Geothermal Field

Application of geothermal energy and its
environmental problems in Turkey
Prof.Dr.Alper Baba
Izmir Institute of Technology,
Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center
Izmir, TURKEY
Email:alperbaba@iyte.edu.tr
OUTLINE
 Geothermal energy
 Geothermal energy and its
application in Turkey
 Geothermal and its effects on
environment
 Results and discussions
WHAT ıS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?

A clean, renewable and environmentally benign energy
source based on the heat in the earth

Used in 58 countries of the world. Known in over 80

Electricity generation 73.549 (GWh/year)
in 24
countries

Direct heating use 164,367.07 (GWh/year) in 82
countries
APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
Geothermal resources have long been used for

direct heat extraction for district urban heating,

industrial processing,

domestic water and space heating,

leisure and balneotherapy applications.
Geothermal fields of natural steam are rare, most being a
mixture of steam and hot water requiring single or double
flash systems to separate out the hot water, which can then
be used in binary plants or for direct heating.
Re-injection of the fluids maintains a constant pressure in
the reservoir, hence increasing the field’s life and reducing
concerns about environmental impacts
APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ıN
TURKEY
Human
beings have been benefiting geothermal energy
for different uses since the dawn of civilization in many
parts of the world.
Turkey
is favored by a large number of thermal springs
known since classical and even prehistoric times.
One
of the earliest use of geothermal energy as a
means of heating was used extensively by Romans in
Turkey.
Ruins of old spa in Gulbahce (Urla)
Ruins of old spa in Denizli Region
Hierapolis (Photo from Kader Reyhan)
Allianoi (photo from Hamamcioglu-Turan et.al., 2013)
Aleksandrea Troia Region, NW Turkey
Geothermal field in Seferihisar Region, Western Turkey
Kırkgeçit ,NW Turkey
Aleksandrea Troia Region, NW Turkey
TUZLA (Ayvacık_near ASSOS)
TURKEY





Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world.
Its geological and tectonic evolution has been dominated by the
repeated opening and closing of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceans.
It is located within the Mediterranean Earthquake Belt, whose
complex deformation results from the continental collision between
the African and Eurasian plates.
The border of these plates constitutes seismic belts marked by
young volcanics and active faults, the latter allowing the
circulation of water as well as heat.
The distribution of hot springs in Turkey roughly parallels the
distribution of the fault systems, young volcanism, and
hydrothermally altered areas
North
Anatolian
Fault
East
Anatolian
Fault
Horst
Graben
System
GEOLOGıCALLY, TURKEY ıS COMPOSED OF AEGEAN AND
ANATOLıAN PLATES WHıCH COVER THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL
PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.
GEOLOGıCAL
Western Anatolia
MAP OF
Centra
l
Anatoli
a
TURKEY
Anatolia Crust
Cross Section
(Biryol et al. 2011 )
WEST ANATOLIA
CENTER ANATOLIA
EAST ANATOLIA
(Biryol et al. 2011; Sözbilir, 2015)
İZMİR
Uzel et al., 2015
More than 1000 hot
spring can be seen in
Turkey
MTA, 1995, Şimşek, 1982, 2010
Map of Heat Flow in Turkey
ERKAN, 2015; SÖZBİLİR, 2015
WESTERN ANATOLIA
HEAT FLOW DATA (ERKAN, 2015)
MENDERES MASSIFE- KULA
Geothermal Resources in
Turkey
More than 1000 hot spring can be seen in
Turkey. Temperatures ranging from 25°C to
as high as 287 °C, fumaroles, and
numerous other hydrothermal alteration
zones.
High enthalpy resource in Turkey
Göbekli-Manisa (182 0C
Alaşehir-Manisa (287 0C
Çanakkale-Tuzla (173 0C)
İzmir-Dikili-Bergama 150
İzmir-Seferihisar 153 0C)
Aydın-Germencik 232 0C
Aydin-Salvatlı 171 0C)
Denizli-Kizildere 242 oC
Nevşehir-Acıgöl
Kütahya-Simav 162 0C
Bitlis-NemrutTendürek
IMPORTANT GEOTHERMAL
FIELDS IN
TURKEY
Geothermal Field
(°C)
Geothermal Field
(°C)
Manisa-Alaşehir-Köseali
287
Kütahya-Simav
162
Manisa Alaşehir X
265
Aydın-Umurlu
155
Manisa-Salihli-Caferbey
249
İzmir-Seferihisar
153
Denizli-Kızıldere
242
Denizli-Bölmekaya
147
Aydın-Germencik-Ömerbeyli
239
Aydın-Hıdırbeyli
146
Manisa-Alaşehir-Kurudere
214
İzmir-Dikili-Hanımınçiftliği
145
Manisa-Alaşehir-X
194
Aydın-Sultanhisar
145
Aydın-Yılmazköy
192
Aydın-Bozyurt
140
Aydın-Pamukören
188
Denizli-Karataş
137
Manisa-Alaşehir-Kavaklıdere
188
İzmir-Balçova
136
Manisa-Salihli-Göbekli
182
İzmir-Dikili-Kaynarca
130
Kütahya-Şaphane
181
Aydın-Nazilli-Güzelköy
127
Çanakkale-Tuzla
173
Aydın-Atça
124
Aydın-Salavatlı
171
Manisa-Salihli-Kurşunlu
117
Denizli-Tekkehamam
168
Denizli-Sarayköy-Gerali
114
GEOTHERMAL AROUND IZMİR CİTY

Geothermal
Energy
Around
Izmir City

Sözbilir, 2015
DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AROUND IZMİR CİTY
Low Temperature
High Temperature
Total wells: 63582m
Temperature: 21°C-168°C
Baba et al., 2015; GAP
GEOTHERMAL ELECTRıCıTY
INSTALLED CAPACıTY MWE (2015)
452
Aegean Sea
Explanation
Geothermal field
Geothermal spring
Fault
City Center
(Karakuş ve Şimşek 2012; Balaban et al., 2015)
Dora-1, Karadas,2012
(Inanli and Atilla, 2011)
Dora-2, Tufekcioglu ,2010
Bereket, Karadas,2012
(Simsek et al., 2005)
Germencik, Wallace et al., 2009
Firm
Zorlu
Field
City
Kızıldere
Denizli / Sarayköy
Ömerbeyli
Aydın / Germencik
Bereket Enerji
Gürmat Elec.
Hıdırbeyli
Maren
Bozköy
Aydın / Germencik
Installed
capacity (MWe)
Operation
Capacity (MWe)
15
80
6.85
47.4
20
24
24
24
15
80
6.85
47.4
22.5
22.5
22.5
20
24
24
24
61.72
45.02
13.2
13.2
162.3
Çelikler Jeot.
Pamukören
Aydın / Kuyucak
Gümüşköy Jeot.
Gümüşköy
Aydın / Germencik
Türkerler Jeot.
Alaşehir
Manisa /Alaşehir
24
24
8
9.5
34
Menderes Geot.
Salavatlı
Aydın / Sultanhisar
8
9.5
34
Tuzla Jeot.
Tuzla
Çanakkale / Ayvacık
7.5
7.5
Jeoden
Gerali
Denizli-Sarayköy
2.52
2.52
Total
452.441
Baba et al., 2015; GAP
GEOTHERMAL DıRECT USE
ENERGY PRODUCTıON MWTH(2015)
Direct Use Rates of Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Field
(°C)
Number of Geothermal
housing Field
(°C)
Number of
housing
Balıkesir-Gönen
80
3400
İzmir-Dikili
125
1160
Kütahya-Simav
120
7500
Nevşehir-Kozaklı
92
3000
80
2500
Ağrı-Diyadin
70
570
125
35000
Manisa-Salihli
94
7292
Afyon-Sandıklı
70
6000
Denizli-Sarayköy
140
2200
Kırşehir-Terme
57
1900
60
4881
Afyon-Ömer-Gecek
95
8000
Balıkesir-Bigadiç
96
1950
Balıkesir-Güre
65
650
Yozgat-Sorgun
80
1500
İzmir-Bergama
65
450
Ankara-Kızılcahamam
İzmir-BalçovaNarlıdere
BalıkesirEdremit
Balçova Geothermal Field, Izmir
DISTRICT HEATING IN BALÇOVA, İZMİR
HEATED PLACE. 33.445
Picture from Tolga Sayık
Thermal Tourism
Greenhouse
• Currently, the country’s geothermal resources are primarily
used for heating, which accounts for over % 90 of total
direct use,
3rd Largest Greenhouse in World
Dikili_600 hektar
DIFFERENT APPLICATION
Reduce the industrial waste (Copper)
Powder material
Salt production
HYDROGEOCHEMIC
AL PROPERTIES OF
GEOTHERMAL
SYSTEM IN
WESTERN TURKEY
(Baba and Sözbilir, 2012; Chemical Geology)
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
Surface disturbances
 Physical effects - fluid withdrawal
 Noise
 Thermal pollution
 Chemical pollution
 Protection
 Social and economic effects

HEAVY METALS
(Baba and Armansson, 2009; Energy Sources)
Arsenik
Boron
SCALING AND CORROSıON
Turkish geothermal operators claim to have virtually overcome the
consequences of scaling and corrosion in both high and low
temperature wells (Demir and Baba, 2013; Geothermic)
SCALıNG
Geothermal fluids
encountered in Turkey can be
classified chemically as %95
incrusting and two to three
geothermal fields have highly
corrosive geothermal fluids.

In three of the 140 geothermal
fields, geothermal fluid
containing total dissolved
solids (TDS) exceeds 5000
ppm.
Turkish geothermal
operators claim to have
virtually overcome the
consequences of scaling
and corrosion in both high
and low temperature wells,
and scientific research.
Result and Conclusion

Turkey has many thermal springs known since classical and even prehistoric
times.

Geothermal energy has been extensively used for heating since Roman times.

Volcanic and tectonic activity has given rise to over 1000 geothermal springs.

Geothermal development in the last forty years has shown that it is not
completely free of adverse impacts on the environment.

The country’s installed heat capacity is 2886 MWth for direct use and 452 MWe
for power generation.

These impacts are causing an increasing concern to an extent that may now be
limiting development

All possible environmental effects should be clearly identified, and mitigation
measures should be devised and adopted to avoid or minimize their impact.
Thank you very much for your attention