221 EPILOGUE The two main themes of this
Transcription
221 EPILOGUE The two main themes of this
EPILOGUE The two main themes of this dissertation, the relation between performance and text and the difficulty of writing about music history came together in chapter three. There we saw how German aesthetic thought turned its attention, starting in the 1770s, to the unique expressive qualities of human language. I argued that this change in thinking about language was related to a change in thinking about musical performance. These “expressivist” ideas emerged contemporaneously with the notion of the “historical world” as a category of thought, that is with the idea the human history is like an infinitely-large landscape painting whose detail, like that of “performed” language, is impossible to capture in words. The appearance of these two ways of looking at the world at the same time is not a coincidence. Neither is it a coincidence that the music of Mozart and some of his contemporaries bears traces of these discourses. In this brief epilogue I would like to sketch some of the consequences of this observation. First, the choice between “Geistesgeschichte” and “positivism,” between “interpretation” and “facts,” laid out by Wolfgang Plath in 1964 is misleading, for all of the manifest good Plath’s theses did for Mozart scholarship in the decades that followed. “Historicism” as theorized by Johann Gustav Herder and the generations of historical thinkers that followed him always already included the search for the particular, the individual, and the “factual” within the framework of general “ideals.” At the same time, the “new historicists” of today’s humanistic scholarship (in 221 222 our field some representatives of the “new musicology”) seem at times unwilling to see this. The choice between “positivism” and “interpretation” (or “criticism”) is not really a choice at all. A historical scholarship that is honest about its methods admits that the individual actions of the past are available to us only via the historical record. It is the historian’s task to bring order and narrative to the disparate “facts” of this record. This task is impossible without acts of interpretation. Musical performance is an instructive test case for the historian, because its nuance makes freezing it in texts so difficult. That is the reason why the search for “music” in “music history” can be so arduous. This is not an original insight: it has been made both by early theorists of historicism, such as Johann Gustav Droysen, and by contemporary musicological critics like Leo Treitler, and, as different as his approach may be, by Richard Taruskin. What I have hoped to show in this dissertation is that the “crisis of historicism” was not only a challenge for the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. As I have argued here, Mozart and his contemporaries were confronted with precisely this problem as they struggled to find the right balance between the individual and the general, sensus and ratio, performance and text. In the final three chapters of this dissertation I have sought the traces of their efforts in musical texts. I have suggested that our problems of text and performance were also Mozart’s problems. That is what makes writing about them so difficult. Mozart is closer to us than we think. A second conclusion I would like suggest is that recent arguments about the “emergence” of the musical “work-concept” (primarily in the writings of Carl Dahlhaus and Lydia Goehr) need to be seen in this 223 historicized context. Both writers make a claim for a “shift” in thinking about the “work” in the closing decades of the eighteenth century. The realization of the difficulties of textualizing unique human actions and the arrival of a sharpened “sense of history” cannot but have played a role in this “paradigm-shift.” The emergence of the “strong principle of music history” and the construction of the “imaginary museum” did not take place in a vacuum: for us as in Mozart’s time, today’s transcription of unique acts of performance is tomorrow’s historical monument. What makes things complicated is that Mozart’s texts arrived just as the relation between performance and monumentality was being (re-)negotiated; as I have suggested here, the results of this process were left open. That is why a “work” of Mozart’s is not quite the same thing as a “work” of Beethoven’s. A third consequence relates to today’s “historical performance practice.” The nearness of performance to the surface in much late Eighteenth-century thinking about text exposes a weakness of historical performance. “Werktreue” in the old-fashioned sense, with its attendant distrust of virtuosity, actually works against the expressivist aesthetic that was manifestly a concern of the musical culture historical performance wishes to “restore.” Once again, our problem must also have been Mozart’s problem. It is no coincidence that the pedantic strictures of some (but by no means all) proponents of historical performance today are oddly reminiscent of Leopold Mozart’s pronouncements about the dangers of allowing performers too much freedom. If we read his son’s music the way I have, however, we can see that Wolfgang knew that 224 performance always works against the “work.” Trying to rub it out can be fatal. Finally, this study suggests a possible re-focus of thinking on Mozart’s compositional practice. While it is certain that Mozart was never the “child-genius” generations of hagiographers have made him out to be, mindlessly throwing one masterwork after another onto paper in a kind of demonic performance, neither can the opposite cannot be true. For him, composition and performance were not separate categories. That is why finding the irrational, the nuanced, and the unknowable in Mozart’s music, in both the ways in which he and his contemporaries played it and in the ways in which he wrote it down, remains the challenge of writing its history. APPENDIX ONE Zu bearbeitende Themen aus der Mozart-Forschung (1964)* * Reprinted with kind permission of Wolfgang Rehm and the Editionsleitung of the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe. 225 226 227 APPENDIX TWO Paul Wranitzky op. 4/10, I (diplomatic transcription of autograph ms.) 228 229 230 231 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbate, Carolyn. “Music—Drastic or Gnostic?” Critical Inquiry 30/4 (2004). 504-36. Abert, Hermann. “Über Stand und Aufgabe der heutigen MozartForschung.” Mozart-Jahrbuch 1 (1923). 7-22. ------. W.A Mozart: Neubearbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe von Otto Jahn’s Mozart, erster Teil. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1923. Adelung, Jacob Christoph. Grammatisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart mit beständiger Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders aber der Oberdeutschen. Leipzig: J.G.I. Breitkopf, 1796. Adler, Guido. Methode der Musikgeschichte. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1919. Adorno, Theodor W. “Bach Defended against his Devotees.” In Prisms trans. Samuel and Shierry Webber. 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