Documentation White German - BEST
Transcription
Documentation White German - BEST
- German Sample - Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black People: Descriptive Data Documentation of Scales and Measures Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Co-workers of the BEST Empirical Group: Peary Brug St. Mary’s College at the University of Surrey, United Kingdom Anna Chybicka University of Gdansk, Poland Marie-Françoise Lacassagne University of Dijon, France Randolph Ochsmann University of Mainz, Germany Maykel Verkuyten Utrecht University, Netherlands Timo Wandert University of Mainz, Germany Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data Documentation of Scales and Measures Mainz, 2008 Edited by: Timo Wandert The Research of the BEST Project was supported by: 2 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Table of Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 5 1 METHOD AND PROCEEDING...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 RECRUITMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.................................................................................................................... 6 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE ................................................................................................................ 8 2.1 SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 PERSONAL DATA ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Distribution of gender and age............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Marital or partnership status................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.3 Profession and occupation ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Family income .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 CURRENT AND PAST PLACES OF RESIDENCE................................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Country of residence........................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Country of birth .................................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.3 Citizenship .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.4 Sizes of past and current place of living ............................................................................................. 11 2.4 EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.4.1 Years in educational institutions ........................................................................................................ 11 2.4.2 Last educational institution attended and highest academic degree .................................................. 12 2.5 LANGUAGE .................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.6 RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.7 CONTACT TO BLACK PEOPLE ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.8 CONCEPTS OF ‘BLACK’ PEOPLE ................................................................................................................... 14 3 DESCRIPTION OF SCALES AND MEASURES ........................................................................................ 15 3.1 IMPLICIT PERSON THEORY .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM .............................................................................................................. 16 3.3 SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION ............................................................................................................ 19 3.4 MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY SCALE ........................................................................................................... 20 3.5 OPEN STEREOTYPE LIST ............................................................................................................................... 22 3.6 ATTITUDES TOWARDS BLACKS ................................................................................................................... 23 3.7 ESSENTIALISM SCALE.................................................................................................................................. 26 3.8 PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION OF BLACK PEOPLE ........................................................................................ 30 3.9 BELIEF IN (PRESENT) RACIAL DISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................... 30 3.10 BELIEF IN (PRESENT) WHITE PRIVILEGE .................................................................................................... 32 3.11 WHITE GUILT ............................................................................................................................................. 32 3.12 WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.13 LIST OF IDENTIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.14 INDIVIDUAL CONTEXT INFORMATION ........................................................................................................ 33 Personal and family information ................................................................................................................. 33 Education..................................................................................................................................................... 33 Contact to Black people............................................................................................................................... 33 Context of living .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Religion and Religiosity............................................................................................................................... 34 Languages ................................................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A - LANGUAGE VERSIONS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................... 35 APPENDIX B - DOCUMENTATION OF CHANGES MADE TO ORIGINAL PUBLISHED SCALES.. 46 IMPLICIT PERSON THEORY ................................................................................................................................. 47 RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIAN SCALE .............................................................................................................. 47 SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION SCALE ...................................................................................................... 48 MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY SCALE ................................................................................................................. 48 OPEN-ENDED STEREOTYPE LIST ........................................................................................................................ 49 ATTITUDE TOWARDS BLACKS ........................................................................................................................... 50 ESSENTIALISM SCALE ....................................................................................................................................... 51 3 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures BELIEF IN (PRESENT) RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ................................................................................................ 51 BELIEF IN (PRESENT) WHITE PRIVILEGE ............................................................................................................ 52 WHITE GUILT .................................................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX C – MATERIAL USED FOR RECRUITMENT ........................................................................ 53 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................... 57 4 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Introduction This documentation presents the descriptive data and scale analyses of a questionnaire study on attitudes towards Black people. The study complements an examination of the identities of Black Europeans that was conducted by the empirical group of the Black European Studies (BEST) network. As Black Europeans are situated within a context dominated by White discourses, Black identity in Europe will be influenced by a continuing struggle with White notions of Blackness and both open and hidden discrimination and racism. To look into this interplay requires examining White stereotypes and images as well as other attitudes towards Black people. White stereotypes and attitudes might affect Black individuals and their identity construction in various ways. They can facilitate some identity options and exacerbate others. Eagly and Mladinic (1989) have shown for gender stereotypes that they act as normative expectations about gender specific social roles and that transgressions of stereotypes entail a negative evaluation of the transgressor. This can be seen as a reflection of social power relations that assign only defined roles to women. It can be assumed that similar dynamics are at work concerning Black people and Black identities. Looking at White attitudes towards and stereotypes of Black people can thus contribute to the understanding of Black identity, when they are considered to be limitations and prescriptions Black individuals have to deal with during identity formation. 5 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 1 Method and Proceeding 1.1 Recruitment The questionnaire study on attitudes towards Black people living in Germany was carried out between February 15 and May 1 2007. Two ways of recruiting participants were employed: Firstly, messages announcing the study were posted on online bulletin boards and were put up on several internet sites. The boards and sites contacted ranged from websites connected to the church to boards for students. The main aim was to announce the study as broadly as possible. Secondly, posters and leaflets were printed and sent to or put up directly in places such as universities, public libraries, town council buildings or museums (see Appendix C). On the posters and leaflets the website of the online study could be found as well as contact detail for inquiries. 1.2 Technical equipment The online questionnaire was programmed and made available to the participants with Umfragecenter 5.1 by Globalpark using the unipark licence. A second, self-programmed routine was used to check the validity of the participants’ email accounts and to filter spam mails. Before being able to access the questionnaire, participants had to enter their email address, to which the routine automatically sent the link to the online questionnaire and a personalised password needed to log into the questionnaire. Email addresses were saved by the routine to guarantee that one specific email account could only be used to fill in the questionnaire once. However, email accounts were not associated with responses given in the questionnaire. When the questionnaire was filled in completely, passwords lost their validity. It was possible to pause the filling in of the questionnaire and to log in later again using the personalised password. 1.3 Design of the questionnaire The questionnaire was made available to participants on the internet. It consists of different pages on which the measures and questions were presented. Navigation buttons can be used to proceed to the next page or return to the previous one. There is also a button to pause the questionnaire present on every page and a display of how much (in percent) of the questionnaire has already been completed. In most of the used measures, the answers to the test items can be entered by clicking on the respective answer category. In some cases, however, answers have to be typed into specific boxes. When a participant wants to proceed to the next page, the current page is checked for completeness of answers. If one or more items are not answered a text message appears in a new window, reminding the participant to fill in the missing items. However, the completion of each page is not mandatory. After the reminder, the participant can still proceed to the next page without answering the missing items. The contents of each page, i.e. the answers to the items, are saved every time the participant proceeds to the next page. The questionnaire uses a dynamic structure for some of the items, i.e. some items were not presented to all of the participants routinely, but only in specific cases. For example, the items asking for the number of siblings is only presented to participants who specified to have siblings at all. This filtering is only used in the part about personal information and demographics. On average, 30 minutes were needed to complete the questionnaire. The used measures are presented in the following order: 6 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 1. Individual context information part 1: personal and family information, education 2. List of identifications 3. Implicit Person Theory 4. Right-wing Authoritarianism 5. Social Dominance Orientation 6. Multicultural Ideology Scale 7. Concepts of ‘Black’ people 8. Contact to Black people 9. Open stereotype list 10. Attitudes towards Blacks 11. Essentialism scale 12. Perceived Discrimination 13. Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination 14. Belief in (present) White privileges 15. White guilt 16. White Racial Identity 17. Individual context information part 2: context of life, religion and spirituality, languages 7 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 2 Description of the sample 2.1 Selection of the sample A total of 745 persons started to fill in the German language questionnaire. Of these, only those participants were considered for further analyses who completed more than 90 % of those questions to be answered by all participants. Of the 544 participants meeting this criterion, 65 were excluded as they were either younger than 18 years or had not been living in Germany for at least 10 years. 479 participants were included in the final sample. 2.2 Personal data 2.2.1 Distribution of gender and age 281 (59 %) female and 198 (41 %) male participants took part in the study. The mean age is 26.9 years (SD 9.4), the nine youngest participants are 18 years, the oldest is 70. Table 2.2.1 and figure 2.2.1 display the age distribution of the sample. The majority (73 %) of the sample is between 19 and 27 years of age. Tab. 2.2.1: Age distribution in frequency and percent. Cumult. Age Frequency Percent Percent 18 9 1.9 1.9 19 27 5.6 7.5 Frequency Percent 43 44 3 3 .6 .6 Cumult. Percent 92.5 93.1 Age 20 21 42 57 8.8 11.9 16.3 28.2 45 46 1 2 .2 .4 93.3 93.7 22 23 40 43 8.4 9.0 36.5 45.5 47 48 2 2 .4 .4 94.2 94.6 24 25 38 42 7.9 8.8 53.4 62.2 49 50 4 2 .8 .4 95.4 95.8 26 27 28 31 5.8 6.5 68.1 74.5 51 52 1 1 .2 .2 96.0 96.2 28 29 13 14 2.7 2.9 77.2 80.2 53 54 1 2 .2 .4 96.5 96.9 30 31 10 5 2.1 1.0 82.3 83.3 55 56 2 1 .4 .2 97.3 97.5 32 33 5 9 1.0 1.9 84.3 86.2 58 59 1 2 .2 .4 97.7 98.1 34 35 4 3 .8 .6 87.1 87.7 60 62 1 1 .2 .2 98.3 98.5 36 37 2 3 .4 .6 88.1 88.7 64 65 1 3 .2 .6 98.7 99.4 39 40 3 4 .6 .8 89.4 90.2 67 68 1 1 .2 .2 99.6 99.8 41 42 5 3 1.0 .6 91.2 91.9 70 1 .2 100.0 8 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 60 50 Frequency 40 30 20 10 0 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 58 60 64 67 70 Age in years Fig. 2.2.1: Distribution of age. 2.2.2 Marital or partnership status As displayed in table 2.2.2a, about 55 % of the sample live married or unmarried in partnership and 43 % have no partner. Tab. 2.2.2a: Marital or partnership status. Single / no Unmarried in partner partnership Frequency 204 216 Percent 42.6 45.1 Married living together 48 10.0 Married living separated 1 0.2 Divorced 10 2.1 The number of children is depicted in table 2.2.2b. More than 81 % of the sample have no children, about 8 % have one or two children, and only about 2 % have three or four children. Tab. 2.2.2b: Number of children. No 1 child children Frequency 392 22 Percent 81.8 4.6 2 children 3 children 4 children n. s. 18 3.8 5 1.0 3 0.6 39 8.1 2.2.3 Profession and occupation Table 2.2.3 displays the distribution of the sample with reference to profession and occupation. About 70 % of the sample is still in education, i.e. school or university students in most cases. About 15 % work as white-collar employee (“Angestellt”). The remaining 15 % 9 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures are either unemployed, self-employed (“Selbstständig”), work as state employees (“Beamtet”), blue-collar workers (“ArbeiterIn”), or do not specify their profession, respectively mention further professions. Tab. 2.2.3: Profession and occupation. Frequency Percent Selfemployed State employee Whitecollar employee Selbständig Beamtet Angestellt 19 4.0 17 3.5 71 14.8 Worker ArbeiterIn 2 0.4 Education, school or studies Ausbildung Schule Studium 334 69.7 Unemployed Miscellaneous Nichterwerbstätig Sonstiges 20 4.2 16 3.3 2.2.4 Family income The monthly family income – the combined net income of all family members living together – is displayed in table 2.3.4. About 21 % of the sample have a family income of less than 1,000 € per month. About 48 % earn between 1,000 and 4,000 € per month, and 27 % have an income of more than 4,000 €. The median is at 2,000 to 2,999 €. Tab. 2.3.4: Monthly family income in EURO. Below 1,000 – 2,000 3,000 1,000 1,999 2,999 3,999 Freq. 100 84 74 71 Percent 20.9 17.5 15.4 14.8 4,000 4,999 46 9.6 5,000 7,499 41 8.6 7,500 9,999 19 4.0 10,00015,000 12 2.5 Above 15,000 9 1.9 n. s. 23 4.8 2.3 Current and past places of residence 2.3.1 Country of residence All participants currently reside in Germany. 2.3.2 Country of birth All participants were born in Germany. The majority of participant’s fathers (92.1 %) and mothers (93.1 %) were also born in Germany. 2.3.3 Citizenship The citizenship of the participants is displayed in table 2.3.3. About 90 % of the participants possess a German citizenship, 7.5 % possess the citizenship of another EU member state and the remaining participants possess either the citizenship of a European Non-EU-member state, of a state of the Americas, or of further states. Multiple citizenships are possible. Tab. 2.3.3: Citizenship of participants. Several participants possess more than one citizenship. European European German American Other (EU) (Non EU) Frequency 433 36 2 2 3 Percent 90.4 7.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 n. s. 2 0.4 10 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 2.3.4 Sizes of past and current place of living As displayed in table 2.3.4a, roughly the same number of participants grew up in a large city, town, small town, or village. Tab.2.3.4a: Size of places the participants grew up in. Large city Town Frequency 101 135 Percent 21.1 28.2 Small town 129 26.9 Village 114 23.8 In comparison to the places where the participants grew up, a trend to move to larger places can be identified when looking at the figures of table 2.3.4b, displaying where participants are living now. A large majority of more than 81 % of the sample now either lives in a large city or a town and only about 19 % live in a small town or village. Tab.2.3.4b: Size of places the participants live in now. Large city Town Frequency 185 202 Percent 38.6 42.2 Small town 56 11.7 Village 36 7.5 2.4 Education 2.4.1 Years in educational institutions The distribution of years spent in educational institutions is displayed in table 2.4.1. The mean is 15.2 years with a standard deviation of 4.5. The same distribution is illustrated in figure 2.4.1. About 7 % of the sample spent less than 9 years in school – the minimum time needed to receive a ‘Hauptschule’ degree. About 18 % spent between 10 and 13 years in school and could have received either a ‘Realschule’ degree or ‘Abitur’, which is (in most cases) mandatory for any further academic education. About 74 % spent more than 13 years in educational institutions, i.e. probably went to university. One participant received only one year of education and one spent 33 years in educational institutions. Tab. 2.4.1: Years in educational institutions. Years in Cumul. educational Freq. Percent Percent institutions n. s. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 4 3 6 4 7 7 2 1 1 11 3 23 49 60 0.2 .8 .6 1.3 .8 1.5 1.5 .4 .2 .2 2.3 .6 4.8 10.2 12.5 0.2 1.0 1.7 2.9 3.8 5.2 6.7 7.1 7.3 7.5 9.8 10.4 15.2 25.5 38.0 Years in educational institutions 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 33 Freq. 69 57 49 41 24 21 10 4 9 6 2 1 1 2 1 Percent 14.4 11.9 10.2 8.6 5.0 4.4 2.1 .8 1.9 1.3 .4 .2 .2 .4 .2 Cumul. Percent 52.4 64.3 74.5 83.1 88.1 92.5 94.6 95.4 97.3 98.5 99.0 99.2 99.4 99.8 100.0 11 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 40 Frequency 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Years in education Fig. 2.4.1: Years in educational institutions. 2.4.2 Last educational institution attended and highest academic degree Table 2.4.2a displays the last educational institution attended. About 67 % attend or attended university and about 24 % attended Gymnasium. About 3 % only attended ‘Hauptschule’ or ‘Realschule’ without moving on to a higher academic institution. Tab. 2.4.2a: Last educational institution attended. Elementary Lower Middle school Secondary Secondary school school Frequency Percent Grundschule 1 0.2 Hauptschule 1 0.2 Realschule 13 2.7 Upper Secondary school University Miscallaneous Abitur 117 24.4 Studium 323 67.4 Sonstiges 23 4.8 Corresponding to the last educational institution attended, a large majority of 91 % of the participants at least have received ‘Abitur’ and more than 22 % have earned a university degree, as displayed in table 2.4.2b. All in all, the sample has a very high level of education and only a small minority of 8 % did not at least reach ‘Abitur’ level. Tab. 2.4.2b: Highest academic level reached. Elementary Lower Middle school Secondary Secondary school school Frequency Percent Grundschule 2 0.4 Hauptschule 3 0.6 Realschule 33 6.9 Upper Secondary school University PhD Miscallaneous Abitur 329 68.7 Studium 95 19.8 Promotion 11 2.3 Sonstiges 6 1.3 2.5 Language A large majority of 433 participants (90 %) speaks German at home and 477 participants (more than 99 %) speak German better than any other language. 12 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 2.6 Religion and Spirituality Table 2.6 displays the religion of the participants. Two larger groups can be identified: about 65 % of the sample are Christians and about 31 % does not belong to any religion. A smaller group of three participants are Muslims, eleven specify to have a further, not mentioned religion, and three Buddhists as well as two Jews are also part of the sample. Tab.2.6a : Religion. Frequency Percent Buddhist Christian Jewish Muslim 3 0.6 311 64.9 2 0.4 3 0.6 Other Religion 11 2.3 No Religion 149 31.1 About 58 % of the sample are at least a bit – even if ‘not very’ – religious or spiritual, whereas 42 % are not religious at all. Only about 5 % are very religious and about 53 % are somewhat or not very religious, as displayed in table 2.6b. Tab.2.6b : Participant’s religiosity or spirituality. Somewhat Very religious religious Frequency 22 103 Percent 4.6 21.5 Not very religious 152 31.7 Not at all religious 201 42.0 n. s. 1 0.2 As presented in table 2.6c the religiosity or spirituality of the participant’s families is very similar to the religiosity of the participants. Tab. 2.6c: Participant’s family religiosity or spirituality. Somewhat Very religious religious Frequency 17 93 Percent 3.5 19.4 Not very religious 174 36.3 Not at all religious 194 40.5 n. s. 1 0.2 Despite the large group of religious participants, about 57 % of the sample does usually not attend religious services at all and further 33 % only on special occasions, as is depicted in table 2.6d. Only about 9 % attend religious service at least several times a month. Tab. 2.6d: Attendance of religious service. Several Once a times a week week Frequency 2 16 Percent 0.4 3.3 Several times a month 27 5.6 Only on special occasions 157 32.8 Usually not / Not at all n. s. 275 57.4 2 0.4 2.7 Contact to Black people Table 2.8a displays how often participants see Black people in everyday life. About 77 % see Black people several times a week at minimum, almost 15 % several times a month, and about 8 % see Black people only several times a year or less frequently. Tab. 2.8a: Seeing Black people. Frequency Percent Almost never Several times a year 11 2.3 29 6.1 Several times a month 72 15.0 Several times a week 225 47.0 Several times a day 142 29.6 13 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures As depicted in table 2.8b, about 54 % of the sample have contact to Black people not more frequently than several times a year. About 22 % of the participants have contact several times a month and a further 25 % at least weekly. Tab. 2.8b: Contact to Black people. Frequency Percent Almost never Several times a year 161 33.6 100 20.9 Several times a month 105 21.9 Several times a week 77 16.1 Several times a day 36 7.5 Although about 92 % of the participants see Black people at least several times a month, about 76 % of the participants have contact to Black people only several times a month or less – and one third even very infrequently. 2.8 Concepts of ‘Black’ people Table 2.8a displays what comes to the minds of the participants when thinking of ‘Black’ people. A majority of about 81 % thinks of people with a ‘dark skin’, followed by about 74 % thinking of people of ‘African origin’. A smaller group of 33 % thinks of anyone with a ‘brown skin’ and 3 % think of any person with a ‘non-white skin’. Other categories were mentioned only very infrequently. Tab. 2.8a: Concepts of ‘Black’ people. Freq. Perc. African origin Dark skin Brown skin Non white skin Turkish origin Asian origin Jewish Roma 354 73.9 387 80.8 158 33.0 16 3.3 2 0.4 2 0.4 0 0.0 2 0.4 Anyone with black hair 3 0.6 14 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 3 Description of scales and measures In the following, the scales and measures used in the study are presented. Several scales were shortened in comparison to the original versions, and terms and phrases typical of an American context, in which most of the scales had been developed, have been adapted to a European context. The original forms of the scales can be found in the publications cited below and, in addition, a documentation of the changes made for the present study is given in Appendix B. For a better understanding, only the English versions of the scales are presented here. For translations into Dutch, French, German, and Polish, please see Appendix A. 3.1 Implicit Person Theory Taken from Dweck, C.S., Levy, S.R. & Stroessner, S. J. (1998). Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421 – 1436. Description This Implicit Person Theory scale (IPT) measures in how far participants perceive people in general to be able to change over time or to stay the same. Scoring 1 (Disagree) 2 (Disagree somewhat) 3 (Neutral) 4 (Agree somewhat) 5 (Agree) The scale 1. The kind of person someone is, is something very basic about them and it can’t be changed very much. 2. People can do things differently, but the important parts of who they are can’t really be changed. 3. Everyone is a certain kind of person and there is not much that can be done to really change that. Test characteristics Reliabilities in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .93 Reliabilities in present study Cronbach’s alpha: .81 Item analysis The item statistics for all items are displayed in table 3.1a. Tab. 3.1a: Item statistics of the IPT (N = 479). Item IPT1 Mean 3.08 Std. Deviation 1.102 IPT2 3.09 1.050 IPT3 2.69 1.124 15 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures The item analysis of the IPT scale is displayed in table 3.1b. All items possess good to excellent discriminative power and the deletion of any item would decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .81. Item selection, consequently, does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 8.9, standard deviation is 2.8. Tab. 3.1b: Item analysis of the IPT (N = 479). Item IPT1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 5.78 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 3.642 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .706 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .701 IPT2 5.77 4.074 .625 .784 IPT3 6.17 3.690 .665 .745 Factor analysis Using the Kaiser-Guttman criterion, an explorative PCA results in one single factor with an eigenvalue above 1, explaining 72.9 % of the variance. Conclusive evaluation The good reliability of the scale is stressed by the results of the factor analysis underlining its internal consistency. The scale can be used for further analyses without any changes. 3.2 Right-Wing Authoritarianism Taken from: Altemeyer, B. (1994). Reducing prejudice in right-wing authoritarians. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (pp. 131-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. German translation: Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26, 195-218. Description The Right-wing Authoritarianism scale (RWA) measures the level in which people possess authoritarian attitudes, i.e. a) the submission to the authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate in the society in which one lives; b) a general aggressiveness, directed against various persons, that is perceived to be sanctioned by established authorities; and c) a high degree of adherence to the social conventions that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities. Scoring 1 (Very strongly disagree) 2 (Strongly disagree) 3 (Disagree) 4 (Slightly disagree) 5 (Neutral) 6 (Slightly agree) 7 (Agree) 8 (Strongly agree) 9 (Very strongly agree) 16 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures The scale Original English version (10 items): 1. The way things are going in this country, it’s going to take a lot of “strong medicine” to straighten out the troublemakers, criminals, and perverts. 2. People should pay less attention to the Bible and the other traditional forms of religious guidance and instead develop their own personal standards of what is moral and immoral. (Reversed) 3. It would be best for everyone if the proper authorities censored magazines and movies to keep trashy material away from the youth. 4. There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse. (Reversed) 5. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. 6. Once our government leaders and the authorities condemn the dangerous elements in our society, it will be the duty of each patriotic citizen to help stomp out the rot that is poisoning our country from within. 7. In these troubled times, laws have to be enforced without mercy, especially when dealing with the agitators and revolutionaries who are stirring things up. 8. Atheists and others who have rebelled against the established religions are no doubt every bit as good and virtuous as those who attend church regularly. (Reversed) 9. The self-righteous “forces of law and order” threaten freedom in our country a lot more than the groups they claim are “radical” and “godless”. (Reversed) 10. A lot of rules regarding modesty and sexual behaviour are just customs which are not necessarily any better or holier than those which other people follow. (Reversed) German version (12 items): 1. Man sollte alten, traditionellen Glaubenssätzen weniger Beachtung schenken und stattdessen seine persönlichen Moralvorstellungen über Gut und Böse entwickeln. (Reversed) 2. Was wir in unserem Land anstelle von mehr Bürgerrechten wirklich brauchen, ist eine anständige Portion Recht und Ordnung. 3. Die Zeiten, in denen Frauen sich Konventionen unterordnen mussten, sollten ein für alle Mal vorbei sein. (Reversed) 4. Die Abkehr von der Tradition wird sich eines Tages als fataler Fehler herausstellen. 5. Es gibt kein Verbrechen, das die Todesstrafe rechtfertigen würde. (Reversed) 6. Gehorsam und Achtung vor der Autorität sind die wichtigsten Tugenden, die Kinder lernen sollten. 7. Gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaften sollten der Ehe in jeder Hinsicht gleichgestellt werden. (Reversed) 8. Was unser Land wirklich braucht, ist einen starken, entschlossenen Kanzler, der uns wieder auf unseren richtigen Weg bringt. 9. Es ist gut, dass die jungen Leute heutzutage größere Freiheiten haben, ihr eigenes Ding zu machen und gegen Dinge zu protestieren, die sie nicht mögen. (Reversed) 10. Tugendhaftigkeit und Gesetzestreue bringen uns auf lange Sicht weiter als das ständige Infragestellen der Grundfesten unserer Gesellschaft. 11. Es ist wichtig, die Rechte von Radikalen und Abweichlern in jeder Hinsicht zu wahren. (Reversed) 12. Die wahren Schlüssel zum guten Leben sind Gehorsam, Disziplin und Tugend. Test characteristics Reliability in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .80 17 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Reliability in present study Cronbach’s alpha: .79 Item analysis The item statistics of the Right-wing Authoritarianism scale are displayed in table 3.5a below. Tab. 3.5a: Item statistics of the RWA. (N = 479) Item RWA1 Mean 3.03 Std. Deviation 1.315 RWA2 2.46 1.270 RWA3 1.81 1.061 RWA4 3.10 1.203 RWA5 2.38 1.618 RWA6 2.83 1.323 RWA7 2.45 1.520 RWA8 3.18 1.347 RWA9 2.24 .963 RWA10 3.12 1.274 RWA11 3.60 1.272 RWA12 2.58 1.108 The item analysis of the Right-wing Authoritarianism scale is displayed in table 3.5b. Except for item RWA3, all items possess sufficient to moderate discriminative power. The deletion of item RWA3, however, would hardly affect Cronbach’s alpha, which is currently .79. Thus, item selection might be considered, but does not seem to be mandatory. Scale mean is 32.8, standard deviation is 8.4. Tab. 3.5b: Item analysis of the RWA. N =479. Item RWA1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 29.75 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 62.914 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .306 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .784 RWA2 30.32 58.938 .537 .761 RWA3 30.97 66.606 .190 .792 RWA4 29.68 60.432 .489 .766 RWA5 30.40 58.588 .396 .777 RWA6 29.95 58.217 .548 .759 RWA7 30.33 59.141 .409 .775 RWA8 29.60 59.688 .457 .769 RWA9 30.54 63.788 .410 .775 RWA10 29.66 58.470 .561 .758 RWA11 29.18 63.263 .303 .784 RWA12 30.20 59.961 .573 .759 Factor analysis An explorative PCA was conducted, which resulted in three factors with eigenvalues larger than 1. The less strict Scree test, however, would suggest only one single factor explaining 31.8 % of the total variance. 18 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Conclusive evaluation Both analysis of internal consistency and factor analysis suggest a valid and reliable scale. Though one item might be excluded due to its item characteristics, the scale would not profit substantially from this deletion. Thus, even without any changes made, the RWA scale might be used further analysis. 3.3 Social Dominance Orientation Taken and adapted from: Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia (2001). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press German translation: Cohrs, J. C., Kielmann, S. O., Moschner, B. & Maes, J. (2002). Befragung zum 11. September 2001 und den Folgen: Grundideen, Operationalisierungen und deskriptive Ergebnisse der ersten Erhebungsphase (Berichte aus der Arbeitsgruppe "Verantwortung, Gerechtigkeit, Moral", Nr. 148). Trier: Universität Trier, Fachbereich I - Psychologie. Description The Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) scale measure the participant’s preference for hierarchy within any given social system. Scoring 1 (Disagree completely) 2 (Disagree) 3 (Disagree somewhat) 4 (Neutral) 5 (Agree somewhat) 6 (Agree) 7 (Agree completely) The scale 1. In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force against other groups. 2. To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups. 3. It’s probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom. 4. Sometimes other groups must be kept in their place. 5. Group equality should be our ideal. (Reversed) 6. We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (Reversed) 7. We would have fewer problems if we treated people more equally. (Reversed) 8. No group should dominate in society. (Reversed) Test characteristics Reliabilities in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .87 Reliabilities in present study Cronbach’s alpha: .86 19 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Item analysis Table 3.3a provides the item statistics for all items of the SDO scale. Tab. 3.3a: Item statistics of the SDO (N = 479). Item SDO1 Mean 3.73 Std. Deviation 1.575 SDO2 3.22 1.662 SDO3 2.73 1.546 SDO4 2.92 1.566 SDO5 3.58 1.646 SDO6 2.88 1.361 SDO7 2.94 1.694 SDO8 2.84 1.514 The item analysis of the SDO scale is displayed in table 3.3b. All items possess moderate to good discriminative power and the deletion of any of them would decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .86. Thus, item selection does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 24.9, standard deviation is 9.0. Tab. 3.3b: Item analyses of the Centrality subscale of the MIBI (N = 479). Item SDO1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 21.11 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 63.947 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .583 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .851 SDO2 21.63 63.130 .576 .852 SDO3 22.12 62.482 .665 .841 SDO4 21.93 62.113 .671 .841 SDO5 21.27 63.637 .563 .853 SDO6 21.97 64.949 .653 .844 SDO7 21.91 63.017 .566 .853 SDO8 22.01 63.253 .647 .844 Factor analysis An explorative PCA was conducted, which resulted in two factors with eigenvalues larger than 1. A Scree plot would, however, suggest the existence of only one single factor explaining 51.7 % of the total variance. Conclusive Evaluation The good internal consistence of the SDO scale is underlined by the results of the factor analysis resulting in one main factor. Both reliability and validity can be considered high enough for further analyses using the scale. 3.4 Multicultural Ideology Scale Taken and adapted from: Berry, J.W., & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and Ethnic Attitudes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27, 301-320. 20 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Description The Multicultural Ideology Scale (MIS) assesses support for having a culturally diverse society, in which ethno-cultural groups maintain and share their cultures with others. Scoring 1 (Disagree completely) 2 (Disagree) 3 (Disagree somewhat) 4 (Neutral) 5 (Agree somewhat) 6 (Agree) 7 (Agree completely) The scale MCI1. Minorities deserve to get support in maintaining their culture in Germany. MCI2. It is the best for Germany if ethnic minorities quickly give-up (forget) their cultural background. (Reversed) MCI3. A society with different cultural groups is better able to address new problems. MCI4. The idea of a single German community is being weakened by the minorities who hold on to their old customs and traditions. (Reversed) MCI5. If minorities want to hold on to their old customs and traditions, then they should do it in private. (Reversed) MCI6. Native German people have to make a greater effort to try and understand the customs and traditions of minorities. MCI7. Minority parents should encourage their children to honour the customs and traditions of their parents’ homeland. MCI8. People who come to live in Germany should adapt their behaviour to that of the Germans. (Reversed) MCI9. Minorities should interact with native German people as much as possible. MCI10. Native German people have to do more to try and have contact with minorities. Test characteristics Reliability in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .80 Reliability in present study Cronbach’s alpha: .85 Item analysis The item statistics of the Multicultural Ideology scale are displayed in table 3.4a below. Tab. 3.4a: Item statistics of the Multicultural Ideology scale. N = 497. Item MCI1 Mean 4.73 Std. Deviation 1.421 Item MCI6 Mean 4.81 Std. Deviation 1.500 MCI2 5.30 1.316 MCI7 4.36 1.229 MCI3 4.87 1.381 MCI8 3.13 1.334 2.19 1.016 5.41 1.395 MCI4 5.13 1.560 MCI9 MCI5 4.13 1.652 MCI10 21 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures The item analysis of the Multicultural ideology scale is displayed in table 3.4b. Except for item MCI9, all items possess moderate to good discriminative power. The deletion of item MCI8, which has a discriminative power of .052, would increase Cronbach’s alpha from currently .85 to .87. Its deletion might be considered. Scale mean is 44.1, standard deviation is 9.1. Tab. 3.4b: Item analysis of the Multicultural Ideology scale. N = 479. Item MCI1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 39.33 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 64.118 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .757 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .821 MCI2 38.76 66.529 .703 .827 MCI3 39.19 66.281 .675 .829 MCI4 38.92 66.266 .577 .838 MCI5 39.93 65.292 .575 .839 MCI6 39.25 65.521 .642 .832 MCI7 39.70 69.990 .577 .838 MCI8 40.93 69.357 .550 .840 MCI9 41.87 81.374 .052 .872 MCI10 38.65 71.497 .420 .851 Factor analysis An explorative PCA rotation was conducted. The use of the Kaiser-Guttman criterion would result in two factors with an eigenvalue larger than 1. However, a Scree test would clearly favour a one factor solution, the single factor explaining 45.3 % of the total variance. Conclusive Evaluation The MCI possesses good internal consistency and assesses mainly one single underlying factor. Because of the overall good reliability of the scale, the deletion of item MCI9 does not seem mandatory. It can be used for future analyses without any further changes. 3.5 Open stereotype list Taken and adapted from: Zanna, M.P. (1994). On The Nature of Prejudice. Canadian Psychology, 34, 11- 23. Description The open stereotype list assesses which stereotypes about Black people are known by the participants, how the stereotypes are evaluated, and how typical of Black people the stereotypes are considered. The stereotype list consists of three parts: 1) Participants are asked to name up to ten characteristics usually considered typical of Black people. They do not have to agree to the characteristics. 2) Each participant evaluates all characteristics he or she has named before with regard to the favourableness of the characteristics. 22 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 3) For each characteristic named, the participant rates in percent how typical it is of Black people. Scoring Eventually, a sum stereotype score is computed for every participant. For each named characteristic, the evaluation (between -2 and +2) is multiplied with the typicality divided by 100 (between 0 and 1). The products of all named characteristics are added and divided by the number of characteristics. The scale 1.) Now we are interested in the characteristics that white people use in describing Black people in Germany. Please provide a list of characteristics white people in Germany most often use to describe a typical Black person in Germany. PLEASE NOTE: You DO NOT have to agree to the list of characteristics you provide, please also list characteristics you might consider to be false. We are interested in which characteristics of Black people are known by white people in general. Your description should consist of a list of up to seven characteristics or, if necessary, short phrases. All your answers will be treated confidently, please give honest answers to support our research. 2.) Now please decide for each characteristic you listed whether it is favourable, unfavourable, or neutral, as normally used to describe people. There may be several usages or criteria to consider in determining the degree of favourableness implied by a given characteristic. We want only a global or “average” rating, so give us your immediate first impression, and don’t spend too much time on any single one. [ [ [ [ [ ] Very favourable ] Favourable ] Neutral ] Unfavourable ] Very Unfavourable 3.) Some of the characteristics of Black people might be more typical than others. We are now interested in how typical you think the characteristics you provided are for Black people in Germany. Please think of a typical Black person in Germany and indicate the percentage (0 % - 100 %) of Black people in Germany to which each characteristic applies. 3.6 Attitudes Towards Blacks Taken and adapted from: Brigham, J.C. (1993). College Students’ Racial Attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1933 – 1967. Description The Attitudes Towards Blacks scale (ATB) measures the negative behaviour (discomfort in close interactions is measured too) towards Black people. 23 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures The scale 1. If a black were put in charge of me, I would not mind taking advice and direction from him or her. 2. If I had a chance to introduce black visitors to my friends and neighbours, I would be pleased to do so. 3. I would rather not have blacks live in the same neighbourhood I live in. (Reversed) 4. I would probably feel somewhat self-conscious dancing with a black in a public place. (Reversed) 5. I would not mind it at all if a black family with about the same income and education as me moved in next door. 6. I think that black people living in Germany look more similar to each other than white people do. (Reversed) 7. Interracial marriage should be discouraged to avoid the “who-am-I?” confusion which the children feel. (Reversed) 8. I get very upset when I hear a white make a prejudicial remark about blacks. 9. I favour open housing laws that allow more racial integration of neighbourhoods. 10. It would not bother me if my new roommate was black. 11. It is likely that blacks will bring violence to neighbourhoods when they move in. (Reversed) 12. I enjoy a funny racial joke, even if some people might find it offensive. (Reversed) 13. The German governments should take decisive steps to override the injustices blacks suffer at the hands of local authorities. 14. Black and white people are inherently equal. 15. Black people are demanding too much too fast in their push for equal rights in Germany. (Reversed) 16. Whites should support blacks in their struggle against discrimination and segregation in Germany. 17. Generally, blacks are not as smart as whites. (Reversed) 18. I worry that in the next few years I may be denied my application for a job or a promotion because of preferential treatment given to minority group members. (Reversed) 19. Racial integration (of schools, businesses, residences, etc.) has benefitted both whites and blacks. 20. Some blacks in Germany are so touchy about race that it is difficult to get along with them. (Reversed) Scoring 1 (Strongly Agree) 2 (Agree) 3 (Agree somewhat) 4 (Neutral) 5 (Disagree somewhat) 6 ( Disagree) 7 (Strongly Disagree) Test characteristics Reliability in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .88 24 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Reliabilities in present study Cronbach’s alpha .89 Item analysis Table 3.6a displays the items statistics for the items of Attitudes Towards Blacks scale. Tab. 3.6a: Item statistics for ATB scale. (N = 479). Item ATB1 Mean 1.63 Std. Deviation 1.124 ATB2 1.95 1.146 ATB3 1.44 .957 ATB4 1.97 1.482 ATB5 1.56 1.164 ATB6 3.46 1.661 ATB7 1.80 1.203 ATB8 2.24 1.401 ATB9 2.22 1.282 ATB10 2.07 1.384 ATB11 2.43 1.415 ATB12 3.55 1.910 ATB13 2.24 1.288 ATB14 1.98 1.499 ATB15 2.54 1.474 ATB16 2.13 1.167 ATB17 1.53 .932 ATB18 2.09 1.519 ATB19 1.99 1.233 ATB20 3.45 1.547 Table 3.6b displays the item analysis of the ATB scale. All items possess moderate to good discriminative power – except for item ATB6 having a power of .274. Cronbach’s alpha currently has a value of .89, which cannot be improved by the deletion of any item, so that item selection does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 44.3, standard deviation is 15.5. Tab. 3.6b: Item analysis of the ATB. N = 479. Item ATB1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 42.64 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 220.859 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .552 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .885 ATB2 42.31 222.592 .487 .887 ATB3 42.82 221.170 .649 .884 ATB4 42.30 218.694 .448 .888 ATB5 42.70 227.393 .336 .890 ATB6 40.80 224.180 .274 .895 ATB7 42.46 216.492 .639 .882 ATB8 42.03 215.162 .570 .884 ATB9 42.05 214.349 .654 .882 ATB10 42.19 213.860 .612 .883 25 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Item ATB11 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 41.84 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 216.863 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .520 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .885 ATB12 40.71 217.532 .344 .894 ATB13 42.03 218.388 .539 .885 ATB14 42.29 220.000 .412 .889 ATB15 41.73 212.254 .608 .883 ATB16 42.13 215.842 .681 .881 ATB17 42.73 221.330 .662 .883 ATB18 42.18 214.064 .544 .885 ATB19 42.28 217.591 .589 .884 ATB20 40.82 218.339 .433 .888 Factor analysis An exploratory PCA resulted in three factors with eigenvalues above 1. A Scree plot, however, clearly indicates the existence of only one main factor, which explains 36.1 % of the total variance. Conclusive evaluation The good internal consistency of the ATB scale is underlined by the one factor solution suggested by factor analysis. The scale can be used for further analysis without any changes or hesitations. 3.7 Essentialism Scale Taken and adapted from: Verkuyten, M. & Brug, P. (2004). Multiculturalism and Group Status: The Role of Ethnic Identification, Group Essentialism and Protestant Ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 647-661. Description The scale focuses on the perceived essentialism of groups, i.e. how far the norms, behaviours and future of both groups and their members are perceived to be influenced by an underlying essence of some kind (e.g. genetic or cultural predisposition). Scoring For each item the answer possibilities are different and depend on the specific item. All answers have a range from 1 to 7 with the middle at 4. The scale Note: Each of the following items was asked for each these four groups: Black people, White people, people of Turkish descent, Jews) Introduction For the following four questions, please answer the questions with regard to socio-cultural groups in Germany. For all groups, please indicate the number that best represents your answer. Even if you don’t know these people personally, please try to answer from what you know about them. 26 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures ESS1. With some groups, the cultural plays a major role in how the people act and behave, whereby people from that group rarely change how they are. According to you, how is that with regard to (Black people, White people, People of Turkish descent, Jews) ESS2. Regardless of the individual differences of people from a particular group, the people within that group are basically the same. According to you, how is that with regard to (Black people, White people, People of Turkish descent, Jews) ESS3. It is just a fact of life that some groups are different than to other groups. According to you, how is that with regard to (Black people, White people, People of Turkish descent, Jews) ESS4. Some groups will always be as they are (they won’t change). According to you, how is that with regard to (Black people, White people, People of Turkish descent, Jews) Test characteristics Reliabilities in original publication Cronbach’s alpha (for Muslims as target group): Majority group participants: .76 Minority group participants: .75 Reliabilities in present study Cronbach’s alpha Black people: White people: People of Turkish descent: Jews: .57 .46 .66 .63 Item analysis Separate item analyses were conducted for all of the four target groups, which are presented below. Essentialism of Black people Table 3.7a depicts the item statistics for the essentialism of Black people scale. Tab. 3.7a: Item statistics for Essentialism of Black people scale. N = 497. Item ESS1_BL Mean 3.82 Std. Deviation 1.278 ESS2_BL 3.24 1.720 ESS3_BL 3.72 1.483 ESS4_BL 3.33 1.225 The item analysis of the Essentialism of Black people scale is displayed in table 3.7b. Except for item ESS2_BL, whose discriminative power is just below the critical threshold of .3, all items possess sufficient to moderate discriminative powers. The deletion of any item would 27 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .57, so that even the exclusion of ESS2_BL does not seem necessary. However, with or without changes made, the reliability of this scale is beneath acceptability. Scale mean is 14.1, standard deviation is 3.8. Tab.3.7b : Item analysis for Essentialism of Black people scale. N = 497. Item ESS1_BL Scale Mean if Item Deleted 10.28 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 10.077 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .341 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .509 ESS2_BL 10.87 8.548 .295 .564 ESS3_BL 10.39 8.941 .376 .477 ESS4_BL 10.78 9.680 .432 .447 Essentialism of White people The item statistics for the Essentialism of White people scale are provided in table 3.7c. Tab. 3.7c: Item statistics for Essentialism of White people scale. N = 479. Item ESS1_WH Mean 3.92 Std. Deviation 1.479 ESS2_WH 3.25 1.847 ESS3_WH 3.50 1.541 ESS4_WH 3.58 1.413 The item analysis of the Essentialism of White people scale is displayed in table 3.7d. The discriminative power of two items is below .30, the value usually considered the necessary minimum, and the discriminative power of the remaining two items is hardly above .3. The deletion of any item would decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .46. Consequently, with or without changes made, the reliability of this scale is beneath acceptability. The scale mean is 14.3, standard deviation is 3.9. Tab. 3.7d: Item analysis of Essentialism of White people scale. N = 479. Item ESS1_WH ESS2_WH ESS3_WH ESS4_WH Scale Mean if Item Deleted 10.33 11.00 10.76 10.67 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 10.131 9.226 10.611 10.404 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .306 .228 .220 .307 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .348 .433 .426 .350 Essentialism of People of Turkish descent The item statistics for the Essentialism of People of Turkish descent scale are provided in table 3.7e. 28 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Tab. 3.7e: Item statistics for Essentialism of people of Turkish descent scale. N = 479. Item ESS1_TU Mean 5.68 Std. Deviation 1.248 ESS2_TU 3.71 1.856 ESS3_TU ESS4_TU 4.37 4.16 1.637 1.617 The item analysis of the Essentialism of people of Turkish descent scale is displayed in table 3.7f. All items possess sufficient to moderate discriminative powers and the deletion of any item would decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .66. Item selection does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 17.9, standard deviation is 4.5. Tab. 3.7f: Item analysis of Essentialism of people of Turkish descent scale. N = 497. Item ESS1_TU Scale Mean if Item Deleted 12.23 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 14.530 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .456 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .598 ESS2_TU 14.20 12.071 .381 .649 ESS3_TU 13.55 12.646 .438 .596 ESS4_TU 13.75 11.906 .529 .532 Essentialism of Jews The item statistics for the Essentialism of Jews scale are provided in table 3.7g. Tab. 3.7g: Item statistics for Essentialism of Jews scale. N = 479. Item ESS1_JE Mean 4.56 Std. Deviation 1.479 ESS2_JE 3.46 1.806 ESS3_JE 3.66 1.575 ESS4_JE 3.83 1.440 The item analysis of the Essentialism of Jews scale is displayed in table 3.7h. All items possess sufficient to moderate discriminative powers and the deletion of any item would either decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .63 or would not affect it. Item selection does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 15.5, standard deviation is 4.4. Tab. 3.7h: Item analysis of Essentialism of Jews scale. N = 497. Item ESS1_JE Scale Mean if Item Deleted 10.94 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 12.124 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .457 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .533 ESS2_JE 12.05 11.659 .332 .632 ESS3_JE 11.85 12.159 .399 .572 ESS4_JE 11.67 12.104 .483 .517 Taken together, for White people as well as Black people as target groups, reliability is below acceptability, even if for Black people Cronbach’s alpha is only marginally below the critical value of .60. For people of Turkish descent and Jews as target groups, the internal consistency is also rather low, but still within the limit allowing to use these scales. 29 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Factor analysis For all four used Essentialism scales, explorative PCAs were conducted. Using the KaiserGuttman criterion, they resulted in single factor solutions for all four scales, the respective factors explaining 44.7 % (Black people), 38.7 % (White people), 50.7 % (people of Turkish descent, and 48.5 % (Jews) of the total variance. Conclusive Evaluation Whereas the factorial validation of the Essentialism scales suggests the usability of all four scales, only the internal consistencies of the Essentialism of people of Turkish descent and of Jews are good enough for the scales to be used for further analyses. As the alpha of the Essentialism of Black people scale is only marginally smaller than the critical value of .6, this scale might also be used in further analyses, if the respective results are discussed very carefully. The Essentialism of White people scale, however, should not be used for further analyses due to its low reliability. 3.8 Perceived Discrimination of Black People The following item assesses the level of anti-Black discrimination White people perceive. Mean of the item is 2.8 on a 5-point rating scale, standard deviation is 1.3. Even if the number of non-white persons in Europe is increasing, I will always identify with other white persons. 3.9 Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination Taken and adapted from: Iyer, A., Leach, C.W. & Crosby, F.J. (2003) White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129. Description The Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination scale (BRD) measures the belief in the existence of present racial discrimination against Black people. Scoring 1 (Never) 2 (hardly) 3 (sometimes) 4 (often) 5 (extremely often) The scale How often do you think Blacks in Germany experience discrimination … 1) … in the work force? 2) … from the police? 3) … from fellow White employees? 4) … from teaching assistants and faculty? 5) … in the form of racially motivated glaring from White people? 6) … in the form of racial slurs? 7) … in night clubs, bars, pubs, discos, etc.? 30 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Test characteristics Reliability in original publication Cronbach’s alpha: .83 Reliabilities in present study Cronbach’s alpha: .84 Item analysis Table 3.9a displays the items statistics for the items of the Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination scale. Tab. 3.9a: Item statistics for Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination scale. N = 479. Item BRD1 Mean 3.19 Std. Deviation .864 BRD2 3.23 1.040 BRD3 3.04 .841 BRD4 2.53 .903 BRD5 3.51 1.074 BRD6 3.41 .885 BRD7 3.28 1.012 Table 3.9b displays the item analysis of the BRD scale. All items possess good discriminative power and the deletion of any item would decrease Cronbach’s alpha below its current value of .84. Thus, item selection does not seem necessary. Scale mean is 22.2, standard deviation is 4.8. Tab. 3.9b: Item analysis of the Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination scale. N = 479. Item BRD1 Scale Mean if Item Deleted 18.99 Scale Variance if Item Deleted 17.287 Corrected Item-Total Correlation .658 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted .814 BRD2 18.95 17.148 .526 .834 BRD3 19.14 17.505 .646 .816 BRD4 19.65 17.725 .555 .828 BRD5 18.67 16.716 .556 .830 BRD6 18.77 17.091 .668 .812 BRD7 18.90 16.631 .618 .819 Factor analysis For the Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination scale an explorative PCA was conducted. It resulted in a single factor solution when the Kaiser-Guttman criterion is used, the emerging factor explaining 52.5 % of the total variance. Conclusive evaluation Both item analyses and factorial validation suggest good test characteristics of the BRD scale, which make the scale usable for further analyses without any changes made. 31 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 3.10 Belief in (present) White privilege Item taken from Miller, D.L & Swim, J.K. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. The following single item assesses the belief in the (current) existence of White Europeans’ racial privilege. Mean of the item is 3.76 on a 5-point rating scale, standard deviation is .98. People with white skin have greater advantages than non-white people have in Germany. 3.11 White guilt Items taken from Miller, D.L & Swim, J.K. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. The following two items assess the level of guilt White people experience due to present and past anti-Black racism and discrimination. Mean of item a) is 2.2 on a 5-point rating scale, standard deviation is 1.3. Mean of item b) is 2.3 on a 5-point rating scale, standard deviation is 1.3. The correlation coefficient of the two items is .74 (p < .001). a) When I learn about racism, I feel guilt due to my association with the White race. b) I feel guilty about the past social inequality of Black people in Germany (i.e., colonialism, discrimination, poverty). 3.12 White Racial Identity The following item assesses how much participants identify as White and with other White people. Mean of the item is 2.9 on a 5-point rating scale, standard deviation is 1.2. Black people in Germany often say that they are second-class citizens. 3.13 List of identifications Description The importance of several individual identities was assessed by providing a list of possible identifications and assessing their importance. Scoring From “Not important at all” (1 point) to “Very important” (7) points. The scale All persons have identities that might be more or less important to them. We would like to know how important the identities listed below are for you, i.e. how much you identify with them. 32 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Cosmopolitan European German Regional Identity Local Identity Gender identity Religious identity Human being Family identity White Black Asian Other identities 3.14 Individual context information In addition to the scales described above, the participants were asked to provide some information about themselves and their personal backgrounds. The following items were included: Personal and family information a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. Gender Age Marital or partnership status Number of children Occupation Current country of residence Stays abroad in the past (duration and place) Country of birth Age of coming into the current country of residence Country of birth of mother Country of birth of father Ancestors who migrated into the current country of residence Citizenship Resident status Monthly household income Education a. Years in schooling b. Last academic institution attended c. Educational or academic level reached Contact to Black people a. Frequency of perception of Black people (outside the family) b. Frequency of contact to Black people (outside the family) Context of living a. Place of growing up (village, small town, town, large city) 33 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures b. Current place of living (village, small town, town, large city) c. People living together with when growing up d. People living together with now Religion and Religiosity a. b. c. d. Religiosity or spirituality of family Religiosity or spirituality of participant Religion Attendance of religious services Languages a. Languages spoken at home b. Languages spoken best 34 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Appendix A Language versions of the questionnaire 35 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Tab. A: All used language version of the used questionnaire. English Introduction Welcome to our survey about European identities! Thank you for volunteering to take part in this study. Your views matter and will help us to find out more about European identities. We would like to know what the British, Dutch, French, Germans, and Poles think about themselves and others. Our research compares attitudes and identities in several European countries – that is why we need your help and the help of other people your country. Please take your time in filling out the questionnaire. Pre-tests have shown that it takes about 30 minutes to finish it. Though this might seem quite a long time, attitudes and identities are rather complex, and different kinds of questions are needed to get an adequate picture of them. A progress bar at the upper right corner of the screen shows you at any time what percentage of the entire questionnaire you have already completed. Please note that you can stop at any time by using the “Abort survey” button and resume later using your personal pin code to log in again. After you finish this survey, your pin code will not be valid anymore, and you will not be able to log in to the questionnaire again. Please read each question carefully before giving your response. There are no right or wrong answers. We just want to know your personal opinion, so please give us your immediate first impression, and don’t spend too much Dutch French German Polish Welkom bij onze vragenlijst over Europese identiteiten! Bienvenue dans notre recherche sur l'dentité européenne! Willkommen bei unserer Umfrage zu Identitäten in Europa! Witaj w naszym badaniu togsamohci Europejczyków! Dank u dat u wilt meewerken aan dit onderzoek. Uw opvattingen doen er toe en helpen ons om meer te weten te komen over Europese identiteiten. We willen te weten komen hoe Engelsen, Nederlanders, Duitsers, Polen en anderen over zichzelf en anderen denken. Het onderzoekt vergelijkt houdingen en opvattingen in verschillende Europese landen – daarom hebben wij uw hulp nodig en die van andere mensen in Nederland. Merci de bien vouloir participer à cette étude. Votre point de vue est important et va nous aider à en savoir plus sur les identités européennes. Nous aimerions savoir ce que les Anglais, les Allemands, les Français et les Polonais pensaient à propos d’eux-mêmes et des autres. Notre recherche vise à comparer les attitudes et les identités dans plusieurs pays européens, c’est pourquoi nous avons besoin de votre aide et de celle d’autres personnes de votre pays. Vielen Dank, dass Sie sich dazu entschlossen haben an unserer Untersuchung teilzunehmen. Ihre Sichtweise ist von Bedeutung und wird uns dabei helfen, mehr über europäische Identitäten zu erfahren. Wir würden gerne wissen, was Menschen in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Polen und Deutschland über sich und über andere denken. Unsere Forschung vergleicht die Einstellungen und Identitäten in mehreren europäischen Ländern – deshalb brauchen wir Ihre Hilfe und die Hilfe anderer Menschen aus Ihrem Land. Dzijkujemy, ge zechciakeh/ ah wzimn udziak w tym badaniu. Twoje opinie sm dla nas wagne i pomogm nam wzbogacin wiedzj na temat togsamohci Europejczyków. Chcielibyhmy dowiedzien sij co Brytyjczycy, Holendrzy, Francuzi, Niemcy i Polacy myhlm o sobie i o innych. Nasze badanie zajmuje sij porównywaniem postaw i togsamohci w rógnych europejskich krajach – dlatego potrzebujemy Twojej pomocy, jak równieg pomocy innych ludzi z Twojego kraju. Neemt u de tijd om de vragenlijst in te vullen. Eerder onderzoek heeft laten zien dat het niet meer dan 30 minuten duurt. Dit lijkt misschien tamelijk lang, maar om attituden en identiteiten vast te stellen zijn verschillende vragen nodig. Een ‘progress bar’ rechtsboven aan het scherm geeft aan hoeveel procent van de vragenlijst u al heeft ingevuld. U kunt ieder moment stoppen door de “Stop en verlaat de vragenlijst” knop te gebruiken. U kunt dan op een later tijdstip doorgaan door uw persoonlijke pincode te gebruiken om in te loggen. Nadat u de vragenlijst helemaal heeft ingevuld is uw pincode niet meer geldig en kunt u niet meer inloggen. Lees iedere vraag goed voordat u een antwoord geeft. Er zijn geen goede of foute antwoorden. Het gaat om uw persoonlijke mening. U hoeft niet lang na te denken over iedere vraag. Uw eerste, spontane indruk is voldoende. Natuurlijk zijn alle antwoorden S’il vous plait, prenez votre temps pour remplir le questionnaire. Des pré-test ont montré qu’il fallait environ 30 minutes pour le finir. Même si cela peut paraître un peu long, les attitudes et les identités sont plutôt complexes et différentes sortes de questions sont nécessaires pour en obtenir une représentation exacte. Une barre progressive en haut du coin droit de l’écran vous informe à tout moment de votre avancée par rapport à la fin du questionnaire. S’il vous plait, notez que vous pouvez vous arrêter à tous moment en utilisant le bouton « abandonnez l’enquête » et reprendre plus tard en utilisant votre code pin personnel pour la reprendre. Après avoir répondu à toutes les questions, votre code pin ne sera plus valable et vous ne pourrez plus vous connecter à nouveau. S’il vous plait, lisez chaque question attentivement avant de répondre. Il n’y a pas de bonnes ou de mauvaises Nehmen Sie sich bitte die Zeit, die Sie brauchen, um die Fragen zu beantworten. In Vorstudien hat das Ausfüllen etwa 30 Minuten gedauert. Obwohl dies vielleicht lang erscheinen mag, sind Einstellungen und Identitäten doch recht komplex, so dass verschiedene Arten von Fragen benötigt werden, um ein angemessenes Bild zu erhalten. Ein Balken in der oberen rechten Ecke des Bildschirms zeigt Ihnen zu jeder Zeit, wie viel Prozent des gesamten Fragebogens Sie bereits ausgefüllt haben. Beachten Sie bitte, dass Sie jederzeit die Umfrage unterbrechen oder aufhören können, indem Sie den „Befragung abbrechen“ Knopf drücken. Sie können dann später mit dem Ausfüllen fortfahren, indem Sie sich mit ihrem personalisierten Pin Code erneut einloggen. Erst wenn Sie den Fragebogen bis zum Ende ausgefüllt haben, wird Ihr Pin Code ungültig und Sie werden sich nicht Nie hpiesz sij z wypeknianiem kwestionariusza. Testy próbne wykazaky, ge wypeknienie go zajmuje okoko 30 minut. Wydaje sij, ge to dugo czasu, ale zagadnienia dotyczmce postaw i togsamohci sm bardzo zkogone, i potrzeba wielu pytao by uzyskan ich prawdziwy obraz. W górnym prawym rogu ekranu znajduje sij pasek postjpu, który pokazuje Tobie jaki procent cakego kwestionariusza jug wypeknikeh/ ah. Zwrón uwagj, ge za pomocm przycisku „Zrezygnuj z wypekniania kwestionariusza” w kagdym momencie mogesz przestan wypeknian kwestionariusz i dokooczyn go pópniej po ponownym zalogowaniu sij ugywajmc swojego indywidualnego numeru PIN. Po zakooczeniu wypekniania kwestionariusza, Twój PIN bjdzie niewagny i nie bjdziesz miak/ a mogliwohci ponownie sij zalogowan. Prosimy byh dokkadnie przeczytak/ a kagde pytanie zanim podasz odpowiedp. 36 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures time on any single question. All your answers will be treated confidentially. The information will not be shared with anyone and you will remain entirely anonymous. It will not be possible for us to send your filledout questionnaire to your e-mail or mailing address. You can, of course, abort the study at any time. Please use only the “Back” and “Proceed” button within the questionnaire to move around, not the “Back” and “Forward” button of your browser. Otherwise your data might not be stored appropriately. anoniem en vertrouwelijk. Het is voor ons niet mogelijk om uw ingevulde vragenlijst naar u toe te sturen. Vanzelfsprekend kunt u ieder moment stoppen met de vragenlijst. réponses. Nous voulons seulement savoir quelle est votre propre opinion, en conséquence donnez directement votre première impression , et ne passez pas trop de temps pour chaque question. Gebruik alleen de “Terug” en “Ga verder” knop in de vragenlijstom heen en weer te gaan en niet de “Terug” en “Ga verder” knop van uw computer. Anders worden uw antwoorden niet goed opgeslagen. Toutes vos réponses seront traitées confidentiellement. L’information restera secrète et vous resterez anonyme. Il ne sera pas possible de vous envoyer vos réponses par e-mail ou par courrier. Vous pouvez bien sur abandonner l’étude à tout moment. Als u vragen heeft over het onderzoek kunt u hier contact met ons opnemen via e-mail of via het volgende adres. If you have any question concerning the study, you can contact us here via email or use the address details given below. S’il vous plait, n’utilisez que la touche « retourner » ou « poursuivre » dans le questionnaire pour vous déplacer, n’utilisez pas les touches « retourner » et « poursuivre » de votre navigateur. Sinon, vos données ne pourront pas être enregistrées convenablement. Si vous avez des questions concernant l’étude, vous pouvez nous contacter là par e-mail ou utiliser l’adresse postale donnée ci-dessous. mehr einloggen können. Lesen Sie bitte jede Frage genau durch, bevor Sie antworten. Es gibt weder ‚richtige’ noch ‚falsche’ Antworten. Wir sind an Ihrer persönlichen Meinung interessiert - geben Sie daher bitte Ihren unmittelbaren ersten Eindruck an und verwenden Sie nicht allzu viel Zeit auf jede einzelne Frage. Ihre Antworten werden vertraulich behandelt. Die Informationen werden an niemanden weitergeleitet und Sie bleiben vollständig anonym. Es wird uns nicht möglich sein, den von Ihnen ausgefüllten Fragebogen an Sie zu mailen oder per Post zu verschicken. Sie können die Umfrage natürlich zu jeder beliebigen Zeit abbrechen. Benutzen Sie bitte ausschließlich die ‚Zurück’ und ‚Weiter’ Knöpfe innerhalb des Fragebogens, um innerhalb des Fragebogens zu blättern – und nicht die ‚Vor’ und ‚Zurück’ Knöpfe Ihres Browsers, da ansonsten Ihre Daten unter Umständen nicht korrekt gespeichert werden. Nie ma zkych i dobrych odpowiedzi. Chcemy jedynie poznan Twojm opinij, wijc podaj nam swoje pierwsze wra?enie i nie spjdzaj zbyt dugo czasu nad poszczególnymi pytaniami. Wszystkie Twoje odpowiedzi bjdm traktowane poufnie. Informacje nie zostanm nikomu przekazane i pozostaniesz cakkowicie anonimowy/ a. Nie ma mogliwohci przeskania Tobie wypeknionego kwestionariusza. Oczywihcie mogesz w kagdym momencie zrezygnowan z udziaku w tym badaniu. Ugywaj przycisku „Powrót” i „Kontynuuj” które znajdujm sij na stronie kwestionariusza, a nie przycisków „Przejdp do poprzedniej strony” i „Przejdp do nastjpnej strony” w Twojej przeglmdarce internetowej, gdyg wtedy informacje, które podasz mogm nie zostan zachowane. W przypadku pytao dotyczmcych tego badania, skontaktuj sij z nami tutaj przez e-maila lub ugyj ponigszych danych adresowych. Bei Fragen aller Art zur Umfrage können Sie uns hier per Email erreichen oder über die unten stehende Adresse. Implicit Person Theory The kind of person someone is, is IPT1 something very basic about them and it can’t be changed very much. People can do things differently, but the important parts of who they are can’t IPT2 really be changed. IPT3 Everyone is a certain kind of person and there is not much that can be done to really change that. Het karakter van iemand zit erg diep en kan nauwelijks worden veranderd. La base de la personnalité individuelle ne peut être modifiée. Mensen kunnen dingen de ene keer zo doen en de andere keer zus, maar wie ze echt van binnen zijn kan niet goed veranderd worden. Le comportement des gens peut varier, mais leur nature véritable ne peut changer. Iedereen is een bepaald soort persoon en daar zal nooit veel aan veranderen. On ne peut changer le fait que chaque personnalité est spécifique. Die Art von Mensch, die jemand ist, ist etwas sehr Grundlegendes und kann nicht groß verändert werden. Menschen können manches unterschiedlich machen, aber die zentralen Aspekte davon, wer sie sind, können nicht wirklich verändert werden. Jede Person ist eine bestimmte Art von Mensch und es gibt nicht viel, was getan werden kann, um das zu ändern. The kind of person someone is, is something very basic about them and it can’t be changed very much. People can do things differently, but the important parts of who they are can’t really be changed. Everyone is a certain kind of person and there is not much that can be done to really change that. 37 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Right-wing Authoritarianism The way things are going in this country, it’s going to take a lot of RWA1 “strong medicine” to straighten out the troublemakers, criminals, and perverts. RWA2 RWA3 RWA4 RWA5 RWA6 RWA7 RWA8 RWA9 RWA10 Man sollte alten, traditionellen Glaubenssätzen weniger Beachtung schenken und stattdessen seine persönlichen Moralvorstellungen über Gut und Böse entwickeln. Was wir in unserem Land anstelle von mehr Bürgerrechten wirklich brauchen, ist eine anständige Portion Recht und Ordnung. Zoals het nu gaat in dit land zijn er heel wat ‘krachtige medicijnen’ nodig om onruststokers, criminelen en a-socialen in het gareel te krijgen. Au rythme où vont les choses dans ce pays, il faudra rendre des mesures fortes pour mettre tous les coupables de délit hors d’état de nuire. People should pay less attention to the Bible and the other traditional forms of religious guidance and instead develop their own personal standards of what is moral and immoral. Mensen moeten minder aandacht besteden aan de Bijbel of andere religieuze boeken, maar hun eigen persoonlijke standaarden ontwikkelen over wat moreel goed en slecht is. Les gens devraient accorder moins d’attention aux valeurs religieuses ou traditionnelles et inventer leur propre échelle de valeur. It would be best for everyone if the proper authorities censored magazines and movies to keep trashy materials away from the youth. Het zou voor iedereen het beste zijn als de verantwoordelijke autoriteiten tijdschriften en films zouden censureren zodat jongeren niet in aanraking komen met allerlei ‘rommel’. Er is niets verkeerd aan seks voor het huwelijk. Il serait bien pour chacun que les autorités protègent la jeunesse en censurant les journaux et les films pornographiques. Die Zeiten, in denen Frauen sich Konventionen unterordnen mussten, sollten ein für alle Mal vorbei sein. Il n'y a rien de mal à avoir des rapports sexuels avant le mariage. Die Abkehr von der Tradition wird sich eines Tages als fataler Fehler herausstellen. Es gibt kein Verbrechen, das die Todesstrafe rechtfertigen würde. There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. Once our government leaders and the authorities condemn the dangerous elements in our society, it will be the duty of each patriotic citizen to help stamp out the rot that is poisoning our country from within. In these troubled times laws have to be enforced without mercy, especially when dealing with the agitators and revolutionaries who are stirring things up. Atheists and others who have rebelled against the established religions are no doubt every bit as good and virtuous as those who attend church regularly. The self-righteous “forces of law and order” threaten freedom in our country a lot more than the groups they claim are “radical” and “godless”. A lot of rules regarding modesty and sexual behaviour are just customs which are not necessarily any better or Gehoorzaamheid en respect voor autoriteiten zijn de meest belangrijke waarden die kinderen moeten leren. Zodra onze regering en leiders de gevaarlijke elementen in onze samenleving aanpakken, is het de plicht van iedere patriot om te helpen om datgene te verwijderen dat onze samenleving van binnenuit verziekt. In deze moeilijke tijden dienen wetten hard te worden gehandhaafd, vooral tegenover mensen die onze samenleving bedreigen. Ongelovigen en anderen die tegen godsdiensten zijn, zijn natuurlijk net zo’n goede en morele mensen als degenen die regelmatig naar de kerk gaan. Al die mensen die alleen maar het handhaven van wetten en regels benadrukken zijn een groter gevaar voor onze vrijheid dan zogenaamde ‘radicale’ groepen. Veel regels over fatsoen en seksualiteit zijn alleen maar culturele gewoontes die niet beter of waardevoller zijn dan die L'obéissance et le respect de l'autorité sont les valeurs les plus importantes que les enfants devraient apprendre. Après la condamnation des délinquants par les autorités et les gouvernants, il est du devoir de chaque citoyen de contribuer à nettoyer la société de ses délinquants. Gehorsam und Achtung vor der Autorität sind die wichtigsten Tugenden, die Kinder lernen sollten. En ces temps de troubles, les lois doivent être renforcées sans états d’âme, spécialement à l’encontre des agitateurs et des révolutionnaires. Gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaften sollten der Ehe in jeder Hinsicht gleichgestellt werden. Les athées et tous les non croyants sont sans doute aussi bons et vertueux que les croyants et pratiquants. Was unser Land wirklich braucht, ist einen starken, entschlossenen Kanzler, der uns wieder auf unseren richtigen Weg bringt. Les forces de l'ordre et l’appareil judiciaire menacent plus la liberté que les groupes qu’elles qualifient comme radicaux et athées. Es ist gut, dass die jungen Leute heutzutage größere Freiheiten haben, ihr eigenes Ding zu machen und gegen Dinge zu protestieren, die sie nicht mögen. Tugendhaftigkeit und Gesetzestreue bringen uns auf lange Sicht weiter als das ständige Infragestellen der La plupart des règles de comportement social et de comportement sexuel ne sont que le produit de la tradition et des Obecna sytuacja w tym kraju jest na tyle zka, ge trzeba bjdzie zastosowan radykalne hrodki by pozbyn sij kryminalistów, zboczeoców i bandytów. Ludzie powinni przykkadan mniejszm wagj do tego, co napisano w Biblii oraz do tradycyjnych norm religijnohci, zamiast tego powinni sami ksztaktowan standardy tego, co jest moralne i niemoralne. Bykoby najlepiej dla wszystkich, gdyby stosowne wkadze kontrolowaky i cenzurowaky media, w celu ochrony mkodziegy przed szkodliwymi trehciami. Nie ma nic zkego przedmakgeoskiej inicjacji seksualnej. Poskuszeostwo i szacunek dla autorytetów, to najwagniejsze cnoty, których powinno nauczyn sij dziecko. Jak tylko wkadza upora sij z niebezpiecznymi elementami w spokeczeostwie, obowimzkiem kagdego patriotycznego obywatela stanie sij pomoc przy zwalczaniu zagrogeo niszczmcych paostwo od hrodka. W obecnych czasach niepokoju, prawo winno byn bezwzgljdnie stosowane szczególnie, w stosunku do agitatorów i rewolucjonistów, którzy zaogniajm sytuacjj. Ateihci oraz inni, którzy nie przestrzegajm zasad istniejmcych religii sm bez wmtpienia równie dobrzy i wartohciowi jak Ci, którzy regularnie uczestniczm w praktykach religijnych. Samozwaoczy obroocy prawa i porzmdku sm wijkszym zagrogeniem wolnohci nig grupy, które sm okrehlane jako radykalne i bezbogne. Zasady dotyczmce moralnohci i stosunków seksualnych to tylko zwyczaje, które nie sm ani lepsze, ani 38 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures holier than those which other people follow. van andere mensen. coutumes. Elles ne sont ni meilleures, ni plus sacrées que les règles suivies par les autres groupes. RWA12 Social Dominance Orientation In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force SDO1 against other groups. SDO3 SDO4 SDO5 SDO6 SDO7 SDO8 „hwijtsze” od tych, które uznajm inni ludzie. Es ist wichtig, die Rechte von Radikalen und Abweichlern in jeder Hinsicht zu wahren. Die wahren Schlüssel zum guten Leben sind Gehorsam, Disziplin und Tugend. RWA11 SDO2 Grundfesten unserer Gesellschaft. To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups. It’s probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom. Sometimes other groups must be kept in their place. Group equality should be our ideal. We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. We would have fewer problems if we treated people more equally. No group should dominate in society. Information Within the next questions, we would like to know more about your opinion regarding the United Kindom, Europe and the people living there. Please answer all questions – even if some of them might seem strange to you. Due to the international background of this study the questions refer to the contexts of different European countries. For this reason some of the questions might only make perfect sense in some countries and might seem a bit strange in the context Om te krijgen wat je wilt is het soms nodig om op te treden tegen andere groepen. Afin d’arriver à ses fins, il est parfois nécessaire d’utiliser la force contre les autres groupes. Om vooruit te komen in het leven is het soms nodig om andere groepen aan de kant te schuiven. Het is waarschijnlijk goed dat sommige groepen aan de top staan en andere groepen onderaan. Soms moeten andere groepen op hun plaats worden gehouden. Gelijkheid tussen groepen dient ons ideaal te zijn. We moeten alles doen om de omstandigheden voor verschillende groepen gelijk te maken. Pour avancer dans la vie, il est parfois nécessaire de marcher sur les autres groupes. C'est probablement une bonne chose que la société soit hiérarchisée. Parfois les groupes minoritaires devraient être maintenus à leur place. L'égalité entre les groupes devrait être le but idéal. Nous devrions faire tout notre possible pour que la condition sociale de tous les groupes soit équivalente. We zouden minder problemen hebben als we mensen meer gelijk zouden behandelen. In de samenleving zou geen enkele groep moeten domineren. Il y aurait moins de problèmes si tous les groupes sociaux étaient traités de manière égale. Aucun groupe ne devrait être dominant dans la société. Um das zu bekommen, was man möchte, ist es manchmal notwendig, die nötige Härte gegenüber anderen Gruppen zu zeigen. Um im Leben voranzukommen, ist es manchmal nötig, keine Rücksicht auf andere Gruppen zu nehmen. Es ist wahrscheinlich ganz gut, dass bestimmte Gruppen in der Gesellschaft oben stehen und andere unten. Manchmal muss anderen Gruppen ihr Platz gezeigt werden. Gruppengleichheit sollte unser Ideal sein. Wir sollten unser Möglichstes tun, um die Bedingungen für die unterschiedlichen Gruppen anzugleichen. Wir hätten weniger Probleme, wenn wir alle Menschen gleich behandeln würden. Keine Gruppe sollte innerhalb einer Gesellschaft dominieren. Met de volgende vragen willen we meer te weten komen over uw opvattingen over Nederland, Europa en de mensen die daar wonen. Wilt u alle vragen beantwoorden, zelfs als ze wat ongewoon lijken. Omdat onderzoek in verschillende Europese landen gebeurt zijn sommige vragen wellicht meer toepasselijk voor het ene dan voor het andere land. Dans les questions suivantes, nous aimerions en savoir plus sur votre opinion concernant la France l’Europe et les gens qui y vivent S’il vous plait, répondez à toutes les questions- même si certaines d’entre elles peuvent sembler étrange pour vous. Vu le caractère international de cette étude le questionnaire renvoie aux contextes des différents pays européens. Pour cette raison, quelques questions peuvent être parfaites pour certains pays et peuvent paraître étranges dans Mit den nächsten Fragen würden wir gerne mehr darüber erfahren, wie Ihre Meinung zu Deutschland, Europa und den dort lebenden Menschen aussieht. Beantworten Sie bitte alle Fragen – auch wenn Ihnen manche seltsam erscheinen mögen. Aufgrund des internationalen Hintergrunds dieser Untersuchung beziehen sich die Fragen auf die Kontexte in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern. Aus diesem Grund machen einige der Fragen vielleicht nur in manchen Ländern Wilt u aangeven wat u gevoelens zijn over Nederland, ook als u momenteel teby zdobyn to, czego sij chce, czasem trzeba ugyn siky w stosunku do innych grup. By móc wybin sij na prowadzenie w gyciu, czasem trzeba podeptan inne grupy. Prawdopodobnie dobre jest to, ge niektóre grupy sm na szczycie, a inne na dole. Czasem inne grupy muszm byn trzymane na swoim miejscu. Równohn grup powinna byn naszym ideakem. Powinnihmy robin wszystko, by wyrównan warunki rógnych grup. Mielibyhmy miej problemów, gdybyhmy traktowali ludzi w równy sposób. tadna grupa nie powinna dominowan w spokeczeostwie. Poprzez kolejne pytania, chcielibyhmy poznan Twoje opinie na temat Polski, Europy i ludzi, którzy tam gyjm. Prosimy, @ebyA odpowiedziaB/ a na wszystkie pytania – nawet jehli niektóre z nich mogm wydawan Ci sij dziwne. Jako ge badanie to jest badaniem mijdzynarodowym, pytania zwimzane sm z kontekstem kulturowym rógnych krajów Europy. Przez co niektóre z pytao mogm mien sens tylko w niektórych krajach, a w innych mogm wydawan sij dziwne. 39 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures of others. niet in Nederland woont. d’autres. S’il vous plait, essayez de répondre aux questions concernant la France selon ce que vous ressentez même si vous ne vivez pas tout le temps en France. Multicultural Ideology scale Minorities deserve to get support in MIS1 maintaining their culture in the UK MIS2 MIS3 MIS4 MIS5 MIS6 MIS7 MIS8 MIS9 MIS10 Allochtonen verdienen steun bij het behouden van hun eigen culturele identiteit in Nederland Het is het beste voor Nederland als allochtonen hun culturele achtergrond zo snel mogelijk vergeten Les minorités doivent être encouragées à maintenir leurs pratiques culturelles en France. Ce serait une bonne chose pour la France si les minorités ethniques abandonnaient leur culture d’origine. A society with different cultural groups is better able to address new problems. Een samenleving met verschillende culturele groepen is beter in staat om nieuwe problemen aan te pakken.. Une société favorisant la mixité culturelle est mieux disposée pour affronter les nouveaux problèmes. The idea of a single British community is being weakened by the minorities who hold on to their old customs and traditions. If minorities want to hold on to their old customs and traditions, then they should do it in private. De eenheid van dit land wordt verzwakt door allochtonen die aan hun oude manier van leven vast houden. L'idée de communauté nationale est affaiblie par la présence des minorités attachées à leurs cultures. Als allochtonen hun eigen cultuur willen behouden, moeten ze dat in eigen privé kring doen Si les minorités tiennent tellement à leurs coutumes et traditions, il importe qu’elles les pratiquent en privé. Les Français «de souche» doivent s’efforcer de comprendre les coutumes et traditions des groupes minoritaires. Minority parents should encourage their children to honour the customs and traditions of their parents’ homeland. Autochtone Nederlanders moeten meer moeite doen om de gewoonten en culturele achtergrond van allochtonen te leren kennen Allochtone ouders moeten hun kinderen aanmoedigen de cultuur en tradities van hun vaderland in ere te houden People who come to live in the UK, should adapt their behaviour to that of the British. Mensen die in Nederland komen wonen, moeten hun gedrag aanpassen aan dat van de autochtone Nederlanders Minorities should interact with native British people as much as possible. Allochtonen moeten zoveel mogelijk omgaan met autochtone Nederlanders Native British people have to do more Autochtone Nederlanders dienen zo It is the best for the UK if ethnic minorities quickly give-up (forget) their cultural background. Native British people have to make a greater effort to try and understand the customs and traditions of minorities. Les parents issus des minorités devraient encourager leurs enfants à respecter les traditions et les coutumes de leur pays d’origine. Les gens qui choisissent de vivre en France devraient adapter leur comportement en fonction des valeurs françaises. Les membres des minorités devraient développer aussi souvent que possible des relations avec les Français « de souche ». Les Français « de souche » devraient vollständig Sinn, während sie in anderen ein wenig seltsam erscheinen mögen. Versuchen Sie bitte alle sich auf Deutschland beziehende Fragen zu beantworten, auch wenn Sie gegenwärtig außerhalb Deutschlands leben. Prosimy, gebyh odpowiedziak/ a na pytania zwimzane z Polskm, zgodnie z Twoimi odczuciami, mimo ge w danym momencie nie mieszkasz w Polsce. Mniejszohci powinny uzyskiwan pomoc w celu zachowania swej kultury w Polsce. Najlepiej dla Polski bjdzie, jehli mniejszohci etniczne szybko odrzucm swm odrjbnohn kulturowm. Minderheiten haben es verdient, darin unterstützt zu werden, ihre Kultur in Deutschland beizubehalten. Für Deutschland ist es am besten, wenn ethnische Minderheiten schnell ihren kulturellen Hintergrund aufgeben und vergessen. Eine Gesellschaft mit verschiedenen kulturellen Gruppen ist besser darauf vorbereitet, neuen Problemen zu begegnen. Die Idee einer einzigen deutschen Gemeinschaft wird durch Minderheiten geschwächt, die an ihren alten Bräuchen und Traditionen festhalten. Falls Minderheiten an ihren alten Bräuchen und Traditionen festhalten wollen, dann sollten sie dies im Privaten tun. Die Mehrheit der Deutschen muss sich mehr anstrengen und versuchen, die Bräuche und Traditionen von Minderheiten zu verstehen Eingewanderte Eltern sollten ihren Kinder ermutigen, die Bräuche und Traditionen des Herkunftslandes ihrer Eltern zu pflegen. Menschen, die nach Deutschland kommen um dort zu leben, sollten ihr Verhalten an das der Deutschen anpassen. Minderheiten sollten so viel Kontakt wie möglich mit der Mehrheit der Deutschen haben. Rodzice dzieci nalegmcych do mniejszohci powinni zachjcan dzieci do kultywowania zwyczajów i tradycji kraju pochodzenia rodziców. Ludzie, którzy zdecydowali sij zamieszkan w Polsce, powinni dostosowan sij do tego jak zachowujm sij Polacy. Mniejszohci powinny komunikowan sij z rdzennymi Polakami tak czjsto jak to tylko mogliwe. Die Mehrheit der Deutschen muss mehr Rdzenni Polacy powinni bardziej staran Spokeczeostwo, w którym koegzystujm rógne grupy katwiej przezwycijga nowe problemy. Idea homogenicznego polskiego spokeczeostwa jest oskabiana przez te mniejszohci, które pozostajm przy dawnych zwyczajach i tradycjach. Jehli mniejszohci chcm kultywowan swe dawne tradycje, powinny robin to kameralnie. Rodowici Polacy powinni przykkadan wijkszm wagj do poznania i zrozumienia zwyczajów mniejszohci. 40 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures to try and have contact with minorities. Concepts of ‘Black’ people There are people in the UK referring to themselves as Black. As many of the following questions are about Black people in the UK, we would like to know what comes to your mind when you think of "Black people"? Please tick all that apply. People of African origin People with dark skin colour People with brown skin colour People with non-white skin colour People of Turkish origin People of Asian origin Jewish people Roma and Sinti people ("Gypsies") Any person with black hair Other people, please specify: Open stereotype list Now, we are interested in the characteristics that white people use in describing Black people in the UK (please note not to include people from an Asian background). Please provide a list of characteristics white people in the UK most often use to describe a Black person in the UK. PLEASE NOTE: You DO NOT have to agree to the list of characteristics you provide, please also list characteristics you might consider to be false. We are interested in which characteristics of Black people are known by white people in general. Your description should consist of a list of up to ten characteristics or, if necessary, short phrases. All your answers will be treated confidentially, please give honest answers to support our research. veel mogelijk contact te zoeken met allochtonen. aussi souvent que possible établir des relations avec les personnes issues des minorités. tun, um zu versuchen, Kontakt mit Minderheiten zu haben. sij nawimzywan kontakty z mniejszohciami. Er zijn mensen in Nederland die zichzelf ‘zwart’ of ‘gekleurd’ noemen. De volgende vragen gaan over zwarte mensen in Nederland. We willen eerst weten wat er bij u opkomt als u denkt aan ‘zwarte mensen’. Kies zoveel als u wilt. Certains citoyens français se définissent comme étant des Noirs. Les questions suivantes sont destinées à enregistrer les mots qui vous viennent à l’esprit quand vous pensez aux “Noirs”? Veuillez cocher les différentes réponses correspondantes. Sm w Polsce ludzie, którzy mówim o sobie, ge sm Czarni. Poniewag wiele pytao w tym kwestionariuszu dotyczy Czarnych ludzi w Polsce, chcielibyhmy sij dowiedzien, co przychodzi Ci do gkowy, kiedy myhlisz o “Czarnych ludziach”? Zaznacz wszystkie odpowiedzi, które Tobie pasujm. Mensen afkomstig uit Afrika Mensen met een heel donkere huidskleur Mensen met een bruine huidskleur Mensen met een niet-blanke huidskleur Mensen van Turkse oorsprong Mensen van Aziatische oorsprong Joodse mensen Surinamers Antillianen Molukkers Iedereen met zwart haar Andere mensen, namelijk Des gens d’origine africaine Des gens de couleur noire Des gens de couleur marron Des gens ayant une couleur différente de celle des Blancs. Des Maghrébins Des gens d’origine asiatique Des Juifs Des Bohémiens Es gibt in Deutschland Menschen, die sich selbst als Schwarz bezeichnen. Da sich viele der folgenden Fragen mit Schwarzen Menschen in Deutschland beschäftigen, würden wir gerne wissen, welches Bild Ihnen in den Sinn kommt, wenn Sie an ‚Schwarze Menschen’ denken? Bitte alle zutreffenden Antworten markieren Nu zijn wij geïnteresseerd in de kenmerken die blanke mensen gebruiken om zwarte mensen in Nederland te beschrijven. Welke kenmerken gebruiken blanke Nederlanders om een typische zwarte persoon te beschrijven. Nous nous intéressons maintenant aux traits que les Français d’origine européenne utilisent pour décrire les Noirs en France. Veuillez, s’il vous plaît, fournir ci-dessous une liste de traits que les Français d’origine européenne utilisent fréquemment en France pour décrire les Noirs. LET OP: U hoeft het ZELF NIET EENS te zijn met de lijst van kenmerken, het gaat juist ook om kenmerken die u zelf misschien niet juist vindt maar die blanke Nederlanders wel vaak gebruiken. Het gaat om datgene wat blanke Nederlanders in het algemeen vinden. Hieronder kunt u zeven beschrijvingen geven. Al uw antwoorden zijn natuurlijk vertrouwelijk. Wij vragen u om zo eerlijk mogelijk antwoord te geven. Des gens ayant des cheveux noirs Autres catégories (Préciser): NOTE : Il ne s’agit pas de savoir si vous êtes d’accord ou pas d’accord avec ces descriptions. Nous souhaitons que vous notiez 10 expressions ou mots, même s’ils vous paraissent faux, que les Français d’origine européenne utilisent souvent pour décrire les Noirs. Toutes vos réponses seront traitées de façon anonyme et confidentielle. Donnez, s’il vous plaît, la réponse la plus honnête possible. Menschen afrikanischer Herkunft Menschen mit dunkler Hautfarbe Menschen mit brauner Hautfarbe Menschen mit einer nicht-weißen Hautfarbe Menschen türkischer Herkunft Menschen asiatischer Herkunft Jüdische Menschen Roma und Sinti [‘Zigeuner’] Jede Person mit schwarzen Haaren Andere, bitte angebe Wir sind an den Charakteristiken interessiert, die weiße Menschen gebrauchen um schwarze Menschen in Deutschland zu beschreiben. Listen Sie bitte Charakteristiken auf, die weiße Menschen in Deutschland am häufigsten gebrauchen um schwarze Menschen in Deutschland zu beschreiben. BITTE BEACHTEN: Sie brauchen die Charakteristiken, die Sie auflisten, nicht für zutreffend zu halten. Nennen Sie bitte auch Charakteristiken, die Sie für unzutreffend halten. Wir sind daran interessiert zu erfahren, welche Charakteristiken schwarzer Menschen weißen Menschen im Allgemeinen bekannt sind. Sie können bis zu zehn Charakteristiken oder, wenn notwendig, kurze Sätzen auflisten. Ihre Antworten Ludzie pochodzJcy z Afryki Ludzie o ciemnym kolorze skóry Ludzie o brJzowym kolorze skóry Ludzie, którzy nie majJ biaLej skóry Ludzie pochodzJcy z Turcji Ludzie pochodzJcy z Azji Mydzi Romowie Ka?da osoba z czarnymi wLosami Inni ludzie Jacy? Teraz chcielibyhmy dowiedzien sij jakie cechy sm przypisywane Czarnym w Polsce. Wypisz cechy, które Biali w Polsce najczjhciej wymieniajm by opisan Czarnych mieszkajmcych w Polsce. UWAGA: NIE MUSISZ zgadzan sij z listm, którm wypiszesz, dlatego prosimy równieg o wypisanie tych cech, z którymi sij nie zgadzasz. Chcemy wiedzien, które cechy Czarnych osób sm znane wijkszohci Biakych. Podany przez Ciebie opis winien skkadan sij z listy do siedmiu cech, lub o ile to konieczne, krótkich zdao. Podane przez Ciebie odpowiedzi bjdm traktowane poufnie, w zwimzku z tym prosimy o szczere odpowiedzi, które najpekniej przyczynim sij do rzetelnohci tego badania. 41 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Now, please decide for each characteristic you listed whether it is favourable, unfavourable, or neutral, as normally used to describe people. There may be several usages or criteria to consider in determining the degree of favourableness implied by a given characteristic. We want only a global or “average” rating, so please give us your immediate first impression, and don’t spend too much time on any single one. Nu vragen wij u om bij ieder kenmerk aan te geven of het door blanke Nederlanders meestal op een positieve, neutrale of negatieve manier wordt gebruikt om zwarte mensen te beschrijven. Het gaat om uw eerste en spontane indruk over hoe het kenmerk meestal wordt gebruikt. U hoeft er niet te lang over na te denken. Als het gaat om... Indiquez maintenant, pour chacune des caractéristiques énumérées ci-dessus, si elle vous paraît favorable (+), défavorable (-), neutre (0) dans la description des gens. Il peut y avoir plusieurs éléments ou critères à considérer pour déterminer le degré de positivité de chaque caractéristique donnée. Nous vous demandons de nous donner votre première impression immédiate en faisant une évaluation globale ou « moyenne ». What about... Que pensez-vous de… werden vertraulich behandelt, geben Sie bitte ehrliche Antworten, um unsere Forschung zu unterstützen. Entscheiden Sie jetzt bitte für jede der von Ihnen aufgelistete Charakteristiken, ob diese positiv, negativ oder neutral ist, so wie sie im normalen Fall zur Beschreibung von Menschen verwendet wird. TMöglicherweise gibt es verschiedene Bedeutungen oder Kriterien zu berücksichtigen, wenn Sie einschätzen, wie positiv oder negativ eine Charakteristik ist. Wir möchten Sie nur um eine allgemeine oder „durchschnittliche“ Bewertung bitten, geben Sie daher Ihren unmittelbaren ersten Eindruck an und verwenden Sie nicht zu viel Zeit für die einzelnen Charakteristiken. Teraz, proszj zdecydowan, które z wymienionych cech sm ugywane by opisan ludzi w sposób pozytywny, negatywny i neutralny. Proszj pamijtan o tym, ge niektóre z okrehleo posiadajm wiele znaczeo, które mogm determinowan rozmaite oceny z nimi zwimzane. Chcielibyhmy jednak prosin o zaznaczenie tego, w jaki sposób zazwyczaj oceniane jest dane pojjcie, prosimy wijc o pierwszJ odpowiedP, która przyszLa na myQl i nie zatrzymywanie sij za dkugo nad jednym pytaniem. Co sFdzisz o...? Wie sehen Sie ... Attitudes Towards Blacks If a black person were put in charge of me, I would not mind taking advice and ATB1 direction from him or her. ATB2 ATB3 ATB4 ATB5 ATB6 ATB7 Si un Noir était mon supérieur hiérarchique, je ne le solliciterais pas et ne lui obéirais pas. Es wäre für mich kein Problem, den Ratschlägen oder Anweisungen eines schwarzen Vorgesetzten zu folgen. Si j'avais l’occasion de présenter un ami noir à ma famille ou à mes voisins, j’en serais heureux. Wenn ich die Chance hätte, einen schwarzen Besucher meinen Freunden und Nachbarn vorzustellen, würde ich das sehr gerne tun. Ich würde nicht wollen, dass schwarze Menschen in meiner Nachbarschaft wohnen. Ich würde mich wahrscheinlich etwas befangen fühlen, wenn ich mit einer schwarzen Person öffentlich tanzen gehen würde. Es wäre mir egal, wenn eine schwarze Familie, die über ähnliches Einkommen und ähnliche Bildung wie ich verfügt, nebenan einziehen würde. Ich denke, dass sich in Europa lebende schwarze Menschen untereinander ähnlicher sehen als weiße Menschen. Von interkulturellen Ehen sollte abgeraten werden, weil die Kinder nicht If I had a chance to introduce black visitors to my friends and neighbours, I would be pleased to do so. Als een zwarte persoon mijn baas zou zijn, zou ik het niet erg vinden om advies en aanwijzingen van hem of haar te krijgen. Als ik de kans heb om zwarte bezoekers aan mijn vrienden of buren voor te stellen, zou ik dat graag doen. I would rather not have black people live in the same neighbourhood I live in. I would probably feel somewhat selfconscious dancing with a black person in a public place. Ik heb liever niet dat zwarte mensen in het zelfde gebouw of straat wonen als ik. Ik zou me enigszins ongemakkelijk voelen om met een zwarte persoon in het openbaar te dansen. J’aimerais autant ne pas avoir des Noirs dans le voisinage de mon lieu de résidence. Je serais probablement gêné si je devais danser avec un(e) Noir(e) en public. I would not mind it at all if a black family with about the same income and education as me moved in next door. Ik zou het helemaal niet erg vinden als een zwarte familie met dezelfde opleiding en inkomen als ik, naast mij zou komen wonen. Ik vind dat zwarte mensen die in Nederland wonen meer op elkaar lijken dan witte mensen. Huwelijken tussen zwart en blank kunnen beter niet plaatsvinden want het Cela ne me gênerait pas si une famille noire ayant le même niveau de revenu et d’éducation résidait dans le voisinage de ma résidence. Je pense que les Noirs ont plus ressemblants entre eux que ne le sont les Blancs. Le mariage mixte ne devrait pas être encouragé afin de prévenir les I think that black people living in the UK look more similar to each other than white people do. Interracial marriage should be discouraged to avoid the “who-am-I?” Jehli Czarna osoba zostakaby moim szefem nie miakbym/ miakabym nic przeciwko skuchaniu Jego/ Jej rad i poleceo. Gdybym miak/ a okazjj przedstawin czarnych gohci moim przyjaciokom i smsiadom, zrobikbym/ zrobikabym to z przyjemnohcim. Wolakbym/ wolakabym geby Czarni nie mieszkali w tej samej okolicy, w której ja mieszkam. Prawdopodobnie czukbym/ czukabym sij nieswojo taoczmc z Czarnym/ Czarnm w miejscu publicznym. Nie miakbym/ miakabym nic przeciwko gdyby obok mnie zamieszkaka czarna rodzina, której dochody i wyksztakcenie bykyby równe moim. Smdzj, ge Czarni ludzie mieszkajmcy w Europie sm do siebie bardziej podobni nig Biali. Powinno sij odwodzin ludzi od mijdzyrasowych makgeostw, by nie 42 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures confusion which the children feel. ATB8 ATB9 ATB10 ATB11 ATB12 ATB13 ATB14 ATB15 ATB16 ATB17 ATB18 ATB19 ATB20 I get very upset when I hear a white person make a prejudicial remark about black people. I favour open housing laws that allow more racial integration of neighbourhoods. It would not bother me if my new roommate was black. It is likely that black people will bring violence to neighbourhoods when they move in. I enjoy a funny racial joke, even if some people might find it offensive. The federal government should take decisive steps to override the injustices black people suffer at the hands of local authorities. Black and white people are inherently equal. Black people are demanding too much too fast in their push for equal rights in the UK. White people should support black people in their struggle against discrimination and segregation in the UK. Generally, black people are not as smart as white people. I worry that in the next few years I may be denied my application for a job or a promotion because of preferential treatment given to minority group members. Racial integration (of schools, businesses, residences, etc.) has benefited both white and black people. Some black people in the UK are so touchy about race that it is difficult to get along with them. leidt voor de kinderen tot verwarring over de vraag ‘wie ben ik’. Ik voel me erg ongemakkelijk als ik een blanke persoon een bevooroordeelde opmerking hoor maken over zwarte mensen. Ik ben voor een woningbeleid dat zorgt voor meer raciale integratie in buurten. Het zou mij niets uitmaken als mijn kamergenoot zwart was. problèmes identitaires auxquelles les enfants pourraient être confrontés. Je suis bouleversé(e) chaque fois que j’entends un Blanc exprimer des préjugés à l’égard des Noirs. wissen, wer sie sind. Je suis favorable à l’assouplissement des lois sur le logement pour permettre une plus grande mixité résidentielle. Cela ne me contrarierait pas si mon colocataire était un Noir. Ich finde Initiativen gut, die sich für mehr interkulturelle Integration in den Nachbarschaften stark machen. Es würde mir nichts ausmachen, mir mit einer schwarzen Person ein Zimmer in einer Pension zu teilen. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass die Gewalt in Wohngegenden zunimmt, wenn schwarze Menschen dort einziehen. Ich kann über lustige rassistische Witze lachen, auch wenn manche das unmöglich finden. Die europäischen Regierungen sollten Schritte planen, um die Ungerechtigkeiten, denen schwarze Menschen durch Polizei und Behörden ausgesetzt sind, abzubauen. Schwarze und weiße Menschen sind von Natur aus gleich. Schwarze Menschen sind viel zu fordernd in Bezug auf Antidiskriminierungsgesetze in Europa. Weiße sollten schwarze Menschen in ihrem Kampf gegen Diskriminierung und Abgrenzung in Europa unterstützen. Im Allgemeinen sind schwarze Menschen nicht so clever wie weiße. Ich sorge mich darum, dass in den nächsten Jahren meine Bewerbung für einen Job oder eine weitere Ausbildung aufgrund der Bevorzugung von Minderheiten abgelehnt werden könnte. Von interkultureller Integration (in Schulen, in Unternehmen, in Nachbarschaften, etc.) profitieren schwarze und weiße Menschen. Manche schwarze Menschen in Europa sind so empfindlich, wenn es um ihre Hautfarbe geht, dass ein normaler Als meer zwarte mensen in een wijk komen wonen is er een kans dat het geweld toeneemt. Ik houd wel van leuke grappen over zwarte mensen, ook al vinden sommige mensen dat kwetsend. De Nederlandse regering moet duidelijk ingrijpen als zwarte mensen ongelijk worden behandeld door lokale bestuurders. Il est probable que l’arrivée des Noirs entraînera une augmentation de la violence dans le voisinage. J'apprécie les blagues sur les ethnies même si cela peut offenser. Zwarte en witte mensen zijn in essentie gelijk. Zwarte mensen eisen te veel als het gaat om gelijke rechten in Nederland. Les Blancs et les Noirs sont naturellement égaux. La demande d’égalité des droits formulée par les Noirs est excessive et pressante. Les Blancs devraient soutenir les Noirs dans leur lutte contre la discrimination. Blanken zouden zwarten moeten steunen in hun strijd tegen discriminatie en uitsluiting in Nederland. Le gouvernement devrait prendre des mesures fortes pour corriger les injustices que les autorités locales font subir aux Noirs. In het algemeen zijn zwarten niet zo slim als blanken. Ik maak me zorgen dat mijn eigen kansen op werk en promotie minder worden omdat er meer aandacht en zorg is voor allerlei minderheidsgroepen. Généralement, les Noirs ne sont pas aussi compétents que les Blancs. Je m’inquiète d’être, dans les années à venir, victime de la discrimination positive prônée en faveur des minorités.. Integratie van groepen (op scholen, buurten en bedrijven) is gunstig voor zowel blanken als zwarten. La mixité ethnique (dans les écoles, les entreprises, les quartiers, etc.) est bénéfique pour les Blancs et les Noirs. In Nederland zijn sommige zwarte mensen overgevoelig als het om huidskleur gaat en daarom is het Certains Noirs sont tellement sensibles sur la question raciale qu’il est difficile de sympathiser avec eux. Ich werde sehr sauer, wenn jemand eine auf Vorurteilen beruhende Bemerkung über schwarze Menschen macht. sprawian dzieciom problemów z przyszkm identyfikacjm rasowm. Denerwujj sij, gdy skyszj jak Biaky wygkasza poglmdy na temat Czarnych hwiadczmce o uprzedzeniu. Popieram prawa “otwartych domów”, które pozwalajm na rasowm integracjj dzielnic. Nie przeszkadzakoby mi, gdyby moim wspóklokatorem/ wspóklokatorkm byk Czarny/ Czarna. Jest prawdopodobne, ge wraz z wprowadzeniem sij Czarnych w okolicy wzrohnie przestjpczohn. Bawim mnie moje rasistowskie dowcipy, nawet, jehli niektórzy uwagajm, ge sm obrapliwe. Rzmdy europejskie powinny podjmn dziakania zwalczajmce niesprawiedliwohn, której dohwiadczajm Czarni ze strony samorzmdów. Czarni i Biali sm sobie równi. Czarni domagajm sij zbyt wiele i zbyt szybko w swoich gmdaniach równych praw w Europie. Bieli powinni wspieran Czarnych w ich walce z dyskryminacjm i rasizmem w Europie. Ogólnie rzecz biormc, Czarni sm mniej bkyskotliwi nig Biali. Obawiam sij, ge mogj nie dostan pracy lub awansu z powodu prawa, które bjdzie faworyzowan czkonków grup mniejszohcowych. Integracja mijdzyrasowa (w szkokach, firmach, osiedlach itp.) przynosi korzyhci zarówno Biakym jak i Czarnym. Niektórzy Czarni sm tak wragliwi na punkcie swej razy, ge nie mogna z nimi wytrzyman. 43 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures moeilijk om gewoon met hen om te gaan. Essentialism With some groups, the cultural plays a major role in how the people act and ESS1 behave, whereby people from that group rarely change how they are. ESS2 ESS3 ESS4 Sommige groepen zijn van nature anders dan andere groepen. Sommige groepen zijn nu eenmaal zoals ze zijn (veranderen van nature niet) In manchen Gruppen spielt die Kultur eine wichtige Rolle für das Verhalten und Handeln der Menschen, wodurch die Menschen dieser Gruppen selten ändern, wie sie sind. Ungeachtet der individuellen Unterschiede von Leuten einer bestimmten Gruppe, sind die Menschen in dieser Gruppe grundlegend gleich. Es ist einfach so, dass manche Gruppen anders sind als andere Gruppen. Manche Gruppen werden immer so bleiben wie sie sind (sie werden sich nicht verändern). Zwarte mensen in Nederland zeggen dikwijls dat ze tweederangs burgers zijn. Bent u het met ze ... Les Noirs qui vivent en Europe déclarent souvent qu’ils sont des citoyens de seconde zone. Schwarze Menschen in Europa behaupten oftmals, dass sie Bürger zweiter Klasse seien. Stimmen Sie dem zu? Czarni ludzie w Europie czjsto mówim o sobie, ge sm obywatelami drugiej kategorii. Czy Ty... Combien de fois pensez-vous les personnes noires sont l’objet de discrimination en France ? ... au travail et dans l’entreprise? ... de la part des forces de police? Wie häufig erleben schwarze Menschen in Deutschland Ihrer Meinung nach Diskriminierung… ... am Arbeitsplatz? … durch die Polizei? W Twojej opinii, jak czjsto Czarni w Polsce dohwiadczajm dyskryminacji? ... in the work force? ... from the police? Hoe vaak denkt u dat zwarte mensen in Nederland te maken krijgen met discriminatie… ... op het werk? ... door de politie? W pracy? Ze strony policji? ... from fellow White employees? ... van witte collega’s? … durch weiße Kollegen? Ze strony Biakych wspókpracowników? ... from teaching assistants, teachers or university lecturers? ... in the form of racially motivated glaring from White people? ... van onderwijzers en leraren? ... de la part des collègues de travail blancs? ... de la part du corps enseignant? … in der Schule oder Universität? ... sous la forme du regard désapprobateur des Blancs? … indem sie von weißen Menschen angestarrt werden? Ze strony nauczycieli i pracowników naukowych? W formie rasowo motywowanych spojrzeo ze strony Biakych ludzi? ... sous forme d’insultes raciales? … durch rassistische Bemerkungen W formie rasistowskich zaczepek? ... dans les boîtes de nuit, les bistrots, etc.? … in Diskos, Kneipen, Restaurants, etc.? W klubach nocnych, barach, pubach, dyskotekach, itp.? In Nederland hebben blanke mensen meer voordelen dan niet-blanke mensen. Les Blancs ont certains avantages que les minorités n'ont pas dans cette société. Menschen mit weißer Hautfarbe besitzen größere Vorteile in Europa als nicht-weiße Menschen. Ludzie z biakm skórm, majm wijcej korzyhci, nig ludzie w Europie, którzy nie sm biali. Ik voel me schuldig over de sociale Je me sens coupable de la condition Ich fühle mich schuldig für das, was Czujj sij winny/ a w zwimzku ze Regardless of the individual differences of people from a particular group, the people within that group are basically the same. It is just a fact of life that some groups are different than other groups. Some groups will always be as they are (they won’t change). Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination How often do you think Black people in the UK experience discrimination... BRD2 BRD3 BRD4 BRD5 BRD6 ... in the form of racial slurs? ... in night clubs, bars, pubs, discos, etc.? Belief in (present) White Privilege People with white skin have greater advantages than non-white people have in the UK. White Guilt WG1 I feel guilty about the past social BRD7 W niektórych grupach kultura odgrywa podstawowm rolj w ksztaktowaniu zachowao, sprawia to, ge ludzie z tych grup rzadko zmieniajm to, kim sm i jakm peknim rolj. Pomimo rógnic indywidualnych mijdzy czkonkami okrehlonych grup, sm oni w dugej mierze tacy sami. Le rôle de la culture sur la façon de se comporter ou d’agir est plus important dans certains groupes au point que les membres de ces groupes changent rarement leur façon d’être. Indépendamment de leurs différences interindividuelles, les membres d’un groupe particulier sont fondamentalement identiques. C’est un fait que certains groupes semblent plus hétérogènes que d’autres. Certains groupes auront toujours les mêmes caractéristques. Ils ne changeront jamais. Perceived Discrimination Black people in the UK often say that they are second-class citizens. Do you... BRD1 Umgang mit ihnen schwierig ist. Bij sommige groepen bepaalt de eigen cultuur heel erg hoe mensen zijn, waardoor mensen van die cultuur nauwelijks kunnen veranderen. Ondanks de zichtbare verschillen tussen mensen uit één groep zijn zij in essentie eigenlijk het zelfde. ... in de vorm van afkeurend en minachtend kijken en staren door witte mensen? ... in de vorm van racistische scheldwoorden? ... in café, disco, restaurant, etc.? Jest faktem, ge pewne grupy rógnim sij od innych. Niektóre grupy zawsze bjdm takie same (nigdy sij nie zmienim). 44 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures inequality of Black people in the UK (i.e., colonialism, discrimination, poverty). When I learn about racism, I feel guilt due to my association with the White race. White Racial Identity Even if the number of non-white persons in the UK is increasing, I will always identify with other white persons. British Identity BI1 I am comfortable being British. I believe British people have a lot to be BI2 proud of. Being British is an important part of BI3 who I am. BI4 I feel good about being British. BI5 Being British just feels natural to me. I am not embarrassed to admit that I am BI6 British. BI7 I identify with other British. BI8 I strongly feel British. If someone says something negative BI9 about the Britain, it is as if he/she is saying something negative about me. BI10 I feel at home in the Britain. Evaluation How interesting did you find the EV1 questionnaire? WG2 EV2 EV3 EV4 How important do you consider this kind of research? How much support and funding should this kind of research receive? Would you participate in a similar study in the future? d’inégalité de traitement passée et présente au détriment des Noirs. (c.-àd., la colonisation, la discrimination, la pauvreté). Quand je me renseigne sur le racisme, je me sens coupable d’appartenir au groupe des Blancs. weiße Menschen schwarzen Menschen in Europa angetan haben (z.B. Kolonialismus, Diskriminierung, Armut). Wenn ich von Rassismus höre, fühle ich mich als weißer Mensch schuldig. spokecznm nierównohcim Czarnych ludzi w Europie, która miaka miejsce w przeszkohci (np. kolonializmem, dyskryminacjm, biedm) Kiedy dowiadujj sij o rasizmie, czujj sij winny/ a przez moje powimzanie z Biakm rasm. Ook al neemt in Nederland het aantal niet-blanke mensen toe, toch blijf ik me altijd identificeren met blanke mensen. Malgré une augmentation du nombre d’immigrés non européens en Europe, je m’identifierai toujours personnellement au groupe des Blancs. Auch wenn die Anzahl nicht-weißer Personen in Europa ansteigt, werde ich mich immer mit anderen weißen Menschen identifizieren. Nawet jehli liczba osób, które nie sm biake wzrasta w Europie, zawsze bjdj identyfikowak/ a sij z innymi Biakymi ludpmi. Hoe interessant vond u de vragenlijst? Ce questionnaire vous a-t-il paru intéressant ? Wie interessant fanden Sie den Fragebogen? Jak interesujmcy wydak Ci sij ten kwestionariusz? Hoe belangrijk vind u dit soort onderzoek? Hoeveel ondersteuning en geld zou dit sort onderzoek moeten krijgen? Zou u in de toekomst aan een vergelijkbaar onderzoek mee werken? Ce type d’enquête vous paraît-il important ? Ce type d’enquête devrait-il être encouragé ? Seriez-vous disposé à participer à ce type d’enquête dans le futur ? Für wie wichtig halten Sie diese Art der Forschung? Wie viel Unterstützung und Förderung sollte diese Art der Forschung erhalten? Würden Sie in Zukunft an einer ähnlichen Studie teilnehmen? Czy wydaje Ci sij, ge tego typu badania sm wagne? Jak dugo wsparcia i pomocy finansowej powinny dostawan tego typu badania? Czy wzimkbyh/ wzijkabyh ponownie udziak w podobnym badaniu? ongelijkheid van zwarte mensen nu en in het verleden (bijv. kolonialisme, discriminatie, armoede). Als ik iets hoor of leer over racisme, voel ik me schuldig omdat ik blank ben. 45 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Appendix B Documantation of changes made to original published scales 46 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Implicit person theory Dweck, C.S., Levy, S.R. & Stroessner, S. J. (1998). Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421 – 1436. Unchanged items: 1. The kind of person someone is is something very basic about them and it can’t be changed very much. 2. People can do things differently, but the important parts of who they are can’t really be changed. 3. Everyone is a certain kind of person and there is not much that can be done to really change that. Right-Wing Authoritarian Scale Altemeyer, B. (1994). Reducing Prejudice in Right-wing Authoritarians. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (pp. 131-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Unchanged items (English version): 1. The way things are going in this country, it’s going to take a lot of “strong medicine” to straighten out the troublemakers, criminals, and perverts. 2. People should pay less attention to the Bible and the other traditional forms of religious guidance and instead develop their own personal standards of what is moral and immoral. (Reversed) 3. It would be best for everyone if the proper authorities censored magazines and movies to keep trashy materials away from the youth. 4. There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse. (Reversed) 5. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn 6. Once our government leaders and the authorities condemn the dangerous elements in our society, it will be the duty of each patriotic citizen to help stomp out the rot that is poisoning our country from within. 7. In these troubled times laws have to be enforced without mercy, especially when dealing with the agitators and revolutionaries who are stirring things up. 8. Atheists and others who have rebelled against the established religions are no doubt every bit as good and virtuous as those who attend church regularly. (Reversed) 9. The self-righteous “forces of law and order” threaten freedom in our country a lot more than the groups they claim are “radical” and “godless”. (Reversed) 10. A lot of rules regarding modesty and sexual behaviour are just customs which are not necessarily any better or holier than those which other people follow. (Reversed) Unchanged items (German version): 1. Man sollte alten, traditionellen Glaubenssätzen weniger Beachtung schenken und stattdessen seine persönlichen Moralvorstellungen über Gut und Böse entwickeln. (Reversed) 2. Was wir in unserem Land anstelle von mehr Bürgerrechten wirklich brauchen, ist eine anständige Portion Recht und Ordnung. 3. Die Zeiten, in denen Frauen sich Konventionen unterordnen mussten, sollten ein für alle Mal vorbei sein. (Reversed) 4. Die Abkehr von der Tradition wird sich eines Tages als fataler Fehler herausstellen. 5. Es gibt kein Verbrechen, das die Todesstrafe rechtfertigen würde. (Reversed) 47 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 6. Gehorsam und Achtung vor der Autorität sind die wichtigsten Tugenden, die Kinder lernen sollten. 7. Gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaften sollten der Ehe in jeder Hinsicht gleichgestellt werden. (Reversed) 8. Was unser Land wirklich braucht, ist einen starken, entschlossenen Kanzler, der uns wieder auf unseren richtigen Weg bringt. 9. Es ist gut, dass die jungen Leute heutzutage größere Freiheiten haben, ihr eigenes Ding zu machen und gegen Dinge zu protestieren, die sie nicht mögen. (Reversed) 10. Tugendhaftigkeit und Gesetzestreue bringen uns auf lange Sicht weiter als das ständige Infragestellen der Grundfesten unserer Gesellschaft. 11. Es ist wichtig, die Rechte von Radikalen und Abweichlern in jeder Hinsicht zu wahren. (Reversed) 12. Die wahren Schlüssel zum guten Leben sind Gehorsam, Disziplin und Tugend. Social Dominance Orientation Scale Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia (2001). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Unchanged items: 2. In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force against other groups. 4. To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups. 6. It’s probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom. 8. Sometimes other groups must be kept in their place. 10. Group equality should be our ideal. (Reversed) 12. We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (Reversed) 14. We would have fewer problems if we treated people more equally. (Reversed) 16. No group should dominate in society. (Reversed) Deleted items: 1. Some groups of people are simply inferior to other groups. 3. It’s OK if some groups have more of a chance in life than others. 5. If certain groups stayed in their place, we would have fewer problems. 7. Inferior groups should stay in their place. 9. It would be good if groups could be equal. (Reversed) 11. All groups should be given an equal chance in life. (Reversed) 13. Increased social equality. (Reversed) 15. We should strive to make incomes as equal as possible. (Reversed) Multicultural Ideology Scale Brug, P. & Verkuyten, M. (2004). Multicultural and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 647-661. Unchanged items: 2. Minorities deserve to get support in maintaining their culture in COUNTRY. 3. It is the best for COUNTRY if ethnic minorities quickly give-up (forget) their cultural background. (Reversed) 4. A society with different cultural groups is better able to address new problems. 48 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 5. The idea of a single COUNTRY community is being weakened by the minorities who hold on to their old customs and traditions. (Reversed) 6. If minorities want to hold on to their old customs and traditions, then they should do it in private. (Reversed) 8. Native COUNTRY people have to make a greater effort to try and understand the customs and traditions of minorities. 9. Minority parents should encourage their children to honour the customs and traditions of their parents’ homeland. 10. People who come to live in COUNTRY, should adapt their behaviour to that of the COUNTRY. (Reversed) 15. Minorities should interact with native COUNTRY people as much as possible. 10. Native COUNTRY people have to do more to try and have contact with minorities. Deleted Items: 1. The COUNTRY have to recognize that the COUNTRY society is made up to different groups, with their own cultural background. (Reversed) 7. A society with several different cultural groups has more problems with its national identity than compared to a society with one or two groups. (Reversed) 11. Minorities have to strive to maintain and honour their culture. 12. COUNTRY (native COUNTRY) should do their best to keep their own culture. (Reversed) 13. Minorities should have to do their best to become “COUNTRY”. (Reversed) 14. COUNTRY people should try to do more to adapt to the cultures and norms of other people. (Reversed) Open-ended stereotype list Zanna, M.P. (1994). On the nature of prejudice. Canadian Psychology, 34, 11- 23. Changed: Now, we are interested in the characteristics that white people use in describing Black people in COUNTRY. Please provide a list of characteristics white people in COUNTRY most often use to describe a typical Black person in COUNTRY. PLEASE NOTE: You DO NOT have to agree to the list of characteristics you provide, please also list characteristics you might consider to be false. We are interested in which characteristics of Black people are known by white people in general. 1. Your description should consist of a list of up to seven characteristics or, if necessary, short phrases. All your answers will be treated confidently please give honest answers to support our research. (Items to list) 2. Now, please decide for each characteristic you listed whether it is favourable, unfavourable, or neutral, as normally used to describe people. There may be several usages or criteria to consider in determining the degree of favourableness implied by a given characteristic. We want only a global or “average” rating, so give us your immediate first impression, and don’t spend too much time on any single one. [ ] Very favourable [ ] Favourable [ ] Neutral 49 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures [ ] Unfavourable [ ] Very Unfavourable 3. Some of the characteristics of Black people might be more typical than others. We are now interested in how typical you think the characteristics you provided are for Black people in COUNTRY. Please think of a typical Black person in COUNTRY and indicate the percentage (0 % - 100 %) of Black people in COUNTRY to which each characteristic applies. Attitude towards Blacks Brigham, J.C. (1993). College Students’ racial Attitudes. Journal of applied social psychology, 23, 1933 – 1967. Unchanged items: 1. If a black were put in charge of me, I would not mind taking advice and direction from him or her. 2. If I had a chance to introduce black visitors to my friends and neighbours, I would be pleased to do so. 4. I would probably feel somewhat self-conscious dancing with a black in a public place. (Reversed) 5. I would not mind it at all if a black family with about the same income and education as me moved in next door. 7. Interracial marriage should be discouraged to avoid the “who-am-I?” confusion which the children feel. (Reversed) 8. I get very upset when I hear a white make a prejudicial remark about blacks. 9. I favour open housing laws that allow more racial integration of neighbourhoods. 10. It would not bother me if my new roommate was black. 11. It is likely that blacks will bring violence to neighbourhoods when they move in. (Reversed) 12. I enjoy a funny racial joke, even if some people might find it offensive. (Reversed) 14. Black and white people are inherently equal. 17. Generally, blacks are not as smart as whites. (Reversed) 18. I worry that in the next few years I may be denied my application for a job or a promotion because of preferential treatment given to minority group members. (Reversed) 19. Racial integration (of schools, businesses, residences, etc.) has benefited both whites and blacks. Edited items: 3. I would rather not have blacks live in the same apartment building I live in. I would rather not have blacks live in the same neighbourhood I live in. (Reversed) 6. I think that black people look more similar to each other than white people do. I think that black people living in COUNTRY look more similar to each other than white people do. (Reversed) 13. The federal government should take decisive steps to override the injustices blacks suffer at the hands of local authorities. The COUNTRY governments should take decisive steps to override the injustices blacks suffer at the hands of local authorities. 15. Black people are demanding too much too fast in their push for equal rights. Black people are demanding too much too fast in their push for equal rights in COUNTRY. (Reversed) 50 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures 16. Whites should support blacks in their struggle against discrimination and segregation. Whites should support blacks in their struggle against discrimination and segregation in COUNTRY. 20. Some blacks are so touchy about race that it is difficult to get along with them. Some blacks in COUNTRY are so touchy about race that it is difficult to get along with them. (Reversed) Essentialism Scale Verkuyten, M. & Brug, P. (2004). Multiculturalism and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 647-661. Unchanged items: 5. With some groups, the cultural plays a major role in how the people act and behave, whereby people from that group rarely change how they are. According to you, how is that with regard to… 6. Regardless of the individual differences of people from a particular group, the people within that group are basically the same. According to you, how is that with regard to… 7. It is just a fact of life that some groups are different that to other groups. According to you, how is that with regard to… 8. Some groups will always be as they are. (They won’t change). According to you, how is that with regard to… Deleted items: 1. With some groups, the people are very much alike in how they think and behave, while in other groups there are a lot of differences. According to you, how is that with regard to… 2. Some groups form a more united community, while other groups are more divided/separated. According to you, how is that with regard to… 3. With some groups, the people in the group seek and have a lot of contact with other group members, while in other groups; the people have less contact with one another. According to you, how is that with regard to… 4. Some groups are very organized, so that they can accomplish things. According to you, how is that with regard to… Belief in (present) Racial Discrimination Iyer, A., Leach, C.W. & Crosby, F.J. (2003) White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129. 51 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Unchanged items: How often do you think Blacks in the UK experience discrimination … 1. … in the work force? 2. … from the police? 3. … from fellow White employees? 4. … from teaching assistants and faculty? 5. … in the form of racially motivated glaring from White people? 6. … in the form of racial slurs? New item: 7. … in night clubs, bars, pubs, discos, etc.? Belief in (present) White Privilege Miller, D.L & Swim, J.K. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. Edited items: 1. White people have certain advantages that minorities do not have in this society. People with white skin have greater advantages than non-white people have in COUNTY. Deleted items: 2. My status as a White person grants me unearned privileges in today’s society. 3. I feel that White skin in COUNTY opens many doors for White during their everyday lives. 4. I do not feel that White people have any benefits or privileges due to their race. (Reversed) 5. My skin colour is an asset to me in everyday life. White guilt Miller, D.L & Swim, J.K. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. Unchanged items: 4. When I learn about racism, I feel guilt due to my association with the White race. Edited items: 2. I feel guilty about the past and present social inequality of Black Americans (i.e. slavery, poverty) I feel guilty about the past social inequality of Black people in COUNTRY (i.e., colonialism, discrimination, poverty). Deleted Items: 1. Although I feel my behaviour is typically non-discriminatory towards Black, I still feel guilt due to my association with the White race. 3. I do not feel guilty about social inequality between White and Black people in COUNTRY. (Reversed) 5. I feel guilty about the benefits and privileges that I receive as a White person. 52 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Appendix C Material used for recruitment 53 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Betreff: Freiwillige für die Teilnahme an einer Umfrage zu Identitäten in Europa gesucht Liebe…. / Lieber… Wir würden gerne wissen, was Menschen in verschiedenen Ländern Europas heute über sich und über andere denken. Der europäische Einigungsprozess hat in vielen Bereichen eine Verschiebung und Veränderung hergebrachter Identitäten mit sich gebracht. Was geschieht mit nationalen und regionalen Identitäten, wenn eine gemeinsame europäische Identität zunimmt? Stehen sie im Widerspruch, verschmelzen sie oder bildet sich eine Hierarchie der Identitäten? Um dies herauszufinden, werden Menschen in verschiedenen Ländern Europas befragt. Wir, die Forschungsgruppe an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, suchen dafür Menschen aus Deutschland, die uns bei unserem Teil dieser Forschung unterstützen. Wir benötigen daher Ihre Hilfe und die Hilfe anderer Menschen aus Deutschland. Ihre Sichtweise ist für uns von großer Bedeutung und wird uns dabei helfen, mehr über Identitäten in Deutschland zu erfahren und diese mit den Identitäten in anderen Ländern Europas vergleichen zu können. Unabhängig davon, ob Sie teilnehmen möchten oder nicht, wäre es eine große Unterstützung unserer Forschung, wenn Sie diese Mail an andere weiter versenden würden, die ein Interesse an der Umfrage haben könnten. Sie würden uns und unsere Forschung damit sehr unterstützen. Um Ihre Anonymität zu wahren, wird die Umfrage online durchgeführt. Sie können den Fragebogen also jederzeit und überall im Internet aufrufen und ausfüllen. Möchten Sie teilnehmen, rufen Sie bitte die folgende Webseite auf. Sie erhalten dann unverzüglich einen Zugangscode sowie einen Link zum Fragebogen. Die Teilnahme erfolgt selbstverständlich anonym: http://www.zdv.uni-mainz.de/scripts/Umfragen/Umfrage-EIS-GER Sollten Sie über keinen Zugang zum Internet verfügen, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte über die unten angeführte Adresse, damit wir Ihnen eine Papierversion des Fragebogens zusenden können. Vielen Dank für Ihr Interesse. Über eine Teilnahme würden wir uns sehr freuen. Prof. Dr. Randolph Ochsmann Dipl.-Psych. Timo Wandert Weitere Informationen erhalten Sie unter: http://psycho.sowi.uni-mainz.de/abteil/soz/ Kontakt: Dipl.-Psych. Timo Wandert European Identity Studies Abteilung für Sozialpsychologie Psychologisches Institut Staudingerweg 9 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz 55099 Mainz Mail: wandert@uni-mainz.de Fig. C1: E-Mail used for recruitment in virtual bulletin boards. 54 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures Untersuchung zu Europäische Identitäten an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz gestartet Für die ländervergleichende Befragung zu Identitäten in Europa werden Teilnehmende gesucht (Mainz, 25. Januar 2007) Anfang Oktober 2006 wurde an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz der Startschuss für eine interdisziplinäre Studie zu europäischen Identitäten gegeben. Die von Prof. Dr. Randolph Ochsmann geleitete europaweite Untersuchung ist an der Abteilung für Sozialpsychologie am Psychologischen Institut angesiedelt und hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die multiplen Identitäten Europas zu untersuchen. Auf regionaler, nationaler und europäischer Ebene werden Europäern und Europäerinnen in mehreren Ländern über ihre Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung und die Bedeutung ihrer verschiedenen Identitäten befragt. Der europäische Einigungsprozess bringt in vielen Bereichen eine Verschiebung hergebrachter Identitäten mit sich. Was wird aus nationalen und regionalen Identitäten, wenn eine gemeinsame europäische Identität zunimmt? Stehen sie im Widerspruch, verschmelzen sie oder bildet sich eine Hierarchie der Identitäten? Da sich die Identitäten in verschiedenen Ländern Europas voneinander unterscheiden und verschiedene Bedeutungen annehmen können, soll die ländervergleichend angelegte Studie untersuchen, unter welchen Bedingungen sich welche Formen der Identität entwickeln und in welchem Verhältnis diese stehen. Die Untersuchung basiert auf der Befragung von Freiwilligen und nutzt einen europaweit eingesetzten Internet- Fragebogen. Interessierte können unter wandert@uni-mainz.de Kontakt aufnehmen oder direkt auf den Fragebogen zugreifen: www.zdv.uni-mainz.de/scripts/Umfragen/Umfrage-EIS-GER Kontakt: Dipl.-Psych. Timo Wandert European Identity Studies Abteilung für Sozialpsychologie Psychologisches Institut Staudingerweg 9 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz 55099 Mainz Telefon: +49 (0) 6131 39 22244 Fax: +49 (0) 6131 39 25655 Mail: wandert@uni-mainz.de Fig. C2: Press release used for recruitment. Next page: Information sheet sent out as hand-out and poster to public institutions as museums, libraries, etx. (fig. C3). 55 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures EIS – European Identity Studies Psychologisches Institut Abteilung für Sozialpsychologie Prof. Dr. Randolph Ochsmann Freiwillige für die Teilnahme an einer Umfrage zu Identitäten in Europa gesucht Wir würden gerne wissen, was Menschen in verschiedenen Ländern Europas heute über sich und über andere denken. Der europäische Einigungsprozess hat in vielen Bereichen eine Verschiebung und Veränderung hergebrachter Identitäten mit sich gebracht. Was geschieht mit nationalen und regionalen Identitäten, wenn eine gemeinsame europäische Identität zunimmt? Stehen sie im Widerspruch, verschmelzen sie oder bildet sich eine Hierarchie der Identitäten? Um dies herauszufinden, brauchen wir Ihre Hilfe und die Hilfe anderer Menschen aus Deutschland. Ihre Sichtweise ist für uns von großer Bedeutung und wird uns dabei helfen, mehr über Identitäten in Deutschland zu erfahren und diese mit den Identitäten in anderen Ländern Europas vergleichen zu können. Um Ihre Anonymität zu wahren, wird die Umfrage online durchgeführt. Sie können den Fragebogen also jederzeit und überall im Internet aufrufen und ausfüllen. Zur Teilnahme rufen Sie bitte die folgende Webseite auf. Sie erhalten dann unverzüglich einen Zugangscode sowie einen Link zum Fragebogen. Die Teilnahme erfolgt selbstverständlich anonym: http://www.zdv.uni-mainz.de/scripts/Umfragen/Umfrage-EIS-GER Sollten Sie über keinen Zugang zum Internet verfügen, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte, damit wir Ihnen eine Papierversion des Fragebogens zusenden können. Auch wenn Sie nicht teilnehmen möchten, wäre es eine große Unterstützung unserer Forschung, wenn Sie andere auf die Umfrage aufmerksam machen würden. Vielen Dank für Ihr Interesse. Über eine Teilnahme würden wir uns sehr freuen. Kontakt European Identity Studies Psychologisches Institut Staudingerweg 9 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz 55099 Mainz http://psycho.sowi.uni-mainz.de/abteil/soz/ Mail: wandert@uni-mainz.de 56 Empirical Study of Attitudes towards Black people: German Sample Descriptive Data and Documentation of used Scales and Measures References Altemeyer, B. (1994). Reducing prejudice in right-wing authoritarians. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (pp. 131-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Brigham, J.C. (1993). College Students’ racial Attitudes. Journal of applied social psychology, 23, 1933 – 1967. Brug, P. & Verkuyten, M. (2004). Multicultural and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 647-661. Dweck, C.S., Levy, S.R. & Stroessner, S. J. (1998). Stereotype Formation and Endorsement: The Role of Implicit Theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1421 – 1436. Eagly, A.H. & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes toward Women and Men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 543-558. Iyer, A., Leach, C.W. & Crosby, F.J. (2003) White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129. Miller, D.L & Swim, J.K. (1999). White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 500-514. Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia (2001). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Verkuyten, M. & Brug, P. (2004). Multiculturalism and group status: The role of ethnic identification, group essentialism and protestant ethic. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 647-661. Zanna, M.P. (1994). On the nature of prejudice. Canadian Psychology, 34, 11- 23. 57