Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Current Situation in

Gender Equality in the Workplace: The Current Situation in

International Conference
Gender-Equality in the Workplace
Athens, September 13th
Gender-Equality in the Workplace:
The Current Situation in six European
Countries
Kathinka Best, M.Sc.
Research Assistant
Berlin Institute of Technology
Department Gender- & Diversity in Organisations
Prof. Dr. Martina Schraudner
Project partners
Funded by
Gender Equality at the Workplace – information is
taken from GenCo “State of the Art Report”
 Target readers: workforce managers,
interested public
 Goal: Provide information
 Content: education, employment,
pay, work & family issues, legal and
political frameworks, national
initiatives
 Improve gender-equality competences – by providing thorough information
Gender & Diversity in Organisations
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The report has three main parts, we will focus on
the cross-country comparison
I.
The European Agenda
II. CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON
Gender-equality in the 6 GenCo countries + EU27
III. COUNTR-WISE ANALYSES
Gender & Diversity in Organisations
Agenda
Legislation
Documents
Studies
Statistics
Legal &political
actions
Legislation
Current debate
Initiatives
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Gender-equality at the labour market
Indicators / Aspects

Share of women employed (in % of all women 15-64 years)

Share of men employed
“Gap analysis”

Share of women working part-time (in % of all women, 15–64 y.)

Share of men working part-time

Gender-pay gap
"The pay gap measures the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of
women and men within the economy as a whole. It is one of the structural indicators used to
monitor the European Strategy for Growth and Jobs." (European Commission, 2009)
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Labour market: Women work more often in part time
& less frequently than men – at a lower hourly-wage
Employment figures & pay in selected European countries (2008)
90
77
Emplyoment / Pay gap in %
80
76
74
66
70
75
74
71
66
65
61 60
57
60
59
49
50
40
30
30
28
28
26
25
23
22
20
20
15
10
2,2
5
2,3
0,7
6
5
2,4
1,1
0,7
18
17
1,4
0
AT
CZ
DE
Women employed part‐time
Share of women employed
Gender pay gap
EL
LT
UK
EU27
Men employed part‐time
Share of men employed
Eurostat (2010): Database – information on employment (LSF based), Gender pay gap
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What does the situation at the labour market tell us on
stereotypes, traditions & gender-role related choices?
+@LABOUR
MARKET
STEREOTYPES &
TRADITIONS
GENDER-ROLE
OUTCOMES
Gender-specific
activity &
employment rates
WOMEN
• Family responsibilities
• ‘Female’ characteristics
 Less career chances
Choice of studies
& occupation
(„horizontal segregation“)
Gender-pay gap
MEN
• Income responsibility
(‘bread-winners’)
• ‘Male’ characteristics
 Better career chances
Opportunities
&promotion
 position in the firm
(„vertical segregation“)
Income distribution
COMPANIES
• Corporate culture, norms & common values
• Work-organisation (presence, availability, flexibility)
WHY?
Gender
& Diversity in Organisations
Women/Men/Studies/Positions:
Accenture 2006, Universum Professional Survey 2009, Haffner 2007, 2008; Bundesministerium für Familie,
Senioren, Frauen und Jugend 2010; Nosek et al. 2009; Companies: Eagly & Carli 2007, Schraudner & Fröse 2009
5
Industry: women are scarce in management
positions, especially in large corporations
Frauen in Führung in ausgewählten EU Ländern
Women in management (2009)
40
35
33
30
30
Share
of women, in %
Anteile in %
30
29
34
32
33
25
20
15
12
13
13
13
12
9
10
6
5
0
CZ
GER
EL
LT
UK
EU27
ÖsterreichATTschechien
Deutschland
Griechenland
Litauen
Großbritannien
EU27
Frauenanteil in der Geschäftsführung
% of women in management
Frauenanteil im Vorstand der 50 größten Unternehmen
% of women in mngmt. of 50 largest companies
European Commission (2010a, b)
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Work & family: Combining both is still difficult – initial
financing is provided; childcare is mostly scarce
Elterngeld und Betreuungsplätze
Maternity leave benefits and formal childcare (2010)
Maternity leave benefits and formal childcare (2010)
in ausgewählten EU Ländern
100
90
40
90
80
100
100
100
80
44
21
69
70
36
58
16
14
28
17
9
51
52
48
40
33
30
40
31
28
20
10
70
25
60
50
21
7
14
3
14
7
4
1.4
0
AT
AT
CZ
CZ
GER
DE
EL
EL
UK
UK
LT
LT
4
EU27
EU 27
Maternity leave benefits (in % of last salary), for ** weeks
Childcare facilities: children 0-3 years (in %)
Childcare facilities: children 3-6 years, <30h (in %)
Childcare facilities: children 3-6 years, >30h (in %)
Gender & Diversity in Organisations
World Economic Forum (2010): The Corporate Gender Gap - Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland
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But…
…TIMES CHANGE!
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Gender-equality implies more options –
for women, men, and companies
INDIVIDUALS /
EMPLOYEES
COMPANIES
WOMEN
• Less family responsibilities, more for income
 Women want better
career chances
MEN
• Less responsibilities for
income, more for family
 Men want to combine
family and career
Gender & Diversity in Organisations
Employees choose
their jobs according
to talents & personal
goals
 Companies have
to adopt to this
new situation
Desvaux et al. 2010; Devillard et al. 2012; European Commission 2008, Haffner 2008
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Take away

Companies should improve
gender-equality to benefit
from available talents

There is still much to do
 Use the GenCo toolkit!
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Thank you for your attention!
www.gender-competence.eu
Contact: Kathinka Best
kathinka.best@tu-berlin.de
Berlin Institute of Technology
Department Gender & Diversity in Organisations
References
Accenture (Ed.) (2006): The Anatomy of the Glass Ceiling: Barriers to Women’s Professional Advancement. New York. URL:
http://www.accenture.com/at-de/Documents/PDF/TheGlassCeiling.pdf
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (Ed.) (2010): Frauen in Führungspositionen. Barrieren und
Brücken. Berlin. URL: http://www.bmfsfj.de/RedaktionBMFSFJ/Broschuerenstelle/Pdf-Anlagen/frauen-inf_C3_BChrungspositionen-deutsch,property=pdf,bereich=bmfsfj,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf
Cech, Erin; Rubineau, Brian; Silbey, Susan & Seron, Caroll (2011): Professional Role Confidence and Gendered Persistence
in Engineering. In: American Sociological Review, Vol. 76, Nr. 5, 641–666. URL: http://asr.sagepub.com/content/76/5/641
Desvaux, Georges; Devillard, Sandrine & Sancier-Sultan, Sandra (2010): Women Matter - Women at the top of corporations:
Making it happen. McKinsey & Company (Ed.). URL:
http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/paris/home/womenmatter/pdfs/Women_matter_oct2010_english.pdf
Devillard, Sandrine; Graven, Wieteke; Lawson, Emily; Paradise, Renée & Sancier-Sultan, Sandra (2012): Women Matter:
Making the breakthrough. McKinsey & Company (Ed.). URL:
http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/swiss/news_publications/pdf/Women_Matter_2012.pdf
Eagly, Alice & Carli, Linda L. (2007): Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership. In: Harvard Business Review 9/2007, 2-11
European Commission (2008): Break gender stereotypes, give talent a chance! Toolkit for SME Advisors and Human Resource
Managers. European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. European Communities, 2008. ÚRL:
http://www.businessandgender.eu/en/products/break‐gender‐stereotypes‐en.pdf
European Commission (2010a): Business and finance - Leaders of businesses. URL:
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=777&langId=en&intPageId=680
European Commission (2010b): Business and finance - Largest quoted companies. URL:
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=777&langId=en&intPageId=675
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References
Eurostat (2009): Data in focus. URL:
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS‐QA‐09‐037/EN/KS‐QA‐09‐037‐EN.pdf
Eurostat (2011): Employment rate. URL : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfsa_ergan&lang=en
Eurostat (2011): Educational attainment. URL :
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=edat_lfs_9903&lang=en
Eurostat (2011): Part time employment. URL : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfsa_eppga&lang=en
Eurostat (2011): Gender pay gap. URL : http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=earn_gr_gpgr2&lang=en
Eurostat (2011): Methodology - Definitions. URL:
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/methodology/definitions
Haffner, Yvonne (2007): Mythen um männliche Karrieren und weibliche Leistung,: Leverkusen/Opladen: Barbara Budrich
Haffner, Yvonne (2008): Strukturelle Barrieren im Beruf: die Arbeitskultur im Berufsfeld der Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften.
In: Haffner, Y./Krais, B. (Hrsg.): Arbeit in Lebensform? Beruflicher Erfolg, private Lebensführung und Chancengleichheit in
akademischen Berufsfeldern, 47-61. Frankfurt/New York: Campus
Nosek, Brian A. et al. (2009): National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and
math achievement. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, June 22, 2009
Schraudner, Martina & Froese, Anna (2009): Innovation durch Chancengleichheit der Geschlechter. In: Schröder L. / Kutzner
E. / Brandt C. (Hrsg.) Chancengleichheit als Innovation - Innovation durch Chancengleichheit. Hamburg: VSA
World Economic Forum (2010): Corporate Gender Gap; URL: https://members.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/corporate2010.pdf
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