pGefh tepf e mcH N yD ; vk y f a qmif c J U w J U wu,frh sKd ;cspaf wmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifBu;D wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk AdkvfrSL;jrifh ode;f uae azazmf0g&(D 20)&uf aehukd csi;f 0daoowdik ;f aehtjzpf twif;t"r®vyk af qmifapcJU vdhk csif;a&;&mOD;pD;&Hk;u (11-71966)&ufpGJygpmtrSwf,u29^24(y)jzifh awmfvSefa&; aumifpo D u hkd efu h u G w f ifjycJMU u ygw,f/ tJ'v D u kd efu h u G cf MUJ uvdhk awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D u ae wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; udkOD;xdyfxm;onfESifhtnD[k qdkum awmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú | &J Y (25-11-1966) &ufpGJygpmtrSwf 3q^15y^66 jzifh rlvowfrw S u f si;f y vsu&f o dS nfch si;f trsKd ;om;aehukd quf v uf t wnf j yKaMumif ; jyefMum;pm &&SdcJUMuygw,f/ 1974ckESp?f Zefe0g&Dv(3)&uf tajccHOya'aehudk csif;trsdK; om;aehtpm; csi;f jynfe,faehvhkd tpm;xk;d owfrw S &f ifuefu h u G f ygaMumif ; ygwD X mecsKyf u d k aMu;eef;eJw h ifjycJv U hkd ygwXD me csKyu f ae wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnGwfrIrxDrJhjrifjyKum ]csif; trsdK;om;aehESifh csif;jynfe,f aeh}vdt hk rnfwyfum t"dygÜ ,f r&Sjd yK vkyaf pcJyU gw,f/ wpfrsKd ; om; vH;k eJq h ikd w f UJ csi;f trsKd ;om; aeh udpöudk csif;jynfe,fwpfck vH;k nDnw G pf mG jyefvnfawmif; qdkcJUMu&if csif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk; csif; trsdK;om;aehtjzpf jyef vnf usif;yEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufrusao;ygb;l ? uReaf wmf wdhk csi;f vlxak wG&YJ nDnw G rf u I kd tckvmr,fh (65)ESpfajrmuf csif;trsdK;om;aehrSm jyefvnf wnfaqmufjyoMu&ygr,f/ csif;jynfe,f(9)NrdKY e,fpvH;k eJh usew f aUJ 'oawGu nDtpfudkcsif;vlxkwpf&yfvHk; nDnn D w G n f w G ef hJ trSew f u,f &SdcJUwJU? acgif;aqmifBuD;awG owfrSwfcJUMuwJU tESpfom& &Sw d UJ csi;f wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k &JaY ehx;l aehjrwf csif;trsdK;om;aehudk udk,fhacwfusrS raysmufysuf atmif toufaoG;acR;rsm;pGm ay;qyfcMUJ uwJU csi;f rsKd ;cspaf wmf vS e f a &;cgif ; aqmif B uD ; awG & J Y rsufESmudkaxmuf&INyD; tckvm r,fh(65)ESpfajrmuf csif;trsdK; om;aehudk csif;trsdK;om;aehu vGJNyD; b,fvdkemrnf? b,fvdk t&meJhrS rvJbJ tpOftvm aumif;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f Muygpv hkd hkd wdu k w f eG ;f wifjyvdu k f &ygw,f/ csif;vlrsdK;pkwpf&yf vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwfeJh csif; trsKd ;om;aehukd jyefvnfusi;f y Muygpdkh/ qvdkif;&S,fatmif ighemrnf csif;trsdK;om;aeh aoG;toufeJhay;qyfcJU&wJU ighemrnf ac:csif&mrac:MuygeJh enf;enf;av;awmh tm;emay;Muyg uavuacsa0avavr[kwfbl; ighemrnfrSm ordkif;aMumif;&Sdw,f/ a&qefc&D;Murf;rSm arG;zGm;&Sifoef&&SdvmwJUighemrnf ac:csif&mac:vdkhawmh rjzpfbl; arG;&ufouú&mZftrSeftuefeJh emrnf&if;&Sdaewmudk BuHBuHzefzefajymif;vJ rac:MuygeJh twdrf;tapmif;awmifrcHEdkifbl;a[h-ighudkarG;zGm;ay;cJUMuwJU rdbawG&JYrsufESmudkrSraxmuf ac:csif&mrac:MuygeJh ordkif;aMumif;trSefeJhighemrnfudk aemifvmaemufom; aESmif;vlrsm;wdkh tjiif;ryGm;aveJh Nidrf;csrf;pGmeJh igh&JYarG;aeh&ufjrwfudk trSeftuefwlwlwefwefav;vkyfay;Muyg/ rrSefrueftBuHtzefawG rvkyfrdapeJh igh&JYarG;aehu 1948ckESpf? azaz:0g&D(20)&uf ighemrnfu(csif;trsdK;om;aeh)jzpfw,f/ / qvdkif;&S,fatmif Derweze (odkh) i&JjynfodkhoGm;&mvrf; Turkmenista EdkifiH\ Karakum uEå&wGif tdrfajc (350) cefY&Sdaom Derweze &Gm&Sdonf/ ,if;&GmteD;wGif 1971 rSpNyD; ,aeYxufwdkif rD;jidrf;jcif;r&SdyJ avmifuGsrf;aeaom tayguBf u;D wpfck &Syd gonf/ xdt k ayguMf u;D onf 1971 ckEpS w f iG f qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpk\ blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;rS vIdPfacgif; wpfcw k ;l &if obm0"gwaf iGrY sm;&So d nfuakd wG&Y cdS MhJ uonf/ odaYk omf 16 uHq;kd pGm wl;onfv U P dI af cgi;f onf NyKd usNy;D tayguu f s,w f pfck jzpfomG ;cJo h nf/ tcsi;f rDwm(70) rQus,0f ef;aom xdt k ayguBf u;D tm; þtwdkif;ypfxm;rnfqdkvSsif "gwfaiGYrsm; tqdyfoifhrIrsm; jzpfrI[k blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;rSwGufqNyD; xdk"gwfaiGYrsm;tm; rD;&IdYypf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY rD;&IdYcJh&mrS ,aeYxufwdkif rD;avmifvsuf&Sdaeao;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdka'o&Sd&Gmom;rsm;rS xdt k aygut f m; i&Jjynfoo Ykd mG ;&mvrf;(Door to Hell)[k trnf ay; ac:qdkMuonf/ Turkmenistan EdkifiHonf A[dktm&SwGif wnf&NdS y;D 1991 ckEpS t f xd qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp\ k vufatmuf cH wdik ;f jynfjzpfonf/ tmz*efepöwefEikd if ?H tD&efEikd if ?H OZbufupö wefEiS hf umZufpwefEikd if w H jhkd zifh e,fajrxdpyfvsu&f NdS y;D vlO;D a& (512569) aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf/ 16 February 2013 CW/ / CNF ESifh CNA Mum; u wm0ef,lrItydkif;rSm b,f vdkuGmjcm;csufawG&SdvJ/ SK/ / CNA uawmh vHkNcHKa&;ESifh ppfwyfydkif;qdkif&m udpaö wGukd wm0ef,yl gvrd rhf ,f/ CNF uawmh usew f u hJ pd t ö 00 udk wm0ef,l&ygvdrfhr,f/ CW/ / tJ'D usefwJhudpö t00 qdkwJhxJrSm a&G;aumuf yGJ0ifa&;qdkwmaum ygovm;/ ygwD&JY oabmxm;udkvnf; odcsifygw,f/ SK/ / a&G;aumufyu JG pd eö YJ ywfoufvaYkd wmh uReaf wmfxif ygw,f 2020 txd a wmh 'DNidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGu qufvkyfae&r,f/ CW/ / aemiftcgrSma&m a&G;aumufyGJ0ifNydKifNyD; vTwf awmfxJ0ifzdkY tpDtpOf&Sdr&Sd udkvnf; odcsifygw,f/ SK/ / ygwDtaeeJY ckxuf xd a wmh rpOf ; pm;ao;bl ; / EdkifiHa&;jyoemawG tukefajy vnfNy;D rSyJ a&G;aumufyu GJ pd u ö pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsufjzpfw,f/ 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJYu uRef awmfwdkY CNF udk awmfvSef a&;ygwDwpfck taeeJYyJ &Sdap csifw,f/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfck taeeJ Y a wmh rxm;csif b l ; / Oyrm uReaf wmfwYkd CNF tae eJY a&G;aumufy0JG ifcsi&f ifvnf; CNF emrnf e J h r0if b l ; aygh / pdw0f ifpm;wJh yk*K¾d vaf wGuawmh udk,fh[mudk vkyfMuaygh/ CW/ / uRefawmfwdkY csif; todik ;f t0dik ;f Mum;rSm awmfawmf vnf;ajymjzpfMuwJh CNF tae eJY csif;vlrsdK;EG,fpkxJrSm jyef vnf&ifMum;apha&; jyKvkyf csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD; ajyma&;qdkcGifhyk*d¾Kvf a'guw f ma&Tcg;ESiahf wGq Y jkH cif; jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifrIaumfrwDESifh csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD;wdkY\ ESpfzufoabmwlnDrIt& csif;trsdK;om; wyfOD;wyfzGJY0ifrsm;onf csif;jynfe,fwGif;odkh owfrSwfxm;onfUae&mrsm;wGif pwiftajccs0ifa&mufaexdkifaeNyDjzpfonf/ wyfzGJY 0ifrsm;ESifh ywfoufí csif;trsdK;om;wyfOD;\ ajyma&;qdkcGifhyk*d¾Kvf a'gufwma&Tcg;ESifh atmufygtwdkif;awGYqHkar;jref;xm;ygonf/ oifhw,fqdkwJhtqdkudk b,f vdkrsm; ajzMum;vdkygovJ/ SK/ / uRefawmfwdkY CNF uawmh reconciliation qdkwJh jyef v nf & if M um;aph a &;ud k wu,f tav;xm;ygw,f/ wu,fawmh awmfveS af &;vkyf w,fqdkwm wu,fhc&D;Murf; wpfckyg/ tJ'gaMumifh uRef awmfwdkY rvdktyfwJh[ma&m rarQmv f ifw h hJ rawmfwqjzpfrI awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'g awGudk jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; qdkwJhyHkpHrsdK;eJY uRefawmfwdkY qufvufaqmif&u G zf &Ykd ydS gw,f/ ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh avQmufvSrf;jcif; tpdk;&ESifh jynfolvlxkMum;rSm reconciliation vkyz f Ykd vdo k vdk CNF ESifh jynfolvlxkMum;rSm vnf; reconciliation vkyzf v Ykd kd ygw,f/ 'gudk process tae eJY uRefawmfwdkY vkyf&r,fvdkY xifygw,f/ yxrawmh vlxk ES i f h awG Y q H k y G J a wG v k y f r ,f / 'kwd,taeeJY awmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;rSm jzpfysufcJhwJh [mawGukd data aumif;aumif; vkyfzdkYvkdygw,f/ tJ'DrSm uRef awmfwYkd CNF zufucsKd ;azmuf cJhwmawGvnf;&dSr,f/ tpdk;& zuf u csd K ;azmuf c J h w mawG vnf;&Sdr,f/ tJ'D data awGudk aumif ; aumif ; vk y f N yD ; awmh oufqdkif&m victim awGu b,fvdktjrif&SdovJ qdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY oHk;oyfNyD;awmh jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk b,f vdkvkyf&rvJqdkwm csrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ CW/ / wcsdKYuajymw,f? CNF taeeJ Y awmf v S e f a &; umvrSm rawmfwqyJjzpfjzpf rarQmv f ifyh jJ zpfjzpf rSm;,Gi;f rI&cdS hJ onfrsm;udk 0efcsawmif;yefzdkY ajymaeayr,fh 'DaeYxd vdkuf avsmazmfaqmifjcif;r&Sad o;bl; qdkwJh[mtay:rSm b,fvdkrsm; ajymMum;csifygovJ/ SK/ / uRefawmfwdkYbuf uae data collection udt k &if vkyfoifhw,fvdkh jrifygw,f/ tJ't D ay:rmS b,fvrkd sKd ;eJY csO;f uyfoifhovJqdkwmudk pepf wusvkyfzdkYjzpfygw,f/ BudKuf wJah e&moGm;Ny;D uReaf wmfwu Ykd kd cGifhvTwfyg? uRefawmfwdkY 'Dvdk rSm;cJhygw,f qdkwmeJYa&m &Edkif yghrvm;/ tJ'gaMumifh b,f tqifhudkawmh b,fvdkvkyf oifhovJqdkwmawGudk pepf wus Bud K wif c srS w f z d k Y v d k y g w,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkYu vGwv f w G v f yfvyfeYJ jynfwiG ;f rSm rvIy&f mS ;Edik af o;bl;/ vIy&f mS ; zdYk uReaf wmfwYkd tckppD Ofaewm jzpfw,f/ wu,fh victim awG &JY cHpm;csut f ppftrSef tay:rmS uRefawmfwdkY b,fvdkwkHhjyef oifhovJ qdkwmudk tpDtpOf qGJNyD;rSvkyf&if xda&mufrI&Sd r,fvdkYxifygw,f/ awmfawmf rsm;rsm;ajymMuwm Mum;yg w,f/ yg;pyfeJhcGifhvTwfMuygvdkY ajymvd k u f & H k e J Y 'D j yóemu NyD;yghrvm;/ rNyD;bl;qdk&ifvnf; b,fvv kd yk &f rvJ/ tJ'gaMumifh pepfwus avhvmrIawGjyKvyk f Ny;D rS b,fvv kd yk &f if taumif; qH;k jzpfrvJqw kd m tajz&Sm&rSm jzpfw,f/ tJvdkrsdK; jyifqifrSyJ ajyvnfrI&r,fvdkYxifw,f/ CW/ / tpd k ; &ppf w yf e J Y ucsipf pfwyfwYkd wdu k yf aJG wGjzpf aewJ h t ay: csif ; trsd K ;om; wyfOD;u wyfrawmfom;tcsdKY ucsizf ufuae ulwu kd af y;ae w,fvdkh tjyifrSmMum;&w,f/ tJ'g[kwfygovm;/ SK/ / KIA eJY uRefawmf wdkYu UNFC rSm wpfckwnf; jzpfwmwifruygbl;/ olwdkYeJY uRefawmfwdkYu vufwGJnDnD nGwfnGwfeJY c&D;twloGm;ol awGjzpfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm uRef awmfwdkY ppfwyfawGvnf;&Sdyg w,f/ 0ifNy;D awmh wdu k af y;wm vnf;&Sdygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ qdkawmh ucsifzufu ckcHppf qifETJaewmaMumifhjzpfw,f/ ckcaH &;ppfrmS awmh uReaf wmfwYkd wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; tul tnDay;&rSmaygh/ uRefawmfwdkY ul n D c sif o avmuf a wmif rulnDEdkifcJhygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkh wwfEdkifoavmufyJ ulnDae jcif;jzpfygw,f/ CW/ / csi;f a0gvrf w S pfqifh pmzwfy&dowfrsm;udkajymcsif wmav;/ SK/ / uRefawmfwdkhu tck tvkypf vkyzf Ykd jyifqifaewke;f yJ &Syd gao;w,f/ rvky&f ao;bl;/ jynfov l x l &k YJ toHukd aumif; aumif;em;axmifNyD; uRefawmf wdkYvkyfzdkh jyifqifaeygw,f/ pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY em;vnfay;zdkY arwåm&yfcHvdkygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ pmrlzw d af c:jcif; (Walk of Faith) Chin World Media taejzifU Chin World News Journal udk ESpfywfwpfBudrfyHkrSef xkwfa0oGm;rnfjzpfygojzifU ordkif;? ,Ofaus;rI? &dk;&m"avU? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh ywfoufonfUpmrlrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkhEdkifygonf/ pmrlrsm;ay;ydkhrnfqdkygu(1)pmrlukd vufa&;rljzifjU zpfap? uGeyf sLwmpmpDíjzpfap pmrsuEf mS wpfzufwnf;wGio f m a&;om;yg&ef/ (2)pmrl&Sif\udk,fa&;tusOf;ESifU udk,fwdkifa&;pmrljzpfaMumif; 0efcHuwdyl;wGJay;ydkhay;yg&ef arwÅm&yfcHygonf/ ud, k af &;&mZ0ifawmif;cH&jcif;rSm pmrl&iS rf sm;ESiq hf ufo, G af &;vG,u f al p&efEiS Uf Chin World &H k ; wG i f r S w f w rf ; xm;&S d & ef t wG u f o m jzpf N yD ; rnf o l r qd k p mrl r sm;ud k atmuf y gvd y f p mtwd k i f ; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&;om;ay;ydkhEdkifygonf/ Chin World Media w&kwEf ikd if o H nf olwEYkd ikd if t H wGi;f odYk vma&mufvnfywfaom urÇmv h n S cUf &D;oGm;{nfU onfrsm;tm; olww Ykd pfoufwmwGif rarhEikd pf &m rSwfrSwf&& jzpfap&eftwGuf[laom &nf&G,f csujf zifh Walk of Faith [lí trnfay;xm;aom zefom;jyifay:wiG f ,HMk unfjcif;jzifh vrf;avQmuf jcif;tm; 2011 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif zGifhvSpfcJh onf/ wnfae&mrSm w&kwfEdkifiH [leefc&dkif? Zhangjiiajie &G m rS (5)rd k i f t uG m wG i f & S d a om Tianmen awmiftrsdK;om;O,smOfwGif wnf&Sd Chin World Media Office onf/ yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyiftxuf ay (4691) tjrihw f iG &f NdS y;D ay(200)eD;yg;&Sn;f vsm;aom zefom; jyifay:wiG f vrf;avQmufjcif;jzpfonf/ zefom;jyif onf (3)ayt&Sn&f u dS m (2) vufrcGJ txl&o dS nf [kvnf;od&onf/ c&D;oGm;{nfUonfrsm;rSm tjrifah y (5000) eD;yg;cefw Y iG f zefom;jyifrw S qifh atmufoMhkd unf&U if; oJwxdwx f w d f &ifwzdzk jkd zifh ,HkMunfrIjzifh vrf;avSsmufjcif;udk pdwf0ifwpm; vma&mufjyKvkyfMuonf[kvnf;od&onf/ No.4, Room 55, Hlaing Yadanar Housing, Thanlan Bus-stop, Hlaing TSP, Yangon Ph: 09 420013048, 09 47172133, 09 43163539, 09 401681014, 09 420185994 www.chinworld.info www.facebook.com/chin-world 17 Vol. 1, No.3 uRefra,musfm;awGukd em;rvnfbl;/ puwfwkduyf uyfav;0wfNyD; aygifwHvSvS av; olrsm;ukdNycsifwJU rdef; uav;awGNrifwkdif; ab;u a,musfm;awGukd uRefrvkduf Munf Y a vU & S d y gw,f / ol w k d Y oabmusw,f v k d Y x if w m? b,f[kwfygYrvJ ukd,fawmf acsmawG u tBuD ; tus,f uefYuGufMuygava&m/ olw&Ydk t UJ oH yxrqk;H Mum;&wm trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ ukd,fY&JY trsKd;orD;u aeaumif;rSef;? raumif;rSef;vnf; rpOf;pm;/ olrqE´&SdrSef; r&SdrSef;vnf; *&krpkdufbJeJh ukd,fvkdcsifwm uk d y J &atmif , l w wf w J U a,musm;f awGtrsm;Bu;D &Syd gw,f wJ U / Nid r f a ewJ U r av;&S m ;u trsKd;orD;awGukdvnf; raus eyf? rdef;rawGygwUJ group mail rSmolwdkhraumif;aMumif; tm; rem yg;rem twif;wkwaf ewJU xm;Muw,fvkdY zwfzl;ygw,f/ acwf , Of a us;rI t & ol w k d Y tokid ;f t0kid ;f u vSywifw Y ,f w,fvYdk vufcEH idk zf &hdk eftwGuf olwkdYay;vkduf&wJU wefzkd;u awmU ukd,fykdifajcaxmufeJh vGwv f w G v f yfvyf jrefjrefqef qef vrf;ravSsmufekdifawmU jcif;ygyJ/ uRefrwkdhcsif;awGrSm 'Dvpdk epfq;dk rsK;d r&Scd yUJ gb;l / 'gay r,fh ajcaxmuftpm; csif; trsKd;orD;awG&JU OD;aESmufawG uku d Rerf oGm;wufygw,f/ 261-2013 &ufaeh(paeaeh)nae ykdif;rSmyg/ ywrqk;H &efuek w f idk ;f a'oBu;D &JY vGwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f a'gufwmndKndKoif;u EkdifiH wumqkdif&m trsdK;orD;rsm; umuG,rf OI ya'taMumif;awG ajymoGm;ygw,f/ uRefrwkYdeJh tvSr;f a0;wJw U ;d k wufwt U J aemuf EkdifiHawGtaMumif; rajymbJeJh uRerf wkeYd yhJ edk ;D pyfwUJ Ekid if aH wGrmS rSm 'Dvkda[majymyGJrsKd;u ykd vkdtyfwmrkdY olwkdYqDukdvnf; vmvkyaf y;MuygvYdk arwÅm&yfcH wmyg/ aemufwpfa,mufu ar;cGef;wpfckxuf ykdar;wm ukrd w S rf ad yr,fh bmar;oGm;rSe;f arUoGm;ygNyD/ toufuav; &vmawmUrw S Of mPfuraumif; &SmawmUb;l / usefwpfa,muf&JY ar;cGef;/ NrefrmU,Ofaus;rIerUJ nD 0wfpm; qif,ifMuwJU trsK;d orD;awGudk urSwrf ad eMuOD;rSmyg/ wu,f vkYd vl0ifpm;qkw d m wu,f&cdS UJ r,f qkd&ifaygYav? b&pfeD[m twdwfb0u csif;trsKd;orD; jzpfEidk af cs&ydS gw,f/ csi;f awmif b0wke;f u 0wfcw UJ m ,ckb0 xd tusifYygoGm;w,faygUaemf/ 'gaMumifrU Ydk trsK;d om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;csifwJU csif;trsdK;orD; rsm; puwfww dk 0dk wfMuyg/ ykw d dk av? ykx d ed ;f av/ 'gayr,fh csi;f ,Ofaus;rIxed ;f csiw f aUJ ,musmf ; trsKd;orD;rsm;&JY 0wfpm;qif,ifrI u zvrf;awG&JU Rihli Group Mail rSmyg/ rav;&Sm;rSmaewJU wpf a ,muf u tNrif u wf vGe;f vkx Yd ifyg&YJ raeEkid rf xkid Ef idk f xa&;vkdufygw,f/ rav;rSm csif;trsKd;orD;wcsKdY[m sexy t0wftpm;awG 0wfNyD;awmU MuufrawGvydk aJ vSsmufomG ;ae MuowJU/ Oa&mya&mufaewUJ wpfa,mufu olvnf; rav; rSmaewkef;u 'Dvkdrdef;uav; rsKd ; awG awG Y z l ; ygaMumif ; axmufcaH &;om;ygw,f/ a[m vmNyefNyDwpfa,muf/ &efukef rSmvnf; tJ'Dvkd rdef;rawG wpfyBHk u;D ygcifAs/ olw U &Ydk pYJ mawG ukdzwfNyD; uRefrawG;rdw,f/ bmNzpfvYdk olw[ Ydk m tmabmif &if;oefoeferhJ ed ;f rawGraumif; aMumif; tm;&yg;&a&;aeMu wmvJ/ uRerf u tJ'v D t dk 0wf tpm;awGuv dk nf;r0wf? uk, d f cE¨mukt d &if;tES;D NyKNy;D aiGvnf; r&Smayr,fh rdef;rwpfa,muf taeeJU awmfawmfav; cHNyif;rd ygw,f/ uRerf Mum;&oavmuf qk&d if rav;&Sm;rSm t𝔲l Ny;D &efNzpfwaUJ ,musmF ;awGuvnf; jyóemawGzefwD;NyD; csif;awG uk d od u © m usapwmygyJ / 'gayr,fh b,ftrsKd;orD;urS Nyef r a&;Mubl ; / zd v d y k d i f r S m ynmoifaewJY Pastor Van Thiang wpfa,mufuvGJvkdY/ q&mru olwkdYokH;wJU Muufr qkdwJUtokH;tEIef;ukd olrBuKH awGYcJUwJYtNzpftysufwpfckukd ñTef;NyD; ar;cGef;xkwfygw,f/ olwkdYtzGJY awm&GmawGbuf c&D;xGuf&if; em;aewJUtcsdef? olw U aYdk b;rSm Muufzwpfaumif uMuufrwpfaumifukdtwif; vk d u f y gw,f / Muuf r crsm ajy;ayr,fhvnf; rvGwfygbl;/ tJ ' D v k d Muuf r oabmrwl aomfvnf;bJ Muufzu olY tay: twif;wufcGwmukd MunfUNyD; olr&JYc&D;oGm;azmf trsK;d om;wpfa,mufu ajymyg w,f/ vlawGxJrSmvnf; tJ'D MuufzeJhwlwJU a,musmf;awG a,musmf;awGukdvnf; tjrif uwfuwfeJY uAsmwpfyk'fukd satire taeeJha&;NyD; uRefr wkjhH yefczUJ ;l ygw,f/ tJ'gu2008 ckESpfwkef;uyg/ rdef;rawG&JYtoH wdwfqdwfae jcif;u uRerf ukd tawG;rsm;ap ygw,f/ tJ'gukd uRefrq,f ausmf o uf t &G , f ? bk & m; ausmif;uvli,fvIyf&Sm;rIawG rSm pwifyg0ifwJUtcsdefupNyD; owdxm;rdwmyg/ zvrf;u BC Youth Fellowship rS m qkd&if &yfuGufi,fav;awG&JY Ouú|trsm;pku trsK;d orD;i,f av;awGyg/ tpnf;ta0;awG rSm olwkdY[m NidrfNidrfav;eJh a,musmf ;av;awGajymwmukyd J em;axmifaeMuw,f/ olwu Ydk dk 0ifaqG;aEG;zkdY b,favmufyJ wk d u f w G e f ; wk d u f w G e f ; t&m ra&mufygbl;/ bmUaMumifYvJ/ bmvkYd olwkYdpum;rajymMu wmvJ/ uRef r rpOf ; pm;rd w muawmU csif ; pum;yk H a v;wpf c k y g/ Muufr wGefvkdhrkd;rvif;/ rdef;r awG[m a,musmf ;awGavmuf rpOf ; pm;rqif j cif E k d i f M ubl ; / olwkdYyg;pyf[vkduf&if ayguf wwfu&awGyJ xGuv f mw,f/ 'Dvt dk awG;tac:rsK;d [m pm&Guf ay:rS m a&;xm;wJ U pnf ; rsOf ; Oya'awG r[kwfygbl;/ 'gay r,fh bkd;bGm;pOfquf? rsKd;quf wpfqufNy;D wpfquf vufqifY urf;vmcJUMuawmU a&;xm;wJJU Oya' yk'frawGxufawmif ajymif;vJjyifqifzkdYcufaewwf ygw,f/ vlawG&JYt&kd;xJ? aoG; xJrmS pdrNUf y;D pGaJ ewJU xifjrifcsuf awG / touf t &G , f B uD ; wJ U uRefrwkdYtarawG tzGm;awG rqkdxm;eJh tm;tiftjynfYeJh vli,fawGuawmif rwGe;f vSef EkdifMubl;/ acwfaemufuswJU tawG;a[mif;awG&JYatmufrSm &ke;f rxGuEf idk f ydrad eMuqJ/ a&S; uw&kwfawG[m trsKd;orD; awG&JY ajcaxmufawGukd BuD; rvmatmif twif;xdef;uGyf cs,f&DrIef; uRefrrpOf;pm;rdwmuawmU csif;pum;ykH av;wpfcyk g? MuufrwGevf Ydk rk;d rvif;? rde;f rawG [m a,musfm;awGavmuf rpOf;pm;rqifjcifEkdif Mubl;? olwkdYyg;pyf[vkduf&if aygufwwfu& awGyJxGufvmw,f?? 'DvkdtawG;tac:rsKd;[m pm&Gufay:rSma&;xm;wJU pnf;rsOf;Oya'awG r[kwfygbl;?? . . . . rsm; rzGHY NzKd;Ekdifatmif txdef; tuGyf tcsKyftcs,f cHxm;& avovm;/ twd w f r S m om r[kwfygbl;/ 'Daeh 'Dcsdeftxd/ Ny;D cJw U w UJ pfEpS ?f ESpEf pS af vmufu [m;cg;awGrsm;wJU mail group u tD;arvfawGuv dk nf; uRerf zwfciG &Uf cJyU gw,f/ tJ'rD mS vnf; zvrf;tzGu YJ a,musm;f awGvdk ygyJ trsKd;orD;awG&JY 0wfpm;ykH ukd awmfawmfav; a0zefMuyg w,f/ wjcm;csif;pum;okH;wJU mail group awGtaMumif;awmU rodayr,fh odyNf y;D awmU xl;jcm; aevdrrYf ,fvUdk arSsmv f ifrU xm;rd yg/ tJ'v D dk rde;f rawG&YJ 0wfpm; qif,ifyaHk wGudk 0ifNy;D xde;f csKyf csifwmu csif;awGyJr[kwfyg bl; qkdwmukdvnf; rMumao; cif u yJ od v k d u f & ygw,f / uRerf &Jo Y il ,fcsi;f ukad tmifu arUpGrf;&nf (WCDI, Women Can Do It) &JYzdwfpmukd email eJh xyfqifYykdYvkdufvkdY olwkdY&JY Oya'ykdif;qdkif&mESifY trsKd;orD; rsm; tcGifYta&; a[majymyGJ 18 b,fvadk jymif;vJw;dk wufraI wG &SdMuovJ qkdwmawGukd ajym oGm;ygw,f/ xkaYd emuftNird ;f pm; w&m;olBuD; a':wifwif&Du trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; tMurf;zuf rI qkid &f m umuG,af &;Oya'rsm; eJU CEDAW taMumif;&Sif; jyygw,f/ aemufq;Hk Oya'qkid f &mtwkdifyifcH a':cifcifaru jrefrmU"avUxkH;wrf; Oya'ESifU jrefrmtrsK;d orD;rsm;taMumif;ukd tm0ZÆe;f &Ti&f iT ef hJ a[majymoGm; ygw,f/ tcsed rf &awmUvYdk pDpOfoal wGu y&dowfqDu ar;cGef;okH;ckyJ ar;cGijUf yKygw,f/ MuaG &muftm; ay;MuwJ U a,musmf ; awG u ckerdef;rawGyJ ajymoGm;wm? ckawmUigwt Ydk vSnyUf v J Ydk atmuf arU M uovm;awG ; rd y gw,f / a,musmf ;ok;H a,mufu cyfjref jrefav; xar;MuvYkdyg/ &Srf; jynf atmifyef;NrKdYom;uawmU ar;cGe;f rar;bJ request vkyyf g w,f/ ynmwwfawGaygwJU &efuek rf mS xuf awme,fbuf w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lvkdY& ygovm;wJY/ ,Ofaus;rIqkdvkdY csi;f wuúov dk rf sm;r*¾Zif;wpfcrk mS awGzY ;l wJU umwGe;f wpfcu k dk ajy; owd & rd y gw,f / puwf w k d ? uGJ0wfxm;wJU (xifygw,f? aocsmrrSwfrdawmYyg) rdef;u av;awGukdMunfUNyD;a,musfm; wpfa,mufu igwkdYcsif;,Of aus;rIawmU oGm;NyDqkdwJUykHpHeJh ikdcsif;cswJUykHyg/ uRefr xifwm uawmU tJ'DumwGef;q&mu csi;f awGtaMumif; orkid ;f pmtkyf awG rzwfz;l wmjzpfeidk yf gw,f/ wdwdusus qkd&ifawmU Rev. Robert Johnson a&;xm;wJU csif;awmifwef;rSm omoem vmjyKoG m ;wJ U tar&d u ef ESpfjcif;omoemjyK yk*¾dKvfrsm; taMumif;pmtkyfyg/ uRefru awmUuaH umif;vkiYd ,fy;D &JaU us;Zl; aMumifUrESpfwkef;u Chin Future Seminar ukdwuf&if;eJh tJ'pD mtkyu f dk 0,fciG &Yf cJw Y ,f/ xlxlBuD;ayr,fh BudK;pm;NyD; zwfygw,f/ (rzwf&if ESajrm p&mBuD;? aomif;*Pef;BuD;rsm; awmif ay;&wm/) olpY mtkyrf mS Rev. Johnson wjcm; omoem jyKq&m? q&mrawG&JYrSwfwrf; awGukdyg jyefxnfUay;xm;yg w,f/ Laura Carson u yxrqkH; [m;cg;ukdwuftvm olwkYd&JY ypön;f awGuo dk ,fay;wJU trsK;d orD ; 0wf w J U p uwf [ m 18 vuf r yJ & S n f o wJ U / Dr. East uawmU Siyin trsKd;orD;awG [m puwfwadk v;awGudk tif rwef ESpfoufMuw,fqkdyJ/ ol&Y pYJ um;vk;H twdtusuawmU painfully short skirts aygUav/ olu tjrifrawmfvdYk yk&d n S w f m ukdyJ 0wfapcsifygw,f/ olwkdY &J Y a,musf m ;awG u vnf ; axmufcHMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh rdef;rawGuawmY wkdrSwkdbJ/ b&pfeDpyD;,m; puwfwkdwkd av; twGif;cHrygbJ0wfwm ygyg&ZDawGrv d u dk v f Ydk tkwaf tmf aomif;wif; jzpfoGm;wm wcsKdY awG b,fvkd0wf&r,fqkdwm ukad wmU tBurH ay;awmUyg/ vl Mum;xJajymvkYd odyrf aumif;bl;/ tajymiftysufukd&yfNyD; av; av;eufeuf ajym&r,fqkd&if bmNzpfvkdY ,Ofaus;rIukd xdef; odr;f zkt Yd aMumif;jycsuef ahJ ,musmf ; awGu rde;f rawG&0YJ wfpm; qif ,ifykHawGukd pGufzufxdef;csKyf csifMuwmvJqkdwmukd uRefr em;rvnfyg/ ,Ofaus;rIqw dk m rajymif;rvJ worwfwnf; wnf&adS ewJt U &mrS r[kww f m/ tNrw J rf;ajymif;vJaew,fav/ b,f o l u rS rxd e f ; csKyf E d k i f ? r[efhwm;EkdifwJU acwfa&pD; aMumif;eJhtwl txl;ojzifY ajymif;vJrEI eI ;f tifrwefjrefwUJ tifwmeufacwfrSm rdef;rawG uolw&Ydk x YJ bDawG? puwfawG eJh b,fvkdvkyf ,Ofaus;rIukd xdef;xm;EkdifrSmvJ/ a,musfm; awG & J Y 'D a wmif ; qk d r I [ m t"dyÜg,fvnf;r&Sdbl;? w&m; rSswrIvnf; r&Sdbl;/ bmaMumifw U csKaYd om a,musmf ; awGu rdef;rawG&JY ukd,fykdif qk;H jzwfcsujf zpfwUJ t0wftpm; udpörSm 0ifa&muf pGufzufcsif MuwmvJ/ taMumif;&if;cHu bmvJ/ uRefrtjrifajym&&if awmU trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd olwkdheJh wef;wl vGwv f yfwv UJ o l m;awG tjzpftodtrSwrf jyKEidk ?f vuf rcHekdif? av;pm;rIr&SdMuvkdYygyJ/ Oya'eJh trsKd;orD;awG&JY 0wf qifykHukd xdef;csKyfcsifwJUwpf a,muf u k d a':cif c if a ru ajymjyygw,f/ uk, d yf idk af &G;cs,f qk;H jzwfcsucf sciG q hf w dk m vlawG rajymeJh olYtdrfuacG;rav; awmifrS olBuKd uw f t UJ azmfuydk J ola&G;owJU/ t0wftpm;eJh ywfoufNyD;? olr[mtdrfrSmqkd &if ykNd y;D vGwv f yfwUJ abmif;bD wkad v;yJ0wfavU&adS yr,fh vlol y&dowfa&SrY mS pum;ajym&r,fh tcsdefMuawmU xbDeJh &ifzkH;eJh/ tr,f y0gav;awmifygvkduf pmrsufESm(19)odkh 16 February 2013 csif;jynfuakd emufwpfacgufvmcsifao;w,f ]jynf c spf o m;c&D ; onf r sm; wufMuyg? um;xGuaf wmhr,f} uav;-zvrf; vlpD;oD;oefY tjzpf t xl ; pD r H a jy;qG J a om vdkif;um;rSpy,f,m\ c&D; onf r sm;tay: xm;&d S a om apwemES i f h o wd a y;oH j zpf y g onf/ uRefawmfvnf; csif; jynfe,fzvrf;NrdKYwGif usif;y rnfh media seminar wGio f if wef;ydcYk s&ef zvrf;NrKd o Y o Ykd mG ;rnfh jynfcspfom;vdkif;um;\ c&D; onfwpfO;D jzpfygonf/uReaf wmf wpfa,mufwnf;awmhr[kwyf g/ uReaf wmfEiS t hf wl oifwef;ydcYk s rnfh q&mwpfO;D ESiq hf &mrESpOf ;D pk p k a ygif ; av;OD ; tzG J Y jzpf y g onf/ odkYESifhyif uRefawmfwdkY av;OD;onf om,mvSyonfh csif;jynfe,f? zvrf;NrdKYbuf odkY c&D;ESifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ py,f&mrS owday;aeaom aMumifh uReaf wmfwv Ykd u kd yf gomG ; rnfU um;ay:odkYwufvmMuyg onf/um;ay:ow Ydk ufonft h csed f onf eHeuf 5;30em&Dcefhjzpf aomaMumifh rdk;pifpifrvif; ao;bJ tarSmifxt k iftm;onf tvGefyif aumif;aeqJjzpfyg ao;onf/ odkYESifhyif um;ay: rSmb,fob l ,f0gvu kd rf eS ;f rod rjrifEdkifcJhyg/ pdwfxJrSmawmh zvrf;NrdKYZmwdom;? zvrf;om; qdkawmh todwpfa,mufESpf a,mufp&dSrSmyg[k awG;qrdyg onf/ xdt k awG;ESiahf b;ywf0ef; usiu f kd avhvmcsirf ad omfvnf; tarSmifxt k iftm;aMumifh tod wpfa,mufrS rawGYvdkufyg/ pdwfavQmhNyD; rdk;vif;onfUtcg usrSyJ tod&dSr&dS&Smwmaygh[k rdrdxdkifcHkay:wGif pdwful;,Of um at;aq;pGm xdik cf svu kd rf d ygawmhonf/ tcsdefb,fa&GYb,frQ ukefrSef; rodcJhyg/ em;Mum;vGJwmvnf; r[kwyf g/ um;orm;\ vdu I v f JS ysLiSmcsdKomaom pum;oHudk Mum;&onf/]uRefawmfYum;rSm vd k u f y gvmwJ h w&m;a[m q&m^r wpfa,mufa,mufrS qkawmif;ay;ygaemf}[k ajym vdkufaomtoHu uRefawmhf &ifxJodkY wdk;0ifvmum Munf El;rItjynfU? razmfjyEdkifaom ESvHk;om;xJrS yDwdjzmcHpm;rd& ygonf/odkYESifhyif uRefawmfha&SY xdik cf t kH rSw2f wGix f ikd af eaom q&mawmfwpfyg;onf oGuf oGufvufvufjzifh olYxkdifcHkrS xum ]qkawmif;Mu&atmif} [k q d k u m jynf c spf o m;ES i f h zvrf;odkYvdkufygvmaom c&D; onfrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf qk a wmif ; ay;vd k u f y gonf / pdwx f w J iG rf arYEikd yf g/um;&yfNy;D qkawmif;jcif;trIjyKonfU a'o onf wdkYwpfawG&JY csif;jynf e,fc&D;ESifh csif;vlrsdK;rsm;om r[k w f y gvm;[k Bud w f N yD ; *kPf,l0rf;omrdygonf/ owd&p&myifr[kwaf ybl;vm;/ c&D;onfrsm;twGuf pdwfESvHk; csrf ; ajrU a pvG e f ; vS y gonf / csif;jynfonf omaypG[kyif qdrk yd gonf/ ab;wpfcsufa0UMunfU rdawmh’&Icif;omqdkonfh qdkif; bkwu f av;udk awGrY v d u kd o f nf ESihf aexGu&f mzufoYkd rsuEf mS rl um uav;NrdKY\ om,mvSy vGe;f aom &Icif;ud&k pI m;rdygonf/ &ifxJwGif azmfrjyEdkifavmuf atmif aysmf&Tifrdygonf/ xdk tcsed w f iG f uReaf wmfEiS t hf wlyg vmonfo U il ,fcsi;f xHrS ]q&m wd&Yk cUJ si;f awmifuwu,fom,m w,faemf}[k uRefawmfhudkzGifh ajymvdkufavawmhonf/rSefyg onf/ &Icif;omrS &Ipm;olwdkif; oluJhodkYyif zGifhajymrdMurnfrSm rkcs{uefyifjzpfygonf/wjznf; jznf; awmifay:um;vrf;rBuD; wdkif; armif;ESifwufvmMu onft h cgwiG f yd&k NI i;D zG,af umif; vS a om csif ; awmif w ef ; \ aqmif;reufcif;tvSudk cHpm; cG i f h & &d S v mygawmh o nf / csif ; awmifwef;odYk wpfcgrrS a&muf zl;ao;aom uRefawmfholi,f csi;f oH;k a,mufw\ Ykd yg;pyfzsm; wGif ][if [,f vSvu kd w f m} qd k o nf h t mar!d w f o H y gonf U toH? odu©mudkyifrxdef;EdkifbJ tus,fBuD;zGifhajym csD;rGrf;Mu ygavawmhonf/ jzpfoifhyg onf? jzpfxu kd yf gonf/trSeyf if vSyaomt&mudk csD;rGrf;*kPf azmfonfUtcg odu©mxdef;p&m rvdyk g/ pdwx f rJ mS &do S nft U wdik ;f ? t&dSudkt&Sdtwdkif; zGifhajymjcif; onf obm0usygonf/ tcsdefonfwjznf; jznf; oGm;aeygonf/ uReaf wmf wdkYvnf;csif;jynfe,fwGif;udk wjznf;jznf;0ifa&mufaeygNyD/ vrf;c&D;wpfavQmuf awmif Zvyf yGifhaeNyDwum;[k teD a&mif & d S a om tyif w d k i f ; ud k awmif Z vyf y ef ; txif j zif h &Ipm;Munfh&Iaerdonfuvnf; tarm/ odkYaomfrarmEdkifyg/ jrifcsiv f o S nfZh vyfeeD &D &J t J yGihf udk rarmwrf;&SmazGMunfrU ad eyg onf/ b,favmufMumMum &SmazGMunfrU ad omfvnf; awmif Zvyfyef;udkrawGYrdyg/ odkYaomf vnf; tvGeyf ifqaJG qmifr&I NSd y;D pmrsufESm(18)rStquf ao;/ (pum;ajymwkef; usus oGm;vkYd jyefjyefaumufwif&wJU 'ku©ukd onf;nnf;cH&if;eJh)/ tJ'gu olr&JY ukd,fykdifcH,l csufeJh qkH;jzwfcsuf/ a,musfm;wpfa,mufu tarpk 0 wf x m;wm b,f avmuf ,Ofaus;vSyodrfarGY ovJ/ olv Y ydk J jrefrmtrsK;d orD; awGvu dk 0f wfMuygvYdk wku d w f eG ;f wmukdvnf; wpfae&m&mrSm zwfz;l ygw,f/rSew f mayg/U b,f avmuf ,Ofaus;vSyodrfarGY ovJ/uRerf awGzY ;l orQ ("mwfyHk ajymwmyg)xJrmS qk&d ifa':atmif qef ; pk M unf e J h uG , f v G e f o l pma&;q&mr rav;vk H [ m usuo f a&t&Sq d ;Hk jrefrmtrsK;d orD;awGyg/ uRerf olwu hdk dk odyf oabmusayr,fv h nf; olwv Ydk dk vku d rf 0wfEidk yf gb;l / pdwu f ;l xJ awmifrxnfU&J/ olwdkY&JY tajc taet& ESpfa,mufpvkH;[m r[m&efuek Nf rK&Yd YJ &k;H wuf?&;Hk qif; csdef bufpfum;wkd;pD;zl;Murnf rxifyg/ qif;&J&Smol uRefrrSm awmU b,favmufyJusyfusyf py,f , mawG u aemuf r S m tacsmifBuD; 0goemyg&ifabm vkH;uefvkdYawmif&w,fqkdwJU 39 um;awGrSm aehwkdif; >ywf odyMf uyfnyfx;dk xnfjU cif; cHae& ygw,f/ tajctaet& uRerf &JYa&G;cs,frIuawmU ]*sif;}/ uHaumif;axmufrvkdY bufpf um;ay: xbDuRwfusolrsm; wpfcgrSrawGYzl;yg/ ykqkd;uRwf cgeD;av;awmU BuKHzl;ygw,f/ py,f , m&J Y trd e f h a wmf t & um;r&yfcifxtoGm;rSm ol atmfNy;D tultnDawmif;vku d f ygw,f/ ]rdef;ra& vkyfygOD;} awmfao;wmayg?U olrY ed ;f rtqGJ jrefayvk/Yd olv Y ufxu J txkyf awGukdaNymwmyg/ wpfcgu vnf; uRefrab;rSmxkdifwJU a,musmf ;wpfa,muf txrSm xkdifckHu oHacsmif;NidoGm;vkdY ykq;dk topfav; Nyo J mG ;zl;w,f/ uRefru *sif;0wfawmU ayguf oG m ;NyJ o G m ;vnf ; pwk d i f b J ? t&SufruGJbl;/ tJ'gu uRefr tawG;/ xl;jcm;vSonfh jrifuiG ;f wpfcu k kd awmh pdwv f yI &f mS ;pGmawGrY ad eNy/D raeEdkifyg/um;rSefjywif;ayguf udk taemufzufodkY tomu av; wGef;zGifhrdonf/ oli,f csif;\ycHk;udk vufESifhwdkhum ]MunfhvdkufygOD;. [dk;a&SYzufu &Icif;Bu;D ud}k [k ajymvdu k o f nf ESifh uRefawmhfoli,fcsif;onf vn;f csuf c sif ; qd k o vd k y if ][m igMunfUaewmMumygNyD? tm&Hyk suaf tmifrvkyef aYJ vuGm} [k avmbygaom a'gopdwf ESifh uRefawmhfudkjyefajymvdkuf onfudkawmh Mum;rdvdkufao; onf/ xdkjrifuGif;rSmawmif wef;MuD;rsm;ay:wGif nDnm ajzmifhjzL;um jzLazG;vSyaom wdrfvGifjyifus,fMuD;yifjzpfyg onf/ urmÇay:wGif xdkuJhodkY aom wdrfvGifjyifBuD;r&dSyg/ &dScJvSygonf/ csif;jynfe,f twGu&f ;kd tDaeNyjD zpfaomfvn;f tjcm;urmÇay:wGif tvGefxl; jcm;vSonfh wdrv f iG jf yifBu;D ydik f qdkifaom csif;jynfe,fygvm;/ tvG e f y if o m,m vS y NyD ; xl ; jcm;vS a om csif ; jynfe,f\ obm0&Icif;udk &Ipm;&if; awmifay:&Gmav; wpf&mG jzpfaom Ag;vH&k mG av;odYk a&muf&dSvmygjyD/ a&mufaeMu ae&mqdkayr,fh ra&mufwm MumNyDrdkY a&mufcsifvSygonf/ odEYk iS yhf if Ag;vH&k mG udk 0if&if;ESihf ]csi;f csupf m;&atmif] [k qdik f ra&mufcifrSmyif a<u;aMumf aMunmESifhNyDav/ a&mufvm onfESifh csif;csuf[if;rsdK;pHk? *sDom;? 0ufom;? Muufom;ESifh EGm;aemufom;rsm;udk Nrdefa& &Sufa&tm;&yg;& qifETJav awmh wwd,urÇmppfBu;D jzpf cJh&ifawmif qufvufqifETJzdkY qHk;jzwfcsuf cdkifrmpGmcsxm;NyD; 0d k i f ; wG , f v d k u f M uavonf / t&omaumif;yHku ajym&HkESifh rauseyfEikd /f aemufq;kH ]'g[m vnf; csif;jynf&JY qGJaqmifrI wpfckyg}[kyif todtrSwfjyK avawmhonf/ c&D ; quf M uonf / zvrf;NrdKYudk wjznf;jznf;csOf; uyfvmonft h cgwiG f vkrb f ef; awmifrS csif;jynf\tvSudk wcPwmavmufai;rdonf/ xdkrSrPdyl&jrpfESifh jrpful;wH wm;? Am&fpcef;wdkYrS wjznf; jznf;csif;wufvmawmh csif; vlrsdK;rsm;\ ordkif;0ifae&mjzpf aom vdik v f eG u f jkd zwfausm&f if; &Ipm;rdonf/pdwx f w J iG f csi;f bd;k ab;rsm;taMumif;ESifh 4if;wdkY touf&iS yf w kH u Ykd kd pdwu f ;l ,OfykH azmfum yHk&dyfwpfckudk a&;a&; av;jrifa,mifrdonf/ opöm &dSjcif;ESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;yHk&dyf yifjzpfygonf/ ]zvrf;NrdKYrSBudK qd k y g\} qd k o nf U q d k i f ; bk w f uav;udk qvdkif;qGefusJtdk rSww f ikd af usmuf&&Sd mae&mrS jrif awGYvdkufawmh ydkom,mvSy vmrnfh csi;f awmif\tem*wf tay: rSDcdkcsifrdaeygonf/ zvrf ; Nrd K Y a &muf awmh csif ; vl r sd K ;rsm; Nrd K Y wnfaqmufy?kH csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;\ vlaerItqifhtwef;ESifh a&SY tvm;tvmaumif ; rsm;ud k avhvmrdygonf/ pdwfxJwGif ]auseyfw,fuGm? t&rf;udk auseyfrdw,fuGm/ avqdyf vnf;rMumcifpwifwnfaqmuf awmhr,f/ zvrf;udke,fjcm; qufo, G f vrf;rBu;D awGvnf; aygufawmhr,f/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm; ydkzGHYNzdK;awmhr,f? ydkíydkí} [l íyif/ tcsdefuvnf;ukef rSe;f roduek v f eG af vNy/D pdwx f J wGif tvdkvdkidkcsifaerdonf/ zvrf;NrdKYudk xm;cJh&awmhrnf/ trdajrudk wzefausmcdkif;& awmhrnf/om,mvSyvGe;f onfU csif ; awmif w ef ; BuD ; rsm;ES i f h EI w f q uf v rf ; cJ G & awmh r nf / b,f o l r id k b J a eEd k i f r S m vJ / tvdkvdkESifhrsuf&nf0JvmygNyD/ rwwfEdkifyg/ csif;jynfudk rcspf vdx Yk m;cJo h nfrrS [kwb f /J tvkyf oabmt& acwÅ c Pwm aexdkif&m &efukefodkh Nyefvm cJhygonf/ rsm;rMumrD ]csif; jynfe,frES w I cf eG ;f qufoyg\} qdo k nfq U ikd ;f bkwu f akd wGrY o d nf/ tvdkvdkESifh0rf;enf;rdygonf/ a0;cJhNyDayghav/ xdkodkYawG;ae csdefrSmyif uRefawmfESifhtwl ygvmonfh q&mrwpfa,muf u ]aMomf? csi;f jynf&,f "gwyf kH xJu r[kwaf wmhb;l / AD', D x kd J rSmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? ADp'D ?D 'DA'D D oDcsif;acGrSmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ AD', D zkd efom;jyifay:r&S pI m;cJo h nfU csif;jynf? ,ck uRefrudk,fwdkif a&mufaeygNyD? aMomf om,m vSyvdu k w f chJ si;f jynf&,f aemuf wpfacguv f mcsiyf gao;w,f}[k ajymoHMum;vdkufawmh ,ck uRefawmfonf csif;jynfESifh ta0;wpfae&mudk a&mufae NyDwum;[k jyefowd&rdaeyg onf/ a,mifNy;D uReaf wmfvnf; ]csif;jynfudkaemufwpfacguf a&mufcsiaf o;w,f} [ka&&Gwf &if; . . . . ./ zGef[&efatG(auqrfyD) tjyifrSm rw&m;wkdwJU abmif;bD? puwfawG (Dr. East &JY pum;vkH;ukd iSm;&&if awmU painfully short aygaU v) 0wfwUJ rde;f uav;awGuadk wGrY d wkid ;f rawG;vku d b f J raeEkid b f ;l / bmjzpfvo Ydk w l Ydk 'Dv0dk wf&ovJ/ olwu hdk Mdk unfw Y UJ a,musmf ;av; awG&JU pdwfxJrSma&m b,fvkd tawG;rsm;a&mufaervJ/ usr em;vnfoavmufq&dk if olwYdk 'Dv0dk wfxm;wm[m a,musmf ; awG&JY tm&kHukdzrf;pm;ekdifzkYd? qGJ aqmifEidk zf /Ydk wcsKaYd ,musmf ;awG uawmU oabmawGusrSmaygU/ wcsKdYusawmU rMunfUbJvnf; raeEk d i f / pd w f x J u vnf ; txifao;/ wpfzufrmS uRerf awG;rdwmu rdef;uav;awG&JY 0wfpm;rI[m a,musfm;awG awGcY sijf rifcsiw f m&JY reflection vnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f/ NyD;awmU a,musf m ;awG u rd e f ; rawG tay: rSm double standard okH;w,fvkdh uRefrxifw,f/ olwdkY rsufvkH;awGu BuKduf w,f? axmufcw H ,f? 'gayr,fh yg;pyfurkef;w,f? &Iwfcsw,f/ NyD;awmU tJ'D double standard aMumifrU ed ;f uav;awG a0cGrJ & 'kua© &mufaeMuw,f/ aumif; aumif;zkH;xm;zdxm;&ifvnf; b,folrSrMunfUcsif? azmfxm; jyef a wmU v nf ; t&I w f c scH / rSefovm; rodbl;/ Equality vka hd tmfatmfaeMuwJU 'DacwfBu;D rSm trsK;d orD;awGu trsK;d om;awGehJ wef;wlvo l m; awGtjzpf todtrSwfjyKcHcsif &ifawmU rde;f uav;awG rdrw d hdk &JaY ygiw f aH wGomru OD;aESmuf pGrf;&nfukdyg a,musfm;awGukd jyzkYd vkyd gvrd rYf nf/ tJ'v D v dk u dk f vkyfr,fqkd&if wpfckBudKwif owday;yg&ap/ vif&Ekdifacs &mEIef;usoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ r,kH &if prf;MunfUyg/ aocsmcsif&if okawoevkyfMu/ a,musfm; awGudk em;rvnfb;l vkYd pum; yvÈifcHNyD; pa&;xm;wm/ tck awmU a&;&if; awG;&if;? a&;&if; pOf ; pm;&if ; eJ h em;vnf v m ovkv d /dk cs,f&DrIef; zGe[ f &efatG(auqrfy)D 19 Vol. 1, No.3 M-2 vd*fNydKifyGJtwGuf toifhjzpfaeonfh CUFC ESifh olwdkh\yGJBudK&ifckefoHrsm; qvk d i f ; yD w m csif;wpfrsdK;om;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyK&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ay:xu G v f mcJaU om abmvH;k uvyftoif;wpfoif;jzpfonhf Chin United Football Club (CUFC) onf ,ref E S p f u tm;enf;csurf sm;aMumifh MNL vd*Nf yKd iyf rJG S wef;qif;cJ&U aomfvnf; ,ck M-2 vd*fNydKifyGJudk taxGaxGBudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;ESifhtwl vmrnfh (16)&ufaeh? azazmf0g&DvwGif arm&0wDtoif;ESifh yGJOD;xGufupm;&rnfhyGJpOftwGuf tqifoifUjzpfaecJUNyDjzpfaMumif; od & onf / xd k h j yif taumif ; qH k ; jyif q if r I r sm;ES i f h t wl csif;abmvHk;y&dowfrsm;a&SYarSmufodkh wpfausmhjyef jyefvnf a&muf&SdvmawmhrnfjzpfaMumif;ESifh y&dowfrsm;\tm;ay;rI vufcyk o f rH sm;onf csi;f ,lEu kd w f ufabmvH;k toif;twGuf t"du tm;tifjzpfaprnfhtaMumif;rsm;udk csif;a0gvfrSwqifh azmfjy ay;vd k u f y gonf / xd k h a emuf w m0ef & S d o l r sm;ud k CUFC ESifhywfoufNyD; qufvufar;jref;cJhygonf/ a'gufwmvsefqdkif;(toif;ydkif&Sif) ar;/ toif;pyGefqmtaeeJh 'DESpfrSm Company awGeJh pmcsKyf csKyfxm;wmawG&Sdygovm;/ ajz/ AMC eJhnSdxm;wmawmh &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh pmcsKyfawmh rcsKyf&ao;ygbl;/ ar;/ CUFC udk abmvH;k tzGcYJ sKyu f ae axmufyu UH n l w D m rsKd ;&Syd govm;? Ny;D awmU abmvH;k yGaJ wGrmS uGi;f 0ifaMu;awGuakd um b,favmufaumufcHrvJqdkwm odcsifygw,f/ ajz/ abmvHk;tzGJYcsKyfuaeaxmufyHUulnDwmrsdK; r&Sdygbl;/ uGi;f 0ifaMu;udak wmh wpfa,mufu0kd ifaMu; (500)usyf aumufcH oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ ar;/ CUFCy&dowfawGtwGuf o,f,lydkhaqmifa&; twGufaum pDpOfay;zkdkh pOf;pm;xm;wm&Sdygovm;/ ajz/ &Syd gw,f? 'gayr,fh avmavmq,fuawmh arSmb f rD mS yJ xm;ay;EdkifOD;r,f/ txl;ojzifh rdbrJUuav;ausmif;awGrSmaygh/ usefwmusawmh uRefawmfwdkhrSmvnf; b@ma&; tcuftcJu &Sdjyefawmh odyfrwwfEdkifbl;aygh/ ar;/ CUFC y&dowfawGuakd um bmrsm;ajymcsiyf gao;vJ/ ajz/ uRef a wmf w d k h u d k tm;ay;Muygvd k h ? uRef a wmf w d k h 'DESpftwef;jyefwufEdkifatmif BudK;pm;oGm;MurSmygvdkh/ OD;qef;0if;(enf;jycsKyf) ar;/ Nyd K if y G J r pwif u mvrS m ajcprf ; yG J u pm;cJ U w mrsd K ; &Syd govm;? Ny;D awmh yGOJ ;D xGu&f ifqikd &f rJU jr0wDtoif;eJyh wfoufvhkd b,fvdkoHk;oyfygovJ/ ajz/ ajcprf ; yG J u pm;wmrsd K ;awmh r&S d y gbl ; / jr0wD e J h upm;&r,fhyGJeJhywfoufvdkhawmh uRefawmfwdkhEdkifrSmyg/ ar;/ 'DNydKifyGJrSm b,ftoif;awGu csif;,lEdkufwuf&JY t"duNyKd ib f ufawGjzpfvmr,fvhkd oH;k oyfygovJ/ bmaMumifv h J qdkwmav;yg ajymjyay;yg/ ajz/ t"duNydKifbuftaeeJhuawmh jr0wDyg? bmvdkhvnf;qdkawmh olwdkhu cHppfOD;pm;ay;toif;jzpfvdkhyg/ ar;/ y&dowfawGtwGuf ajymcsifwJUpum;u/ ajz/ y&dowfawGaysmEf ikd zf t hdk wGuf uReaf wmfwBhkd uKd ;pm;oGm; rSmygvdkh/ atmifrsdK;oefh(toif;acgif;aqmif) ar;/ jr0wDtoif;eJhyGJOD;xGufupm;&r,fh yGJtwGuf bmrsm; ajymcsifygovJ/ ajz/ yGJOD;xGufrSm tEdkif&&Sdzdkh uRefawmfwdkh tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm; oGm;rSmyg/ jr0wDvnf; toif;aumif;wpfoif;yg/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkh tEdkifupm;oGm;rSmyg/ ar;/ CUFC y&d o wf a wG t wG u f pum;av;wpf c G e f ; avmufajymay;ygOD;/ ajz/ CUFC y&dowfBuD;taeeJh uRefawmfwdkhudk tm;ay; ygOD;vdkh? uRefawmfwdkhtwef;jyefwufEdkifatmif BudK;pm;oGm;MurSm ygvdkh/ 1. 16-2-2013 Myanmar National League – 2 (2013) CHIN UNITED FOOTBALL CLUB Saturday Chin United FC VsMyawady FC 3:30 Padonmar 2. 22-2-2013 Friday U – 19 FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 3. 3-3-2013 Sunday ChinUnitedFCVsMichelia FC 3:30 Padonmar 4. 8-3-2013 Friday Best United FC Vs Chin United FC 3:30 Salin 5. 24-3-2013 Sunday Chin United FC Vs GFA FC 3:30 Padonmar 6. 29-3-2013 Friday Chin United FC Vs Horizon FC 3:30 Padonmar 7. 6-4-2013 Saturday Chin United FC VsMawyawadi FC 3:30 Padonmar 8. 21-4- 2013 Sunday Chin United FC Vs Dagon FC 3:30 Salin tajymif;ta&TY aps;uGuf aemuf q H k ; owif ; 9. 26-4-2013 Friday Horizon FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 10. 3-5-2013 Friday Chin United FCVs Best United FC 3:30 Padonmar ,ciftywf Chin World News Journal twGJ (1)? trSwf (2) wGif awGYqHkar;jref; cJhaom csif;,lEdkuf wuf toif;\ EdkifiHjcm;om; upm;orm; (3) OD;xJrS aemufwef; upm;orm; jzpfaom Joseph Monu Dennis onf vdkifab;&D; ,m;EdkifiH&Sd ol\ toif; a[mif;xHrS ITC (international Transfer Certificate) tcsdefrD r&&SdEdkif jcif;aMumifh CUFC toif; ESihf vrf;cGcJ &hJ onf/ ol\ ae&mwGif MNL Nyd K if y G J Southern Myanmar toif ; rS Edkif*sD;&D;,m;upm; orm; Sunny Jackson tm; tpm;xdk; jznfhqnf;cJh onf[k od&onf/ 11. 12-5-2013 Sunday Dagon FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 12. 18-5-2013 Saturday Michelia FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 13. 1-6-2013 Saturday Mawyawadi FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 14. 9-6-2013 Sunday GFA FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 15. 14-6-2013 Friday Chin United FC Vs U – 19 FC 3:30 Padonmar 16. 22-6-2013 Saturday Myawady FC VsChin United FC 3:30 Padonmar 17. 28-6-2013 Friday 3:30 Thuwana 20 Final 16 February 2013 ]ac:El;rfokef;(c){&mrawmifBuD;} ajrrsufESmjyif csif;awmifwef;onf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;\ tqufjzpfí ajrmufzufpGef;wGif ywfuGdKifawmif? em*awmif? csi;f awmif?&ckid ½f ;dk rawmifwef;[lí ]]em*&}}tiltxd qif;oGm; avonf/þawmifwef;wGif jrefrmjynf\taemufzufwGif wwd,tjrifhqkH;jzpfaom a'ocHcsKd;csif;wkdYtac: ]]ac:El; rokef;}} (KHAW NU M’HTUNG)ac: ]]0dwkd&d,}} awmif&Sd\/ csKd;csif;wkdY\e,fajronf wu,fhtaemuf½kd;rawmifwef;BuD; jzpfonf/ csK;d csi;f wk\ Yd e,fajronf wu,ft h aemuf½;dk rawmif wef;BuD;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm acsmif;tvQKdvQKd? ajrmiftxyf xyf? cifwef;tzkHzkH? &*kHtqef;qef;wkdYjzifhNyD;\/ac:El;rokef; awmifxdyfay:rSMunfhvkdufvQifft&yf&SpfrsufESmukd ai;rqkH;? armfrqk;H awGUjrifEidk o f nft h jyif acsmif;Bu;D ? acsmif;i,f? awmif wef;? awmifpG,frsm;tjyifajrjyefYvGifjyifwkdYukdvnf; ta&SUESifh ta&SUawmifzufwiG af wGUjrifEidk o f nf/ rif;wyfEiS hf uefyufvuf NrdKUe,fwpfckvkH;ukd aumif;pGmpkd;rkd;jrifawGUEkdifvsuf&Sdayonf/ aemufcHorkdif; e,fcsJUtpkd;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHukd ESpfaygif; 123 ESpw f idk w f idk t f yk cf sKycf o hJ nf[k qkv d ifu h pm;csK;d csi;f wkeYd ,fajray:okYd a&muf&cdS MhJ uonfrmS ESpaf ygif;(58)ESpcf efo Y m&Scd o hJ nf/ ,if;wkYd teuf csK;d csi;f wkeYd ,fajrtcsKUd okYd t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wk\ Yd tkycf sKyaf &; pepfra&muf&SdcJhonfh e,fajrrsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf þ ]]ac:El; roke;f }} ac: ]]{&mrawmifBu;D }}\ taemufzufywf0ef;usirf sm; onf,aeYxufwidk f vGwv f yfonfeh ,fajrrsm;tjzpfwnf&adS eqJ jzpfonf/ þa'oonf rif;wyfNrdKUe,f\ taemufbufESifh taemufawmif? uefyufvufNrdKUe,f\ taemufbuf? rwlyD NrKd Ue,f\ awmifbuf? yvuf0NrKd Ue,f\ ta&SUESihf ta&SUawmif bufjzpfonf]h ]{&mrawmBu;D jrufrnf;}}jzpfNy;D awmqif½idk ;f rsm;? ajymif? usm;BuD;rsm;? awm0ufponfhawm½kdif;wd&pämefwkdYESifh jynfhESufvQuf&SdNyD; ,cifuqkdvQif BuHYrsm;yifvQifaexkdif usufpm;cJhMuonf/ csKd;vlrsKd;rsm; rif;wyfEiS u hf efyufvufNrKd Ue,f&dS rsK;d EG,pf rk sm;ukd csK;d vl rsK;d rsm; (K’CHO) [kac:onf/ þESpNf rKd Ue,fww Ydk iG f t"dutm; jzifh rsKd;EG,fpk(5)rsKd;&Sdonf/ rGif; (MÜN)? ruef; (M’KANG)? i&(Ng’gah) ? tGyyf ;l (Üppü) ESihf 'dik (f DAI) vlrsKd ;wdjYk zpfMuonf/ tGyfyl; (Üppü) udk aESmufwl (Hnok Tu)[lívnf;aumif; ]]csif;yHk}} [lívnf;aumif; ac:a0:Muaomfvnf; rsdK;EG,fpk wpfckwnf;omjzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl½dk;&m0wfpHkudk &ifESif;txd om0wfqifNyD; acsmif;\ta&SUbufurf;wGif tajccsaexdkif onfh vlrsKd ;udt k a&SU&if;[lívnf;aumif; ½d;k &m0wfpu kH &dk ifEiS ;f txd0wfqifNyD; acsmif;\taemufbufurf;wGif tajccs aexdkifonfh vlrsdK;udktaemuf&if;[lívnf;aumif; jrefrmpm a&;q&mrsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm ac:a0:orkwfcJhMuaomfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;rSm 'dkif (DAI) rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;yifjzpfonf/ uefywfvufNrdKUe,fESihf 12 rdkif 3zmvHktuGmwGif wnf&Sdaomayaygif; 10200 ayjrifhrm;onfh ac:El;rokef; (Khaw Nu M’htung) ac: 0d w d k & d , awmif (Mt.Victoria) wnf&NdS y;D ? a'ocsi;f tac:ta0:ukd jrefrmteuft"dygÜ ,f zGiq hf dk rnfqkdygu ]]{&mrawmifBuD;}} [kt"dyÜg,f&\/ ,if;udk vGefcJh onfh 1975 ckESpfcefYü t"dyÜg,fvGJacsmfpGm ]]ewfrawmif}} [k bmomjyefíorkwcf MhJ uonf/ csi;f jynfe,f\ tjrifq h ;kH awmif ac:El;rokef; (c) ]]{&mrawmifBuD;}} ywf0ef;usifonf awm awmifxx l yfNy;D urÇmay:wGi&f mS ;yg;onfh wd&pd mä efrsm;&So d nf/ xdkYaMumifhEdkifiHawmftpdk;&u a&S;a[mif; tarGtESpfxdef;odrf; onfhtm;jzifh ]]trsdK;om;O,smOf}} (National Park)tjzpfowf rSwfxm;ayonf/ac:El;roef;ywf0ef;usifonf awmifxlxyf onfhtm;avsmfpGmawmifwef;? awmifpG,f? awmifaMumwpf avQmufwiG f tjcm;urÇma'owGirf &So d nfh iSurf sKd ;pdww f pfrsK;d ukd &Sm;yg;pGmawGU&Sjd cif;? rsKd ;wGi;f rSiyk v f QKd ;aeaom opfyifyef;refrsm;udk urÇmh½ku©aA'ZmwfcHkay:wGif xGufay:apavonf/ tdE´d,jynfbk&ifr[kbGJUemr,lxm;aom NAdwdoQ NAdwdoQwdkYonf csif;awmifudk jynfrESihf uif;uGmap&ef vkyfaqmifvmMuonf? csif;awmif c½dik uf efyufvufe,fukd yckuLú awmifwef; pD&ifptk jzpf tkyfcsKyf&mrS uefyufvufNrdKUe,fydkif½Hk;udk zvrf; ta&;ydkifvufatmuftjzpfodkY xm;vdkufavonf bk&ifr\ ESpif g;q,fajrmufarG;aeYukd *kPjf yKaomtm;jzifh 1888 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (23) &ufaeYwiG f ac:El;roke;f awmifBu;D udk 0dw&kd , d (Mt. Victoria)awmif[kac:a0:orkwfcJhMuonf/ jrefrmjynf atmuftpGe;f ydik ;f jzpfaom (0dw&kd , d til) ESihf twlwyl if trnf emrwyfí *kPfjyKcJhMuonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhqifh awmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifEiS hf awmifa,me,fwu Ykd kd 1898 ckESpftxd wpfe,fwnf;owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ oDaygrif;MoZmcH jzpfaom xD;vif;? a,mNrdKU? aqmESifhavmif;&SnfwdkYwGif; NrdKUol Bu;D rsm;ceft Y yfí tkycf sKycf MhJ uonf/ 1887 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv aemuf q H k ; tywf w G i f yk * H t a&;yd k i f uyÜ w d e f (G.S.Eyre) *st D uf(pf)tJ,m;u a,me,fwpfcv k ;kH udo k rd ;f ydu k cf o hJ nf/ 1889 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (11)&ufaeYwGif a,me,fudk yckuúLc½dkif atmufwiG f xnfo h iG ;f cJo h nf/ 1889 ckEpS f ESpq f ;kH wGif rif;wyfrS [Davmif; (rdkif 20) txd? usif;taemufzufwGif usifrS rdkif 50 rIe;f olEeI ;f (Hmung Htu Nung) txdord ;f ydu k t f yk cf sKycf o hJ nf/ [Davmif;\wpfjcm;wpfzufESifh ac:El;rokef;taemufzufudk rtkycf sKy&f ao;aom e,fajrtjzpfowfrw S cf MhJ uonf/ odjYk zpfí NAdwdoQwkdYonf awmifydkif;csif;awmiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk 1890 ckESpfrSom pwifEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKUe,f½Hk;ESife,fydkif½Hk;rsm; 1890 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif a,mNrKd Ue,fü c½dik ½f ;kH rsm; zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ 4if;udjk yefvnf½yk o f rd ;f Ny;D a,mNrKd U\ajrmufbuf (6) rdik t f uGmwGi&f adS om ]]yqky}f }&GmwGizf iG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ tvm;wl 1887 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGifavmif;&SnfNrdKUü zGifhvSpfaom NrKd Utky½f ;kH udk (10.9.1891) wGi½f yk o f rd ;f vdu k Nf y;D avmif;&Snrf S ½kyo f rd ;f vdu k af om NrKd Utky½f ;kH udk rif;wyfoaYkd jymif;a&TUzGiv hf pS cf ahJ v onf/ þodjYk zifh awmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifwiG f rif;wyfNrKd Uü NrKd Utky½f ;kH udak &S;OD;pGmzGiv hf pS cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí rwlyeD iS hf yvuf0wdrYk S vGJí awmifydkif;csif;awmifwpfckvHk;onf yqkyfe,ftwGif;odkY usa&mufomG ;cJ&h onf/ 1891 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif a,mNrKd Ue,f ydkif½Hk;zGifhí avmif;&SnfudkvufatmufcHtjzpf xm;&SdcJhonf/ rif;wyfEiS fh yckuLú vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;onf rd;k &moDwiG cf ufcrJ I &So d jzifh 1902 ckEpS w f iG f rif;wyfrS uefyufvufNrKd UodYk ajymif;a&TU zGiv hf pS v f u kd &f avonf/ awmifykdi;fcsif;awmifa'oudk awmifa,ma'oESifh yl;wGt J yk cf sKyjf cif;rS oD;jcm;xGuv f suf yckuLú awmifwef;pD&ifp[ k k 1898 ckESpfwGif oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;ay;vkdufonf/ xdkYaemufyckuúL awmifwef;pD&ifpu k kd yckuLú c½dik rf cS x JG w k í f rauG;rS wdu k ½f u kd t f yk f csKyfvmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfa&; NAw d o d Qwo Ykd nf csi;f awmifukd jynfrESicfh jJG cm;tkycf sKyf &ef vkyaf qmifvmMuonf/ csi;f awmifc½dik u f efyufvufe,fukd yckuLú awmifwef;pD&ifpt k jzpf tkycf sKy&f mrS uefyufvufNrKd Ue,f ydkif½Hk;udk zvrf;ta&;ydkifvufatmuftjzpfodkY xm;vdkufav onf/ odEYk iS ahf wmifyikd ;f csi;f awmifEiS hf ajrmufyikd ;f csi;f awmifwu Ykd kd 21 qvdkif;&Sdef;xGef; 1929 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif aygif;pnf;cJhav onf/ wkdufolBuD;? acsmif;tkyfrsm;cefYtyfí ya'o&pfpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf/ t*FvdyfwdkYonf þawmifykdif;csif;awmifa'oudk tkycf sKycf o hJ nfqakd omfvnf; a'ocHvrl sKd ;rsm;\ wd;k wufzUHG NzKd ;rI twGuf rnfonft h &mudrk Q raqmif&u G cf MhJ uay/ vGwv f yfa&; &&Sv d monft h cgwGiv f nf; þa'oonf armifuse&f pfyifjzpfc&hJ onf/ tkycf sKyaf &;tqifq h ifEh iS hf acwftqufqufajymif;cJah omf vnf;þac:El;roke;f (ac:){&mrawmifBu;D \ ywf0ef;usio f nf rnfonft h pd;k &urS zGUH NzKd ;a&;vkyif e;fukd r,fr,f&& aqmif&u G f jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif þa'orS EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;udk acwfumvtqufqufwikd af tmif arG;xkwaf y;cJo h nfeh ,fajr tjzpf ordkif;wGif txift&Sm;rSwfausmufwifum wnf&Sdav onf/ rSeaf ompum;qdí k om"ujy&rnfqv kd Qif jrefrmhq&kd , S f vpfvrf;pOfygwD (r.q.v)acwfwiG f uefywfvuf rJqE´e,frS AdkvfrSL;BuD; qGefac:0kef; (pD&if;csif;) ESifh AdkvfrSL;BuD; cdkifrGef;rmef (pD&if;csif;) wdkYonf þrJqE´e,frS EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm; jzpfcMhJ u&aomfvnf; zGUH NzKd ;a&;qdik &f mudp&ö yfrsm;ESihf tcGit hf a&; qdik &f mudp&ö yfrsm;wdw Yk iG f rodusKd ;uGsejf yKum vpfvsL½IcMhJ uonf/ xdkrQruao; armifusef&pfe,fajr\ ordkif;udk jyefajymif;Munf&h r,fqv kd Qif 1923 ckEpS u f kd cseí f r&ay/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf armifuse&f pfe,fajrjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;w&m; onf ordik ;f wGif arhazsmufír&Edik af tmifyif rSwaf usmufwif aecJh&jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ 1923 ckESpf? {NyDv? wyfwGif;qlylqE´jyrItp 1923 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif csif;trsdK;om;wdkYonf arNrdKU th th 4 / 70 ½dkifz,fwGif ppfrIxrf;Mu&onf/ wD;wdefNrdKUe,frS qD;&if;csi;f ESihf urfa[mifcsi;f wdo Yk nfvnf; xdw k yfwiG yf if ppfrI xrf;Mu&onf/ xdpk Ofu uefyufvufNrKd Ue,frS (rif;wyfNrKd Ue,f) qlyDwmar*smuGefref;'gjzpfonfh tGrfomvdef;xef; (Om Hta Ling Thang) onf csif;trsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif tqifhjrifhqHk;? tBuD;qHk;&mxl;udk &&Sdydkifqdkifxm;olwpfOD;jzpfonf/ NAdwdoQ t*Fvyd af cwfwiG f qlyw D mar*sm eufueG rf ef;'ef;onf wdik ;f &if; om;rsm;twGuf tjrifrh m;qH;k aom&mxl;jzpfonf/ xdo k w Ykd m0ef xrf;aqmifMupOfwiG f NAw d o d QwrYkd S qD;&if;csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf urf;a[mifcsi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;wdt Yk wGi;f &mxl;wd;k jri§ ahf y;aecsed f jzpfonf/ xdkodkY NAdwdoQwdkYrS &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhay;aecsdeftwGif; uHraumif;? taMumif;rvSpGm qD;&if;csif;trsdK;om;rsm;xJrS wpfpw kH pfO;D udrk Q &mxl;a&G;cs,f wd;k jri§ jhf cif;rjyKbJ urfa[mifcsi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;xJro S ma&G;cs,u f m NAw d o d Qwu Ykd &mxl;wd;k jri§ chf efY tyfcJhonfudk taMumif;jyKí qD&if;csif;trsdK;om;tzGJUrS rauseyfcJhMuay/ xkdYaMumifh 1923 ckESpf? {NyDvwpfreufwGif qD&if;csi;f trsKd ;om;tzGUJ onf Fatigue vkyNf y;D tjyefwiG f rdrw d \ Ykd ae&if;wyfwiG ;f ta&muf qD&if;csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;onf nHzh si;f onfjzpfí &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif;rcH&aMumif;? urfa[mifcsif;trsdK; om;rsm;onf awmfíwwfí &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif;cHMu&onf[k qdu k m remvd0k efwpkd w d jf zifh wpfnw D pfnw G w f nf;atmf[pfum qE´jyMuavawmhonf/ xdktcsif;t&mudk rarQmfvifhbJ &ifqdkifBuHKawGUcJhMu &onfh t*Fvyd w f o Ykd nf csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm; x<uykeu f ef? olyek x f Ny[ D k qdkum csufcsif;qdkovdkyif ppfwef;vsm; (Barrack) wpfckvHk;udk t*Fvdyfwyfu 0dkif;&Hxm;NyD; xdkpOfu qD&if;csif;trsdK;om;ESifh urfa[mifcsif;trsdK;om;rsm;xJrS &mxl;tBuD;qHk;jzpfcJh&onfh qlyw D maomifZcdik Ef iS w hf uG vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk &mxl;cs NyD; tm;vHk;udk vufeufzsufodrf; (Disarmed) jcif; cHMu&av onf/ xdw k yfwiG ;f qlyq l E´jyrIwiG f awmifyikd ;f uefyufvuf pmrsufESm(22)odkY Vol. 1, No.3 'Drkdua&pD toGif ul;ajymif;vmNyD jzpfwJhtwGuf uRefaemfwkdYcsif;trsKd;om;wkdYrSm vnf;ajr,mykid q f idk rf t I aMumif; [mawmfawmfta&;Bu;D vmygNy/D bkd;bGm;pOfquf tpOftvm tm;jzifh ykdifqkdifvmrIukd EkdifiH awmfzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya't& todtrSwfrjyKwJh twG u f jyóemwuf v m zG,fjzpfNyD; ajr,mykdifqkdifrI[m csif;a'owGifomruyJ jrefrm wjynfv;Hk &Sd wkid ;f &if;om;a'o toD ; oD ; rS m Issue topf jzpf v mzG , f & S d w J h t wG u f 'D aqmif;yg;ukd wifjya&;om;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ t*Fvdyfvufatmuf rusa&mufrw D pfumvywfv;Hk csif;trsKd;om;wkdYusifhokH;cJhwJh ajr,mykdifqkdifrI pepfukd rd&kd; zvm ajr,mykdifqkdifrIvkdY ac: wmjzpf y gw,f / a&T Y a jymif ; awmif , muk d rS D c k d t m;xm; touf&iS w f hJ csi;f vlt Y zGt YJ pnf; taejzifh rdom;pktvku d f awmif ,muGufrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifcJhMuyg w,f/ aus;&Gmwkdif;vkdvkd oD; jcm; vGwfvyfwJh aus;&GmawG jzpfwJhtwGuf aus;&Gm e,fed rdwfxm;&SdNyD; woD;yk*¾v 'grS r[kwf rdom;pktvku d f ykid q f idk f xm;rIr&Sw d hJ ajr,mrsm;ukv d nf; &yf&Gmtvkduf bkHykdifqkdifxm; vSsuf&SdMuygw,f/ woD;yk*¾v(0g)rdom;pk ykdifqkdifrI awmwpfae&mukd yxrOD;qkH; ckwx f iG f &Si;f vif;umawmif,m vkyfwJhvl(0g)rdom;pku ajr uGuu f ydk idk q f idk af vh&MdS uygw,f/ 'Dvadk jruGurf sK;d ukd rdom;pkxrJ mS tarGqufcHr,fholr&SdawmhwJh tcgrsKd;rSm wjcm;rdom;pkxJrS yxrOD;qkH; ckwfxGif&Sif;vif; olrS jyefvnfyidk q f idk cf &hJ ygw,f/ tarGqufcHr,fh olr&Sdjcif; qk&d mrSmvnf;rsK;d okO;f oGm;jcif;ESihf tjcm;wpf & yf w pf a us;ok d Y csif;trsKd;om;wkdY&JY rd½dk;zvmajr,mykdifqkdifrItufOya' cGgeif;avaomif ajymif;a&TYoGm;jcif;qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd; ES p f p m; &S d y gw,f / wpf & yf wpfaus; okYd ajymif;a&Tt Y ajccs oGm;wJv h [ l m ola&mufwahJ e&m rSmyJ ykid q f idk f xm;avh&ydS gw,f/ taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh wpf&yfwpfaus; okYd ajymif;a&TcY hJ &Ny;D ESpt f wef MumrS jyefvnf a&mufvmw,f qk&d ifawmh olY rdom;pk ajruGuf ukd jyefvnf yk d i f q k d i f a vh &S d M uygw,f / ol w k d Y r &S d o nf h M um;umv ckwx f iG v f yk u f idk w f o hJ [ l m tJ'D ajruGufukd ykdifqkdifvkdYr&yg/ &yf&Gm(0g) bkHykdifqkdifrI awmawmifrsm;ukd emrnfoD; jcm;pDowfrSwfum ESpftvkduf tvSnfhus awmif,mpkdufysKd; avh&SdMuwJh csif;vlYtzGJYtpnf; rSm &Gmom;rsm; rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufurS ckwfxGif &Sif; vif;jcif;r&Sw d hJ ajr,muGurf sm; ukd bkHtvkduf ykdifqkdifxm;Mu ygw,f/ ajymif;a&TYckwfxGif &r,f h awmif , muG u f r sm; twGuf &GmvkH;uGswf tpnf; ta0;BuD; usif;yavh&SdMuyg w,f/awmif,muGuw f pfuu G f ukd ESpEf pS rf S ig;ESpt f xd &yf&mG &JY awmif,majr tus,ft0ef; tay:rw DS nfum ajymif;a&TaY vh &S d M uygw,f / b,f a e&mrS m b,folckwfrnfukd tJ'D&GmvkH; uGswf tpnf;ta0;rSmyJq;Hk jzwf avh&SdMuygw,f/ &Gmom;wkdif; [m ckid v f w Hk hJ taMumif;jycsuf r&Sb d J ae&mopfudk BuKd uo f vkd ckwfxGifcGifhr&SdMuygbl;/ ol ykdifqkdifwJh ajruGufu ajrqD raumif;wJhtwGufyJjzpfjzpf? rdom;pktwGurf vkaH vmufwm yJjzpfjzpf taMumif;jyNyD;awmh olBuKd uw f ahJ e&mopfuadk vSsmuf xm;avh&SdMuygw,f/ emrnf pmrsufESm(21)rStquf csi;f trsKd ;om;ESihf rif;wyfcsi;f trsKd ;om;wdo Yk nf ryg0ifcMhJ uay/ ,if;qlyrl aI emufyikd ;f &mxl;&mcH cscx H m;&onfh qlyw D maomif Zcdkifonf csif;trsdK;om;rsm;txJwGif tqifhjrifhqHk;? &mxl; tBuD;qHk;jzpfonfh tGrfomvdef;xef;xHwGif oGm;a&muftul tnD awmif;cHcJhavonf/ wD;wdefcsif;apmifwpfxnfESifh tmrD&rfwpfyv k if;udk qlyw D mar*smeuf uGerf ef;'ef;tGro f mvde;f xef;xH vufaqmifb@mtjzpf oGm;a&mufuefawmhNyD; ,ck tjzpftysufonf t*FvdyfwdkYtm; qefYusifhtmcHjcif;r[kwf aMumif;? qD;&if;ESihf urfa[mifwt Ykd Mum; rauseyfrjI yóemom jzpfaMumif;? odkYjzpfí tcsif;csif;tjcm;jyóemudk aqG;aEG;í ajz&Sif;EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif;? t*FvdyfwdkYtay: rauseyfí vkyfaqmifMujcif;r[kwfaMumif;udk qD;&if;? urfa[mifwdkY\ acgif;aqmifjzpfonfh qlyw D maomifZcdik rf S tGro f mvde;f xef;tm; &Sif;jytultnDawmif;cHcJh&m tGrfomvdef;xef;onfvnf; t*FvdyfwdkYxHodkY oGm;a&mufajymMum;ay;cJh&m t*FvdyfwdkYu rif;wyf? uefyufvufawGvnf;ygvm;[kqdkum tGrfomvdef; xef;ESihf vufatmufi,fom;wdu Yk ykd g ta&;,lco hJ jzifh uefyuf vuf (rif;wyf) om;wdo Yk nf rdrw d \ Ykd txufvBl u;D ta&;,lcH &onfukd 0rf;enf;aMuuGMJ uí ppfwyfrES w I x f u G u f m rdrad e&if; odkY jyefvmcJhMu&onf/ xdktcsdefrSpí uefyufvuf(rif;wyf)zufrSvlrsm; ppfwyfxJr0ifMuawmhojzifh tqufjywfcJhMu&NyD;? ppfwyfxJ 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJMh uonfo h rl sm;ESihf ¤if;wd\ Yk om;orD;rsm;om wyf ac:qkdjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; aus;&GmaumifpDqkdwm a&S;a&S; uwnf;u wnf&Sdxm;cJhMuyg w,f/ wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm ykHpH trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;Ekdifygw,f/ t"duvkyfaqmifcsufuawmh &Gmom;rsm;&JY ajr,mykid q f idk rf u I dk pepfwus uGufuJzkdYyJ jzpfyg w,f/ awmif,mckwfr&wJh awmawmif r sm;? b,f o l r S rckwfxGif&ao;wJh ajruGuf rsm;? &yf&GmBudK;0kdif;opfawm rsm;ukd aumifpD&JYpDrHuGufuJrI atmufrSm xm;cJhMuygw,f/ &Gmwkid ;f rSm rD;ab;tEå&m,fum uG,zf t Ydk wGuf &Gmywfywfvnf rSm BudK;0kdif;opfawm xm;avh &SdMuygw,f/ ajr,mtarGqufcHrI ajr,mukd tarGqufcyH idk cf iG [ hf m rsm;aomtm;jzifh om;axG;rsm; rSm &Sdwwfygw,f/ rdom;pk0if om;jzpfol taxG;qk;H u qufcH ykdifqkdifjcif; jzpfygw,f/ om; axG;rSm om;a,musmF ; rayguf zGg;awmhygu om;BuD;rS ayguf zGg;wJh om;OD;u tarGqufcH wmu ykdrsm;ygw,f/ OyrmatESifhbDu arG;csif; nDaemif jzpfcJh&if rdbawmif,muGuf ukd bDuqufc&H ygw,f/ bDrmS om;r&&S d a wmh y gu at&J h om;OD;ubDykdifqkdifwJh rdbajr uGufukd tarGqufcH&ygw,f/ wcsKcYd si;f vlt Y zGt YJ pnf;rSmawmh uGJjym;rI&Sdwwfygw,f/ om;OD; u tarGqufcHwmvJ &Sdwwf ygw,f/ t*FvdyfwkdY tkyfcsKyfa&;umv ajr,mykdifqkdifrI t*FvdyfawG 0ifa&mufvmwJh tcg awmawmiftvkduf ajr ,mykid q f idk rf u I jzpfvmygw,f/ tJ't D cgajrcGeu f v dk nf;aumufcH vmcJMh uygw,f/ wwfEidk o f w l Ydk taejzifh t*Fvdyftpkd;&xH ajr,mrsm;ukd rSwfykHwifxm; NyD; ykdifqkdifvmMuygw,f/ tJ'D olwyYdk idk q f idk rf t I wGi;f awmif,m vkyfuGufrsm;tay: olwkdYu tcGefjyefvnf aumufcHvmcJh Mujcif ; jzpf y gw,f / tJ ' gu ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepf jzpfyg w,f/ b,folrS rykdifqkdifwJh awmawmif q k d w m wu,f &Sm;yg;vmcJNh y;D &yf&mG BuKd ;0kid ;f ESihf awmuwk;H awGrt S y wpfawm wpfawmifvkH; olrsm;ykdifqkdifrI jzpfvmygawmhw,f/ xl;jcm; wmu 'Dvkdawmvkduf awmif vk d u f y k d i f q k d i f r I u rd o m;pk toD;oD;&JY ajruGuyf idk q f idk rf u I dk xdcu kd jf cif;r&Scd yhJ g/ igah wmyJ rif; vkyu f u G u f dk igciG rhf jyKb;l qkw d m rsKd; rvkyfcJhMuyg/ tpOftvm t& rdom;pkvkyfuGufrsm;&Jh yk d i f q k d i f r I [ m t&if t wk d i f ; qufvufomG ;aewmukd awG&Y ygw,f/ ykv d mwmu vkyu f u G f (0g)ajruGu&f t hJ cGeu f dk awmykid f &Siu f adk y;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/tcGef owfrSwfwmukdawmh awmykdif &Sifu pdwfBudKufvkyfaeMuyg w,f/wcsKdYuMuufwpfaumif awmif ; aecsd e f r S m wcsKd Y u 0ufrwpfaumif awmif;avh &SdMuygw,f/ awmykdif&Sif pdwf xm;aumif;raumif; tay:rmS rSDwnfygw,f/ awmawmif wpfcu k dk t*Fvyd x f H rSwyf w Hk if wJhtcg EGm;aemufwpfaumif uae awmus,f&if us,fo avmuf EGm;aemuftaumif rsm;rsm; ay;&ygw,f/ awm ykdif&Sifuvnf; olay;vkdufwJh EGm;aemuftaumifa& tay: tajccHNy;D rdom;pk ajruGuaf wG ukd tcGejf yefvnfpnf;Muyfavh wdk;wufcJhMu&m wyfxJ0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sdawmhonfh rif;wyf? uefyufvufom;wdo Yk nf ppfrx I rf;jcif;rS tqufjywfc&hJ ½Hrk u wdk;wufrIbufwGifvnf; rsm;pGmaemufususef&pfum acwf tqufqufqw k , f w k cf o hJ nfukd ordik ;f rSww f rf;rsm;t& awGUjrif &ayonf/ xdkrQyifruao; t*FvdyfwdkYonf qlyDwmar*smeuf uGerf ef;'ef; tGro f mvde;f xef;tm; xdpk Ofut*Fvyd w f u Ykd rnforYkd Q zrf;qD;ír&&Scd o hJ nfh "g;jy*kP d ;f wpf*P dk ;f onf atmufjrefrmjynf wGif Bu;D pd;k aeonfukd *dP k ;f wpfcv k ;kH udNk zKd ciG ;f í zrf;qD;Ny;D t*Fvyd f wdkYxHtyfESHvQif rlv&mxl;jyefvnfay;tyfygrnf[laom uwd jzifh qlyw D mar*smeufueG rf ef;'ef;tGro f mvde;f xef;udk wm0efay; tyfcJhygonf/ tGrfomvdef;xef;onfvnf; rdrdawmifydkif;om; wynfhtcsdKUudkac:í (2)ESpfwdkifwdkif xdkemrnfBuD;"g;jy*dkPf;udk vdu k v f &H mS azGNy;D zrf;qD;um NAw d o d Qwv Ykd ufwiG ;f odYk tyfEcHS o hJ nf/ uwdrwnfonfh t*FvdyfESifh pD;,if;csif;*,uf tGrfomvdef;xef;onf "g;jy*kdPf;udkNzdKcGif;í acgif; aqmifudk t&Sifvwfvwfzrf;qD;um t*FvdyfwdkYtm; tyfESHcJh aomfvnf; t*FvdyfwdkYonf uwdrwnfcJhMuay/ tGrfomvdef; xef;tm; rlv&mxl;ukd jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;udkrjyKbJ uefyuf vufo&Ykd mZ0wftyk &f mxl;b0jzifo h mjyefycYkd MhJ uonf/ uwdrwnf aom t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ESifh pD;,if;csif;trsdK;om;wdkY\ qlylqE´jyrI aMumifh tdrfomvdef;xef;onf ]]a>rygvnf;qHk; om;vnf;qHk;}} qdo k vdk rdat;ESpcf gemcJ&h avonf/ xdrk Qyifruao; awmifyikd ;f ? uefyufvuf (rif;wyf) wd\ Yk t"durwd;k wuf? rzGUH NzKd ;Mujcif;rSm 22 &SdMuygw,f/ wcsKdYcsif;vlYtzGJY tpnf;awGrmS awmh awmawmif tvkduf ykdif&SifrIqkdwm r&SdcJhyg bl;/ &Gmom;awGu olwkdY ajr uGurf sm;ukd wku d &f u dk f t*Fvyd f tpkd;&xH rSwfykHwifwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ t*Fvdyftpkd;&u xkwfay;wJh ajr,mykdifqkdifrI rS w f w rf ; (0g)ajypmuk d a wmh ,aeY x d xd e f ; od r f ; wJ h v l u &Srd nfrxifyg/ tpOftvmtm; jzifh xkdajruGufukd b,folykdif onfqkdwmawmh &yf&GmvlBuD; awGu od&Sdavh&SdMuygw,f/ csif ; trsKd ; om;aeY r S ajr,m ykdifqkdifrIukd jzwfodrf;jcif; ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfukd csif; trsKd;om;aeYvkdY owfrSwf&wJh azazmf0g&Dv (20)rSm vlxk pnf;a0;yGBJ u;D u zsuo f rd ;f cJah y r,fh ajr&Si(f 0g) awmykid &f iS af wG ukd tpk;d &uxku d w f efwhJ avSsmf aMu;(0g)epfemaMu; ray;cJhyg bl;/ oufa&mufrItaejzifh awmykdif&SifwkdY[m awmif,m ajrykdif&SifwkdYxHrS tcGefaumuf cHru I dk &yfwefcY w hJ t hJ wGuf olwYdk ukd,fwkdif[mvnf; tpkd;&ukd tcGefray;Muawmhwmyg/ ao csmwmu 'DaeYxd awmif,m ajruGuyf idk q f idk rf u I adk omfvnf; aumif;? &yf&Gm&JYbkHajr,m ykdif qk d i f r I u k d a omf v nf ; aumif ; &Gmom;rsm;u qufvuf usifh okH;qJjzpfygw,f/ tpkd;&u tJ'gudk todtrSwrf jyKwt hJ cg zGHYNzdK;a&; pDrHudef;awG csrSwfwJh tcg avSsmaf Mu;udpu ö jyóem &Sdvmygw,f/ ajr&Sifa[mif;wkdY twGuf odyjf yóemrjzpfawmh ayr,fh tpOftvmt& bk;d bGm; ajrykdifqkdifrIu jyóem awmf awmf&Sdvmygw,f/ 'Dvkdajr,mykdifqkdifrIu c&D; aysmufaew,fq&dk if wdwv d if; vif ; &S i f ; vif ; ajz&S i f ; ay;rI r&Sdbl;qkd&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;jynf[m wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;eJY jyóem ay:vmrSm jzpfygw,f/ taumif;qkH;u tpOftvmt& ajr,mykid q f idk f rIudk tpk;d &u todtrSwjf yKNy;D ajr,mawGukd woD;yk*¾vykdif ajr? bkyH idk af jr,mESihf Ekid if aH wmf ykid f (0g) tpk;d &ykid q f Ndk y;D aoao csmcsm oJoJuGJuGJjzpfatmif vkyzf v Ydk t dk yfygw,f/ rif;wkaYd jr ukd odrf;vkdufygNyDvkdYyJ ajym vk d u f w muawmh rw&m;rI ouf o uf o mjzpf w ,f v k d Y pma&;oluawmh cH,lygw,f/ Ny;D awmh pma&;oltaeeJY b,f olwkdYuvlaumif; b,folwkdY u vlqkd;vkdY cGJjcm;owfrSwf wm r[kwfygbl;? b,folrqkd aumif ; wJ h t csuf &S d o vk d raumif;wJh tcsufvnf; &Sdyg w,f/tm;vk;H uauseyfavmuf wJh tajzwpfckawmh &Smoifh w,fvkdh jrifygw,f/ NyD;awmh ajr,mykdifqkdifrI[m wkdif;jynf pD;yGg;a&; wnfaqmufrt I wGuf tajccHtusq;Hk ykid q f idk rf v I nf; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dajr,mykdifqkdifrI ryDjyifv&Ydk &dS ifwidk ;f jynf&YJ tajccH pD;yGg;a&; taqmuftOD;[m wk;d wufzt Ydk wGuf rIe0f g;0g;om jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ rSwfcsuf csif;awmifukd t*FvdyfwkdY 0if a&mufcsdefuwnf;u tkyfcsKyf ume,fy,f cyfBu;D Bu;D ykid q f idk f vmMuNyjD zpfwhJ csi;f jynf ajrmuf yk d i f ; u a'owcsKd Y t wG u f 'Dajr,mykdifqkdifrIu tusKH; 0if c sif r S 0 if r nf / csif ; jynf twkid ;f twmeJY NcKiH H k azmfjyjcif;om jzpfwt hJ wGuf tao;pdwf rwl uGjJ ym;rIav;awGtay: em;vnf apvkyd gw,f/ cGgeif;avaomif 1923 ckESpf pD;,if;csif;trsdK;om;wdkY\ &mxl;wufrufrIrS jzpfay:qifhyGm;vmonfh qlylqE´jyrIaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ þ 1923 ckEpS u f pd u ö kd rauseyfMuojzifh 1950 ckEiS hf Emergency Chin ppfawGwi G f jyóemay:aygufcNhJ y;D tcsi;f csi;f aoewfEiS yhf pfMuonftxd jyóemay:aygufc&hJ onf/ txuf ygtaMumif;t&if;rsm;aMumifh tcsi;f csi;f pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;udk xdcdkufysufjym;aponfrSefaomfvnf; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf em; vnfoabmaygufMuum nDnDnGwfnGwfaexdkifMuap&ef &nf&G,fí þaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ rSDjirf;udk;um; 1/ OD;a*cG&D edS ;f \ rif;wyf? uefyufvuf (K’Cho) csi;f wdYk \ rsKd ;EG,pf rk sm; okawoepmwrf;ESihf pmrlaqmif;yg; rsm; 2/ ½Hk;tkyfpma&;BuD; OD;zdk;oif;\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf; (1898 - 1900) pm-2) 13^9^1898 ckEpS af Mumfjim pmtrSwf 183 jzifhxkwfjyef 3/ History of the Chin Mission, Southern Chin State by Rev. Marc Jordan P.I 4/ uefyufvufNrKd Ue,ftyk cf sKyaf &;ordik ;f (1886 - 1948) armifbarmifr[m0dZmÆ (ordik ;f )bGUJ twGuf rEÅav; 0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúodkvfwGif (1997 rwfv) wGif wifoGif;aomusrf; &Sdef;xGef; 16 February 2013 a>rawmifowåKwl;azmfa&;pDrHudef; a'ocHjynfolrsm;pdk;&drfvsuf&Sd owåKwGif;0efBuD;Xme\ w&m;0if owif ; xk w f j yef aMunmjcif ; r&S d a o;aomf vnf; rMumrDumvwGifwl; azmf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdonf[k owif;xGuf&Sdaeaom a>r awmif zm;awmifowåKwl; azmfa&;pDrHudef;udk teD;tem; &Sd a'ocHjynfolrsm; pkd;&drf vsuf&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ 4if;a>rawmif zm;awmifudk yx0Dtaetxm;t& csif; jynfe,fajrmufydkif; wD;wdef jrdKhe,f avomawmifwef; ta&Shbufjcrf;wGif wnf&SdjyD; ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;eJY e,f edrdwfqufvsuf&Sdonf/ a>r awmifukd csi;f vdk Gullu Mual [kac:Ny;D zm;awmifukd Uiphuk Mual [k ac:qo kd rkwMf uonf/ pDrHudef;aMumifh xdcdkufrnfh aus;&Gmaygif; 16 &Gm&SdcJhNyD; wD;wdeNf rKd eY ,frS 4 &Gm? wGe;f Zef NrdKYe,frS 1 &GmeJY ppfudkif;wdkif; a'oBuD;rS 11 jzpfaMumif; od&&dS onf/ ,if;&Gmrsm;rSm- wD;wdefNrdKYe,f a':vGif (Dolluang) tkyfpkrS pHwdkuf ac: zonuamzang, wD ; wd e f N rd K Y e ,f Khiangzang t k y f p k r S Taklam, Kimlai, Henbot &Gmrsm;jzpfNyD; wGef;Zef NrdKYe,frS ausmufcsuf aus;&Gm yg0ifonf/ xdkhjyif ppfudkif; wdkif;a'oBuD; uav;NrdKYe,f ysOf;awmOD; tkyfpkrS ysOf;awm OD;? csif;pk? ajrmufacsmawm? anmifukef;? rif;vS? atmif&Gm rsm;jzpf j yD ; eef ; usOf ; aqmif tkyfpkrS jrpdrf;? jrvif;? eef; usO;f aqmif&mG rsm;ESihf Muufzed yf tkyfpkrS &SKcif;om&Gmrsm;yg0if aMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/ ]Ny;D cJw Y ZhJ efe0g&v D 2 &ufaeYu Asia Guiding Star Company u udk,fpm;vS,fawGvmNyD; awmh rif;vS&mG rSm vlxek aYJ wGq Y kH yGJwpfckvkyfoGm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm olwu Ykd uReaf wmfwrYkd MumcifrmS a>rawmifw;l azmfr,f? cifAsm;wdYk a'ocH a wG t aeeJ Y bmrsm; awmif;qdpk &m&Sv d J ausmif;vm;? aq;ay;cef;vm;? uwå&mvrf; vm;qdNk y;D ar;oGm;w,f/ awmif; qd k p &m&S d o rS s awmif ; qd k y g/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd txufuvlBu;D awGqD wifjyay;r,f pojzifh ar;oGm;onf/ uRefawmfwdkYu Pu Lian awmh vufyawmif;jyóem? jrpfqHkjyóemawG Mum;ae& awmh bmudkrSrawmif;qdkbJ udk,fha'orSm&SdwJh obm0ywf 0ef;usifqdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm; t&yfbuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;eJhn§d ESkdif;NyD;rSomvSsif awmif;qdkwm jzpfjzpf wifjywmjzpfjzpfvkyf oG m ;rnf } [k Zonuamsang a'ocHwpfOD;rS ajymMum;oGm; onf/ ]2006-2009 xduifebdk ukrÜPDuaeNyD;awmh tprf; oabmeJv Y mwl;zl;w,f/tJwek ;f uawmh ppftpd;k &acwfqakd wmh uRefawmfwdkhjynfolawGtaeeJY bmrSajymydik cf iG ?hf vkyyf ikd cf iG hf r&Scd hJ bl;/ awmfao;w,f olwdkYu MumMumrwl;cJhvdkY? tck[mu u vmwl;r,fvdkhMum;xm;w,f/ olwu Ykd w&kwu f vdv Yk nf;Mum; w,f? w&kwfqdk uRefawmfwdkY vufcHEdkifp&mtaMumif;vkH;0 r&Sdbl;/ wl;r,fqdkvJ t*Fvef? *smreD? tar&duef? *syefpwJh EdkifiHBuD;rsm;eJYqdk vufcHr,f/ w&kwfjyóemu jrefrmEdkifiH wpfckvHk;rSmyJ? 'gudkuRefawmf wdkYaumif;aumif;em;vnfxm; NyD;om;yg/ Asia Guiding Star u udk,fpm;vS,fawGvmwkef; uawmh tvkyform; 15000 toHk;jyKr,f ajymoGm;w,f/ w&kwu f ae tenf;qH;k 5000 ygvmr,fwJh/ wl;rSmuvnf; ES p f a ygif ; trsm;BuD ; / vl ' D avmufeJYqdk uRefawmfwdkYu North Mining Company w&kwu f jym;awGjzpfuek rf mS ayg/h uRefawmfwdkYa'ocHawGtae eJYtvkyftudkif&&Sdr,fqdkwm rSefayr,fh aemufqufwGJqdk; usKd;awGu trsm;BuD; a&xk? avxknpfnrf;r,f? obm0 ywf0ef;usix f cd u kd rf ,f ysupf ;D r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh &&SdwJh owåKawGvnf; olwdkYuyJ,l oGm;rSm? uReaf wmfwt Ykd wGuf ol wdkh&JY pGefYypfypönf;awGyJ usef awmhrmS ? tJ'gaMumifh uReaf wmf wd'Yk v D rkd sK;d zGYH NzKd ;a&;awGukd odyNf y;D rvdkcsifygbl;/ tck olwdkYvkyf vdkufwmuvnf; yGifhvif;jrif omrI transperency r&Sdbl;/ Fair vJr&Sdbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf w&kwq f rkd aS wmh} [k ysO;f awm OD ; a'ocH w pf O D ; u Chin World odq Yk uf vufajymMum; oGm;onf/ 2007 ckESpf ywf0ef;usifwGif a>rawmif&Sd obm0wGif;xGuf rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í avhvmrI jyKvyk cf ahJ om Kingbao Mining Ltd \ ppfwrf;wGif a>rawmif &S d owå K &d k i f ; rsm;rS eD u ,f owåK&ikd ;f 110 'or 57 oef; wefEiS hf c&drk u kd f (38100) wef cefx Y u G &f EdS ikd af Mumif; azmfjyxm; onf/ a>rawmifta&;ESihf ywf oufa&GY wuf<uvSKyf&Sm;ol ukdvsef;awGmifrS uRefawmfwkdY a>rawmifem;rSm&Sw d ahJ us;&GmawG qDomG ;Ny;D a'ocHawGeYJ awGq Y Hk aqG;aEG;cJMh uw,f/ a'ocHawG qDu t"duMum;odc&hJ wmawG u 'DprD u H ed ;f tay: a'ocHawG u rBuKu d Mf ubl;/ uGseaf wmfwYdk u uk d , f h a 'ouxG u f w J Y obm0oH,ZH mwawGuae&wJY tusKd;tjrwf[m a'ocHawG twGuf b,fvkdtusKd;&SdvJ qkdwm a'ocHawGbmtusKd; tjrwfawGcpH m;cGi&hf rdS vJqw dk m vma&muf&if;ES;D jrKyEf o HS al wGu yGifhyGifhvif;vif; csjywmr&Sd ao;bl;/ a>rawmifeJYywfouf Ny;D a'ocHawGtay:&if;ES;D jrKyEf HS olawGu 'DxufruyGifhvif; jrifomrI&Sdoifhonf[k csif; a0gvo f aYdk jymjyonf/ a>rawmif ta&;ESifhywfoufNyD; wuf<u vI y f & S m ;ol wpf O D ; jzpf a om ukdxm;awGmifuvnf; vufyH awmif;awmifvkd a>rawmif jzpfrSmpkd;&drfw,f[k csif;a0gvf okdYajymonf/ Pu Lian Mopaw;vsEdkifiHwGifynmoiftcGifhtvrf; Chin World News Journal p m z w f y&dwfowfrsm;twGuf AusAID, Australia tpdk;& rS csD;jr§ifhaom paumvm;&Spf tpD tpOfwpfcktm; azmfjy vdkufygonf/ Australia Awards in Myanmar (Information for awards commencing in 2014) Mopaw;vstpdk;&\ AusAID rS pDpOfcs;D jri§ ahf om 2014 ckESpftwGif; Mopaw; vsEdkifiHwGif ynmoifMum;cGifh tm; jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmif;om; (40)OD;twGufvsmxm; owf rSwfxm;onf/ avS s muf x m;vd k o l onf jref r mEd k i f i H o m;ES i f h jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aexdkifol jzpf&rnfjzpfNyD;? IELTS 5.0 odkYr[kwf TOEFL tm; 500 paper-based odkY 61 Internet based &&S d o l jzpf & rnf j zpf onf/ xdo k Y k dIELTS odY k TOEFL trSwfrsm; r&Sdygu {NyDv? 2013 ckESpfwGif Mopaw;vs oH&Hk;wGif t*Fvdyfpmt&nf tcsif;ppf pmar;yGJajzqdk&rnf jzpfonf/ ynm&nfcGsefqk twGuf Masters tqifhtm; txl ; OD ; pm;ay;NyD ; Undergraduate twG u f v nf ; tenf;i,faom ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;&Sd aMumif;od&onf/ avQmufvmT rsm;tm; azazmf0g&v D (1) &uf? 2013 ckESpfwGif pwifvufcH aeNyDjzpfNyD; {NyDv (30)&uf? 2013 ESpftxd avSsmufxm; Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ bmom&yfrsm;tae jzifhvnf; Education, Health, Agriculture, Food Security ES i f h Governance wd k Y t m; OD ; pm;ay;um paumvm; &Spcf s;D jri§ o hf nf/ xdjhk yif Disability, Gender Equity, Humanitarian Support, Disaster Management, Development Studies, Law, Public Policy Chin World Debate u@twGuf pmrlzdwfac:jcif; ESifh International Relations rsm;tm;vnf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm; onf[k od&onf/ pdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm; taejzifh AusAID, Austra- csi;f jynfe,fta&;pdw0f ifpm;olrsm; csi;f a0gv*f sme,fpmrsuEf mS ay:rmS ud, k w f ikd 0f ifa&mufaqG;aEG; Edik rf ,fh u@opfwpfcu k kd csi;f a0gv*f sme,ftrSwpf Of(4)rS pwifNy;D xnfo h iG ;f oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'guawmh "Chin World Debate" qdkwJh u@yJjzpfygw,f/ yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;taejzifh Chin World u ay;xm;wJh acgif;pOf(tqdk)atmufrSm tH0ifatmif a&;om;&rSmjzpfNyD; tqk d u d k a xmuf c H o l r sm;ES i f h qef h u sif u ef h u G u f o l r sm;xJ u taumif ; qH k ; axmuf c H o l E S i f h taumif;qHk;qefhusifuefhuGufol wpfOD;pD\aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk Chin World Journal rSm trSwfpOftvdkufazmfjyNyD; xdkufwefaom pmrlcrsm;udkvnf; csD;NrSifhay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.4 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm NGO awGrsm;rsm; 0ifvm&ifaumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} (aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf azazmf0g&D(20)? 2013) - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.5 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm Tourism vkkyfydkifcGifh tjynfht0ay;vdkufwm aumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf rwfv(5)? 2013/ - Chin World Journal Vol. 1 No.6 twGuf ]csif;jynfe,frSm&SdwJh wGif;xGufo,HZmwawGudk xkwf,loHk;pGJwmaumif;w,f^ raumif;bl;} aemufqHk;ay;ydkh&rnfh&uf rwfv(20)? 2013/ lian Embassy, Strand Road, Kyauktada Township, Yangon, zkef;- (01) 251 Ä10 (212) od k Y qufo, G Ef ikd yf gonf/ xdt Yk jyif tifwmeufpmrsufESm http:// www.australiaawards.gov.au/ ES i f h http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/ wd k Y w G i f vnf; oGm;a&muf avhvmEdkif ygonf/ 23 Chin World Media Office No.4, Room 55, Hlaing Yadanar Housing, Thanlan Bus-stop, Hlaing TSP, Yangon Ph: 09 420013048, 09 47172133, 09 43163539, 09 401681014, 09 420185994 www.chinworld.info www.facebook.com/chin-world Vol. 1, No.3 qvkdif;rmef \jrefrmjynfaxmifpk0g'? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;\aemufqHk;tajzpmtkyfrdwfqufyGJusif;y 2008 zGpYJ nf;yHt k ajccH Oya'onf jynfwGif;jyóem tm;ajz&Sif;Ekdifonfht&mr[kwf qdkonfU csif;trsdK;om; qvkdif; rmef \jrefrmjynfaxmifpk0g'? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;\aemufqHk;tajz pmtkyfrdwfqufyGJudk &efukefNrdKY? yk Z G e f a wmif N rd K Y e ,f ? owif ; twwf ynmoifwef;ausmif; wGif ,ckv 1 &ufaehnae 2 em&DwGif usif;ycJhonf/ 4if;pmtkyfrdwfqufyGJodkU jynfolUacwf*sme,f? ukrkj'm *sme,f? AD;eyfpf*sme,f? 'DADbD? rdk'ef*sme,fwdkhrS owif;rD'D,m orm;rsm;ESifh tvGwfowif;axmufrsm;pkpkaygif; 20 OD;cefh wuf a&mufcJhMuonf/ ,ckjrefrmjynfaxmifpk0g'? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; aemufq;kH tajzpmtkyo f nf 'kw, d tBurd af jrmufxw k af 0jcif;jzpfNy;D &opmtkyw f u kd rf w S m0ef,jl zefcU sad eaMumif;od&onf/ ,cifxw k af 0 onfhtkyfa&rSmwpfaxmifjzpfNyD; ,ck'kwd,tMudrfxkwfa0onfU tkyfa&rSm 2000 xkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf/ yxrtBudrfxkwfa0rI\ pmtkyfrdwfqufyGJrsm;udk rEåav;? yckuúL? rHk&Gm? uav;? rauG;NrdKU rsm;wGifusif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; ,ck'kwd,tMudrfxkwfa0rIü &efukefNrdKU wGirf w d q f ufyJG jyKvyk jf cif;jzpfonf/pma&;olqvkid ;f rmefrS ] 2008 tajccHOya'[mjynfwGif;jyoemudkrajz&Sif;Edkifbl;/'DOya'xJurS b,ftcsufjyif&ifESpfOD;ESpfzufb,fvkdydk tqifajyEdkifrvJqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufawGaMumifh 'Dpmtkyfa&;jzpfwmyg} [kajymonf/ ,ckpmtkyfwGif zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfowfNyD;rnfonfU tcsuu f Okd ;D pm;ay;jyifqifoifah Mumif;azmfjyonfh awmif;qdrk I (4) &yfawmif;qdkazmfjyxm;onf/awmif;qdkxm;onfhtcsufrsm;rSm jynfe,fESifhwdkif;tm;cGJjcm;rIr&SdyJwajy;nDtrnfemrowfrSwfoifh aMumif;? jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyftm;or®wrSwdkuf&dkufcefhtyfjcif;rsdK; r[kwfyJoufqdkif&ma'ocHrsm;rS vGwfvyfpGmudk,fydkifa&G;cs,fcefh tyfoifah Mumif;ESit Uf pd;k &Xmersm;tm;vnf;A[d\ k csKyu f ikd ñ f eT Mf um;rIrsKd ; csn;f r[kwb f J jynfe,frsm;üXmersm;wd;k cscYJ aJG 0ay;Ny;D qH;k jzwfyikd cf iG hf ay;jcif;rsdK; vkyfoifhNyDjzpfaMumif; wdkYyg0ifonf/ ,ckpmtkyfESifh ywfowfNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH\ owif;twwfynm enf;jyq&m OD;&JEkdifrdk;rS ]tckvkdpmtkyfxGufvmwm tvGefaumif;w,f? pmtkyfxJrSmvlBuD;tcsdKYowdrxm;rdwmrsdK;awGawGY&w,f} [k rSwfcsufjyKonf/pma&;q&mqvkdif;rmefonf 1990 csif;jynfe,f \ tEkdif&ygwD csif;trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfOuú| qvkdif;&rf vdefrIef;\'kwd,om;jzpfNyD; ,ckvuf&SdwGifvli,frsm;Mum; 'Drdk ua&pDoifwef;rsm;? zuf'&,f0g'oif;wef;rsm; jyKvyk v f su&f o dS jl zpf onf/ a>rawmifta&; uav;NrdKY&Sd csif;vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;awGYqHk uav;NrdKY prf;NrdKY&yf uGuf&Sd Youth Centre wGif a>rawmifta&;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D csif;vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;awGYqkH aqG;aEG;yGJudk azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYwGifusif;ycJhonf/ awG Y q H k y G J w G i f Pu Anok u OD;aqmifaqG;aEGG;NyD; vufyHawmif;ta&;ESifh ywf oufaom tjzpftysufrsm; rQa0jcif;? EITI( Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative Leading Authority) \tcef;u@rsm; rQa0jcif; rsm;jzifhpwifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf a>rawmifta&;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D wufMuv G ykS &f mS ;olrsm;(wD;wde)f rS OD;aqmifolwpfa,mufu 24 NyD;cJhonfUvSkyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk &Sif; vif;wifjycJhjyD; wufa&muf vmMuaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS vnf ; ol w d k Y \ tjrif r sm;ud k aqG;aEG;wifjycJhMuonf/ a>rawmif a pmif U MunfUa&;tzGJYwGif csif;vlrIa&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ydkrdkNyD; udk,fpm; jyKEdkif&efESifh udk,fhvlrsKd;udk,fh a'ojyóemudk ud, k w f ikd yf g0if vIy&f mS ;Ny;D wm0ef,al qmif&u G f Ed k i f & ef & nf & G , f N yD ; awG Y q k H y G J usi;f ycJjh cif;jzpfw,f/ vIy&f mS ; rI t rsm;yd k i f ; ud k Armtod k i f ; t0dkif;eJY vkyfaqmifwmrsm;NyD; ud, k chf si;f awGtaeeJv Y nf;yg0if Edik &f ef&nf&, G yf gw,f[k awGq Y kH yGJudk OD;aqmifol udkawGmifu ajymMum;oGm;onf/ uav;NrKd &Y dS csi;f vlrI a&;tzGt YJ pnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wufa&mufcNhJ y;D csi;f ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; yg0if wufa&mufcJhonf/ Bosco
Similar documents
Die BUCHSTAVIER - Das Dosierte Leben
Bestandteil dieses Heftes sind. Jochen Kunzmann nahm die Einlassung in DDL 75 „Ausrechnen, welche Buchstabenfolge etwa die 612. IST oder welche zwei Buchstabenfolgen genau in der Mitte des Textes s...
More information