(Full Article)

Arch. Geflügelk. 2002, 67 (2), 92 – 96, ISSN 0003-9098. Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart
Short Communication
Effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and
their mixture on performance of broilers
Einfluss von Anis (Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und Fenchel
(Foeniculum vulgare) sowie ihrer Mischungen auf die Leistung von Broilern
A. A. El-Deek1, Y. A. Attia2, and Maysa M. Hannfy3
Manuskript eingegangen am 24. Januar 2002, angenommen am 1. Juni 2002
Introduction
Continuous use of antibiotics in poultry diets has evoked
problems such as cross-resistance, carry over effects and
environmental pollution. As antibiotics in feed will be
banned in many countries in the near future, the search
for alternative growth promoting substances to replace
classical antibiotics in poultry diets has to be continued.
Recently, vegetables, herbs, spices and edible plants were
suggested as non-traditional feed additives to overcome
the increase in public concern about the use of antibiotics
in animal nutrition (Dickens et al., 2000; Abaza, 2001).
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) has carminative, spasmolytic
and expectorant effects (Zepernick et al., 1984). Vogt and
Rauch (1991) fed broilers diets with oils extracted from
thyme, mace and caraway or coriander, garlic and onion at
0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg diet, and found that daily gains,
feed conversin ratio (FCR), flavour and smell of meat were
not affected by the extracted oils. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been described as an appetizer, stomachic carminative, aphrodisiac, laxative component and has been
found to be effective against bronchitis rheumatism, asthma, piles, vomiting and abdominal troubles (Pachori et al.,
1989). Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) was also recognized
as a plant having medical properties (antispasmodic, carminative and diuretic). Nichita et al. (1984) found that after
extraction of fennel seed, the residue contained 18.96%
crude protein and 19.46% ether extract. This residue was
given at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% in the diet for growing chickens
and mean daily gain was 85.3, 80.8, and 85.9 g, respectively, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowest for
chickens given 0.5% fennel. Huang et al. (1992) concluded that the Chinese medicinal herbs have a stimulating
effect on growth of broilers. Fritz et al. (1993) found that
there were differences between the herbs, with A. millefolium giving best results, and herb supplemented diets resulted in a better FCR. Also, Abou-Egla (1995) found that
peppermint improved FCR of broilers during the first four
weeks of age. Bakhiet and Adam (1996) found that
growth of chicks fed a diet containing 2% A. maritima
was better than that of chicks fed a control diet. Damme
(1999) reported that herbs and spices could replace the
digestion promoting effect of the antibiotics.
The objective of the present work was to study the impacts of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) fed at different levels or their mixtures as non-traditional growth
promoters on performance of broilers, dressing, proportion
of internal organs, and protein and ether extract and optical density of meat.
Materials and methods
Birds, housing and management
Three trials were carried out using Hubbard broiler chicks
which were kept in battery brooders (40 45 60 cm2)
under similar management and hygienic conditions. Allmash feed and water were offered ad libitum from tube
feeders and automatic nipple drinkers, respectively, with a
twenty-four hours lighting program. Diets including
mainly corn-soybean and broiler protein concentrate (soybean meal, bone meal, meat meal, and fish meal) were
formulated based on NRC (1994) tables of feedstuffs to
meet the recommended nutrient requirements for broiler
chicks. The pre-experimental diet contained 12.3 MJ ME/
kg diet, 23.5% CP, 0.80% TSAA, 1.25% lysine, 0.95% Ca
and 0.43% available phosphorus (AP). It was fed from 1
to 12 days of age in trial 1, and during days 1 and 4 of
age in trials 2 and 3. Thereafter, the chicks were randomly
distributed to the experimental groups with keeping an approximately equal initial live body weight. Number of
dead birds was recorded in each trial.
Trial 1
1
Faculty of Meteorology Environmental and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
2
Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Damnhour), Alexandria University, Egypt
3
Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
A mono-factorial experimental design with three types of
spices (anise, ginger and fennel) and an un-supplemented
control group was used. The spices were supplemented at
0.05% and mixed into the growing/finishing diets. The experimental diet was based on corn-soybean meal and broiArchiv für Geflügelkunde 2/2003
EL -DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers
ler protein concentrate. The calculated nutrients were
12.4 MJ ME/kg diet, 22.2% CP, 0.76% TSAA, 1.16% lysine, 0.95% Ca and 0.45% AP. Each treatment was comprised three replicates of 8 unsexed chicks each. Chicks
were weighed on days 12, 33 and 47 of age, whereas,
feed intake and FCR were calculated on days 33 and 47
of age. The experimental period lasted from 12 to 47 days
of age. At day 47, three chicks were slaughtered from
each treatment to determine percentages of dressing, carcass parts and internal organs.
Trials 2 and 3
Trials 2 and 3 were run simultaneous utilizing one control
group under a mono-factorial experimental design. In trial
2, three types of spices, anise, ginger and fennel were included besides an un-supplemented control group. The
spices were supplemented at 0.10% and mixed into the
growing-finishing diet. Furthermore, spices were supplemented as a mixture of two or three. The mixtures were
added at 0.10% to the growing/finishing diet in trial 3.
Again, the experimental diet consisted of corn-soybean
meal and broiler concentrate. The calculated nutrients
were: 12.6 MJ ME/kg diet, 20.0% CP, 0.71% TSAA,
1.01% lysine, 0.93% Ca and 0.44% aP.
In both trials, each treatment was represented by three
replicates of 5 unsexed chicks each. Chicks were weighed
on days 5, 19, 33 and 47 of age, whereas, feed intake and
FCR was calculated on days 19, 33 and 47 of age. The
experimental period lasted from 5 to 47 days of age. At
day 47, three chicks were slaughtered from each treatment
of each trial to determine percentages of dressing and internal organs, as well as to determine the contents of crude
protein and ether extract in the meat according to AOAC
(1990). For meat analysis homogenated boneless and skinless breast and thigh muscles were used. Colour intensity
of meat was determined according to the methods of Husaini et al. (1950).
Statistical analysis
Data from each trial were analyzed using one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) of the GLM procedure of SAS1 as
93
well as Duncan’s (Duncan, 1955,) New Multiple Range
Test (SAS Institute, 1985) to test mean differences at
P 0.05.
Results and discussion
Growth performance of broiler chicks
Results of trial 1 indicated that adding 0.05% of anise improved weight gain significantly by 19.1% and FCR by
10.8% over the control group when the experiment was
started on day 12 of age (Table 1). The results indicate
furthermore, that anise increased feed intake by 6.3%
when compared to the control group. Also, the anise fed
group consumed more feed than the ginger and fennel
groups in trial 1, showing that anise at 0.05% improved
palatability of broiler diets. Sturkie (1986) concluded that
birds have the ability to distinguish between diets differing
in tastes.
Increasing the anise level to 0.1% and starting the trial
on day 5 of age had no effect on growth, but improved
FCR insignificantly by 1.92%, and this was related to the
2.97% decrease in feed intake of the anise fed group in
contrary to the results of trial 1 (Tables 1 and 2). Probably,
the enhancing effect of anise on growth and FCR of broilers was due to its carminative, spasmolytic, and expectorant effects (Zepernick et al., 1984). Similarly, Sabria and
Metha (1990) found that the herbal mixture Livol1 improved weight gains, FCR, and reduced mortality rate of
broiler chicks. Also, different responses among various
types and levels of medicinal plants used as growth promoting substance in broiler diets were shown by Abaza
(2001). Nevertheless, Vogt et al. (1989) observed that
clove, caraway, coriander, of the same family fed herein,
did not influence growth of broiler chicks and had no effect on the taste of broiler meat. The lack of fennel effects
on growth and FCR of broilers is in partial agreement
with the results of Nichita et al. (1984). They found that
fennel residue at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% in the diet for growing chickens resulted in daily gain of 85.3, 80.8 and
85.9 g, respectively, and FCR was lowest for chickens
given 0.5% fennel.
The synergetic effect between or among different spices
used herein was studied in trial 3 with the anticipation that
Table 1. Effect 0.05% of anise, fennel, and ginger on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks (Trial 1)
Einfluss von 0.05% Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum und Schlachtkörpermerkmale von Broilern (Versuch 1)
Parameters
Performance
Initial body weight d 12, g
Body weight d 47, g
Weight gain d 12 to 47, g
Total feed intake, g
FCR d 12 to 47, g feed/g gain
Treatments
SEM
P value
NS
0.03
0.04
0.09
NS
Control
Anise
Ginger
Fennel
199
1199.b
1001.b
2531
2.53
189
1396.a
1208.a
2690
2.23
188
1251.b
1064.b
2595
2.44
187
1238.b
1050.b
2528
2.41
7.85
49.7
49.5
93.8
0.056
78.0
0.82
2.95
0.19
0.27
77.7
1.12
2.88
0.16
0.19
77.9
0.53
2.78
0.13
0.26
76.4
0.48
2.93
0.17
0.30
3.44
0.306
0.334
0.032
0.042
Dressing and internal organs*
Dressing, %
Abdominal fat, %
Liver, %
Spleen, %
Pancreas, %
a, b
Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P 0.05.
* As relative to live body weight.
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 2/2003
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
94
EL -DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers
Table 2. Effect 0.1% of anise, ginger and fennel on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks (Trial 2)
Einfluss von 0.1% Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum, Schlachtkörpermerkmale und Merkmale der Fleischqualität von Broilern
(Versuch 2)
Parameters
Treatments
SEM
P value
Control
Anise
Ginger
Fennel
Performance
Initial body weight d 5, g
Body weight d 47, g
Weight gain d 5 to 47, g
Total feed intake, g
FCR d 5 to 47, g feed/g gain
72.3
1560
1488
3087
2.07
72.9
1540
1467
2995
2.04
70.5
1573
1503
3126
2.08
71.3
1406
1335
2891
2.17
1.90
52.4
52.1
102
0.083
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Dressing and internal organs*
Dressing, %
Abdominal fat, %
Liver, %
Spleen, %
Pancreas, %
70.2
0.85
2.65
0.20
0.36
68.9
0.93
2.65
0.18
0.31
72.4
0.80
2.63
0.17
0.23
70.2
0.90
2.78
0.15
0.28
1.694
0.054
0.156
0.034
0.045
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
20.3
4.81bc
20.2
3.81c
20.6
6.25ab
18.8
6.62a
0.751
0.382
NS
0.05
Chemical compositions of fresh meat, %
Crude protein
Ether extract
a, b, c
Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P 0.05.
* As relative to live body weight.
they would improve performance over the control or single spices. However, results indicated that using two or
three way mixtures of anise, ginger and fennel had no additive effects on growth compared to the control group.
Nonetheless, FCR was slightly improved by 2.9% as a
result of supplementation with a mixture of 0.1% anise,
ginger and fennel and this was a reflection of the 2.1%
reduction in feed intake, although this was not statistically
significant (Table 3). Similarly, Abaza (2001) reported a
synergetic effect among nigella sativa seed and chamomile
flowers or harmala seeds in growth performance of broiler chicks, and this was correlated with improving digestibility of nutrients. The lack of effect of different types
and levels of spices on moralities in trial 1 to 3 is similar
to the results of Abou Egla et al. (1995) and Abaza
(2001).
Table 3. Effect 0.1% mixture of anise, fennel, and ginger on growth performance, carcass criteria and meat quality of broiler chicks
(Trial 3)
Einfluss von 0.1% Mischungen aus Anis, Fenchel oder Ingwer auf Wachstum, Schlachtkörpermerkmale und Merkmale der Fleischqualität von Broilern (Versuch 3)
Parameters
Performance
Initial body weight d 5, g
Body weight d 47, g
Weight gain d 5 to 47, g
Total feed intake, g
FCR d 13 to 47, g feed/g gain
Treatments
SEM
P value
1.80
42.3
40.8
138
0.10
NS
NS
0.07
NS
NS
Control
Anise
þ Ginger
Anise
þ Fennel
Ginger
þ Fennel
Anise
þ Ginger
þ Fennel
72.3
1560
1488
3087
2.07
72.0
1548
1476
3227
2.19
72.7
1538
1465
3140
2.14
71.9
1524
1452
3053
2.10
73.5
1569
1496
3023
2.024
70.2
0.85
0.44
2.65
0.20
0.36
69.8
0.76
0.42
2.64
0.18
0.26
69.3
0.83
0.42
3.21
0.22
0.34
70.2
0.89
0.51
2.66
0.25
0.23
72.4
0.92
0.45
2.80
0.17
0.25
1.074
0.056
0.054
0.178
0.026
0.064
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
19.1
5.05
0.05a
18.1
5.97
0.02c
20.6
5.73
0.03bc
0.87
0.41
0.003
NS
NS
0.000
Dressing and internal organs*
Dressing, %
Abdominal fat, %
Heart, %
Liver, %
Spleen, %
Pancreas, %
Chemical compositions and optical density of fresh meat, %
Crude protein
Ether extract
Optical density of meat
20.3
4.85
0.04b
17.0
5.25
0.02c
a, b, c
Means within the same line with no common superscripts differ significantly at P 0.05.
* As relative to live body weight.
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 2/2003
EL -DEEK et al., Effect of anise, ginger and fennel on performance of broilers
95
Summary
Most herbs and spices contain various chemicals as part
of their intercellular composition and these chemicals have
the ability to help animals stay healthy when fed and may
extend shelf life of animal products when treated with
them (Ziauddin et al., 1996; Dickens et al., 2000; HeeJeong et al., 2001). When animals are fed these plants at
a reasonable amount based on their active substances (chemical and phytochemical extracts) they may give the animals similar protections as afforded by the plant. For example, sophora flavescens increased the survival rates,
body weight gains and decreased bloody diarrhoea symptoms, lesion scores, and oocyst excretion in Arbor Acres
broilers (HeeJeong et al., 2001). This may extend the use
of some medicinal plants as therapeutic agents (Unnikrishnan and Kuttan, 1990). However, in the literature
contradictory reports about the effectiveness of different
herbs, spices and medicinal plants as bio nutrients or digestion enhancers exist, which could be attributed to the
family of plants, method of drying these plants as these
plants contain different amounts of violate oils and active
substances, and/or to the kind of product used (oils,
leaves, etc. . . .), to dosage, as well as to the method of
rearing the broilers (floors vs. battery) and/or to the age
when the experiment started or the duration of feeding.
The objective of this preliminary work was to evaluate the
impact of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) fed at
0.05% in trial 1, and at 0.1% in trial 2 and at 0.1% mixtures of each two or three species in trial 3, as compared
to the unsupplemented control group on growth performance of broilers. In trial 1 anise at 0.05% improved weight
gains significantly by 19.1% and feed conversion ratio
(FCR) by 10.9% compared to the control group, and only
FCR by 1.92% in trial 2. Supplementations with anise,
ginger and fennel at levels of 0.05% or 0.1%, singly or as
a mixture, had no significant effect on dressing and percentage of body organs in trials 1 to 3. Fat content of
broiler meats was significantly decreased when anise was
supplemented at 0.1% in trial 2. In trial 3, colour intensity
was significantly improved when a mixture of 0.1% of anise plus fennel was supplemented to broiler diets. In conclusion, the effects of anise as an alternative environmental
friendly feed additive in broiler diets should be retested in
middle- or large-scale experiments.
Dressing, internal organs, protein and ether extract and
optical density of meat
Broiler, nutrition, feed additives, spices, anise, fennel, ginger, growth, dressing, fat content
Dressing and proportions of internal organs of broilers fed
various types of natural spices at different dosages (0.05%
Trial 1; 0.10% Trial 2) and as a mixture (Trial 3) were
close to the control values indicating no effect of the experimental treatments (Tables 1, 2, and 3). Abou Egla
et al. (1995) and Abaza (2001) found similar results.
Crude protein or ether extract of meat was not affected
by treatments in trials 1 and 3 (Table 1 and 3). However,
in trial 2 fennel supplementation at 0.1% significantly increased fat content of the meat (ether extract) compared to
the control group, while anise supplementation at 0.1%
significantly decreased fat of broiler meat compared to
fennel and ginger supplemented groups (Table 2). This may
be due to higher amount of fat in fennel (7%) and/or due
to increasing bile salts secretion of ginger supplementeddiets which may increase assimilation of fat. These results
are similar to those reported by Grela et al. (1998) who
found that herb mixture containing great nettle (Urtica
dioica), lyophilized garlic (Allium sativum) and bulbs and
rhizomes of wheat-grass (Agropyron repens) in piglets
diets increased percentage of subcutaneous fat in the ham,
indicating that herbs can influence fat retention and distribution in animal tissues.
In trial 3, results indicated that optical density as an indication of colour score of anise plus fennel supplemented
group was significantly higher than that of the control
group as well as other experimental groups. Similarly,
Fritz et al. (1999) found that the herb supplement Milfoil
(Melissa, St. John’s Wort or Nettle) slightly increased the
red and yellow colour of the skin compared to the control.
Also, Abaza (2001) noticed significant differences among
medicinal plants in meat colour as scored by panelists.
Keywords
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss von Anis (Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare) sowie ihrer
Mischungen auf die Leistung von Broilern
Das Ziel dieser ersten Untersuchung war, die Effekte von Anis
(Pimpinella anisum), Ingwer (Zingiber officionale roscoe) und
Fenchel (Foeniculum vulgare), die einzeln in Höhe von 0,05%
(Versuch 1) oder 0,1% (Versuch 2) sowie in Kombination (zwei
bzw. drei Gewürze) in Höhe von 0,1% (Versuch 3) den Rationen
zugegeben waren, auf das Wachstum von Masthühnern im Vergleich zu einer unsupplementierten Kontrollgruppe zu untersuchen. In Versuch 1 hat eine Zulage von 0,05% Anis im Vergleich
zur Kontrolle die Zunahmen signifikant um 19,1% und die Futterverwertung um 10,9% verbessert. In Versuch 2 betrug die Verbesserung der Futterverwertung bei einer Zulage von 0,1% Anis
nur 1,92%. Die Verwendung von Anis, Ingwer und Fenchel in
Zulagehöhen von 0,05% oder 0,1% bzw. die kombinierte Zulage
in Höhe von 0,1% hatte keinen nachweisbaren Effekt auf die
Ausschlachtung und den Anteil der inneren Organe in allen Versuchen. Der Fettgehalt des Fleisches war bei einem Zusatz von
0,1% Anis in Versuch 2 signifikant niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe. In Versuch 3 war die Farbintensität des Fleisches beim
kombinierten Einsatz von Anis und Fenchel (0,1%) signifikant
besser als in den anderen Behandlungen. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse interessante wachstumssteigernde Effekte für Anis in der
Broilerfütterung, die in weiteren Untersuchungen verifiziert werden sollten.
Stichworte
Broiler, Fütterung, Futterzusatzstoffe, Gewürze, Anis, Fenchel,
Ingwer, Wachstum, Schlachtausbeute, Fettgehalt
Conclusions
The present paper has stated some distinct effects of herbs
on performance of broilers. But, the impact of anise as well
as other herbs, spices and medicinal plants as alternative
growth enhancers in poultry diets needs more investigation.
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 2/2003
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Correspondence: Dr. Youssef A. Attia, Ass. Professor of Poultry Nutrition, Damnhour
Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Production, Damnhour, 22516,
Egypt; e-mail: yfat_alexu40@hotmail.com
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Preis 89,90 Euro, ISBN 3-8001-3930-8
Die 4. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage des ,Lexikon der
Landwirtschaft‘ ist eine Neuauflage des Klassikers der BLV-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, München, die durch die immer schnelleren
Veränderungen und Neuerungen erst 10 Jahre nach der letzten
Auflage erforderlich wurde. In der Neuauflage sind insbesondere
die neuen Erkenntnisse zu den ökologischen Alternativen zur konventionellen Landwirtschaft, zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung und zum
biologischen Pflanzenschutz eingearbeitet worden. Sie dokumentieren so auch klar den eingetretenen Strukturwandel in der Landwirtschaft. Bei der berarbeitung wurde die Autorin wieder durch
ein Spezialistenteam unterstützt.
Das vorliegende Lexikon dient der schellen und fundierten Information bei der täglichen Arbeit. Die aufgenommenen Stichworte umfassen zwar überwiegend die Bereiche pflanzliche Erzeugung, tierische Erzeugung mit Großtieren, Technik und
Betriebswirtschaft, aber auch das Geflügel wurde nicht vergessen.
So sind z. B. in letzterem Bereich Stichworte zu finden zu Broilern, Hühnerhaltung und Hühnerrassen. Ferner wird ein Brückenschlag zur Fütterung unternommen. Stichworte zum Kaninchen
sind allerdings nicht enthalten. Dafür gibt es aber Ausführungen
zum Kannibalismus bei Legehennen, zum Kapaunisieren oder zur
Perosis. Interessant war ferner, dass im Zusammenhang mit der
Fütterung unter dem Stichwort ,Pellet‘ kein Verweis auf pelletiertes Futter gefunden wurde, sondern nur die ,Heißlufttrocknung‘
beschrieben wurde, die z. B. bei der Herstellung von Graspellets
verwendet wird.
Das Lexikon der Landwirtschaft ist sicher kein Fachbuch für
die Geflügelerzeugung, aber es ist auf jeden Fall ein sehr wertvolles Nachschlagewerk für alle Personen, die in der Landwirtschaft tätig sind. Es verdient mit Sicherheit das Prädikat ,sehr
empfehlenswert‘.
M. A. Grashorn
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 2/2003