Different trees, different evolutionary theories?

Transcription

Different trees, different
evolutionary theories?
A philosophical approach
Nathalie Gontier & Ricardo S. Reis dos Santos
Nathalie.Gontier@vub.ac.be
Pag.1
Overview
Where did Darwin get his tree?
Christian idea of a tree of knowledge scala naturae alchemy
geology biology
Study of language (Adamic language) universal languages and
the origin of language the origin of man evolution
relation between linguistics and biology
Pag.2
Cranah
Tree of knowledge,
1472
Fall of man
Pag.3
Pre-Darwinian thinking
Genesis:
The world is created by God
Man and other animals are created by God
All men are descendents from Adam and are thus related: 1 people, 1 language
(until Babel)
Man has reason and intellect (received soul from God): Man is more than an
animal
Knowledge is of a linguistic nature
Man is a sinner
Nostalgia to Garden of Eden & Adamic language
Pag.4
Great chain
of being
Scala naturae: ladder,
descending genealogy
Aristotle (universe is a perfect
sphere)
=>
Judea-Christian culture
=>
Renaissance
Rhetorica Christiana by Didacus
Valades, 1579.
Pag.5
Kabbalistic tree of life
10 sefirot
(enumerations) that list
the attributes of God;
how God emanates
Dating: Kaballah: 1113th century,
But based on the
Hebrew Bilbe &
reinterpreted in later
centuries
Descending genealogy
Pag.6
Ramon Llull
Liber de ascensu et descensu
intellectus, 1304.
illustration from a 1512, Valencian
edition
Ascending and decending
Scala naturae: chain of being
Scala scientiarum: encyclopedic
knowledge
Rigid and complete hierarchy
towards perfection
Pag.7
Ramon Llull
Ars demonstrativa 1283
Ars magna, 1305
Circles made up of elements that
provide all possible
truth(combinations)
e.g. figure A: 16 attributes/
dignities of God: goodness,
greatness, eternity, power,
wisdom, will, virtue, truth, glory,
…
Called Ars combinatoria by
Leibniz
Pag.8
Ramon Llull
Tree of logical relations
Logica Nova (edition of 1512)
Ascending tree
Pag.9
Dante
La Divina Commedia, 1308-21
Paradiso
illustration by Michelangelo
Caetani, 1855
Pag.10
Robert Fludd, Utriusque
cosmi maioris
scilicet et minoris
metaphysica, physica atque
technica histori.
Oppenheim, 1617
Occultism, paracelsian
physician
Pag.11
Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1735
Pag.12
Charles Bonnet
Traité d’Insectologie, premier parte.
Durand, Paris.
1745
Pag.13
Denis Diderot
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné
des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers
(1751)
Top – down but also left-right directionality
that introduces the element of time
Pag.14
F. G. Roth
Explication détaillée du systeme des
Connoissances Humaines tirée du
Discours Préliminaire du Tome I. de
l’Encyclopédie Publiée par Mr.
Diderot et Mr. d’Alembert à Paris pour
Servir à l’Usage de l’Arbre
Encyclopédique. Jena 1772. In:
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire
Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et
des Métiers (1751).
(Sigrid Weigel)
Pag.15
Augustin Augier
Essai d’une nouvelle
classification des
vegetaux. Lyon:
Bruyset Aine.
1801
Genealogical tree
instead of scale that
depicts relationships
between plants
Not evolutionary
But HISTORICAL
Pag.16
Jean B Lamarck
Philosophié Zoologique
1809
Evolution within a species
(adaptation: use and
disuse), branching from
the original stock
Pag.17
Charles Darwin
Notebook B, 1837
Pag.18
Heinrich Bronn
Lethaea Geonostica, 1837-8
(older geological time scale)
1858, hypothetical tree:
continued branching
?Wallace/Darwin letters?
Pag.19
Edward Hitchcock
Elementary Geology,
1840
Paleontological chart
Anti-transmutation
Different time-periods in the
origin of the earth and life
Connection between
species
Recognition of species
extinction (only «types of
the genera» survive)
Increase of the most
perfect forms
Pag.20
Heinrich Auguste Pierer
Universal-Lexikon: Ancestral
table in the form of an
ascending family tree, 1840
(Sigrid Weigel)
Acending tree depicting
generations through time,
family relations as well as
the gender of the individual
Pag.21
Frantisek Celakovský
Ctení o srovnavací mluvnici
slovanské na Universitě
pražskě, 1853, p. 3,
V komisí u F. Řivnáče (V
Praze)
Slavic language tree
Pag.22
August Schleicher
Die ersten Spaltungen des
Indogermanischen Urvolkes.
Allgemeine Monatsschrift für
Wissenschaft und Literatur.
1853, p. 786-87.
stammbaumtheorie
Pag.23
Charles Darwin, 1859, Origin
Pag.24
Terminological cross-fertilization between
linguistics and biology
Pag.25
August Schleicher
Compendium der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen
Sprachen, Weimar, Böhlau (2 vollumes)
1861, p. 9
(6th edition, 1866)
Indo-European Language tree
Pag.26
August Schleicher
Haeckel recommended Schleicher
to read Darwin’s book.
Schleicher responds in an open
letter entitled:
Die Darwinische Theorie und die
Sprachwissenschaft, 1863
Böhlan
Darwin the proces; Schleicher: the
actual history
Pag.27
Ernst Haeckel
Generelle Morphologie der
Organismen: allgemeine
Grundzüge der organischen
Formen-Wissenschaft,
mechanisch begründet durch
die von Charles Darwin
reformirte DescendenzTheorie.
Berlin: Georg Reimer
1866
Pag.28
Frederic William Farrar
Families of Speech, London: John Murray, 1870, p. 90
Pag.29
Johannes Schmidt
Student of Schleicher
Wellentheorie (wave
theory)
Indo-European language
tree
Die
Verwantschaftverhältnisse
der indogermanischen
Sprachen, Weimar,
Böhlau, 1872
=> Early form of
diffusionism
Pag.30
Ernst Haeckel
Antropogenie: Keimesund StammesGeschichte des
Menschen. Leipzig:
Engelmann, 1874
Pag.31
Pag.32
No gradual evolution
No linear evolution
Paraphyly: Many sister
branches that knew
independent evolution
Pag.33
Constantin
Mereschkowsky
1909
Symbiogenesis:
lineage crossing
Multiple origins
Pag.34
Alfred Kroeber, 1923
The organic versus the cultural tree
Pag.35
Punctuated equilibrium
Niles Eldredge &
Stephen J. Gould
1972
Bottom-heaviness
Pag.36
The latest tree
Peer Bork et al. 2006
European Molecular
Biology Laboratory in
Heidelberg, Germany
Pag.37
Thanks for listening!
Ricardo & Nathalie
Centre for philosophy of science, Universidade de Lisboa
Fund for science and technology, Portugal
Nathalie
Centre for logic and philosophy of science,
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Pag.38

Different trees, different evolutionary theories?

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