docTeil 2/2: 1960
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Teil 2/2: 1960
Teil 2/2: 1960-‐2013 ! Beginn Ende der 1940er Jahre ! Ende frühe 1970er Jahre PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! beschleunigte “Auflösung” der Majors neue Technologien (Widescreen) Feature Film verändert sich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Attentate: JFK, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Malcom X ! Civil Rights Bill 64 ! Kubakrise, Vietnamkrieg, Antiwar protests ! ! ! JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson Riot democratic party convention 1968 Chicago ! ! sexual revolution, Antibaby-‐Pille 1960 Jugendkultur PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! double bill verschwindet ! weniger Filme ! Risiko steigt ! 1961: ¾ der Filme verlieren Geld ! profit margins increased exponentially ! 1895-‐1960: 20 Filme grossed more than 10 Mill. ! 1960-‐1969: 60 Filme PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! 1960: 40% of all movies financed by Hollywood majors were shot overseas UK, Italien und Frankreich: direct governmental subsidies incompetent and/or inefficient foreign crews, language ! ! Lawrence of Arabia 1962 Dr. Strangelove 1964 ! ! Struggle with SAG (Actor's guild) unemployment among technicians and production personnel 40% PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! 1949: 2% der US-‐Haushalte besitzen Fernseher 1959: 86 % Columbia und Universal erste Studios die TV-‐ Programm produzieren, Movies for TV Ende der 1960er: mehr Filme fürs TV als fürs Kino ! ! ! ! ! Networks: ABC, CBS, NBC 1967: CBS kauft Republic facilities 17 self-‐produced feature length movie production SAG not to oppose CBS or ABC ! ! ! ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber SAG Streik 1960 Health and welfare plan 6% of producers net revenues from sale of old films ! sale of pre-‐1948 films ! ! ! ! actors as producers ! percentage deals ! Bryna Productions: Kirk Douglas ! Batjac Prod. Company: John Wayne PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! 7 Majors: 2/3 aller Filme, so gut wie alle first-‐run Filme 1958: 50% independent 1960: 75% independent ! 165 Produktionsfirmen ! Lawyers and agents ! ! ! ! ! from making movies to financing them distribution 1963 Film Production Steuererleichterung Hits tragen finanziell die Flops nicht mehr agents, actors, writers, directors, financiers werden Produzenten PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! Samuel Z. Arkhoff and Ben Nicholson Roger Corman Low budget Teenage audience The Wild Angels 1966 ! Peter Fonda, Nancy Sinatra ! Largest grossing low budget film, Venice film festival ! Easy Rider 1969 ! Fonda, Hopper, Nicholson ! Most successful independent production of the 60s ! Distribution deal with Columbia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! MCA kauft Universal 1962 ! Gulf & Western kauft Paramount 1966 ! TransAmerican Corp. (Bank of America) kauft UA 1967 ! Seven Arts Merger mit WB 1967 ! Kirk Kerkorian kauft MGM 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Gulf and Western ! Desilu (TV production) ! Madison Square garden ! Basketball and hockey team ! Holiday on ice ! Simon and Schuster ! Robert Evans ! Rosemary's Baby 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Sold its lot – Century City ! Cleopatra 1963 ! Walter Wanger ! 40 Mill. Dollar ! Skouras fired ! 1965 Sound of Music ! Doctor Dolittle 1967 und Star! 1968 floppen PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! British co-‐prod.: ! Lawrence of Arabia, A Man for All Seasons 66, Oliver! 68 ! Sidney Portier ! In the Heat of the Night 1967 ! Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 1967 ! Easy Rider 1969 ! Funny Girl 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! UK co.-‐prod: ! Tom Jones 1963, A Shot in the Dark 1964, A Hard Day's Night 1964 ! Bond-‐Filme ! Midnight Cowboy 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Back lot, props, music library werden verkauft ! MGM Grand Hotel und Casino in Las Vegas PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! Rising marriage and birth rates Mehr Freizeit Mehrheit lebt in den Vorstädten Unabhängige Kinobesitzer ! Vorstädte sind fast ausschließlich weiß (WASP) ! Segregation wird 1964 juristisch beendet ! Frauen waren seit dem Ende des 1. WKs die Mehrheit im Publikum das verbleibene Publikum wird jünger und männlicher ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! 500 nationwide in den frühen 1960er Jahren studentisches Publikum large cities or towns with students by the 1970s growth was over mix of foreign film and low budget American features labeled "independent“ ! ! ! ! ! ! Film Festival New York Film Festival seit 1963 im Lincoln Center Amos Vogel Erste Seminare im Rahmen des festivals Film generation Vogel: “for young people (film) is their art – the 20th century art form” PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! film festivals, college courses, writings ! Andrew Sarris, Pauline Kael, Stanley Kauffmann ! Foreign films PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Drive ins ! ! ! ! ! Multiplex 1960: 25 Kinos shopping center theater two small theaters, single projection booth In den nächsten 20 Jahren (von 1963 angefangen) 218 Kinos mit 2.700 screens ! 1966: über 500 werden gebaut, alle suburban multiplexes Ende der 1960er Renovierung der älteren Kinos in Multiplexe ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! TV macht die Verleihung zum globalen Event ! Bob Hope ! Kodak sponsored ! 1966 zum 1. Mal in Farbe ! sw und Farbe cinematography ! 1966 verschoben wg. Martin Luther King ! Dorothy Chandler Pavilion ! mehr Moderatoren PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Actor in a Leading Role ! 1963: Sidney Portier (Lilies of the Field) ! 2001: Denzel Washington (Training Day) ! 2004: Jamie Foxx (Ray) ! 2006: Forest Whitacker (The Last King of Scotland) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Actress in a Leading Role ! 2001: Halle Berry (Monster‘s Ball) Actor in Supporting Role ! 1982: Lou Gossett Jr. (An Officier and a Gentleman) ! 1989: Denzel Washington (Glory) ! 1996: Cuba Gooding Jr. (Jerry Maguire) ! 2004: Morgan Freeman (Million Dollar Baby) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Actress in a Supporting Role ! 1939: Hattie McDaniel (Gone With the Wind) ! 1990: Whoopie Goldberg (Ghost) ! 2006: Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls) ! 2009: Mo‘Nique (Precious) ! 2011: Octavia Spencer (The Help) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The French Line 1954 in 3D condemned Splendor in the Grass 61, Kazan, released without a seal The Pawnbroker 1965 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1966 Blow Up 19 66, MGM vertreibt den Film ohne Siegel Bonnie and Clyde 1967 Eric Johnston MPAA erwägt 1961 erstmals den Ersatz des Codes durch ein Rating System 1966 Jack Valenti wird MPAA President PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! tritt am 1.11.1968 in Kraft ! ! ! ! G M (spatter PG) R X (spatter NC-‐17) X : The Damned 1969, Midnight Cowboy 1969, A Clockwork Orange 1971 ! erst in den 1970ern steht X für Porno ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! James Wong Howe ! Hud 1963 ! ! Robert Surtees ! My Fair Lady 1964 ! Graduate 1967 ! Burnett Guffey ! Bonnie and Clyde PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Haskell Wexler ! In the Heat of the Night 1967 ! Thomas Crown Affair 1968 ! Medium Cool 1969 ! Laszlo Kovacs ! Easy Rider 1969 William Fraker ! Rosemary's Baby 1968 ! Bullitt 1968 ! ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ASL average shot length von 1958 -‐63 von 11 Sekunden auf 9,3 Sekunden ! 1963-‐69: 7,7 Sekunden ! Anne Coates ! Lawrence of Arabia 1962 keine fades und dissolves mehr, associational montage, slow motion, freeze frame ! Shorter shots, Quickened narrative pace, Influence by TV and experimental film ! ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Boston Strangler 1968 ! Woodstock 1970 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! The Hustler 1961 ! America, America 1963 ! Bonnie and Clyde 1967 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Rear Window 1954 ! Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR) ! Dubbing became more sophisticated and polished ! Off-‐Screen Sound ! Lawrence of Arabia 1962 ! Overlapping dialogue sound ! Dolby PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! 1958 entlassen die Studios ihre Musiker Jazz ! Alex North ▪ A Streetcar Named Desire 1951 ! Elmer Bernstein ▪ The Man with the Golden Arm 1955 ! Quincy Jones ▪ The Pawnbroker 1965 ▪ In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood 1967 ! Duke Ellington ▪ Anatomy of a Murder 1959 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Henry Mancini ! Peter Gunn (TV Serie) ! Breakfast at Tiffany's 1961 ! Experiment in Terror 1962 ! Days of Wine and Roses 1962 ! Pink Panther 1963 ! Bernhard Hermann ! Birds 1963 ! Seven Days in May 1964 ! Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! 2001: Odyssee in Space: temp track Alex North Score nicht verwendet song scoring ! The Graduate 1967 ! Alice's Restaurant 1969, Arlo Guthrie ! Zabriskie Point 1970 Pink Floyd ! Easy Rider 1969 ! Midnight Cowboy (Harry Nilson) ! Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Burt Bacharach) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! John Barry ! Lalo Schifrin ! Michel Legrand ! Jerry Goldsmith ! Soundtrack-‐Alben PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Doris Day ! Most profitable star 1960-‐65, danach nicht mehr unter den top ten ! ! Elizabeth Taylor ! 1960: 750.000 $ Butterfield 8, Oscar ! Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf 66 ! ! Natalie Wood ! Splendor in the Grass 61 ! West Side Story 621 ! ! Audrey Hepburn ! Breakfast at Tiffany's 61 ! My Fair Lady 64 ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Julie Andrews ! Mary Poppins 64 ! Sound of Music 65 ! S.O.B. 81 ! ! ! Shirley MacLaine Faye Dunaway Kathrine Ross ! Jane Fonda ! ! ! ! ! Barefoot in the Park 67 Barbarella 68 They Shoot Horses don't they? 69 Barbra Streisand ! Funny Girl 68 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Paul Newman ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hustler 61 Hud 63 Cool Hand Luke 67 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 69 Warren Beatty ! ! ! ! Splendor in the Grass Lilith 64 Mickey One 65 ! ! ! ! ! Magnificent seven 60 Great Escape 62 Cincinnatti Kid 65 Bullitt 67 Thomas Crown affair 68 Steve McQueen Dustin Hoffmann ! ! The Graduate 67 Midnight cowboy 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Sidney Portier ! Defiant Ones 58 ! Lilies of the field 63 ! Guess who's coming to diner 67 ! In the heat of the night 67 ! Jerry Lewis ! Woody Allen und Mel Brooks PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! PR campaigns Wayne's The Alamo nomination for best picture The Apartment West Side Story Lawrence of Arabia Tom Jones My Fair Lady Sound of Music A Man for All Seasons In the Heat of the Night Midnight Cowboy PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Lonely Are the Brave 62 ! Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid 69 ! True Grit 69 ! Wild Bunch 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Cool Hand Luke ! Graduate ! Bonnie and Clyde ! ! The Graduate: ! 72% unter 24 ! 24 % 24-‐30 Jahre ! Pauline Kael PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Autorenkino ! Blockbuster PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Universal – MCA 1962 ! Paramount Gulf and Western 1966 ! UA TransAmerica 1967 ! WB Kinney National Service Corp. 1969 ! MGM Kirk Kerkorian 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Exploitation ! Shift in audience ! Rating system ! Distribution: saturation booking PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! saturation release: sehr hohe Kopienzahl: 1.500 bis 2.500 Kopien ! four walling: mietet der Anbieter ein Kino und umgeht so zur Kostenreduzierung den Verleih. PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Federal income tax credits on losses ! Investment tax credit on domestic production ! Tax shelters and tax-‐leveraged investment became the key mode of production finance ! Financing 20% of all film starts 1973-‐76 ! Outlawed domestically, they migrated overseas: Germany, Australia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Marketing ! Event films ! Synchronize production with marketing ! Marketing begins before a film is even scripted ! Saturation booking ! Massive TV Ads ! distribution pattern of exploitation producers PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Merchandising ! Sound-‐track album ! Product tie-‐ins ! Product placement PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! One big film a year ! 1977: top 6 von 199 sind 1/3 der Jahreseinnahmen der Filmindustrie verantwortlich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! genre ! sequel ! series ! remakes ! reissues ! prequels PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Love Story 1970 ! The Godfather 1972 ! Jaws 1975 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Film generation (Ausbildung an Filmschulen, Filmkultur, Filme im TV) ! Auteur theory ! Andrew Sarris ! ! „another way to market the product“ PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! „Superficial stylistic exuberance, leaving Classical Hollywood's paradigms fundamentally untouched“ ! Return to genre ! „Blockbuster production demanded stories that were pre-‐tested, pre-‐sold and easily packaged for global distribution“ ! Neo-‐classicism PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Interesse an Filmgeschichte, Form und Stil ! Risk reduction via genre ! Classical genres ! Revising, de-‐constructing, correcting genre ! Exploitation genres ! Genre parody ! Genre pastiche ! Nostalgia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Vietnam Western (Little Big Man) ! Modernist or Anti-‐Western (McCabe and Mrs. Miller) ! Traditional Westerns (John Wayne) ! Comic and Parodic Westerns (Blazzing Saddles) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Godfather ! Getaway 72 ! Badlands 73 ! Sugarland Express 74 ! Dog Day Afternoon 75 ! Mean Streats 73 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Chinatown 74 ! Long Goodbye 73 ! Night Moves 75 ! Vigilante/revenge movies ! Dirty Harry 71 ! Death Wish 74 ! Straw Dogs 71 ! Taxi Driver 76 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Parallex View 74 ! All the President's Men 76 ! Conversation 74 ! Three Days of the Condor 75 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodstock 70 Fiddler on the Roof 71 Cabaret 72 New York, New York 77 That's Entertainment! 74 Nashville 75 Rocky Horror Picture Show 75 Tommy 75 Saturday Night Fever 77 Grease 78 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! The Exorcist 73 ! Most commercially successful horror film ever made 226 ! First to be nominated as best picture ! The Omen 76 ! Texas Chain Saw Massacre 74 ! Vision of the American family as monstrosity and the American home as slaughterhouse 229 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Jaws 75 ! „Moving subjective camera shots from the shark's point of view“ ! Halloween ! male psycho-‐killer who stalks sexually active teenage girls ! Steadicam ! ! ! Subjektive kamera POV des Killers Hand-‐held camera ! Misogynie, Sexismus PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Westworld 73 Omega Man 71 THX-‐1138 71 Silent Running 71 Soylent Green 73 Dark Star 74 Star Wars 77 ! ! ! ! Close Encounters 77 Superman 78 Alien 79 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Airport 70 ! Poseidon Adventure 72 ! Towering Inferno 74 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s ! Black filmmakers ! Proud new attitude: „Say it loud, I'm black and I'am proud“ ! Ossie Davis ! Melvin Van Pebbles ! Sweet Sweetback's Baad Assss Song (1971) ! Shaft (MGM) Gordon Parks Sr. (1971) ! Superfly (Gordon Parks. Jr. 1972) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Stereotypical depiction ! Black detectives, gangsters, prostitutes, drug kingpins ! Written, directed and produced by whites ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hammer 1972 Cool Breeze 72 Trouble Man 72 Black Caesar 73 Coffy 73 Cleopatra Jones 73 Foxy Brown 74 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Importe aus Hong Kong ! Shaw Brothers ! Bruce Lee ! Enter the Dragon 73 WB PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Werben mit X-‐rated ! Newspapers to refuse to review or accept advertising for all X-‐rated films ! 1972: 47% of exhibitors were refusing X-‐rated films ! films cut to avoid x-‐rating ! NC 17 ersetzt 1990 das X ! Porn Chic PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Beyond the Valley of the Dolls 1970 ! Vixens 68 ! Supervixens 75 ! Beneath the Valley of the Dolls 79 ! ! Roger Ebert Drehbücher PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Radley Metzger ! Opening of Misty Beethoven 76 ! Deep Throat 72 ! 11th highest grossing film of the year ! Devil in Miss Jones 72 ! Behind Green Doors 73 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Last Tango in Paris 73 UA ! Emanuelle 74 Columbia import ! Story of O 75 ! Pretty Baby 78 ! Taxi Driver 76 ! Exorcist 73 ! VCR PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! 1977: Über 40-‐Jährige machen 45 % der US-‐ Bevölkerung aus, aber nur 13% der Kino-‐ Eintrittskarten ! 57 % des Kinopublikums sind unter 25 Jahre ! shopping mall, mall cinemas ! Übergang vom first run etc. zu Jahres PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Reissues ! James T. Aubrey ! Replaced in 73 ! 81 merger mit UA PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Deal with MCA joint distributionship abroad: CIC cinema international corporation ! Control a third of hollywood's overseas market ! Joined by UA 1981: UIP (United International Pictures) ! ! ! Frank Yablans, Michael Eisner Don Simpson Jeffrey Katzenberg ! ! ! Second boom in 77-‐78: SNF, Grease, Heaven Can Wait 78 Yablans: „we want one big picture a year. The rest are budgeted to minimize risk.“ ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! -‐Warner-‐Elektrik-‐Atlantic record company WEA ! Ted Ashley (Agent) ! 1989 merger mit Time, Inc. (Time Warner) ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Darryl Zanuck CEO ! Richard reorganized and diversified ! Resignation of both ! The Sting 73 ! Towering Inferno 74 mit WB ! Alan Ladd Jr. ! Star Wars PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! MCA was forced to sell ist agency business ! Universal City 1964 ! American Graffiti 73 ! Jaws 75 ! Nur 11 filme in 1976 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Deal mit BBS Bert Schneider ! 82 von Coca Cola gekauft PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Cost cutting ! Firing 300 employees ! Capping production budgets at 2 mill. $ ! ! ! ! Distributor of MGM Eric Pleskow wird 73 Präsident und CEO 78: Krim, Benjamin, Pleskow resigned and formed Orion Pictures Company, first major new film company in 50 years Heaven's Gate 80 ! 219 min version ! zurückgezogen 149 min ! ! ! ! Apokalypse Now 79 81 Kerkorian kauft UA merged MGM/United Artists Entertainment Company wird 86 von Ted Turner gekauft PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Roy Disney ! 71: Disney World Orlando ! reissues ! 68-‐73: 35% total gross kommen von reissues ! 79 verlassen Don Bluth und andere Animateure Disney und gründen Don Bluth Productions ! Hälfte der Einnahmen aus Theme Parks ! Touchstone Pictures ! 1980 wird Michael Eisner CEO und Chair PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! 1975-‐76: 300 independents ! R and PG rated action and exploitation ! 2/3 of all American production ! 10-‐15% box office PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! MCA Lew Wasserman ! ! ! William Morris Agency International Creative Management ICM Creative Artists Agency CAA Michael Ovitz ! ! Dominated deal-‐making and packaging Packagers and producers of films ! ! Sue Mengers „Deal making had replaced filmmaking“ PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! 1980: ! ! ! ! General Cinema UA Communication, Inc. AMC Plitt Theaters ! ! Saturation booking Wide release ! ! ! 1977 six majors releasing 12-‐25 films each (annually) film shortage peak seasons – summer, thanksgiving, christmas-‐new year's, easter PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! cinematography ! spezial effects ! sound PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Local 659 ! Gewerkschaft, Ausschließungsmechanismen ! ! Improvements in lightning and film stock ! Panaflex ! Mitchell ! Steadycam ! Video-‐Assist Technology PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Matting ! Blue Screen ! Star Wars 77 ! Industrial Light and Magic ! computerized motion-‐control system ! Tron 1982 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Dolby Stereo Optical Sound Star Wars wurde in mehr Kinos mit Dolby als ohne gezeigt. „Second Coming of Sound“ ! Filme wie Jaws und Exorcist immer noch mono ! Dolby Surround ! ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Walter Murch ! „The right and appropriate combination of sounds-‐ and putting them in the right place“ ! The Conversation ! Foley recording PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber Majors recovered strongly ended the decade dominating both the domestic and international markets ! Film only one item in multimedia package ! Den alten Studiobossen gehörte das Studio, die neuen sind Manager und 1%er ! Drei Jahre nach Heavens Gate waren alle Managments der Majors ausgetauscht ! steigende Produktions-‐ und Marketingkosten ! Outside Money ! ! PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber ! Narrative form changed very little ! Screenwriting manuals (Syd Field) ! ! rapid cutting ! Jump cutting largely abandoned ! Long takes mehr in europäischen filmen ! Lighter cameras, location shooting ! Steadicam or hand-‐held PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber
