ISO 19784-1 - Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik

ISO 19784-1 - Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik

Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Angewandte Biometrie
Modul 14
Standards
Dr. Andreas Wolf
Aufbau
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ISO, CEN und DIN
Andere National Bodies
Interchange Formats (ISO/IEC 19794)
Performance Testing (ISO/IEC 19795)
BioAPI (ISO/IEC 19784, 24708, 24709)
CBEFF (ISO/IEC 19785)
Smart Cards (ISO/IEC 7816-11)
FBI- und NIST-Standards
ISO, CEN und DIN
• ISO: International Standards Organization
• www.iso.org
• Maßgeblich für alle wichtigen Biometrie-Standards
ISO, CEN und DIN
• ISO: International Standards Organization
– Internationale Dachorganisation, in der 28 „National Bodies“, die
lokalen Standardisierungsorganisationen der Mitgliedsländer
mitarbeiten
– Um biometrische Verfahren kümmert sich das Joint Technical
Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 37, Biometrics
– Aktuell gibt es 25 P-Members mit Stimmrecht und 3 O-Members
ohne Stimmrecht (im SC37)
– Kompliziertes Verfahren zur Konsensherbeiführung (IS mit 2/3Mehrheit)
– Halbjährliche Meetings der Working Groups
– Jährliches Plenary im Anschluss an eines der beiden WG-Meetings
ISO, CEN und DIN
• ISO: International Standards Organization
– Erarbeitung eines Standards:
• NWP: New Work Item Proposal (Aufforderung zur Mitarbeit)
• WD: Working Draft (Alles ist ergänz- und änderbar)
• CD:Committee Draft (Struktur des Dokuments steht)
• FCD: Fixed Committee Draft (nur noch editorielle Änderungen
möglich)
• FDIS: Final Draft International Standard (ja oder nein
abstimmbar)
• IS: International Standard
ISO, CEN und DIN
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ISO: International Standards Organization
– Member Organizations of SC37
• P-Members
– Australia (SA)
Belgium (IBN)
– Canada (SCC)
China (SAC)
– Czech Republic (CNI)
Denmark (DS)
– Finland (SFS)
France (AFNOR)
– Germany (DIN)
Iran (ISIRI)
– Ireland (NSAI)
Italy (UNI)
– Japan (JISC)
Kenya (KEBS)
– Korea (KATS)
Malaysia (DSM)
– The Netherlands (NEN)
New Zealand (SNZ)
– Norway (SN)
Saudi Arabia (SASO)
– Singapore (SPRING SG)
South Africa (SABS)
– Sweden (SIS)
Switzerland (SNV)
– United Kingdom (BSI)
USA (ANSI)
• O-Members
– India (BIS)
Luxembourg (SEE)
– Russian Federation (GOST R)
ISO, CEN und DIN
• SC37 Working Groups:
– WG1:
• Harmonized Biometric Vocabulary
– WG2:
• Biometric Technical Interfaces
– WG3:
• Biometric Data Interchange Formats
– WG4:
• Biometric Functional Architecture And Related Profiles
– WG5:
• Biometric Testing and Reporting
– WG6:
• Jurisdictional and Societal Aspects
ISO, CEN und DIN
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CEN: Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Macht seit Ende 2010 eigene Biometrie-Standards (TC224 WG18)
CEN definiert die European Citizen Card
www.cen.eu
ISO, CEN und DIN
• DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
– www.din.de
– Deutscher National Body als offizielle Vertretung
Deutschlands bei der ISO
– Spiegelgruppe von SC37 ist NIA-37
– 33 Mitglieder
– Neben vielen Firmen ist auch z.B. das Bundesamt für
Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI) und der
Hessische Datenschutzbeauftragte Mitglied im NIA-37
– Erzeugt keine Biometrie-Standards, sondern arbeitet bei der
Generierung von ISO-Standards mit
– Ca. vier jährliche Meetings
ANSI, INCITS
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
– US National Body in der ISO
• INCITS: International Committee for Information Technology Standards
– Berät ANSI in allen ISO/IEC JTC1 betreffenden Fragen
– M1: Biometrics
• Die USA haben neben den ISO-Standards auch eigene nationale
Standards, die gegebenenfalls Vorrang haben.
FBI
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
– US-Bundespolizeibehörde
– Behörde des US-Justizministeriums
– Träger des IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
System)
– www.fbi.gov
– EFTS: Electronic Fingerprint Transmission Specification
– EFTS/F: IAFIS Image Quality Specifications
NIST
• National Institute for Standards and Technology
– www.nist.gov
– Behörde des US-Wirtschaftsministeriums
– ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2007 Fingerprint Standard
– Starke Vertretung bei M1 und SC37
Interchange Formats: ISO 19794
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ISO/IEC 19794 Information technology — Biometric data interchange formats:
– Part 1: Framework
– Part 2: Finger minutiae data
– Part 3: Finger pattern spectral data
– Part 4: Finger image data
– Part 5: Face image data
– Part 6: Iris image data
– Part 7: Signature/sign time series data
– Part 8: Finger pattern skeletal data
– Part 9: Vascular image data
– Part 10: Hand geometry silhouette data
Other parts are in preparation:
– Part 11: Signature/sign processed dynamic data
– Part 12: Feature based face recognition
– Part 13: Speech data interchange format for speaker recognition
– Part 14: DNA Data Interchange Formats
ISO 19794-1
Framework Document
ISO 19794-1
• This part of ISO/IEC 19794 specifies
– general aspects for the usage of biometric data structures,
– the types of biometric data structure,
– a naming concept for biometric data structures,
– a coding scheme for format types.
• The processing levels of biometric data as defined in ISO/IEC 19785-1
are the following.
– Acquired data: the data in their raw form as delivered by the sensor.
– Intermediate data: the data have been processed from the form
delivered by the sensor, but is not in a form usable for matching –
these data are addressed as image data or behavioural data.
– Processed data: the data are in a form that can be used for
matching - these data are addressed as feature data.
ISO 19794-1
ISO 19794-1
Components of a general biometric system
ISO 19794-1
• Multi-biometrics can be divided in 3 sub-categories:
– multi-modal – usage of different biometric types such as face and
fingerprint;
– multi-algorithmic – usage of two or more distinct algorithms for
processing the same biometric sample;
– multi-instance – usage of at least two instances of the same
biometric type e.g. left and right iris or left and right pointer finger.
• Multi-biometrics may be used to improve the performance of biometric
systems in terms of error rates.
ISO 19794-1
• Examples of matching scenarios: Usage of image or behavioural data
ISO 19794-1
• Examples of matching scenarios: Usage of feature data
ISO 19794-1
• Examples of matching scenarios: Match on card
ISO 19794-2
Finger Minutiae Data
ISO 19794-2
• Values given here are for normal format
(compact format may have another
specification)
• X and Y resolutions (stated separately)
– 1 unit = 0.01 mm
• Record formats use
– Ridge endings and ridge bifurcations
– Minutia angles are measured counterclockwise starting from the horizontal axis
to the right
– Minutia angles are scaled to fit the
granularity of 1.40625 (360/256) degrees
ISO 19794-2
• Record organization:
– 24-byte fixed-length header
• number of represented fingers
• overall record length (bytes)
– Finger records
• 4-byte fixed-length header
– data for a single finger
– number of minutiae
• 6-byte fixed-length minutia descriptions
– position, type, angle, and quality
• optional extended data areas
– optional or vendor-specific data
ISO 19794-2
• Encoding of minutiae data
• Additional information:
– Ridge count
– Core and delta
• Finger order: Right thumb -> left little
ISO 19794-3
Finger Pattern Spectral Data
ISO 19794-3
• Koordinatensystem für Abdruck und Finger
ISO 19794-3
• Zellen-Partitionierung als Ausgangspunkt für die Beschreibung von
Spektraldaten
ISO 19794-3
• Ansatz 1: Quantized co-sinusoidal triplets
The greyscale information is represented within a finger pattern cell with
the following 2D cosinusoidal function:
where
s and t are the subscripts for the cell pixels on the x and y axes,
respectively. θ, λ and δ are the propagation angle, wavelength and
phase offset, respectively.
ISO 19794-3
• Ansatz 2: 2D Diskrete Fourier Transformation
The finger pattern cell information will consist of a real signal, h(s,t), of
size S×T,
where k = 0,…,S −1 and l = 0,…,T −1
ISO 19794-3
• Ansatz 3: Gabor filters
A 2D Gabor filter is a product of a Gaussian envelope and a complex
exponential function:
where s1 = s cosθ + t sinθ , t1 = −s sinθ + t c and σ represents the
standard deviation of the Gaussian envelope, f is the frequency, and θ
is the orientation from the x-axis.
The finger pattern cell information will consist of a real signal, h(s,t), of
size S×T.
To apply this Gabor filter, multiply the finger pattern cell information,
h(s,t), with the above function to obtain:
ISO 19794-3
• Templategrößen
– 500 ppi 480×640: 300 KB
– 500 ppi 400×600: 240 KB
– 500 ppi 480×640 WSQ compressed 15:1: 20 KB
– 500 ppi 400×600 WSQ compressed 15:1: 16 KB
– 500 ppi 400×600 co-sinusoidal triplets: 12 KB
– Cropped/down-sampled to 120×160, 250 ppi WSQ
– compressed 15:1: 1.28 KB.
– 19794-3 record, cropped/down-sampled to 120×160, 250 ppi cosinusoidal triplets: 0.96 KB
ISO 19794-4
Finger Image Data
ISO 19794-4
• Mögliche Auflösungen
erlaubte Kompressionsverfahren:
– keine mit/ohne bit packing
– WSQ, JPEG, JPEG2000, PNG
ISO 19794-4
• Fingerpositionen und Bildabmessungen
ISO 19794-4
• Handabdrücke und Bildpositionen
ISO 19794-5
Face Image Data
ISO 19794-5
• Image types:
– Basic: No mandatory scene, photographic and digital requirements
specified.
– Frontal: Additional requirements appropriate for frontal face
recognition and/or human examination.
– Full Frontal: Full head with all hair in most cases, neck and
shoulders.
– Token Frontal: Specific geometric size and eye positioning based
on the width and height of the image. Suitable for minimizing the
storage requirements for face recognition tasks offering vendor
independence and human verification capabilities.
ISO 19794-5
ISO 19794-5
• MPEG4 feature points
ISO 19794-5
ISO 19794-5
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Facial image requirements including Technical Corrigendum 2007
Horizontally centred face
– AA: Horizontal midpoints of the mouth and of the bridge of the nose
– BB: Line through the centres of the left and the right eye.
– M: Intersection of AA and BB, the centre of the face.
– The x of M shall be between 45% and 55% of the image width.
Vertical position of the face
– The y-coordinate of M shall be between 30% and 50% of the image height.
Width of head
– CC: Width of a head, the distance between the two imaginary lines parallel
to the line A. Each imaginary line is drawn between the upper and lower
lobes of each ear and shall be positioned where the external ear connects
the head.
– CC shall be between 50% and 75% of the image width (A).
Roll angle of less than 10° (best practice: < 5°)
ISO 19794-5
• Facial image requirements including Technical Corrigendum 2007
• Length of head
– DD: Length of a head, the distance between the base of the chin
and the crown measured on the line AA.
– Crown: Top of the head ignoring any hair.
– DD shall be between 60% and 90% of the vertical length of the
image (B).
ISO 19794-5
ISO 19794-5
• Resolution requirements for Full
Frontal Image Type
– 180 pixels width of the head
– 90 pixels from eye centre to eye
centre
ISO 19794-5
ISO 19794-5
ISO 19794-6
Iris Image Data
ISO 19794-6
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Image data between inner and outer iris boundaries are converted to polar
coordinates.
Pixel intensity is represented by eight or more bits per colour.
Inner and outer boundaries (not necessarily concentric) are divided into m
angular intervals.
The segment extending from the ith inner to the ith outer segment is divided
into n radial samples.
The intensity of each polar image sample
is computed using bilinear
interpolation applied to the four pixels closest to the calculated coordinates
in the rectilinear input.
The 0° angle is at the 6:00 position, directly downwar d from the estimated
pupil centre, and angles increase counter-clockwise.
The pixel with the lowest address is adjacent to the inner boundary at 0°.
Subsequent addresses are occupied by pixels at the same radius but
increasing angles.
The entire uncompressed image consists of n x m samples for a
monochrome image or three n x m samples for a colour image.
ISO 19794-6
ISO 19794-6
ISO 19794-6
• Capturing best practice:
– Eye illumination with near-infrared (700-900 nm).
– The angle between a line from the centre of the illumination source
to the pupil centre, and the optical axis of the iris camera should be
at least 5 degrees to prevent “red-eye” effect.
– The illumination source should be alongside or below the camera to
prevent creation of shadows.
– The iris image should have > 70 grey levels separation between iris
and sclera and > 50 grey levels separation between iris and pupil for
all colour eyes.
– > 70 percent of the iris should be visible. This may be difficult with
some ethnic populations.
– The tear duct of the right eye is on the right side of the image, and
the tear duct of the left eye is on the left side of the image.
ISO 19794-6
ISO 19794-6
• Presentation best practice
– The head should be held vertical so that a line between the centres
of the left and right irises is horizontal ± 10°.
– The eyes should be opened as wide as possible.
– Pupil size shall be 7 mm or less.
– Eyeglasses should be removed for enrollment to optimise the
enrollment quality and minimize the subsequent false non-match
rate.
– Hard contact lenses and patterned soft contact lenses should be
removed.
ISO 19794-7
Signature/Sign Time Series Data
ISO 19794-7
ISO 19794-7
ISO 19794-7
ISO 19794-7
• Best practice
– Minimum X and Y resolution: 40 dots per centimeter with variation of
less than 5%, not depending on velocity and pen tilt up to a predefined
maximum velocity and tilt.
– The minimum sample frequency: 50 samples per second, no sequential
sample points with F > 0 separated by more than 20 milliseconds.
• X jitter
– Less than 0,2% of the range of possible X values.
• Y jitter
– Less than 0,2% of the range of possible Y values.
• Force
– Inclusion of the F channel is recommended.
ISO 19794-8
Finger Pattern Skeletal Data
ISO 19794-8
ISO 19794-8
ISO 19794-8
• Beschreibung von Poren ist möglich
• Es existiert ein kompakteres Format für Smartcards
• Fingerprint und Rekonstruktion aus Skeleton-Beschreibung
ISO 19794-9
Vascular Image Data
ISO 19794-9
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Image capture Requirements
– Spatial resolution: Application dependent
– Gray scale depth: > 128 levels, allocating > 8 bit per intensity value and
providing > 7 bits of useful intensity information. Two or more bytes per
gray scale value are possible.
– Illumination: Near-infrared 700-1200 nm. No definition of the angle from the
light source to the tangent plane of the skin’s surface. Several light
wavelengths may be specified if multiple different light sources are used for
background masking.
Image storage format:
– Raw: Each pixel has at least 8 bits of information. Each pixel in a
monochrome image is represented by one or more bytes. Color images are
represented as three samples per pixel, representing red, blue, and green
intensities, in that order.
– Lossless compression: JPEG-LS or JPEG2000
– Lossy compression: JPEG or JPEG2000. A compression factor of 4:1 or
less is recommended.
– Multichannel image: More than three colors or channels are possible.
JPEG2000 to be used.
ISO 19794-9
• Poses
– Back of the hand: Position the hand with the
dorsal side toward the capture device with the
tangent plane of the back of the hand in parallel
with the image coordinate space to produce an
orthographic image of the back of the hand.
– Palm: The palm area shall not be bent and each
finger boundary shall be exposed to the camera.
Fingers shall be straight.
– Finger: Present a straight finger. The “frontal
side” is defined as the ventral side of each finger.
ISO 19794-10
Hand Geometry Silhouette Data
ISO 19794-10
• To conserve space, the hand silhouette is recorded using a Freeman
Chain Code (FCC).
ISO 19794-10
ISO 19794-10
ISO 19794-10
• Best practice:
– Place the hand flat against a platen, with fingers spread wide
enough to allow clear visibility of the finger webs.
– Orient any rings or jewellery the same way for every hand
placement.
– Not merge the silhouette together adjacent fingers prior to the web
position.
– Remove gloves, sleeves, and other agents that change the
perceived size and shape of the hand.
– Do not impact the silhouette by ambient light.
– Control finger placement for whole-hand systems by finger
alignment pins.
– To gather the most data available for each hand placement, capture
top-view and side-view for each hand placement.
ISO 19794-10
ISO 19795
Biometric Performance Testing and Reporting
ISO 19795
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Terms and definitions
– Biometric data, components of a biometric system, user interaction with a
biometric system, performance measures
Overview of technology evaluations and scenario evaluations
Technology evaluation
– Test design, assembling an appropriate test corpus, performance
measurement, reporting
Scenario evaluation
– Test design, test crew, performance measurement, reporting
Other issues applicable to technology and scenario evaluations
– Parties to a test, fairness, basis for inclusion of test systems, use of
Frequently Asked Questions, legal issues, release of test source code,
supplier comment on test report
Informative Annexes:
– Phases and activities for primary technology test types, relationship
between presentations, attempts, and transactions, reporting effort levels,
client-server testing, comparing results across systems in multi-system tests
ISO 19784, ISO 24709
BioAPI
Conformance Testing for BioAPI
ISO 19784-1
• BioAPI Specification
ISO 19784-1
ISO 19784-1
ISO 19784-1
ISO 19784-1
ISO 19784-2
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Biometric Archive Function Provider
– General BFP management functions:
• BioAFPI_BAFPLoad; BioAFPI_BAFPUnload; BioAFPI_UnitAttach;
BioAFPI_UnitDetach; BioAFPI_QueryUnits; BioAFPI_Free
– Unit management functions:
• BioAFPI_ControlUnit; BioAFPI_Cancel; BioAFPI_SetPowerMode
– Database management functions:
• BioAFPI_DbOpen; BioAFPI_DbClose; BioAFPI_DbCreate;
BioAFPI_DbDelete.
– Record management functions:
• BioAFPI_DbSetMarker; BioAFPI_DbFreeMarker.
– Data management functions:
• BioAFPI_DbStoreBIR; BioAFPI_DbGetBIR; BioAFPI_DbGetNextBIR;
BioAFPI_DbQueryBIR; BioAFPI_DbDeleteBIR.
ISO 24709
• Part 1:Methods and procedures
• Part 2: Test assertions for
biometric service providers
• Conformance testing model for
BioAPI applications
ISO 19785
Common
Biometric Exchange Formats
Framework (CBEFF)
ISO 19785
• Part 1: Data element specification
• Part 2: Procedures for the operation of the Biometric Registration
Authority
• Registration Authority: The International Biometric Industry Association
(IBIA), www.ibia.org
ISO 19785
ISO 7816-11
Identification cards - Integrated circuit cards with
contacts Part 11: Personal verification through biometric
methods
ISO 7816-11
• Commands for biometric verification processes
– Commands to retrieve biometric information
– Command for a static biometric verification process
– Commands for a dynamic biometric verification process
• Data elements
– Biometric information
– Biometric data
– Verification requirement information
• Informative Annexes
– Biometric verification process
– Examples for enrollment and verification
– Biometric information data objects
– Usage of Secure Messaging Templates
ANSI/NIST-ITL 1
Data Format for the Interchange of
Fingerprint, Facial, & Other Biometric
Information – Part 1
NIST
• Transmitted data conventions
– Fingerprint Ridge Representation, Byte and bit ordering, Grayscale
data, Binary data, Color data, Compression algorithms, Color
spaces, Scan sequence
• Image resolution requirements
– Scanner resolution requirement, Transmitting resolution requirement
• File description
– File format, File contents, Implementation domains, Image
designation character (IDC)
• Record description
– Logical record types, Record format
• Type-1 transaction information record
– Fields for Type-1 transaction information record, End of transaction
information record Type-1
NIST
• Type-2 user-defined descriptive text record
– Fields for Type-2 logical records, End of Type-2 user-defined
descriptive text record, Additional user-defined descriptive text
records
• Type-3 through Type-6 fingerprint image records
– General, Types 3-6 logical record field descriptions, End of fixedresolution fingerprint image record, Additional fixed-resolution
fingerprint image records
• Type-7 user-defined image record
– Fields for Type-7 logical record, End of Type-7 user-defined image
record, Additional user-defined image records
• Type-8 signature image record
– Fields for Type-8 logical record, End of Type-8 signature image
record, Additional signature
NIST
• Type-9 minutiae data record
– Minutiae and other information descriptors (Standard Format),
Fields for Type-9 logical record (Standard Format), End of Type-9
logical record, Additional minutiae records
• Type-10 facial & SMT image record
– Fields for Type-10 logical record
– End of Type-10 logical record
– Additional facial & SMT image records
• Type-11 record reserved for future use
• Type-12 record reserved for future use
• Type-13 variable-resolution latent image record
– Fields for the Type-13 logical record
– End of Type-13 variable-resolution latent image record
– Additional variable-resolution latent image records
NIST
• Type-14 variable-resolution fingerprint image record
– Fields for the Type-14 logical record
– End of Type-14 variable-resolution fingerprint image record
– Additional variable-resolution fingerprint image records
• Type-15 variable-resolution palmprint image record
– Fields for the Type-15 logical record, End of Type-15 variableresolution palmprint image record, Additional Type-15 variableresolution palmprint image records
• Type-16 user-defined testing image record
– Fields for the Type-16 logical record, End of Type-16 user-defined
testing image record, Additional Type-16 user-defined testing image
records
• Type-17 Iris image record
– General, Fields for the Type-17 logical record, End of Type-17 Iris
Data Record, Additional Type-17 Iris Data Records
NIST
• Type-99 CBEFF biometric data record
– Fields for the Type-99 logical record, End of Type-99 CBEFF Data
Record, Additional Type-99 CBEFF Data Records
FBI EFTS (neu: EBTS)
Electronic Fingerprint Transmission
Specification
FBI
• Description of Operational Concepts
– Electronic Ten-print Submissions
– Remote Ten-Print Searches
– Electronic Submission of Latent Prints
– Remote Latent Fingerprint Searches
– Latent File Maintenance Requests
– Remote Requests for Fingerprint Images
– Electronic Requests To Upgrade Fingerprint Images
– Error Message Format
– Other Special Requirements For Communicating With IAFIS
– Electronic Criminal Subject Photo Services
– Latent Administrative Queries, Requests and Responses
FBI
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Appendices
– A: Transaction Priorities
– B: Descriptors And Field Edit Specifications For Type-1
– C: Descriptors And Field Edit Specifications For Type-2
– D: Logical Record Layouts For Type-2 (Ten-Print)
– E: Summary Fi8eld Lists For Latent Transactions
– F: IAFIS Image Quality Specifications
– G: Interim IAFIS Image Quality Specifications For Scanners
– H: Descriptors And Field Edit Specifications For Type-7
– I: Logical Record Layout For Type-2 (Image) Records
– J: Descriptors And Field Edit Specifications For Type-10
– K: Descriptors And Field Edit Specifications For Type-10 And Logical
Record Field List for Type-2 (Photo) Records
– L: Summary Tables
– M: Transaction Error Messages
– N: Civil Background Checks Using Flat Impressions Descriptors And Field
Edit Specifications For Type-14
Ende Modul 14