Princeton Institute for Advanced Study

Transcription

Multimedia_Alte_Geschichte
Inhaltsverzeichnis
• 1 Allgemeines
• 2 University of California, Berkeley
♦ 2.1 The Roman Empire with Isabelle Pafford
♦ 2.2 The Ancient Mediterranean World with Isabelle Pafford
• 3 Princeton Institute for Advanced Study
♦ 3.1 Experiments on Animals in Ancient Greece and Rome: Private and Public Science
with Professor Heinrich von Staden
♦ 3.2 Who Were Artists in Ancient Egypt and What Audiences Did They Address? with
Professor John Baines
• 4 Yale University
♦ 4.1 What is Ancient History with Ian Morris
♦ 4.2 Introduction to Ancient Greek History with Professor Donald Kagan
◊ 4.2.1 Introduction
◊ 4.2.2 The Dark Ages
◊ 4.2.3 The Dark Ages (cont.)
◊ 4.2.4 The Rise of the Polis
◊ 4.2.5 The Rise of the Polis (cont.)
◊ 4.2.6 The Greek "Renaissance" -- Colonization and Tyranny
◊ 4.2.7 The Greek "Renaissance" -- Colonization (cont.)
◊ 4.2.8 Sparta
◊ 4.2.9 Sparta (cont.)
◊ 4.2.10 The Rise of Athens
◊ 4.2.11 The Rise of Athens (cont.)
◊ 4.2.12 The Persian Wars
◊ 4.2.13 The Athenian Empire
◊ 4.2.14 The Athenian Empire (cont.)
◊ 4.2.15 Athenian Democracy
◊ 4.2.16 Athenian Democracy (cont.)
◊ 4.2.17 The Peloponnesian War, Part I
◊ 4.2.18 The Peloponnesian War, Part I (cont.)
◊ 4.2.19 The Peloponnesian War, Part II
◊ 4.2.20 The Peloponnesian War, Part II (cont.)
◊ 4.2.21 The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece
◊ 4.2.22 The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece (cont.)
◊ 4.2.23 Twilight of the Polis
◊ 4.2.24 Twilight of the Polis (cont.)
♦ 4.3 Roman Architecture with Professor Diana E. E. Kleiner
◊ 4.3.1 Introduction to Roman Architecture
◊ 4.3.2 It Takes a City: The Founding of Rome and the Beginnings of Urbanism in
Italy
◊ 4.3.3 Technology and Revolution in Roman Architecture
◊ 4.3.4 Civic Life Interrupted: Nightmare and Destiny on August 24, A.D. 79
◊ 4.3.5 Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous: Houses and Villas at Pompeii
◊ 4.3.6 Habitats at Herculaneum and Early Roman Interior Decoration
◊ 4.3.7 Gilding the Lily: Painting Palaces and Villas in the First Century A.D.
◊ 4.3.8 Exploring Special Subjects on Pompeian Walls
◊ 4.3.9 From Brick to Marble: Augustus Assembles Rome
◊ 4.3.10 Accessing Afterlife: Tombs of Roman Aristocrats, Freedmen, and Slaves
◊ 4.3.11 Notorious Nero and His Amazing Architectural Legacy
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1
◊ 4.3.12 The Creation of an Icon: The Colosseum and Contemporary Architecture in
Rome
◊ 4.3.13 The Prince and the Palace: Human Made Divine on the Palatine Hill
◊ 4.3.14 The Mother of All Forums: Civic Architecture in Rome under Trajan
◊ 4.3.15 Rome and a Villa: Hadrian's Pantheon and Tivoli Retreat
◊ 4.3.16 The Roman Way of Life and Death at Ostia, the Port of Rome
◊ 4.3.17 Bigger Is Better: The Baths of Caracalla and Other Second- and
Third-Century Buildings in Rome
◊ 4.3.18 Hometown Boy: Honoring an Emperor's Roots in Roman North Africa
◊ 4.3.19 Baroque Extravaganzas: Rock Tombs, Fountains, and Sanctuaries in Jordan,
Lebanon, and Libya
◊ 4.3.20 Roman Wine in Greek Bottles: The Rebirth of Athens
◊ 4.3.21 Making Mini Romes on the Western Frontier
◊ 4.3.22 Rome Redux: The Tetrarchic Renaissance
◊ 4.3.23 Rome of Constantine and a New Rome
• 5 Quellen als Audiobooks
♦ 5.1 Homer
♦ 5.2 Tacitus
♦ 5.3 Thukydides
• 6 Klassiker der Alten Geschichte als Audiobooks
♦ 6.1 Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1789)
♦ 6.2 Theodor Mommsen: Römische Geschichte (1854-1856)
Allgemeines
In diesem Bereich werden Ihnen Vorlesungen und Vorträge zur Antike angeboten, und zwar entweder als
Audio- oder als Videoformate. Die Audiobeiträge sind entweder herunterladbare Dateien (zumeist *.mp3)
oder Streams. Die Videobeiträge liegen in diversen Formaten vor (bspw. im typischen Youtube-Format, als
*.wmv, als *.ram), was je nach Konfiguration ihres Systems u.U. die Installation von Abspielprogrammen
wie zum Beispiel den Real Alternative Player für *.ram-Dateien.erfordert. Alle Programme sind als Streams
gedacht, das heißt, sie werden nicht vor Ort gespeichert, sondern werden als kontinuierlicher Datenstrom von
einem Server auf ihren Rechner "abgespielt". Es ist also erforderlich, eine Internetverbindung aufrecht zu
erhalten.
University of California, Berkeley
The Roman Empire with Isabelle Pafford
The Roman Empire - Instructor: Isabelle Pafford, Spring 2008. Die jeweiligen Sitzungen liegen als
herunterladbare Audiodateien bereit oder können gestreamt werden, je nach Wunsch.
The Ancient Mediterranean World with Isabelle Pafford
The Ancient Mediterranean World - Instructor: Isabelle Pafford, Fall 2007. Die jeweiligen Sitzungen liegen
als herunterladbare Audiodateien bereit oder können gestreamt werden, je nach Wunsch.
Allgemeines
2
Experiments on Animals in Ancient Greece and Rome: Private and Public Science
with Professor Heinrich von Staden
The nature and extent of experimentation in ancient Greek and Roman science remains controversial. In this
lecture, Heinrich von Staden, Professor in the School of Historical Studies, analyzes experiments conducted
by biologists and physicians on living animals from the fourth century BC to the second century AD. He
looks closely at the motivations of the ancient scientists, their methods, their results, and the range of animal
species?indigenous and exotic?on which they performed experiments, as well as the limits, ethical or other,
on animal experimentation in antiquity. Significant changes over time, in particular the bold move from
conducting such experiments only before a small circle of students to performing them in public spaces, often
before a sizable audience, are also examined.
Videostream
Who Were Artists in Ancient Egypt and What Audiences Did They Address? with
Professor John Baines
Ancient Egyptian artworks were typically made by people of unknown name, for extremely small audiences.
The only form that had wide visibility was large-scale architecture, but it often presented a message of
exclusion. The production of aesthetic artifacts, built spaces, and events, many requiring vast resources, was
a major social preoccupation. How far can we capture and characterize the group responsible for
commissioning and carrying out works? Can we trace chains of action among patrons, designers,
executants, and audiences? How different is the Egyptian case from other traditions? In this lecture, John
Baines, Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, surveyed some of these issues through material
of varying types and periods. The respondent for the lecture was Deborah Vischak, Lecturer in the
Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University.
Videostream
Yale University
What is Ancient History with Ian Morris
Ian Morris, the Willard Professor of Classics, Stanford University, is interested in understanding why the
west has dominated the earth for the last few centuries. He began his career as an archaeologist and
historian of ancient Greece, studying early texts and excavating sites around the Mediterranean Sea, but in
recent years he has moved toward larger-scale questions and an evolutionary approach to world history. He
has written or edited eleven books. The most recent, Why the West Rules For Now, asks how geography and
natural resources have shaped the distribution of wealth and power around the world across the last 20,000
years and how they will shape our future.
3
Introduction to Ancient Greek History with Professor Donald Kagan
"This is an introductory course in Greek history tracing the development of Greek civilization as manifested
in political, intellectual, and creative achievements from the Bronze Age to the end of the classical period.
Students read original sources in translation as well as the works of modern scholars. [...] This Yale College
course, taught on campus twice per week for 75 minutes, was recorded for Open Yale Courses in Fall 2007."
(Quelle)
Die Dateien können als Videos in sehr hoher Qualität (ca. 500MB), normaler Qualität (ca. 200MB) oder als
Audiodateien (ca. 60MB) heruntergeladen werden; Es handelt sich um Quicktime-Dateien, für die der
Quicktime-Player benötigt wird. Streaming wird im Flash-Format angeboten.
Wichtig: Die einzelnen Videos werden auf der Seite von Yale flankiert durch komplette Transkriptionen der
Vorträge und PDFs mit zentralen Inhalten, also Keywords, Zeitleisten etc. Zu diesen unterfütternden
Materialien kommt man durch die Links auf dieser Liste.
Update (29.10.2009): Yale hat alle Vorlesungen nun auch bei Youtube bereitgestellt, so dass die Sitzungen
direkt in die LWG eingebunden werden können!
Introduction
(Stream,Sehr hohe Qualität, Normale Qualität, MP3)
Professor Donald Kagan explains why people should study the ancient Greeks. He argues that the Greeks are
worthy of our study not only because of their vast achievements and contributions to Western civilization
(such as in the fields of science, law, and politics) but also because they offer a unique perspective on
humanity. To the Greeks, man was both simultaneously capable of the greatest achievements and the worst
crimes; he was both great and important, but also mortal and fallible. He was a tragic figure, powerful but
limited. Therefore, by studying the Greeks, one gains insight into a tension that has gripped and shaped the
West and the rest of the world through its influence. In short, to study the Greeks is to study the nature of
human experience.
The Dark Ages
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the earliest history of Greek civilization. He demonstrates
how small agricultural enclaves eventually turned into great cities of power and wealth in the Bronze Age,
taking as his examples first Minoan Crete and then Mycenaean Greece. He also argues that these civilizations
were closely related to the great monarchies of the ancient Near East. He points out that the Mycenaean age
eventually came to an abrupt end probably through a process of warfare and migration. Reconstructing the
Mycenaean age is possible through archaeological evidence and through epic poetry (Homer). Finally, he
provides an account of the collapse of the Mycenaean world, and explains how in its aftermath, the Greeks
were poised to start their civilization over on a new slate.
Introduction to Ancient Greek History with Professor Donald Kagan
4
The Dark Ages (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan addresses what scholars call the Homeric question. He asks: what society do
Homer's poems describe? He argues that in view of the long oral transmission of the poems, the poems of
Homer probably reflect various ages from the Mycenaean world to the Dark Ages. More importantly, close
scrutiny of the poems will yield historical information for the historian. In this way, one is able to reconstruct
through the poems, to a certain extent, the post-Mycenaean world. Finally, Professor Kagan says a few words
on the heroic ethic of the Greek world.
The Rise of the Polis
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan offers a sketch of the Greek heroic code of ethics. He shows that in
this community, arête (manly virtue) and honor are extremely important and even worth dying for, as the
case of Achilles makes clear. In addition, Professor Kagan shows how this society eventually produced a new
phenomenon, the rise of the polis. The discussion ends with a strong emphasis on the importance of the polis
in Greek history.
The Rise of the Polis (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan tells the story of the emergence of the polis from the Dark Ages. He
shows that by the time of the poet Hesiod, there is already a polis in place. He describes the importance of the
polis in the Greek world and explains that it was much more than a mere place of habitation; it was a place
where there was justice, law, community, and a set of cultural values that held Greeks together. Finally,
Professor Kagan argues, following the lead of Victor David Hanson, that the polis came to be chiefly through
the emergence of a new man: the hoplite farmer.
The Greek "Renaissance" -- Colonization and Tyranny
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan discusses the emergence of a new style of warfare among the Greeks,
the hoplite phalanx. After discussing the panoply of the hoplite solider and the method of fighting, he argues
that this style of fighting came about early in the life of the polis. In addition, he shows that the phalanx was
almost invincible on the field. At the lecture's conclusion, he answers several questions from students about
hoplite warfare in the Greek world.
The Dark Ages (cont.)
5
The Greek "Renaissance" -- Colonization (cont.)
(Stream,Sehr hohe Qualität, Normale Qualität,MP3)
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the rise of Greek colonies. He argues that the rise of new
colonies was primarily due to the need for new farmland, although he acknowledges several other important
reasons. He also shows where the Greeks colonized and explains that the process of founding a new colony
probably took place within the dynamics of a polis. Finally, he offers a few important outcomes of this
colonizing impulse.
Sparta
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the rise, fall, and significance of tyrannies in the Greek
polis. He argues that the various tyrannies in the Greek world had both negative and positive aspects, which
need to be appreciated. For instance, on the one hand, tyrannies promoted economic, commercial and artistic
advances. On the other hand, tyrannies ruled absolutely and curbed the freedom of the polis. Finally,
Professor Kagan intimates that tyrannies in many ways were a necessary step in the development of the
classical polis. In short, through tyrannies, the power and influence of the aristocracy was broken and the
hoplite farmer grew greater in significance.
Sparta (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan explores the development and character of Sparta. He points out that
in Sparta, the ethos of the polis was present to an extraordinary degree. Then he describes how this came
about. In short, Professor Kagan argues that the Spartans were able to create a distinct military culture on
account of their subjugation of the inhabitants of Messenia, who were forced to carry on the work of farming
while the Spartans trained for war. Finally, Professor Kagan examines the education and training of the
Spartan citizen as well as the constitution of Sparta.
The Rise of Athens
(Stream,Sehr hohe Qualität, Normale Qualität . MP3)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan finishes up his description of the Spartan constitution. He argues that Sparta
had a mixed constitution and gained great power due to alliances that the Spartans made with their neighbors.
After the discussion of Sparta, Professor Kagan examines Athens and the development of the Athenian
constitution. In addition, he shows how different these two poleis were. Finally, Professor Kagan discusses
the emergence of the hoplite class in Athens and the failure of Cylon to make himself tyrant of Athens.
The Greek "Renaissance" -- Colonization (cont.)
6
The Rise of Athens (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan traces the development of Athens. He argues that Athens, like other poleis,
undergoes political and social turmoil due to the rise of the hoplite farmer. This unrest is first seen in the
attempted coup d'état of Cylon and the Law of Draco. Professor Kagan also points out that in response to
these developments, Solon was made sole archon of Athens to establish peace in a time of unrest. It should
also be noted that Solon established laws that were moderate in nature. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that
Solon was only partially successful. Eventually, a tyranny is established in Athens by Peisistratus, but
Peisistratus, according to Professor Kagan, was a special type of tyrant, one that not only upheld the new
laws of Solon, but was also interested in the welfare of Athens.
The Persian Wars
(Stream,Sehr hohe Qualität, Normale Qualität. MP3)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines in detail the development, growing pains, and emergence of
Athenian democracy. He argues that the tyranny under the Peisistratids led to the development of the idea of
self-government among the Athenians, which Cleisthenes used to develop Athens in a more democratic
direction. One of the ways Cleisthenes was able to accomplish this was to diminish the power of the
aristocracy by reordering and restructuring the tribes and giving greater power to the assembly. Finally,
Professor Kagan says a word on the Athenian practice of ostracism as a political tool to protect a fledgling
democracy
The Athenian Empire
In this lecture, Professor Kagan traces the development and the power of the Persian empire. He also shows
how the Persian empire and the Greek world eventually came into conflict through a few incidents
concerning Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor, which eventually turned into the Persian Wars. Professor Kagan
ends this lecture with a description of the events of the battle of Marathon in which the Athenians defeated
the Persians.
The Athenian Empire (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Donald Kagan examines the developments that took place after the Greek victory
over the Persians in 479 BC. He argues that even after the Greek victories, there was great fear amongst the
Greeks that the Persians would return to seek revenge. For this reason, many of the Greek poleis, especially
the islands, looked to Athens to lead this league, which later became the Delian League. Athens, according to
Professor Kagan, accepted this responsibility, since it too feared a Persian invasion, but Sparta was content to
retreat into the Peloponesus. Finally, Professor Kagan intimates that this league would eventually turn into
The Rise of Athens (cont.)
7
the Athenian empire.
Athenian Democracy
(Stream,Sehr hohe Qualität , Normale Qualität , MP3)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the mechanics of the Delian League and its transformation into the
Athenian empire. This transformation caused Athens to rival Sparta as an equal in power and prestige. He
also argues that this process took place rather smoothly due to the good relations between Sparta and Athens.
Professor Kagan argues that Cimon the Athenian generally played an important part in this development.
Finally, Professor Kagan begins to describe the workings of Athenian democracy by comparing it with
modern American democracy.
Athenian Democracy (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan continues to discuss the constitution of Athens. In particular, he explores the
judicial workings of Athens. He describes in detail the effort of the Athenians to create a system of justice
that would not only minimize tampering, in order to insure justice, but also maximize citizen participation.
After this discussion, Professor Kagan comments on the role of women in Athens by looking at two types of
sources. The picture that emerges is considerably complex and left without resolution. Finally, he comments
on the role of slaves. In each of these discussions, he draws illuminating analogies to our modern society.
The Peloponnesian War, Part I
In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the events that lead up the Peloponnesian War. He argues that the
rise of Athenian power and the concomitant challenge to Spartan dominance pointed to potential conflict.
However, Professor Kagan also points out that there were many people who did not want war and that
therefore war was not inevitable. The Thirty Years Peace was negotiated, and Professor Kagan finally argues
that its clause for arbitration was the key clause that could have prevented war.
The Peloponnesian War, Part I (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the aftermath of the Thirty Years Peace. He argues that the Peace
had the potential to keep peace between Athens and Sparta due to the arbitration clause. In addition, he
argues that during this time, Athens sends various diplomatic messages to the wider Greek world stating their
intentions for peace, such as the Panhellenic venture to establish Thurii. However, this peace is seriously
challenged when Corinth and Corcyra come into conflict over Epidamnus. At this point, Athens could make
The Athenian Empire (cont.)
8
an alliance with Corcyra and run the risk of angering Sparta or allow Corinth to potentially take over
Corcyra's navy and change the naval balance of power. Athens decides on a defensive alliance.
The Peloponnesian War, Part II
In this lecture, Professor Kagan focuses on the causes of the Peloponnesian War and the possible motivations
for Thucydides' book, The History of the Peloponnesian War. Concerning the first point, Professor Kagan
parts ways with Thucydides and argues that the war was not inevitable and that the Athenians under Pericles
followed a policy of deterrence, which was aimed at peace. Similarly, he points out that there were a number
of Spartans who did not want war as well. Therefore, according to this line of reasoning, war broke out due to
a number of factors that were avoidable. Concerning the second point, Professor Kagan argues that
Thucydides was a revisionist historian. In other words, Thucydides was writing not as a disinterested
historian, but as a historian with a point to make, namely, that the war was inevitable and that Athens was
only a democracy in name under Pericles. Finally, Professor Kagan acknowledges that his two points are
debatable.
The Peloponnesian War, Part II (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines Pericles as a general. First, he describes Pericles' strategy of war
and then he evaluates this strategy. According to Professor Kagan, Pericles' strategy was characterized by
being both defensive and rational. It was defensive, because the Athenians did not engage the Spartans in a
traditional hoplite battle, and it was rational, because Pericles assumed that the Spartans would cease fighting
when they realized that the Athenians did not have to fight a land battle, since they had a walled city and a
navy. On its surface, this strategy seems reasonable, but Professor Kagan points out that there were two
flaws. First, the Athenians did not have an offensive plan: that is, a plan to deter the Spartans from quitting
the war. Second, Pericles failed to realize that war is not always rational.
The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece
In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War and how the Spartans
began to dominate other Greek poleis, instead of liberating them. The Spartan general Lysander at this point
not only grows in influence and power, but also follows an aggressive plan to establish pro-Spartan,
oligarchical governments. However, according to Professor Kagan, this fact angered many cities. Therefore,
Thrasybulus, along with the help of other poleis, resisted Spartan rule. Eventually he opposed Sparta at Phyle
and in time reestablished the democracy of Athens.
The Peloponnesian War, Part I (cont.)
9
The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan examines the continuation of Spartan tyranny over the Greek poleis and the
response of the Greek world. According to Professor Kagan, it became clear that the Greek poleis needed to
do something to check the power of Sparta. So, Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens along with some of the
smaller poleis joined together to fight Sparta in the Corinthian War. The war ended in a stalemate, but now
the Persians were afraid of the growth of Athenian naval power. So, the king made an alliance with Sparta to
bring about the King's Peace, which emphasized Greek autonomy and which had the effect of breaking up all
alliances, except the Peloponnesian League. After this fact, Sparta continued in its tyrannical behavior.
Twilight of the Polis
In this lecture, Professor Kagan describes the growth of a new power: Thebes. Under the leadership of
Epaminondas and Pelopidas, Thebes grows into a major power among the Greek cities. In fact, the Thebans
even rout the Spartans in a standard hoplite battle in the battle of Leuctra. Finally, Professor Kagan points out
that by the time of Theban hegemony, the Greek world had experienced so many wars and conflicts that it
opened the door to a powerful leader: Philip of Macedon.
Twilight of the Polis (cont.)
In this lecture, Professor Kagan tells the story of the rise of Philip and describes his early actions: unifying
Macedon, defeating barbarian armies, and creating a new, professional, national army. According to
Professor Kagan, through these actions, Philip was able to make inroads into the Greek world. What made
these inroads more effective was Philip's uncanny talent for diplomacy and the fighting between the various
poleis. Eventually, the Greeks under the efforts of Athens and Demosthenes decided to face Philip in the
battle of Chaeronea. The battle, though close, was won by Philip and his Macedonian forces. Finally,
Professor Kagan evaluates the actions of Demosthenes and concludes that his actions should be judged as a
noble endeavor of one who loved freedom.
Roman Architecture with Professor Diana E. E. Kleiner
"This course is an introduction to the great buildings and engineering marvels of Rome and its empire, with
an emphasis on urban planning and individual monuments and their decoration, including mural painting.
While architectural developments in Rome, Pompeii, and Central Italy are highlighted, the course also
provides a survey of sites and structures in what are now North Italy, Sicily, France, Spain, Germany,
Greece, Turkey, Croatia, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, and North Africa. The lectures are illustrated with over
1,500 images, many from Professor Kleiner's personal collection." (Quelle)
The Struggle for Hegemony in Fourth-Century Greece (cont.)
10
Introduction to Roman Architecture
The lecture ranges from early Roman stone construction to such masterpieces of Roman concrete architecture
as the Colosseum and Pantheon. Traveling from Rome and Pompeii across the vast Roman Empire, Professor
Kleiner stops in such locales as North Africa and Jordan to explore the plans of cities and their individual
edifices: temples, basilicas, theaters, amphitheaters, bath complexes, and tombs. The lecture culminates with
reference to the impact of Roman architecture on post-antique architectural design and building practice.
It Takes a City: The Founding of Rome and the Beginnings of Urbanism in Italy
Professor Kleiner traces the evolution of Roman architecture from its beginnings in the eight-century B.C.
Iron Age through the late Republican period. The lecture features traditional Roman temple architecture as a
synthesis of Etruscan and Greek temple types, early defensive wall building in Rome and environs, and a
range of technologies and building practices that made this architecture possible. City planning in such early
Roman colonies as Cosa and Ostia is also discussed, as are examples of the first uses of the arch and of
concrete construction, two elements that came to dominate Roman architectural practice. The lecture ends
with an analysis of typical late Republican temples at Rome, Cori, and Tivoli.
Technology and Revolution in Roman Architecture
Professor Kleiner discusses the revolution in Roman architecture resulting from the widespread adoption of
concrete in the late second and first centuries B.C. She contrasts what she calls innovative Roman
architecture with the more traditional buildings already surveyed and documents a shift from the use of
concrete for practical purposes to an exploration of its expressive possibilities. The lecture concludes with a
discussion of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina, an impressive terraced complex that uses
concrete to transform a mountain into a work of architecture, with ramps and stairs leading from one level to
the next and porticoes revealing panoramic views of nature and of man-made architectural forms.
Civic Life Interrupted: Nightmare and Destiny on August 24, A.D. 79
Professor Kleiner explores the civic, commercial, and religious buildings of Pompeii, an overview made
possible only because of an historical happenstance--the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79, which
buried the city at the height of its development. While the lecture features the resort town's public
architecture--its forum, basilica, temples, amphitheater, theater, and bath complexes--Professor Kleiner also
describes such fixtures of daily life as a bakery and a fast food restaurant. The lecture culminates with a brief
overview of tomb architecture in Pompeii and a moving account of what happened to the inhabitants of the
city of Pompeii when disaster struck.
Introduction to Roman Architecture
11
Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous: Houses and Villas at Pompeii
Professor Kleiner discusses domestic architecture at Pompeii from its beginnings in the fourth and third
centuries B.C. to the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. She describes the plan of the ideal domus italica and
features two residences that conform to that layout. She then presents the so-called Hellenized domus that
incorporates elements of Greek domestic architecture, especially the peristyle court with columns. The
primary example is the famous House of the Faun with its tetrastyle atrium, double peristyles, and floor
mosaic of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius of Persia at Issus, a Roman copy of an original
Greek painting. She concludes by highlighting the suburban Villa of the Mysteries and notes the distinction
between plans of Roman houses and those of Roman villas.
Habitats at Herculaneum and Early Roman Interior Decoration
Professor Kleiner discusses domestic architecture at Herculaneum and the First and Second Styles of Roman
wall painting. The lecture begins with an introduction to the history of the city of Herculaneum and what
befell some of its inhabitants when they tried to escape obliteration by Vesuvius. She features three houses in
Herculaneum, two of which--the Houses of the Mosaic Atrium and the Stags--are among the best examples
of a residential style popular in Campania between A.D. 62 and 79. Professor Kleiner then turns to the First
or Masonry Style of Roman wall painting, which seeks to replicate the built architecture of Hellenistic kings
and other elite patrons by using stucco and paint to imitate a real wall faced with marble. She follows with
Second Style Roman wall painting, which uses only paint to open up the wall illusionistically onto vistas and
prospects of sacred shrines, city scenes, and landscapes. The lecture concludes with a discussion of the
Garden Room from the Villa of Livia at Primaporta, which epitomizes the Second Style by transforming the
flat wall into a panoramic window.
Gilding the Lily: Painting Palaces and Villas in the First Century A.D.
Professor Kleiner discusses the development of Third Style Roman wall painting in late first century B.C.
villas belonging to the imperial family and other elite patrons. Third Style painting, as Professor Kleiner
demonstrates, is characterized by departure from the perspectival vistas and panoramas of the Second Style
toward an attenuation of architectural elements and a respect for the inherent flatness of the wall. The Third
Style remains popular until the middle of the first century A.D., when it is replaced by the Fourth Style of
Roman painting; both styles coexist in the Domus Aurea, the luxurious pleasure palace of the emperor Nero
in downtown Rome. Professor Kleiner characterizes the Fourth Style of Roman wall painting as a
compendium of previous styles, with imitation marble veneer, framed mythological panels, and the
introduction of fragments of architecture situated in an illogical space.
Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous: Houses and Villas at Pompeii
12
Exploring Special Subjects on Pompeian Walls
Professor Kleiner discusses special subjects in Roman wall painting that do not fall within the four
architectural styles but were nonetheless inserted into their wall schemes: mythological painting, landscape,
genre, still life, history painting, and painted portraiture. The lecture begins with an in-depth examination of
the unique Dionysiac Mysteries painting in Pompeii in which young brides prepare for and enter into a
mystical marriage with the god Dionysus and simultaneous initiation into his cult. Professor Kleiner then
presents a painted frieze from Rome that depicts the wanderings of Odysseus against a continuous landscape
framed by Second Style columns. She subsequently analyzes Roman still life, remarkable in its similarity to
modern still life painting; a scene of daily life in Pompeii; and a painting depicting a specific historical
event--a riot in the Pompeii Amphitheater that caused the arena to be shut down for ten years. The lecture
ends with a discussion of painted portraiture on Pompeian walls, including likenesses of two different women
holding a similar stylus and wax tablet.
From Brick to Marble: Augustus Assembles Rome
Professor Kleiner discusses the transformation of Rome by its first emperor, Augustus, who claimed to have
found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. The conversion was made possible by the exploitation
of new marble quarries at Luna (modern Carrara) on the northwest coast of Italy. The lecture surveys the end
of the Roman Republic and the inauguration of the Principate and analyzes the Forum of Julius Caesar and
the Forum of Augustus. Professor Kleiner shines a spotlight on Caesar's attempt to link himself to his divine
ancestress Venus Genetrix and on Augustus' appropriations of Greek caryatids and other decorative motifs
that associate his era with the Golden Age of Periclean Athens. Finally, she analyzes the Ara Pacis Augustae,
a monument commissioned upon Augustus' return to Rome after achieving diplomatic victories in Spain and
Gaul, and serving as the Luna marble embodiment of the emperor's new hegemonic empire.
Accessing Afterlife: Tombs of Roman Aristocrats, Freedmen, and Slaves
Professor Kleiner explores sepulchral architecture in Rome commissioned by the emperor, aristocrats,
successful professionals, and former slaves during the age of Augustus. Unlike most civic and residential
buildings, tombs serve no practical purpose other than to commemorate the deceased and consequently
assume a wide variety of personalized and remarkable forms. The lecture begins with the round Mausoleum
of Augustus, based on Etruscan precedents and intended to house the remains of Augustus and the new
Julio-Claudian dynasty. Professor Kleiner also highlights two of Rome's most unusual funerary structures:
the pyramidal Tomb of Gaius Cestius, an aristocrat related to Marcus Agrippa, and the trapezoidal Tomb of
Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, probably a former slave who made his fortune overseeing the baking and public
distribution of bread for the Roman army. Professor Kleiner concludes the lecture with a brief discussion of
tombs for those with more modest means, including extensive subterranean columbaria. She also turns
briefly to the domed thermal baths at Baia, part of an ancient spa and a sign of where concrete construction
would take the future of Roman architecture.
Exploring Special Subjects on Pompeian Walls
13
Notorious Nero and His Amazing Architectural Legacy
Professor Kleiner features the architecture of Augustus' successors, the Julio-Claudian emperors, whose
dynasty lasted half a century (A.D. 14-68). She first presents Tiberius' magnificent Villa Jovis on the Island
of Capri and an underground basilica in Rome used by members of a secret Neo-Pythagorean cult. She then
turns to the eccentric architecture of Claudius, a return to masonry building techniques and a unique
combination of finished and unfinished, or rusticated, elements. Finally, Professor Kleiner highlights the
luxurious architecture of the infamous Nero, especially his Domus Aurea or Golden House and its octagonal
room, one of the most important rooms in the history of Roman architecture. The construction of the Domus
Aurea accelerates the shift in Roman building practice toward a dematerialized architecture that fully utilizes
recent innovations in concrete technology and emphasizes interior space over solid form.
The Creation of an Icon: The Colosseum and Contemporary Architecture in Rome
Professor Kleiner features the tumultuous year of 68-69 when Rome had four competing emperors.
Vespasian emerged the victor, founded the Flavian dynasty, and was succeeded by his sons, Titus and
Domitian. The Flavians were especially adept at using architecture to shape public policy. Professor Kleiner
demonstrates that Vespasian linked himself with the divine Claudius by completing the Claudianum and
distanced himself from Nero by razing the Domus Aurea to the ground and filling in the palace's artificial
lake. In that location, Vespasian built the Flavian Amphitheater, nicknamed the Colosseum, thereby returning
to the people land earlier stolen by Nero. Professor Kleiner discusses the technical and aesthetic features of
the Colosseum at length, and surveys Vespasian's Forum Pacis and Titus' Temple to Divine Vespasian. The
lecture concludes with the Baths of Titus, Rome's first preserved example of the so-called "imperial bath
type" because of its grand scale, axiality, and symmetry.
The Prince and the Palace: Human Made Divine on the Palatine Hill
Professor Kleiner investigates the major architectural commissions of the emperor Domitian, the last Flavian
emperor. She begins with the Arch of Titus, erected after Titus' death by his brother Domitian on land
previously occupied by Nero's Domus Transitoria. The Arch celebrated Titus' greatest accomplishment--the
Flavian victory in the Jewish Wars--and may have served as Titus' tomb. Professor Kleiner also discusses the
Stadium of Domitian, the shape of which is preserved in Rome's Piazza Navona. Her major focus is the vast
Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill designed by the architect Rabirius and featuring Domitian as dominus et
deus (lord and god). Constructed from brick-faced concrete and revetted with multicolored imported marbles,
this structure was divided into public and private wings, and was so magnificent that it served as the urban
residence of all subsequent Roman emperors. The lecture concludes with the so-called Forum Transitorium, a
narrow forum begun by Domitian and finished by his successor Nerva, which features a temple to Domitian's
patron goddess Minerva and a series of decorative columnar bays that create a lively in-and-out undulation
that heralds the beginning of a "baroque" phase in Roman architecture.
Notorious Nero and His Amazing Architectural Legacy
14
The Mother of All Forums: Civic Architecture in Rome under Trajan
Professor Kleiner analyzes the major public architectural commissions of the emperor Trajan in Rome.
Distinguished by their remarkably ambitious scale, these buildings mimic Trajan's expansion of the Roman
Empire to its furthest reaches. Professor Kleiner begins with Trajan's restoration of the Forum of Julius
Caesar and proceeds to the Baths of Trajan. Situated on the Oppian and Esquiline Hills, these Trajanic baths
follow the basic model of the earlier imperial Baths of Titus but increase the size of the complex several
times. Most of the lecture focuses on the famous Forum and Markets of Trajan, built on land that the
engineer and architect Apollodorus of Damascus created by cutting away part of the Quirinal Hill. The
Forum of Trajan consists of a large open rectangular area, a basilica, Greek and Latin libraries, and a temple
dedicated to Trajan after his death. Between the libraries stands the celebrated Column of Trajan with a spiral
frieze commemorating the emperor's military victories in Dacia (modern Romania) and reaching a height of
125 feet. The brick-faced concrete Markets of Trajan climb up the hill and form a dramatic contrast to the
marble forum. The lecture concludes with a brief discussion of the Arch of Trajan at Benevento, which
depicts scenes of the emperor's greatest accomplishments and the first representations of his successor,
Hadrian.
Rome and a Villa: Hadrian's Pantheon and Tivoli Retreat
Professor Kleiner features the architecture built in and around Rome during the reign of Hadrian. The lecture
begins with the Temple of Venus and Roma, a Greek-style temple constructed near the Colosseum in Rome,
which may have been designed by Hadrian himself. Professor Kleiner then turns to the Pantheon, a temple
dedicated to all the gods that combines the marble porch and pediment of a traditional Greco-Roman temple
with a vast concrete cylindrical drum, hemispherical dome, and central oculus. The porch serves to conceal
the circular shape from view, but upon entering the structure the visitor is impressed by the massive interior
space and theatrical play of light. The Pantheon represents the culmination of the Roman quest towards an
architecture that shapes and dramatizes interior space. Professor Kleiner next discusses the Villa of Hadrian
at Tivoli, a sprawling complex in which the emperor re-created buildings and works of art he observed
during his empire-wide travels. The lecture concludes with a brief overview of the Mausoleum of Hadrian
(the Castel Sant'Angelo), a round tomb that refers back to the Mausoleum of Augustus and served as the last
resting place for Hadrian and the succeeding Antonine dynasty.
The Roman Way of Life and Death at Ostia, the Port of Rome
Professor Kleiner focuses on Ostia, the port of Rome, characterized by its multi-storied residential buildings
and its widespread use of brick-faced concrete. She begins with the city's public face--the Forum,
Capitolium, Theater, and Piazzale delle Corporazioni. The Piazzale, set behind the Theater, was the location
The Mother of All Forums: Civic Architecture in Rome under Trajan
15
of various shipping companies with black-and-white mosaics advertising their business. Professor Kleiner
examines the Baths of Neptune and the Insula of Diana, a brick apartment building with four floors that
housed a number of Ostia's working families. The Insula of Diana and other similar structures, including
warehouses like the Horrea Epagathiana, demonstrate a fundamental feature of second-century Ostia: the
appreciation of the aesthetic qualities of brick facing. Since the time of Nero, brick was customarily covered
with stucco and paint, but these Ostian buildings are faced with exposed brick, the color, texture, and design
of which make it attractive in its own right. The lecture ends with a survey of several single family dwellings
in Ostia, including the fourth-century House of Cupid and Psyche, notable for the pastel-colored marble
revetment on its walls and floors and for a charming statue of the legendary lovers.
Bigger Is Better: The Baths of Caracalla and Other Second- and Third-Century Buildings in Rome
Professor Kleiner discusses the increasing size of Roman architecture in the second and third centuries A.D.
as an example of a "bigger is better" philosophy. She begins with an overview of tomb architecture, a genre
that, in Rome as in Ostia, embraced the aesthetic of exposed brick as a facing for the exteriors of buildings.
Interiors of second-century tombs, Professor Kleiner reveals, encompass two primary groups -- those that are
decorated with painted stucco and those embellished primarily with architectural elements. After a discussion
of the Temple of the Divine Antoninus Pius and Faustina and its post-antique afterlife as the Church of S.
Lorenzo in Miranda, Professor Kleiner introduces the Severan dynasty as it ushers in the third century. She
focuses first on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum, the earliest surviving triple-bayed arch
in Rome. She next presents the so-called Septizodium, a lively baroque-style façade for Domitian's Palace on
the Palatine Hill. The lecture concludes with the colossal Baths of Caracalla, which awed the public by their
size and by a decorative program that assimilated the emperor Caracalla to the hero Hercules.
Hometown Boy: Honoring an Emperor's Roots in Roman North Africa
Professor Kleiner discusses two Roman cities in North Africa: Timgad and Leptis Magna. Timgad was
created as an entirely new colony for Roman army veterans by Trajan in A.D. 100, and designed all at once
as an ideal castrum plan. Leptis Magna, conversely, grew more gradually from its Carthaginian roots,
experiencing significant Roman development under Augustus and Hadrian. Septimius Severus, the first
Roman emperor from North Africa, was born at Leptis and his hometown was renovated in connection with
his historic visit to the city. This large-scale program of architectural expansion features the Severan Forum
and Basilica and the nearby Arch of Septimius Severus, a tetrapylon or four-sided arch located at the crossing
of two major streets. The lecture culminates with the unique Hunting Baths, a late second or early
third-century structure built for a group of entrepreneurs who supplied exotic animals to Rome's
amphitheaters. Its intimate vaulted spaces are revealed on the outside of the building and silhouetted
picturesquely against the sea, suggesting that the bath's owners knew how to innovate through concrete
architecture and how to enjoy life.
The Roman Way of Life and Death at Ostia, the Port of Rome
16
Baroque Extravaganzas: Rock Tombs, Fountains, and Sanctuaries in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya
Professor Kleiner features the baroque phenomenon in Roman architecture, in which the traditional
vocabulary of architecture, consisting of columns and other conventional architectural elements, is
manipulated to enliven building façades and inject them with dynamic motion. This baroque trend is often
conspicuously ornamental and began to be deployed on the walls of forums and tombs in Italy already in the
late first century A.D. But baroque architecture in Roman antiquity was foremost in the Greek East where
high-quality marble and expert marble carvers made it the architectural mode of choice. At Petra in Jordan,
tomb chambers were cut into cliffs and elaborate façades carved out of the living rock. The cities of Miletus
and Ephesus in Asia Minor were adorned with gates and fountains and libraries and stage buildings that
consisted of multi-storied columnar screens. The lecture culminates with the Sanctuary of Jupiter
Heliopolitanus, a massive temple complex at Baalbek in Lebanon, with Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus in
enormous scale and with extreme embellishment, and the Temple of Venus with an undulating lintel that
foreshadows the curvilinear flourishes of Francesco Borromini's S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in
seventeenth-century Rome.
Roman Wine in Greek Bottles: The Rebirth of Athens
Professor Kleiner discusses the rebirth of Athens under the Romans especially during the reigns of the two
philhellenic emperors, Augustus and Hadrian. While some have dismissed the architecture of Roman Athens
as derivative of its Classical and Hellenistic Greek past, Professor Kleiner demonstrates that the high quality
of Greek marble and Greek stone carvers made these buildings consequential. In addition some structures
provide evidence for the frequent and creative exchange of architectural ideas and motifs between Greece
and Rome in Roman times. After a brief introduction to the history of the city of Athens, Professor Kleiner
presents the monuments erected by Augustus and Agrippa on the Acropolis and in the Greek and Roman
Agoras, for example the Odeion of Agrippa. Following with Hadrian's building program, she features an
aqueduct and reservoir façade, the Library of Hadrian, and the vast Temple of Olympian Zeus, a project
begun over six hundred years earlier. Professor Kleiner concludes the lecture with the Monument of
Philopappos, a Trajanic tomb on the Mouseion Hill built for a man deprived of the kingship of Commagene
by the Romans, but who made the best of the situation by becoming a suffect consul in Rome and then
moving to Athens, where he died and was memorialized by his sister Balbilla.
Making Mini Romes on the Western Frontier
Professor Kleiner explores the architecture of the western provinces of the Roman Empire, focusing on sites
in what are now North Italy, France, Spain, and Croatia. Her major objective is to characterize
"Romanization," the way in which the Romans provide amenities to their new colonies while, at the same
time, transforming them into miniature versions of the city of Rome. Professor Kleiner discusses the urban
design of two Augustan towns before proceeding to an investigation of a variety of such established Roman
building types as theaters, temples, and aqueducts. The well-preserved Theater at Orange, the Maison Carrée
at Nîmes, and the unparalleled aqueducts at Nîmes (the Pont-du-Gard) and Segovia are highlighted. The
lecture concludes with an overview of imperial and private arches and tombs in the western provinces,
among them the controversial three-bayed arch at Orange. The Trophy of Augustus at La Turbie serves as a
Baroque Extravaganzas: Rock Tombs, Fountains, and Sanctuaries in Jordan, Lebanon, and Libya
17
touchstone for the Roman West, as it commemorates Augustus' subjugation of the Alpine tribes, clearing the
way for Rome to create new cities with a distinctive Roman stamp.
Rome Redux: The Tetrarchic Renaissance
Professor Kleiner characterizes third-century Rome as an "architectural wasteland" due to the rapid change of
emperors, continuous civil war, and a crumbling economy. There was no time to build and the only major
architectural commission was a new defensive wall. The crisis came to an end with the rise of Diocletian,
who created a new form of government called the Tetrarchy, or four-man rule, with two leaders in the East
and two in the West. Diocletian and his colleagues instituted a major public and private building campaign in
Rome and the provinces, which reflected the Empire's renewed stability. Professor Kleiner begins with
Diocletian's commissions in Rome--a five-column monument dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the
formation of the Tetrarchy, the restoration of the Curia or Senate House, and the monumental Baths of
Diocletian. She then presents Diocletian's Palace at Split, designed as a military camp and including the
emperor's octagonal mausoleum, followed by an overview of the palaces and villas of other tetrarchs in
Greece and Sicily. Professor Kleiner concludes with the villa on the Via Appia in Rome belonging to
Maxentius, son of a tetrarch, and the main rival of another tetrarch's son, Constantine the Great.
Rome of Constantine and a New Rome
Professor Kleiner presents the architecture of Constantine the Great, the last pagan and first Christian
emperor of Rome, who founded Constantinople as the "New Rome" in A.D. 324. She notes that Constantine
began with commissions that were tied to the pagan past (the Baths of Constantine in Rome) but built others
(the Aula Palatina at Trier) that looked to the Christian future. Professor Kleiner makes an impassioned case
that some of the finest and most innovative Roman buildings date to the Constantinian period. The "Temple
of Minerva Medica," a garden pavilion, for example, is decagonal in shape and the colossal Basilica Nova
was inventively modeled on the frigidaria of Roman imperial bath complexes. In addition, the Arch of
Constantine, a triple-bayed structure commemorating Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of
the Milvian Bridge, serves as a compendium of Constantine's accomplishments in the context of those of the
"good emperors" of the second century A.D. In conclusion, Professor Kleiner asserts that the transfer of the
Empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople diminished Rome's influence, at least temporarily, but not the
impact of its architecture, which like the city of Rome itself, is eternal.
Quellen als Audiobooks
Homer
Ilias in der Übersetzung von Johann Heinrich Voß (1751-1826).
Odyssee in der Übersetzung von Johann Heinrich Voß (1751-1826).
Making Mini Romes on the Western Frontier
18
Tacitus
Tacitus: The Annals (Vol 1) (englisch)
Thukydides
Viktor Horvath liest die deutsche, ungekuerzte Übersetzung von Dr. Johann David Heilmann. Kommentierte
Linkliste auch hier.
Ein Klick auf die Links spielt die MP3s im Browser ab. Die Dateien können aber auch gespeichert werden, in
dem man auf den Link rechtsklickt und den entsprechenden Kontextpunkt wählt (z.B. "Ziel speichern
unter...").
Thukydides I, Kap. 1-8
Klassiker der Alten Geschichte als Audiobooks
Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1789)
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. I
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. II
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. III
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. IV
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. V
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. VI
Theodor Mommsen: Römische Geschichte (1854-1856)
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 1: Bis zur Abschaffung des römischen Königtums
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 2: Von der Abschaffung des römischen
Königtums bis zur Einigung Italiens
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 3: Von der Einigung Italiens bis auf die
Unterwerfung Karthagos und der griechischen Staaten.
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 4: Die Revolution
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 5: Die Begruendung der Militaermonarchie
Das achte Buch schließt diese Reihe. Das sechste und siebente Buch veröffentlichte Mommsen nicht.
Mommsen, Theodor. "Römische Geschichte Buch 8: Laender und Leute von Caesar bis Diocletian
Tacitus
19

Princeton Institute for Advanced Study

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