Availability of refrigerants for heat pumps in Europe A threat for

Availability of refrigerants for
heat pumps in Europe
A threat for heat pump markets?
Rainer M. Jakobs
IZW Information Centre on Heat Pumps & Refrigeration
Hannover Duisburg Breuberg Karlsruhe
Germany
Availability of refrigerants
for heat pumps in Europe
§  Introduction
§  HP refrigerants
§  Requirements on refrigerants
§  Selection for the future
§  Conclusion
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A world in change
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F.A.Z. 6.9.09
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
District cooling
and heating
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Future:
Smart grids
Smart cities
Future: Heating of electric
cars and cooling the
batteries
Residential HPs
Space
Heating +
Cooling
R-134a
Refrigerants
R-410A
R-407C R-404A
Tumble
dryer
Domestic
Hot Water
Refrigerator
Freezer
R-410A
Use of aero-geo+hydrothermal
renewable energy
sources
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R-600a
R-134a
R-134a – R-410A
Commercial
Industrial
R-134a
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R-717
R-410A
R-134a
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R-744
Requirements
Physical properties
Thermo dynamical properties
Chemical properties
Physiological properties
Economic requirements
§ 
§ 
§ 
§ 
§ 
§  Ecological properties
The use of a substance as a refrigerant depends on its properties.
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You will never find the requirements on an ideal refrigerant all at
once with one fluid. You always have had to make compromises
and you have to choose the most suitable fluid appropriate to a
certain application.
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The “Ideal“ Refrigerant
High (thermodynamic) energy efficiency / COP
–  High enthalpy of evaporation / low mass flow
–  High critical temperature
–  Low vapor density in relation to pressure level
§ 
Indirect emissions
85-95%
Low temperature loss with pressure drop
–  Favorable heat transfer coefficients
High volumetric cooling-heating capacity
n 
Low flow volume, small cross sections
n 
n 
n 
n 
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n 
Moderate pressure levels
No or low temperature glide
Low global warming potential (GWP)
Low toxicity, not flammable / explosive
Good material compatibility
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Direct emission
5-15%
TEWI
TEWI  CO2-equiv. Emissions
direct emissions indirect emissions exhaust gas CO2 refrigerants 6 th EHPA
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Relation of the exhaust cloud-areas correspond to the emission effect
Source: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Arnemann
Hochschule Karlsruhe
Technik und Wirtschaft
Nationale Treibhausgas-Emissionen (D)
Datenquellen: Umweltbundesamt, eigene Berechnungen
Elektroendenergie 6 th EHPA
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Bild: 11
15 MAY
2013 , ergänzt Source: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Arnemann
Hochschule Karlsruhe
Technik und Wirtschaft
Refrigerants
R-32 A2L
R-134a
R-290 A3
R-404A R-407C R-410A
R-507
R-600a A3
R-717 B2L
R-744
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
R-1270 A3
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R...
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Refrigerants
R-32 A2L
R-134a
R-290 A3
R-404A R-407C R-410A
R-507
R-600a A3
R-717 B2
R-744
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
R-1270 A3
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R...
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Refrigerants
R-32 A2L
R-134a
R-290 A3
R-404A R-407C R-410A
R-507
R-600a A3
R-717 B2
R-744
HFO 1234yf A2L
HFO 1234ze A2L
R-1270 A3
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HFO… Mixtures
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more flammable
more toxic
Kältemittel Möglichkeiten
Refrigerants options
… only 8 elements are
really suitable for
refrigerant molecules
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Refrigerants
Base:
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Cl
CH4
C 2H 6
C 3H 8
C4H10
C
Atmospheric lifetime
is high
toxic
H
or F, Cl, Br
Methane (CH4)
15 variants
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
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CH3Cl
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MAY4
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H
CCl4
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flammable
CFCl3
R11
CHFCl2
CH2FCl
F
CF2Cl2
R12
CHF2Cl
R22
CF3Cl
R13
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
CH4:
C 2H 6:
C 3H 8:
C4H10:
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45
66
variants
variants
variants
variants
154 substances
CH3F
CH2F2
R32
CHF3
R23
CF4
R14
Methane CH4
R-410A -> R-32
R-407C -> R-32
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Ethane
C 2H 6
R-404A -> R-143a R-125 R-134a
R-407C -> R-125 R-134a
R-410A -> R-125
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Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) und
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
R404A
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Conclusion
Very few substances are left for an use as refrigerant
There is no refrigerant which can successfully cope all applications
Not only GWP but other impacts on safety, environment, economy, energy
efficiency should be considered when choosing refrigerants
Evaluate not GWP as single figure, but the total GHG emissions -TEWI Follow the Refrigerant Strategy:
Careful selection for every single application, minimize refrigerant charge, use
hermetic sealed systems, establish standards for installation, maintenance,
recovery guideline for leak prevention, reduce energy consumption, …
Do not ban refrigerants!
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Do not waste time on the search and change to other refrigerants
Concentrate on the improvement of the current heat pumps application and
replace fossil fuel boilers -> there you can reduce emissions
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Follow the phase down to certain levels!
IZW e.V.
Heat pump mission
is
low or no emission
End
Thank you for your kind attention
6 th EHPA
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IZW e.V.
The Information Centre on Heat Pumps and Refrigeration IZW e.V.
is a society, which stands for neutral information in Heat Pump- and Refrigeration
Technology. IZW contributes to the shaping of political opinion due to objective
information and reports. Statements on current topics are given in technical-scientific
symposium and publications. The IZW represents with his National Team Germany in
the Heat Pumping Programme of the IEA.
Informationszentrum Wärmepumpen und Kältetechnik
D-64747 Breuberg
phone: +49 6163 5717
E-Mail: Email@izw-online.de
Hannover
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Duisburg
Fax:
+49 6163 3071
Internet: www.izw-online.de
Breuberg
Karlsruhe
Back up slides
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IZW e.V. Availability of refrigerants for HPs Industrial HPs
R-134a
R410A
R-407C
R-717
limit of present, most common HFC: ~ 80 °C
> 80 °C:
NH3 –H2O; NH3; CO2
Propane, Butane
some HFCs:
Pentafluorpropan (R245fa)
Pentafluorbutan (R365mfc)
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Research and development high temperature
R718
R744
R717
Mixtures
R717 - R718
HFOs
Mixtures with HFOs
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Refrigerant options
more flammable
more toxic
… only 8 elements are
really suitable for
refrigerant molecules
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Kältemittel
Nomenklatur
Namenszusätze/Ausnahmen:
- "a"
= unsymmetrisch (ohne "a" = Symmetrisch)
- A,B,C = Varianten bei Gemischen mit leicht veränderter Zusammensetzung
•  0-100er Reihe Methan und Äthan Reihe Halogenisierte Kohlenwasserstoffe
(z.B. R12, R22, R50, R113, R134a)
•  200er Reihe Propan
(z.B. R290)
•  300er Reihe Cyclische organische Verbindungen (z.B. R C318)
(Abkömmlinge von Isobutan )
•  400er Reihe: zeotrope Kältemittelgemische (z.B. R404A, R407C,...)
•  500er Reihe: azeotrope Kältemittelgemische (z.B. R502, R507A,...)
•  600er Reihe: Kohlenwasserstoffe (z.B. R600a Isobutan)
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•  700er Reihe: Anorganische Stoffe (z.B. R717, R744,...):
Zahl nach der 7 ist die Molmasse
•  1100 + 1200er Reihe Ungesättigte organische Verbindungen (z.B. R1270 Propene)
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Kältemittel
Bezeichnung
Deutsch Englisch
Beispiel Beschreibung
FCKW
CFC
R-11, R-12
Vollhalogenierte Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe
HFCKW
HCFC
R-22
Teilhalogenierte Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe
HFKW
HFC
R-134a
Teilfluorierte Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe
HFO
R-1234yf
Hydro-Fluoro-Olefin
PFKW
PFC
R-14, CF4
Perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe
KW
HC
R-290, Propan
Kohlenwasserstoffe
R-717, NH3
Anorganische Stoffe
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