Cosmopolitan Bargain: Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration

Transcription

No.
95
Jan. – Jun. 2007
www.iwm.at
Newsletter of the INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Vienna
and of the INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SCIENCES at Boston University
Cosmopolitan Bargain:
Alan Wolfe on Liberalism
and Immigration
page 14
Reasons for Getting Scared:
David Victor on Russia and
the Energy Market
page 34
A Child Named…
Wie das IWM zu seinem Namen kam
page 3
CONTENTS
Editorial
25 Years
3 A Child Named IWM …
Conferences, Debates, Discussions
4 Promoting Democracy in
Post-Communist Countries
“We Badly Need the Close Attention”
Keynote Speech by Roza Otunbayeva on the Future of Kyrgyztan
8 Political Salon: James Hoge
9 Tischner Debates
10 Jan Patočka 1907 – 1977
11 Islam and Orthodoxy;
Boomerang 89?;
Citizenship Policies in the New Europe
12 Enlarging Solidarity – Cultural
Differences and Social Adjustments
“The Cosmopolitan Bargain”
Contribution by Alan Wolfe on
Liberalism and Immigration
Lectures and Lecture Series
16 Monthly Lectures
18 Lecture Series:
What Is Public, and What Is Private?
/ The Decline of the Occident?
Seminars and Projects
20 Dioscuri Final Conference;
Quing-Workshop;
Junior Fellows’ Conference
22 Institute for Human Sciences
Boston
24 Fellows and Guests
28 From the Fellows
Estonian Impressions by Tiiu Hallap
30 Varia; Travels and Talks
32 Publications
34 Guest Contribution
“Three Reasons For Getting Scared”
David Victor on Energy Markets
36 Upcoming Events
2
No. 95
January – June 2007
Das Jahr 2007 steht für das IWM ganz im
Zeichen seines 25-jährigen Jubiläums; und weil
es ein besonderes Jahr für uns ist, auch ein sehr
projektreiches, erscheint die IWM Post heuer
leicht verändert und ausnahmsweise halbjährlich. In Händen halten Sie eine Übersicht über
unsere Aktivitäten der ersten Jahreshälfte, die
vor allem durch zwei „Klassiker“ bestimmt
war: „Promoting Democracy“ im Januar war
die dritte Konferenz in einer Reihe über die
Zukunft der Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion, und Sie lesen in diesem Heft unter anderem wie die ehemalige Außenministerin von
Kirgistan, Roza Otunbayeva, die politische
Lage in ihrem Land einschätzt, oder was der
Energieexperte David Victor zum europäischen
Umgang mit russischem Öl- und Gasexport zu
sagen hat. Auf der Konferenz „Enlarging Solidarity“ im Juni, ebenfalls die dritte Konferenz
dieser Art, ging es diesmal um Fragen der institutionellen Integrationspolitik in Nordamerika und Europa. Der Essay von Alan Wolfe gibt
einen Einblick in die Diskussion. Zu erwähnen sind ebenfalls zwei neue Vortragsreihen des
IWM: „Was ist öffentlich, und was ist privat?“
und „Der Untergang des Abendlandes?“ – was
in diesen Reihen bisher stattfand beziehungsweise stattfinden wird, erfahren Sie ebenfalls
in diesem Heft.
Das ganze Jahr 2007 trägt den Stempel 25,
wirklich feiern wird das IWM aber erst vom
9. bis 11. November mit einer großen
Jubiläumskonferenz. Über das Programm
informieren wir Sie im Verlauf des Jahres per
Zusendungen und auf unserer Homepage.
Und falls Sie sich wundern, woher der Säugling stammt, den wir passend zu der Geschichte „A Child Named IWM“ für unser
Cover gewählt haben: Er ist ein Ausschnitt aus
Philipp Otto Runges Bild „Der Morgen“ –
Symbol einer wahren Geburtsstunde.
Eine gute Lektüre wünscht
Andrea Roedig,
Public Relations
2007 is the year for celebrating the IWM’s 25th
anniversary , and since it is a special year, as
well as a very busy one, the IWM Post will be
published this time biannually. The IWM’s
activities in the first half of the year were mainly characterized by our two “classics”: “Promoting Democracy” in January was the third in
a series of conferences on the future of the successor states of the Soviet Union: you will read
in this issue about how former foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan Roza Otunbayeva evaluates
the political conditions in her country, or what
energy expert David Victor thinks of European
policies concerning Russian oil and gas export.
At “Enlarging Solidarity” in June, similarly the
third conference of its kind, social scientists from
North America and Europe gathered to discuss
and compare institutional strategies of multicultural integration. An essay by Alan Wolfe
delivers an insight into the discussion. You can
also learn about what has happened so far and
what is to come in the IWM’s two new lecture series “What is public and what is private?” and “The Decline of the Occident?”
Although the whole year of 2007 is, literally,
under the postmark of 25, the main commemoration will take place during November 9-11
with a big Anniversary Conference. We will
inform you about the conference program
through mailings and on our webpage.
And if you happen to wonder where the baby
on the cover page comes from, an accompaniment to the story „A Child Named IWM“: it´s
a cutout from Philipp Otto Runges „The Morning“ - a veritable symbol of the hour of birth.
Enjoy this Newsletter,
Andrea Roedig
Public Relations
| 25 YEARS IWM
A Child Named IWM
Wie das IWM zu seinem Namen kam
„Schreiben Sie doch einfach IWM“ sage ich
zu der Dame, die den Namen, den ich
zunächst in voller Länge ausgesprochen hatte, in ein Formular eintragen muss; sie nickt
erleichtert und sagt: „eben, das geht doch
auch einfach!“ – Der Titel Institut für die
Wissenschaften vom Menschen lässt manchen stöhnen, und die Mitarbeiter/-innen
können ein Lied davon singen, denn wenn
man das am Telefon langsam ausspricht,
dauert es Ewigkeiten, bis der ganze Satz
draußen ist, und am Ende ist der Anfang
schon wieder vergessen. Leiert man hingegen „Institutfürdiewissenschaftenvommenschen“ ganz schnell herunter, versteht sowieso niemand etwas.
Am Institut existiert eine erkleckliche
Sammlung von kuriosen Briefen, die belegen, dass der Name nicht nur zu lang, sondern auch irgendwie kompliziert ist. Das
IWM wird gerne als Institut für die Wissenschaften „am Menschen“, „von Menschen“
oder als „Institut für Menschen“ adressiert,
oder aber als „Institute Wissenschaft über
Leute“, „Institut für die Wirtschaften vom
Menschen“ oder „Institut für Wissenschaften von Mönchen“. Und überhaupt: „Wissenschaften vom Menschen“ klingt sympathisch – aber was genau macht eine solche
Institution?
So kompliziert der Umgang mit dem
Namen ist, so einfach und ohne große Diskussion wurde er vor 25 Jahren aus der Taufe gehoben. Das IWM hatte damals ein
großes Vorbild und eine zentrale Idee: Das
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton
gab das Beispiel vor für einen Ort, an dem
frei von unmittelbaren Verwertungszwängen
auf hohem Niveau geforscht werden kann.
Und die Idee war, über die klassischen
Fächergrenzen hinweg Wissenschaften zu
versammeln, die Aussagen über den Menschen machen. Das zu gründende Institut
wollte ein Ort sein, der Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften - oder, in amerikanischer Terminologie, „Social Sciences“ und „Humanities“ - unter einem Dach vereint; ganz am
Anfang gab es sogar Pläne, eventuell Naturwissenschaften mit aufzunehmen. Das Neue
am IWM aber war der Schwerpunkt: es galt
vor allem, osteuropäische Wissenschaftler The name of the IWM presents – particuund Wissenschaftlerinnen einzubeziehen – larly in German - some difficulties, since fulalso lange vor der so genannten „Osterwei- ly spoken it is long, complicated and not
terung“ gesamteuropäisch zu denken. Wie very precise in specifying what the Institunennt man nun ein wissenschaftliches Insti- te’s concerns and purposes are. The IWM
tut, das europäisch über den Menschen has amassed over the years a collection of
nachdenken will? Man hatte Kontakte zum peculiar letters which reveals how the InstiMaison des sciences de l’homme in Paris, das tute’s name can be misunderstood. For
ebenfalls für die Verbindung verschiedener instance, letters have been addressed to the
Wissenschaften stand. „Science de l’hom- “Institute for Humans”, or “Institute for Peome“, ganz einfach übersetzt, heißt „Wissen- ple”, or even “Institute for Monks” due to
schaften vom Menschen“, und auch auf Pol- the similar pronounciation of the German
nisch, der Muttersprache des Initiators des word for “monks” – “Mönche” – and “MenIWM, klingt „Institut Nauk o Cziowieku“ schen”. How the its name came about, howerecht gut. Also keiver, was quite simple
ne Frage – das Instiand was agreed
Das IWM wird gerne
tut war getauft.
upon, 25 years ago,
als Institut für die WissenSicher, ein prakwithout much delischaften „am Menschen“,
tisch-klarer Name
beration or discussiwäre einfacher –
on. The name was,
„von Menschen“ oder als
etwa ZEUS „Zenamong other influ„Institut für Menschen“
trum für europäiences, derived from
adressiert.
sche Studien“, wie
the French Maison
einer der Permanent
des sciences de
Fellows einmal vorschlug – aber wäre das l’homme in Paris which was, aside from the
besser? Gerade in seiner Offenheit steht Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,
„Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Men- one of the role models of the IWM. “Scienschen“ für eine Vielfalt an Perspektiven und ce de l’homme” literally translated in GerInhalten; vieles ist möglich an diesem Insti- man is “Wissenschaften vom Menschen”,
tut und das Offen-Lassen ist Programm. and also in Polish, the mother-tongue of the
Zudem gilt, dass Hindernisse oft stark main IWM’s initiator, “Institut Nauk o
machen. In dem Lied „A boy named Sue“ Cziowieku“ sounds great. That was how the
besingt Johnny Cash einen Cowboy auf der IWM got its name – the broad title “Human
mordlustigen Suche nach seinem gehassten Sciences” served to bridge the gap between
Vater, den er nie gesehen hat, der ihm aber the humanities and social sciences and to
einen Mädchennamen gab. Der Vater, ein- provide space for both.
mal gefunden, erklärt, er habe dem Sohn
So it might be that the IWM’s name will
nichts anderes mitgeben können als genau always lead to some difficulties, but it is also
diesen Namen, denn er wusste, wer sich mit true that obstacles can make one stronger.
solch einem Label durchsetzen müsse, wer- As Johnny Cash reasons in his song “A boy
de ein guter Kämpfer. So I give ya that name
named Sue”, which chronicles a cowboy’s
and I said goodbye, I knew you’d have to get
quest for vengeance on his father who gave
tough or die.
him a female name: so I give ya that name
In diesem Sinn mag man wohl auch die and I said goodbye, I knew you’d have to get
These vertreten, dass „a child named IWM“, tough or die.
nur das werden konnte, was es heute ist,
One could argue that just as a delicate
trotz - und vor allem wegen dieses Namens. name makes you fight harder to prove yourself, the Institute for Human Sciences – a
child named IWM – could only because of
Andrea Roedig
its name become what it is today
No. 95
3
CONFERENCE |
Promoting Democracy in Post-Communist Countries
In continuing its tradition of open scholarly-political debates
among academics, experts, politicians and entrepreneurs, the
IWM held the conference “Promoting Democracy in PostCommunist Countries” on January 19 to 20 at the Hotel
Imperial in Vienna. The foci of interest at this debate were
the Caucasus and Central Asian regions, concerning European strategies for promoting democratisation, the interaction
between democracy and Islam, as well as democracy and
energy markets. About thirty representatives from Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and the
Ukraine as well as the US, Germany and Poland took part.
In der Tradition der offenen wissenschaftlich-politischen Debatte
unter Gelehrten, Experten, Politikern und Unternehmern veranstaltete
das IWM die Konferenz „Promoting Democracy in Post Communist
Countries“ am 19. und 20 Jänner im Hotel Imperial in Wien.
Im Zentrum des Interesses standen die Regionen Kaukasus und
Vorderasien, diskutiert wurden europäische Strategien zur Förderung
der Demokratisierung sowie das Zusammenspiel von Demokratie und
Islam und Demokratie und Energiemärkten. Rund dreißig Vertreter
aus Armenien, Aserbaidschan, Georgien, Kasachstan, Kirgistan,
Russland und der Ukraine, sowie USA, Deutschland und Polen
nahmen teil.
4
No. 95
A. Olechowski; B. Geremek; A. D. Rotfeld
E. Nowotny; K. Michalski
| CONFERENCE
Participants:
L. Yunusova
L. Shevtsova
Emil Brix
Stephen Grand
Ewald Nowotny
Lilia Shevtsova
Director General for
Foreign Cultural
Policy, Ambassador,
Vienna
Chairman of the
Committee for
Foreign Affairs of the
European Parliament,
Brussels/Strasbourg
CEO and Chairman
of the Managing
Board of Bank für
Arbeit und Wirtschaft
und Österreichische
Postsparkasse AG,
Vienna
Senior Associate at
Moscow Carnegie
Center
Elmar Brok
Fellow and Project
Director ‘U.S. Relations with the Islamic
World’ at The Brookings Institution,
Washington, D.C.
James Hoge
Editor of Foreign
Affairs magazine,
New York
Pavol Demes
Andrey Kortunov
Director of GMF
Transatlantic Center
for Central and
Eastern Europe,
Bratislava
President of The New
Eurasia Foundation,
Moscow
Caspar Einem
Chairman of the
Committee on Foreign
Affairs of the Austrian
Parliament
Benita
Ferrero-Waldner
B. Ferrero-Waldner
EU-Commissioner
for External Relations
and European
Neighbourhood Policy,
Brussels
Michael Fuchs
Ministerial Counsellor
and Head of Secretariat to the Foreign
Affairs Committee,
Berlin
Jas Gawronski
Member of the
Rome, Brussels/
Strasbourg
P. Zhovnirenko
Bronislaw Geremek
Member of the
Warsaw,
Brussels/Strasbourg
Janos Matyas Kovacs
Andrzej Olechowski
Member of the
Supervisory Boards of
Citibank Handlowy
and Vivendi; Director
of Euronet; Former
Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Poland,
Warsaw
Permanent Fellow
at the Institute for
Human Sciences,
Vienna; Member of
the Institute of
Economics of the
Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, Budapest
Co-Chair of the
Political Party ASABA,
Bishkek; Former
Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Kyrgyzstan
Annette Laborey
Director General of
the Eurasian Media
Forum, Almaty
Executive Director
of the Open Society
Institute, Paris and
Vice President of the
Open Society
Institute, New York
Roza Otunbayeva
Larissa Pak
Ruprecht Polenz
Chairman of the
Foreign Affairs Committee to the German
Bundestag, Berlin
Dariga Nazarbayeva
Member of Parliament of the Republic
of Kazakhstan;
Co-chair of the
Kazakhstan Republican Party „Nur-Otan“,
Almaty
Boris Nemtsov
Member of the
Federal Political
Council of the Union
of Right Forces,
Moscow
Franz Karl Prüller
Program Director
Social Responsibility
at ERSTE Foundation,
Vienna
Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Chairman of the
International Consultative Committee at
the Polish Institute of
International Affairs;
Former Minister for
Foreign Affairs of
Poland, Warsaw
Bernard Snoy
Co-ordinator of
OSCE Economic and
Environmental
Activities, Vienna
Hannes Swoboda
Vice-chairman of The
Socialist Group in the
European Parliament
and Head of the
delegation of Austrian
social-democratic
members in the EP,
Brussels/Strasbourg
Zurab Tkemaladze
Member of the
Parliament of Georgia;
Chairman of the
Faction ‘Industrialists’,
Tbilisi
David G. Victor
Director of the
Program on Energy
and Sustainable
Development at
Stanford University
Oskar Wawra
Director of International Relations, City of
Vienna
Leyla Yunusova
Director of the
Institute for Peace
and Democracy, Baku
Pavlo Zhovnirenko
Chairman of the
Board of the Center
for Strategic Studies,
Kyiv
Armen Sarkissian
President of Eurasia
House International,
London; Former Prime
Minister of Armenia
B. Nemtsov
No. 95
5
CONFERENCE |
”We badly need the close attention …”
Keynote speech by Roza Otunbayeva, Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan,
at the conference “Promoting Democracy …”
Dear Madame Commissioner,
Mr. Chairman,
For thousands of years we
in Central Asia have been governed by people and not by
laws. All those who rule today
also have unlimited and practically uncontrolled power.
In March 2005 and in
November 2006 the Tulip
Revolution took place in Kyrgyzstan in two stages – it was,
indeed, a Revolution as it
resolved problems which could
not be solved in an evolutionary way. We have tried to put
an end to authoritarianism and to uninterHowever, we have never experienced,
rupted power (in breach of the Constitution) have never tasted the division of power, the
of one individual. Why?
independence of judges, free and fair elecIn the past the rule in our country tions, public control over the national secuseemed democratic on the surface (you may rity service and the police forces. We do not
remember how the phrase Island of Democ- really know what that is!
racy in Central Asia was coined). However
After centuries of khanates, Russian tsarist
in reality, power was established as an offi- rule and Bolshevik authoritarianism, my councial-bureaucratic system
try has for the
which was nothing else but a
first time expeRussia for us is
modification of the earlier
rienced some
and remains the outpost of
command-administrative syssort of what
Europe, it provides the link
tem. The former Central
could have
Committee of the Commubeen democrato European values.
nist Party transformed itself
cy during the
into the omnipresent Presidifficult past
dential Administration; the president became 15 years. Over these years presidential rule has
the sole chief. With the demise of the USSR resulted in authoritarianism. Akaev conducta liberalization of public and personal life ed four referendums on Constitutional issues,
took place. Whether we like it or not, we owe just in order to concentrate absolute power in
it to the leadership of President Akaev that his hands.
the Kyrgyz Republic went foot to foot with
With their manifestations after March 24
the changes in the European part of the CIS, of 2005, the people of our country managed
that in my country the liberalization drowned to rid themselves of Akaev and parts of his
authoritarianism and the way to free entre- clan but this proved not to be enough. The
preneurship was opened up. We kind of new structures after the former president’s
entered the world rankings of freedom of forced departure to Moscow quickly copied
speech, meetings and our non-governmental his methods; it happened so that one famisector was developing fast. So we did not get ly has been replaced by another – we have got
caught up in the chains of totalitarianism and a clone of Akaev at the helm. People’s diswe did not get burned by the flames of civil appointment was huge: the new masters did
wars like some of our neighbors.
not live up to their promises. The massive
6
No. 95
public manifestations of November 2006 resulted in significant
changes in the system of government and forced the President to
accept the new Constitution
which limited his far-reaching
powers. From then on, the
country kind of entered into its
new parliamentarian-presidential way of governance. We were
the first in Central Asia, and second after the Ukraine to try and
introduce the system of checks
and balances, and to subject the
executive branch of power to the
control of the people through
Parliament.
However, on 30 December 2006 the propresidential forces in Parliament introduced
the amendments to the text of the Constitution that was approved just a month prior to
it, whereby they returned all super-authority back to the president. Thus, the uncompromising fight, far from the Sisyphus challenge, is ongoing in our country; the fight for
the replacement of the archaic authoritarian regime by democratic procedures, and
fight for the demounting of family governance. It is evident that the side effects of
such a change, especially in a poor country
like mine, can be extremely negative.
Kyrgyzstan, during the last 15-20 years,
has survived public and political changes that
would have been enough for the next two
centuries.
The democratic development is far ahead
of our well-being. The dilemma of democracy and development, democracy and stability, is facing us in its full height. The effort
of modernization from the top in my country and in the neighboring countries did not
succeed. Only Kazakhstan has demonstrated tangible success in this direction.
There is a saying: too many cooks spoil
the broth. Indeed in the G8 line we have
been under the supervision of Japan, while
in the EU, it seems, priority is given to Germany. In the IFIs we are under the watch of
the leading western countries, while we are
| CONFERENCE
constantly patronized by Russia and the USA.
We are geographically close to or even bordering three future giants of the world economy; there is no doubt that BRIC (Brazil,
Russia, India and China) are on their way up.
Meanwhile, Kyrgyzstan is the only country in the CIS that is faced with entering
HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries program of the World Bank and IMF)!
Russia remains for us the closest country
on the European continent. Despite the
physical separation and demise, the actual
line of contact and – if I may say so –
“togetherness” of our people has widened
more. Between 300.000 to one million people of nearly every CIS country now work in
Russia which thus equals for them European
civilization. This trend, which exists because
of Russian as lingua franca of this region,
because of common educational systems and
traditions, will most likely persist, but also
because the borders of the EU are completely closed for our migrant labor.
But there is also another trend these days
that we should all be aware of. The farther
away we are from the time when the enormous multinational country USSR collapsed, the more Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Greeks, and others that we call the
people of European nationality leave our
countries for good, being replaced by the
Chinese, Uighurs, Iranians, Turkish,
Afghans, the more we get pulled into the
insides of Asia going back to our sources and
start to feel close to our Asian roots. However, ballet and opera, choir and music
schools, modern visual art and theatres, all
sports where women can take part, European (European Neighborhood Policy) Central
clothing including the décolleté or mini-skirt Asia is coming closer to EU borders.
– all this remains part of our life, and actuWe welcome the new changed principle
ally is absent thousands of kilometers from of the EU’s approach, underlined, Madame
all our borders in surrounding countries.
Comissioner, in your speech today: there is
Russia for us is and remains the outpost no one-size-fits-all solution to democracy
of Europe – it provides the link to European promotion. To date, an enormous harm is
values. A dynamic development of a sound imposed by the EU view of Central Asia as
democracy in Russia could mean for all CIS a unified economic and political space. In
countries a real breakthrough to democrat- the issues of democratization and human
ic development in the entire region. Russia rights this perspective looks even more
has been and remains the key country with absurd. All these years diplomats and bureauenormous economic and political influence crats of the European countries in fact assiston our countries. With its economic growth, ed us in every possible way to accept the
with the wars of the USA in Iraq and authoritarian longevity and rude violations
Afghanistan, and tension in US-Iranian rela- of human rights, freedom of speech and
tionships, Russia’s actual grip on the region expression, politely referring to the view that
gets ever tighter.
democratic developMr. Chairman,
ment of my country
I am afraid,
the presence of
is far ahead of its
Europe in Kyrgyzsneighbors. But we
there is no ground yet to say
tan unfortunately
simply did not abide
that thanks to enlargement
remains scarce. We
by this approach.
Central Asia is coming
have only one EuroWe very much
closer to EU borders.
pean Embassy, the
welcomed
the
German, which repappointment of the
resents the EU in its
EU Special Repreentirety. The Ambassador of the European sentative, meanwhile one high-ranking
Commission, even if he is most efficient like diplomat was replaced by another one, the
the current one, handles three countries - renowned Mr. Pierre Morel. Time goes on,
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The yet we did not have a chance to see the
low profile of Europe remains one of the progress in developing a EU strategy for
burning issues of public and political devel- Central Asia. I do believe we never had and
opment as this leaves us, the democratic to date do not have the full-size, deep diaforces, one to one with the sensitive chal- logues between various circles of political,
lenges. I am afraid, there is no ground yet to human rights and NGO activists, academsay that thanks to enlargement and the ENP ics, intelligentsia. We know very little about
each other. The EU was too busy over the
last decade with the enlargement “business”,
and Central Asia on her troubled way to
Info Kyrgyzstan
democracy has not once disappointed the
Kyrgyzstan gained its independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991. Askar Akajev
EU, or been made fatigued from the failwas elected President in 1990 and later re-elected in 1991 and 1995. A new Constitution
ures, slow success and often rejection of
which defined the Kyrgyz government as a democratic republic was passed by Parliademocratic values. During all these years,
ment in 1993. While Kyrgyzstan was seen as a prime example of the democratisation
except for the focused interest on the eneramong the former Soviet-ruled Central Asian countries, there were trends towards
gy recourses and the growing travel of Euroautocracy in the late 90s; popular opinion saw President Akajev’s rule as increasingly
peans to these exotic destinations on the
corrupt and authoritarian. According to observers from the OSCE, the 2005 parliamenGreat Silk Route, the promotion of democtary elections were not up to par with international standards for democratic elections.
racy in Central Asia was kept on a very low
Political turmoil prevailed in Kyrgyzstan, and nationwide demonstrations culminated into
profile. Therefore with great enthusiasm we
the Tulip Revolution of 2005. Following attacks by protestors on government buildings in
welcome the new European Initiative for
the capital city of Bishkek, President Akajev fled to Moscow, where he later agreed
Democracy and Human rights, you,
to resign as President. In June 2005, former Prime Minister and opposition leader
Madam Ferrero-Waldner, announced today.
Kurmanbek Bakiyev secured a landslide victory in the presidential elections.
It will enforce the potential and work of
Demonstrations organised by the political opposition in Bishkek in 2006 resulted in
thousands of organizations and individuamendments to the Constitution, which curtailed the powers of the President and gave
als in our region in their fight for the
more authority to Parliament. However, Bakiyev reinstated some of his powers after the
democratization of life and governance.
government resigned a few weeks later, and currently still faces pressure to step down.
We are going our own way, accumulating a
No. 95
7
CONFERENCE |
POLITICAL SALON |
democratic experience, new political culture, and
changes in our stereotypes despite the significant
difficulties and barriers that try to keep our countries in the routine of the traditional lifestyles
and governance, conserved economic and cultural backwardness, and our low competitiveness. We are in the initial phases of our democracy. We do not have illusions about problems
and difficulties on the next part of the way. In
my country the authorities and the opposition,
together with people, have learned a lot. Crowded with thousands of people, our meetings of
2006 have shown that we can resolve our
sharpest issues through peaceful ways and means.
For a week streets of Bishkek were flooded with
people, and the government was unable to stop
people or to use force. Now we are able to deal
even with the most extreme situations as no one
else in our region.
Yes, democracy is not instant coffee; the
steady, large assistance of Europe in the modernization of public institutions would be of
very critical significance. An institutional support for the building up of the political parties,
the Parliament, and the independent courts is
needed. Central Asia, without any doubt, is one
of the few areas where there is no multi-party
system and parties do not participate in the formation of power. We are behind in party development compared to other CIS countries perhaps almost by one decade. Not a single EU
country is helping us in this at this very important point in our lives. The political competition of the parties, their programs, their solutions for the most challenging social and economic problems would leave so much less room
for the massive islamisation of the society, and
would fill and lead the minds and hearts of millions of young, who are otherwise losing their
belief in a better life in their country.
We are desperate for the expertise of the
Council of Europe that has rich experience and
knowledge in the cross-border lives of neighboring people, in cultivating tolerance and peace
between ethnic groups in the country, practically realizing the various freedoms, including the
freedom of consciousness. We badly need the
close attention of the Council of Europe!
Political reforms cost dearly! Our people have
proved that it can and must decide about its destiny without any mediators. The revolutions of
March 2005 and November 2006 – it is the first
independent historical choice made by my
nation to lead its own way in its post-Soviet history. The Island of Democracy in Central Asia
should remain alive much, much stronger!
Wahlverwandtschaften
Roza Otunbayeva
8
No. 95
Die Zukunft der transatlantischen Beziehungen war Thema
eines Politischen Salons mit
James Hoge, dem Chefredakteur von Foreign Affairs, am
18. Jänner im IWM.
The future of the transatlantic
relationship was the topic of
a Political Salon discussion
held on January 18th with
James Hoge, editor in chief of
Foreign Affairs. Hoge maintained that the USA and Europe
can be seen as “friends again”
and relations are relaxed, but
that they have changed under
the changed conditions of
world politics in general.
Nowadays the connection is
no longer one of necessity –
as it has been in the times of
the Cold War –, but is rather
a relationship of choice, based
on shared values.
„Die USA kommen vom Mars – Europa von der Venus.“ Diese These des
neokonservativen Politkommentators
Robert Kagan hat vor Jahren einigen
publizistischen Staub aufgewirbelt.
Kriegerisch und voll Tatendrang seien
die US-Amerikaner, während der alte
Kontinent auf feminine Art den Konsens schätze und eher dazu neige,
bedächtig abzuwarten. Damals markierte Kagans Metapher eine klare Kritik der ablehnenden Haltung Europas
zum bevorstehenden Irak-Krieg, die
verdeutlichte, dass die transatlantischen
Beziehungen auf einem historischen
Tiefststand angekommen waren.
Vier Jahre nach der kleinen diplomatischen Eiszeit scheinen die Zeichen
auf Tauwetter zu stehen. James Hoge
beschrieb unter dem Titel „USA-Europe: Friends Again?“ das gute Verhältnis
als wiederhergestellt, allerdings auch als
verändert in einer veränderten Welt.
Der „war on terror“ (den die USA
anders einschätzen als die Europäer),
die Bedrohung durch Nuklearmächte
und neu entstehende Großmächte im
fernen Osten, sind neue Variablen im
Spiel der Weltpolitik, die die Bündnisinteressen der USA anders bestimmen.
Für die USA stellt sich die Frage, wie
mit neuen Großmächten zu verhandeln
sei und wie man agiere in einer multipolaren Welt, in der zunehmend auch
nicht-staatliche Akteure auftreten.
Die transatlantischen Beziehungen
dagegen sind heute nicht mehr - wie zu
Zeiten des Kalten Krieges - durch Notwendigkeiten bestimmt, sie sind vielmehr eine “Beziehung der Wahl“ unter
Berücksichtigung gemeinsamer Werte.
Eine erstaunliche Wendung brachte Hoge in die Diskussion, als er auf
Religion zu sprechen kam. Der Islam
unterscheide sich nicht so sehr von
„unseren Auffassungen“, eine Zusammenarbeit sei möglich; und Hoge
betonte, dass in diesem Punkt auch die
Europäer am Zug seien. Europa gerate durch Migration zunehmend unter
muslimischen Einfluss auch muslimischer Religion – ein Prozess der nicht
aufzuhalten sei. „Fürchtet euch, oder
lernt damit umzugehen“, war sein Rat.
Christian Beck / Andrea Roedig
Die Politischen Salons finden in Zusammenarbeit mit „Die Presse“ statt und
werden gesponsort von: Investkredit.
Diskussionspartner bei der Veranstaltung waren Michael Prüller, stellvertretender Chefredakteur von „Die
Presse“ und Krzysztof Michalski.
| CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS
Market and Morals
The 8th Tischner Debate in Warsaw
This year’s series of Tischner Debates was
inaugurated on March 7th in Warsaw with
a discussion “On Morality and Market”. The
floor was given to Michael Sandel, Professor
of Government at Harvard University and
the author of books such as “Liberalism and
the Limits of Justice” and “Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy”.
Sandel challenged the connection between democracy and capitalism, and submitted for further consideration the tension
between market values and spiritual and civic
virtues. The latter, according to Sandel, are
being eroded, corrupted, and degraded by
the former.
Sandel’s opponents in the discussion were
Hanna Gronkiewicz Waltz, Mayor of Warsaw, one of the leaders of the opposition party Platforma Obywatelska (Citizens’ Platform) and Vice-President of the European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development;
Jacek Holówka, Professor of Ethics and Ana-
lytical Philosophy at Warsaw University; and
Wojciech Kostrzewa, former adviser to
Leszek Balcerowicz, and now President of
the Board of Trustees and Managing Director of the ITI Group, Poland’s leading media
and entertainment holding.
Gronkiewicz Waltz insisted that the market as it is does not have moral features. She
focussed mostly on the positive aspects of
the market, and pointed out that nothing
triggers human creativity as well as competition. Referring to the downside of the market, she argued that both society and the
state are not helpless: the market is a product of man’s hands, she argued, and resembles its author in everything.
For Jacek Holówka, the market is as necessary as oxygen. According to him, a ‘thick
market’ would enable us to feel safe and thus
allow us to focus on the most important
things in life.
In his final statement, Sandel asserted that
the market is only a part of freedom. He
referred to Holówka’s metaphor of the market as oxygen and pointed out that too much
oxygen can make it impossible to breathe,
and, noticing the Poles’ desire to embrace a
free market, he expressed his hope that
Poland would build a system that uses the
market but not celebrate it.
Elz̀bieta Ciz̀ewska
El z̀bieta Ciz̀ewska is Ph.D. candidate at
Political Philosophy at the Institute of
Applied Social Sciences, Warsaw University.
Further Tischner Debates:
Debate 9: Poland and Europe,
with Timothy Garton Ash
(April 26)
Debate 10: Others Among Us
with Giuliano Amato
(June 4)
Debate 11: The Left United
with Alfred Gusenbauer
(June 11)
Invitation to the 25th Anniversary Conference of the IWM
Conditions for International Solidarity
9-11 November 2007, Vienna/Austria
MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst / Gegenwartskunst, Wien
Lectures and discussions will address international solidarity as a political challenge, the role of international
institutions, the effects of markets on global community, and the conditions of intercultural understanding.
Due to the generous support by several foundations we are able to offer travel grants
to former Junior Visiting Fellows, participants of our Summer Schools, Visiting Fellows and Guests wishing to
attend the IWM’s anniversary celebration.
Deadline for application: 15 September 2007
Please download the application form from the website: www.iwm.at/anniversary.htm
No. 95
9
CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS |
Program
April 23
April 25
Opening Addresses by Ivan
Chvatík (Director of Jan
Patočka Archive) and
Václav Havel (Former
President of the Czech
Republic)
Miroslav Petrícek (Czech
Republic): Jan Patočka:
Phenomenological
Philosophy Today
Krzysztof Michalski
(Rector of the Institute for
Human Sciences, Vienna);
Opening speech:
Nihilism and Religion
Martin Palouš (Former
Ambassador of the Czech
Republic in USA): Jan
Patočka’s Socratic Message
for the 21st Century
Pierre Rodrigo (France):
Platonisme négatif et
existence maximale chez
Jan Patočka
Emilie Tardivel (France):
Europe et soin de l’âme
chez Patočka
Josef Chytry (USA):
Jan Patočka and Central
European Polis Thought
Evening Lecture in the
Senate of the Parliament
of the Czech Republic
Jan Patočka 1907 - 1977
An international conference in Prague
commemorated the Czech philosopher and human
rights activist.
Jan Patočka is one of the most interesting representatives of the second generation of phenomenologists after
Husserl and Heidegger, with whom he
studied in Freiburg in the 1930s. He
applied his phenomenological thought
in an innovative way to problems of politics, history, art, and literature. With a
few short exceptions, Patočka was
banned from teaching and publishing in
communist Czechoslovakia. However,
he became an intellectual and moral
authority through his legendary underground seminars. Patočka was a cofounder and speaker of the civil rights
movement Charter 77. He died after a
series of police interrogations on March
13, 1977. The significance of his work
10
No. 95
for the political idea of Europe is only
fully appreciated today.
The Prague conference, held in the
Carolinum, brought together Patočka
scholars from all over the world. The
IWM’s participation in this event was part
of the two-year project „Responsibility
and Freedom: The Idea of Europe in the
Political Philosophy of Jan Patočka.“ Supported by the Austrian Science Fund
(FWF) and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through the Council of American
Overseas Research Centers.
Main organisers of the conference
were the Center for Phenomenological
Research (CFB), the Institute for
Human Sciences (IWM), and the
Husserl Circle.
Petr Pithart (Vice-President of the Czech Senate):
Questioning as a Prerequisite for a Meaningful
Protest
April 24
Burt Hopkins (USA):
Patočka’s Phenomenological Appropriation of Plato
Tamas Ullmann (Hungary):
The Problem of Negative
Platonism
Eddo Evink (Netherlands):
Patočka and the Metaphysical Tradition
James Mensch (Canada):
Patočka’s Asubjective
Phenomenology, Artificial
Intelligence and the
Mind-Body Problem
Rochus Sowa (Belgium):
Wesen und Wesensgesetze
in der deskriptiven Eidetik
Edmund Husserls
French Embassy, Buquoy
Palace
Marc Crepon (France):
La peur, le courage, la
colère: la leçon de Socrate
Burt Hopkins (USA):
On the History of Husserl
Circle
Carolinum, Aula Magna:
Awarding the Honorary
Doctorate to Erika Abrams
Villa Lanna: Awarding the
Patočka Medals of the
Academy of Science of the
Czech Republic to Ivan
Dubský (Czech Republic),
Klaus Nellen (Austria)
and Jirí Polívka (Czech
Republic)
Roundtable on Personal
Recollections of Jan
Patočka: Helmut Kohlenberger (Austria), Jaroslav
Kohout (Czech Republic),
Radim Palouš (Czech
Republic), Jan Vladislav
(Czech Republic), Josef
Zumr (Czech Republic)
Polish Institute Prague:
Ewa Fagas and Piotr
Mielech (Poland): HERETYK
– a film on Jan Patočka
April 26
Jean-Francois Courtine
(France): L’idée de
phénoménologie transcendantale et asubjective chez
Jan Patočka
Renaud Barbaras (France):
Phénoménologie et hénologie chez Jan Patočka
Alessandra Pantano
(Italy): La Constellation de
L’Epoche
Ludger Hagedorn
(Germany): Jenseits von
Mythos und Aufklärung.
Religion bei Patočka
Sandra Lehmann
(Germany): Der Tod des
Homo Divinus - Patočka
und Derrida
Hans Rainer Sepp
(Germany): Sprung in die
Freiheit. Patočkas Epoché
Austrian Culture Forum,
Prague: Michael Staudigl
(Austria): Entzogene Welt,
zerbrochenes Wir. Über
Gewalt im Rahmen a-subjektiver Phänomenologie
| CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS
April 27
Filip Karfík (Czech Republic): Vorhaben und Resultate: Patočkas philosophische Entwicklung
Balazs Mezei (Hungary):
Jan Patočka’s Place in
Classical Phenomenology
Johann Arnason (Iceland):
Negative Platonism:
Between the History of
Philosophy and the Philosophy of History
Participants of “Islam and Orthodoxy”
Domenico Jervolino (Italy):
Epoché et traduction, une
réflexion sur la philosophie
de la traduction en partant
de Patočka
Islam and Orthodoxy:
Confrontation, Cohabitation,
and Comparison
Boomerang 89?
Unexpected Calamities in the
Political Life of East-Central Europe
A conference held on March 12 – 13 at the IWM
was devoted to Islam and Christian Orthodoxy,
mainly with regards to Russia. In his keynote
speech, Canon Michael Bourdeaux described newly developing Christian and Muslim religious ways
of life in the Russia of today, and pointed out that
the less secular institutions interfere, the better
relations between different religions are.
Since 1989, the region of East-Central Europe has served
as a model for countries in transition. The democratic
virtues of these countries were clearly acknowledged by
Brussels since the region was the first in Eastern Europe
to be invited to join the Union. But today, one witnesses
violent demonstrations in the streets of Budapest, a lengthy
government crisis in Prague, and a coalition government
in Warsaw which challenges important rules/habits of
political life in Europe. Throughout the region MPs are
being bought off and corruption cases are mushrooming.
A panel discussion on March 27, held in cooperation with
the Renner Institute, explored the significance of these
adverse developments, and questioned whether problems
of “instant democracy” might return as a boomerang today.
Panel speakers were György Csepeli (Public Policy Director and State Secretary, Hungarian Ministry of Economy and Transport, Budapest), Pavol Demes (The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Bratislava),
Lena Kolarska-Bobinska (Director of the Institute for
Public Affairs, Warsaw ) and Jacques Rupnik (Directeur
de recherche FNSP/CERI, Paris).
Nathalie Frogneux (Belgium): Les trois communautés du mouvement de la
vie humaine chez Jan
Patočka
Steven Crowell (USA):
„Idealities of Nature“:
Patočka on Reflection and
the Three Movements of
Human Life
Goethe-Institute Prague:
Ilja Srubar (Germany):
Patočkas Sicht der Ethik
April 28
James Dodd (USA):
The 20th Century as War
Marcia Schuback
(Sweden): Sacrifice and
Salvation – Patočka and
Heidegger on the Question
of Technique
Lubica Ucník (Australia):
Patočka on Techno-Power
and the Sacrificial Victim
Kwok-ying Lau
(Hong Kong): Patočka’s
Concept of Europe: an
Intercultural Consideration
Josef Moural
(Czech Republic):
Time and Responsibility
Martin Matustik (USA):
More Than All the Others:
Meditation on Responsibility
City Gallery Prague, House
at the Stone Bell: Closing
Concert with Peter
Schuback, Composer and
Cellist (Sweden)
The conference was sponsored by the Institute
on Culture, Religion, and World Affairs, Boston
University, and the J. M. Dawson Institute of
Church-State Studies, Baylor University, with
funding provided by the Harry and Lynde Bradley
Foundation.
Participants of the conference:
Alexander Agadjanian,
Russian State University of the Humanities
Michael Bourdeaux, Keston Institute
Ingeborg Gabriel, University of Vienna
Daniela Kalkandjieva, St. Kliment Ohridsky University
Vyacheslav Karpov, Western Michigan University
János M. Kovács, IWM
Elena Lisovskaya, Western Michigan University
Christopher Marsh, Baylor University
Charles McDaniel, Baylor University
Norton Mezvinsky, Central Connecticut State University
Paul Mojzes, Rosemont College
Jerry Pankhurst, Wittenberg University
Daniel Payne, Baylor University
Sebastien Peyrouse, Kennan Institute
Victor Roudometof, University of Cyprus
Alexander Verkhovsky, SOVA Center
James W. Warhola, University of Maine
Andrei Zolotov, Russia Profile
Citizenship Policies in the New Europe
The EU-Enlargement in May 2004 has greatly increased
the diversity of historic experiences and contemporary conceptions of statehood, nation-building and citizenship within the European Union. In contrast with the older member states, most new ones have not existed as independent
states within their present borders for more than two generations. At a panel discussion on May 4, experts and
authors of the new book “Citizenship Policies in the New
Europe” (Amsterdam University Press, spring 2007) compared Western and Eastern European citizenship policies
and discussed the prospects for common European standards. The discussants were: Rainer Bauböck (European
University Institute ), Andrea Barsova (Human Rights Department, Prague), Ivan Halasz (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) , Andre Liebich (University of Geneva) and Janos
M.Kovacs (IWM, Vienna).
No. 95
11
CONFERENCE |
Enlarging Solidarity
Cultural Differences and Institutional Adjustments
A working conference on June 1 and
2 gathered specialists from Austria,
Germany, the Netherlands and the US
to discuss how liberal societies should
deal with cultural religious, and ethnic
diversity as an effect of immigration.
The topic was related to very specific
areas of public affairs, including schooling, housing, and employment. To
compare experiences and perspectives
from the different continents, was the
main interest of the discussion, which,
for example, contrasted the US’ open
labour market as “integrationmachine”
to Europe’s reliance on the welfare
state. “You Europeans have got this
cosy welfare state, but you can’t deal
with immigrants” was one of the quotations. Another topic was the different approach to the question (and the
term) of “race” in the US and Europe
as well as the ongoing “dilemma of
recognition”: When and under which
circumstances does it make sense to
segregate groups to treat them differently? Once you refer to differences
you create and fix them too. Counting
people based on race aspects seems sen-
12
No. 95
sible, “but only for the time being”.
Also the impact of neighborhood and
schooling on life quality was broadly
discussed (“the reproduction of class
runs through schools”), and the
immense significance of “second
chance education”. Further themes to
be covered in a subsequent discussion
could be “membership” (who gets to
be a member of liberal polity?), “transformation” (how long is an immigrant
population an immigrant population?)
and “fear” (which is the non-rational
part of political discourse), concluded Ira Katznelson from Columbia Universitiy in his summary. The conference included a special section on the
Netherlands and on the evening June
1, a public Debate on Solidarity with
contributions from the Mayor of Amsterdam, Job Cohen, the Austrian Minister of Social Affairs, Erwin Buchinger,
and Alan Wolfe from Boston College.
“Enlarging Solidarity” was organized
in collaboration with the Duitsland
Instituut (Amsterdam) and the Renner
Institute (Vienna).
Die Konferenz „Enlarging Solidarity“ am 1. und 2. Juni
verknüpfte die Themen „Solidarität“ und Integrationspolitik. Wie gehen moderne, liberale Staaten politisch
(und ethisch) mit kultureller, ethnischer und religiöser
Vielfalt um? Eingeladen waren Fachleute aus den USA,
Deutschland, Österreich und den Niederlanden, die Fragen des sozialen Zusammenhaltes konkret auf Bildungswesen, Stadtplanung, Wohnungs- und Arbeitsmarkt bezogen und im Vergleich Europa/USA diskutierten. So wurde beispielsweise das offene Arbeitsmarktkonzept der USA
als „Integrationsmaschine“ dem europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaat entgegengesetzt. Weitere Themen waren das „Dilemma der Anerkennung“ (wann ist es sinnvoll, Gruppen als
solche gesondert zu behandeln?), der unterschiedliche
Gebrauch des Begriffs „Rasse“ in Europa und den USA.
Diskutiert wurde ebenfalls der Einfluss von Wohnumfeld und Schulwesen auf die Lebensqualität und die
immense Bedeutung von „zweiten Chancen“ auf Bildung
und speziell die Integrationspolitik der Niederlande.
Teil der Konferenz war eine öffentliche Debatte über
Solidarität am Abend des 1. Juni mit Beiträgen des
Amsterdamer Bürgermeisters Job Cohen, des Österreichischen Sozialministers Erwin Buchinger und Professor
Alan Wolfe vom Boston College.
Das IWM hat „Enlarging Solidarity“ in Zusammenarbeit
mit dem Duitsland Instituut (Amsterdam) und dem
Renner Institut (Wien) veranstaltet.
| CONFERENCE
Participants:
Jutta Allmendinger,
President of the Social
Science Research Center
Berlin; Professor of
Sociology, HumboldtUniversity of Berlin
Jennifer L. Hochschild,
Henry LaBarre Jayne
Professor of Government,
and Professor of African
and African American
Studies, Harvard University
Paul Attewell, Professor of
Sociology, Graduate Center,
City University of New York.
Ira Katznelson, Professor
of Political Science and
History, Columbia University, New York; Vice-Chairman of the IWM’s
Academic Advisory Board
Miroslaw Bieniecki, Expert,
Migration and Eastern
Policy Programme, Institute
of Public Affairs, Warsaw
D. Clayton
J. Allmendinger
Gudrun Biffl, Senior
Research Fellow, Austrian
Institute of Economic
Research (WIFO), Vienna
Erwin Buchinger, Austrian
Minister for Social Affairs,
Vienna
Dimitria Clayton, Ministry
for Inter-Generation and
Family Affairs, Women and
Integration in North RhineWestphalia, Düsseldorf
Job Cohen, Mayor of
Amsterdam, former Dutch
Deputy Minister for Justice
I. Katznelson; P. v. Parijs; K. Prewitt
Maria Cuartas, Head of
Cabinet of Mayor Cohen,
Amsterdam
Karl Duffek, Director,
Renner Institute, Vienna
Han Entzinger, Professor of
Migration and Integration
Studies, Faculty of Social
Sciences, Erasmus
University Rotterdam
H. Entzinger; A. Hemerijck
H. Häußermann
Georg Fischer, Head of
Unit, Social Protection,
Pensions and Health; Directorate General for Employment Social Affairs and
Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels
Erich Fröschl, Head of the
Academy for International
Politics, Renner Institute,
Vienna
Hartmut Häußermann
Chair, Department of Urban
and Regional Sociology,
Institute of Social Sciences,
Humboldt-University of
Berlin
K. S. Newman; J. L. Hochschild
Anton Hemerijck, Deputy
Director of the Netherlands
Council for Government
Policy, Amsterdam; and
Senior Lecturer, Leiden
University
Janos M. Kovacs, Permanent Fellow, IWM, Vienna
Robert C. Lieberman,
Professor of Political
Science and Public Affairs,
Columbia University,
New York
Krzysztof Michalski,
Rector, IWM, Vienna
Rainer Münz, Head of
Research, Erste Bank der
oesterreichischen Sparkassen AG, Vienna
Katherine S. Newman,
Professor of Sociology and
Public Affairs, Princeton
University
Ton Nijhuis, Director,
Duitsland Instituut
Amsterdam
Philippe van Parijs,
Professor of Economic,
Social and Political Sciences, Catholic University of
Louvain; Hoover Chair of
Economic and Social Ethics;
Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University
Rinus Penninx, Professor
of Ethnic Studies and
Director of the Institute for
Migration and Ethnic
Studies (IMES), University
of Amsterdam
Ken Prewitt, Carnegie
Professor of Public Affairs,
School of International and
Public Affairs, Columbia
University, New York
Jelle Visser, Professor of
Sociology, University of
Amsterdam
Alan Wolfe, Professor of
Political Science, Boston
College; Director of The
Boisi Center for Religion
and American Public Life,
Boston
No. 95
13
CONFERENCE |
The Cosmopolitan Bargain
Contribution by Alan Wolfe at the Conference “Enlarging Solidarity”
[…] Immigration is now an
issue facing all liberal societies, not just the United
States, and Europeans are
just as uncertain as Americans about how to react to
it. They have welcomed
guest workers to take lowpaying jobs, but they have
also been generally unwilling to grant the benefits of
citizenship to them – or
even to their children and
grandchildren. As much as
the leaders of these societies
protest those who carry out acts of genocide, people whose conditions of life have been difthey are not especially generous in granting ficult in the extreme; no heart-warming
asylum within their countries to genocide’s accounts of their courage in leaving one land
victims. As they have opened themselves up to try and achieve success in another; no sense
to each other through the European Union, that all cultures have something to value; no
they have grown increasingly closed within, appreciation of the underlying universality of
rediscovering their Christian identity in the all people whatever their national differences;
face of Muslim immigration or reasserting the no recognition of the fact that peace among
uniqueness of their individual national cul- cultures is a worthier objective than war
tures. When it comes to time-tested policy between them; and no acknowledgement that
considerations such as how and whether to the society being protected, far from being
regulate the economy, European societies have flawless, could use an injection of new ideas
a history of liberal theory upon which they and entrepreneurial energy. Nowhere do concan rely. But the same is not true when it servatives of this particular inclination – there
comes to dealing with
are other conimmigrants; in this espeservatives who
Xenophobia may offer an
cially contentious arena of
are strong supilliberal way of thinking
public debate, there is not
porters
of
about immigration from the
all that much in the liberimmigration –
al tradition to which they
seem more deright, but multiculturalism
can turn.
serving of the
offers much the same thing
As a result of this libepithet “reacfrom the left.
eral vacuum, a substantial
tionary” than
part of the public debate
when it comes
over immigration has been dominated by to immigration; mobility of people around
illiberal voices. The most insistent of such the globe is a fact of life, and they react to it
voices in both Europe and the United States out of anger and fear.
belong to those politicians who promise to
Xenophobia may offer an illiberal way of
protect the presumed cultural integrity of the thinking about immigration from the right,
homeland against the presumed degeneracy but multiculturalism offers much the same
of the alien. There can be little doubt the bulk thing from the left. To be sure, multiculturof the messages conveyed by right-wing alism has more in common with historically
Republicans in the United States, a Jean Marie liberal values than xenophobia; there is someLePen in France, or a Filip Dewinter in Bel- thing decidedly open-minded about welcomgium are illiberal through and through. One ing people whose beliefs, customs, and attifinds in them no generosity of spirit toward tudes differ, sometimes widely, from the coun-
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No. 95
try they make their adopted home. Multiculturalists are right about one important
thing: the benefits immigrants bring to their
new country are cultural as well as economic. Because they represent so many different faiths, immigrants expand the religious
pluralism that serves as the best protection of
religious liberty. And because they bring with
them a different perspective on such matters as family, friendship, and community,
immigrants frequently rejuvenate the literary,
musical, and artistic sensibilities of the countries to which they move; one way of knowing when immigration has been successful
is when novels written by immigrants on their
children win literary prizes or dominate bestseller lists. Immigration does not guarantee
that a society will be open. But no society can
be considered open unless it welcomes newcomers, frequently and enthusiastically.
Unfortunately, a considerable number of
multicultural theorists, although committed
to openness toward immigrants, are not committed to the openness of immigrants to their
new home. It is axiomatic among many of
them that newcomers, living in an environment hostile to their way of life, need to preserve many of the cultural practices they bring
with them, even if some of those practices –
arranged marriages, gender segregation, religious indoctrination, to name three – can
stand in conflict with liberal principles.
Group survival counts more than individual
rights in the moral accounting of many multiculturalists, and while at least one important
theorist in this tradition, the Canadian political philosopher Will Kymlicka, has tried to
make the case that considerations of group
solidarity are not inherently illiberal, his arguments are not especially persuasive. If John
Stuart Mill’s emphasis on the importance of
determining one’s own life plan means anything, it is that we not only get to choose for
ourselves the best way to live, but that such
choices frequently bring us into conflict with
the ways of life into which we were born.
Because multiculturalists welcome immigrants, it is generally believed that their most
effective critics can be found among conservatives. But given their tendency to privilege
groups over individuals, the most scathing
| CONFERENCE
criticisms of multiculturalism come from life in an open society is bound to be selfthinkers strongly influenced by the liberal tra- defeating and not something that a liberal
dition, especially the British-American polit- society should encourage.
ical philosopher Brian Barry.
A particularly instructive example of cosCan liberals maintain a commitment to mopolitanism’s two-way street came to pubopenness when dealing with the vexing ques- lic attention in 2006 when Great Britain’s fortion of national borders? One way to do so mer foreign minister, Jack Straw, raised conis to recognize that cosmopolitanism is a two- cerns about the bhurka, the full-body coverway street. Immanuel Kant is a helpful guide ing worn by some Muslim women. (As
here. Kant teaches us that the circumstances Home Secretary in 1997, Straw had launched
in which we find ourselves always have to be the Runnymede Trust’s report on Islamophojudged against the circumstances in which, bia). Straw made clear in his remarks that he
but for an arbitrary role of the dice, we might defended the right of any woman to wear less
have found ourselves. From this perspective, intrusive headscarves and that he was conit is inherently unfair that someone who hap- scious of the fact that men ought not to tell
pens to be born in the
women what to
United States is likely
wear. Yet he also felt
One way of knowing
to live longer and betthat something is
when immigration has been
ter than someone born
seriously
wrong
successful is when novels
in Kenya. This does
when, in conversanot mean that the
tion with another
written by immigrants win
United States has to
person, he cannot
literary prizes.
open its borders to
engage in face-toeveryone from Kenya
face interaction.
who wishes to come. But it does mean that Without explicitly using the term, Straw was
a New Yorker should recognize that any saying that a decision to wear the bhurka is
advantages he may have over the Nairobian a decision to close yourself off from everyone
are as much due to an accident of birth as they around you. He was not, like a xenophobe,
are to any notion that he may be a more saying that Muslims do not belong in Great
deserving person. No system of perfect jus- Britain. He was not saying, as many multitice is ever possible, but, from the perspective culturalists do, that Muslims should be
of Kantian cosmopolitanism, the least an allowed to wear whatever traditional garb they
American can do is to welcome a certain believe best expressed their cultural and reliamount of immigration from Africa. Not gious sensibilities. Nor was he asking for the
only will such actions make the world a bit full assimilation of immigrants to British cusmore fair, but the intermingling of one cul- toms. Straw was instead, though a carefully
ture with the other will work to the benefit of chosen example, illustrating what it means to
both.
open to others while expecting a certain openIf cosmopolitanism is something we val- ness in return.
ue in one direction, however, it is also someStraw’s comment nonetheless provoked
thing we must value in the other; once a soci- considerable controversy, and one of the
ety admits new members, those members are points made against him was that, in suggestalso under an obligation to open themselves ing to Muslim women what they should wear,
to their new society. This second phase of the he was interfering with their freedom of relicosmopolitan bargain is what multicultural- gion. There are, in fact, times when liberal
ists are reluctant to endorse but what liber- values will contradict each other; Islam has
als must. Liberalism must be contagious. If historically permitted certain forms of
a willingness to expose oneself to strangers is polygamy, but no liberal society is under an
not met on one side with an equal willingness obligation to extend freedom of religion in
on the other, there will never exist the kind of ways that so conspicuously undermine its
pluralist promise multiculturalism offers. One commitments to gender equality. Fortunatecan understand why, living in a foreign coun- ly, the Straw illustration does not pose such a
try they may perceive as hostile, immigrants sharp dilemma, for, as Straw himself pointed
may opt to close themselves off from others, out, the decision to wear the bhurka is not
and some host countries, especially France, commanded by any text or authority and repmay be too hasty in demanding from immi- resents a cultural choice rather than a religious
grants an acceptance of new ways of life. But duty. So long as other ways are available for
it also the case that attempting to live a closed Muslim women to cover their heads, agree-
ing not to wear the bhurka is a way of signifying one’s membership in a liberal society at
minimal cost to one’s own religious commitments.
Liberals believe that the freedom to live as
one chooses, especially if one grows and
matures in the exercise of that right, ought to
be available to all people wherever they happen to live. But they also know that rights
mean little or nothing unless they are enforced
by nation states which, by their very nature,
allow citizenship only to some of the world’s
people and perforce must deny it to others.
Liberalism is simultaneously suspicious of
national borders in the name of cosmopolitanism and welcoming of them in the name
of rights. For liberals, caught between these
two inclinations, the question is never whether
borders should be completely open or completely closed; a society open to all would have
no rights worth protecting, while a society
closed to all would have no rights worth emulating. If one is looking for an abstract principle to follow on questions of immigration,
liberalism cannot provide it.
But liberals can offer other things. One is
a guideline: a liberal society will allow people
in and make exceptions for conditions under
which they must be kept out rather than
keeping people out and making an occasional exception for when they ought to be
allowed in. Another is a willingness to view
the world as teeming with potential that, however threatening to ways of life taken for granted, forces people to adopt to new challenges
rather than trying to protect themselves
against the foreign and unknown. And the
third is a focus, not on what we can offer
immigrants, but on what they can offer us.
Immigration has overall been good for immigrants, offering them opportunities to enrich
themselves both economically and culturally.
Fortunately, it has also been good by the societies that welcome them, bringing new ideas,
new cultures, new foods, new music, new
forms of worship, new explorations of experience. Immigration may not follow the usual left-right lines that divide liberal societies,
and it also frustrates those looking for clear
and unambiguous rules that can resolve the
tensions immigration brings. But the goal
immigration seeks –openness – is a goal worth
preserving, especially if both the demands it
makes and the promises it offers apply across
the board.
Alan Wolfe
Alan Wolfe is professor at Boston College
No. 95
15
LECTURES |
Monthly Lectures / Monatsvorträge
January 16
Nicolas Baverez
Du ‘declin français’ à la ‘panne
de lÉurope’ – que faire?
L’histoire n’est pas
linéaire mais connaît
de brutales accélérations au rythme des
mutations du capitalisme, de la démocratie et du système
international. La
géopolitique du
chaos et la mondialisation sont ainsi à
l’origine d’une nouvelle donne qui
déstabilise toutes les sociétés et les nations,
mais qui met particulièrement en difficulté
l’Europe, et au sein de l’Europe, une France
qui décroche. Afin de pouvoir agir, il est
indispensable de dresser un constat parallèle
du déclin de la France et de la panne de l’Europe et d’en analyser les causes profondes.
letztlich entzogen ist. Der Vortrag zeigte, wie
die sehr unterschiedlich strukturierten Pragmatismen von Rorty und Dewey, von James,
Peirce und Royce diese Facetten des
Zukunftsbezugs auf sehr differente Weisen
gewichten.
Ludwig Nagl ist Professor für Philosophie
an der Universität Wien.
Der Veranstaltung vorangestellt war eine
Präsentation des Buches Glauben und Wissen. Ein Symposium mit Jürgen Habermas
Herausgegeben von Rudolf Langthaler und
Herta Nagl-Docekal (Oldenbourg-Verlag
2007)
March 20
Rosi Braidotti
Bio-Power and Necro-Politics:
New Ways of Dying
Nicolas Baverez, parallèlement à une
activité d’avocat, poursuit des travaux d’historien et d’économiste.
En cooperation avec
L’ Institut Français de Vienne
February 27
Ludwig Nagl
Pragmatismus
– Philosophie
der Zukunft?
Eine der wesentlichen Pointen des
Pragmatismus besteht in seiner emphatischen Zuwendung zur Zukunft. Diese Zuwendung hat
mindestens drei Dimensionen: eine technisch-instrumentelle, eine, die sich auf praktisch institutionelle Reformen bezieht, und
eine, die dem Umgang mit dem Auf-unsZukommenden gilt, das der Gestaltbarkeit
16
No. 95
In her lecture Rosi Braidotti looked at developments in social and political theories of
‘bio-power’ since Foucault’s ground-breaking work. Braidotti explored the implications
of the politics of ‘Life itself ’, stressing the
many paradoxical ways in which post-postmodern vital politics blurs and redesigns the
boundaries with death and processes of
dying. She expressed a critical, but not fatalist attitude towards biotechnologies and
argued for a “post anthropocentric” and neovitalist conception of understanding life.
In the discussion, she mentioned that it is
fine to mourn for loss, but that we “need a
memory that is in love with the future.”
Rosi Braidotti is Distinguished Professor in
“The Humanities in a Globalised World“ at
the Arts Faculty of Utrecht University.
In cooperation with the
Royal Netherlands Embassy
March 22
Dacia Maraini
The Writer Witness, Reporter or Accuser?
Much has been demanded from writers: to
be a warrior in the name of his people, a realistic painter, depicting in detail her time;
to be a peasant on a small field where he
grows the fruits of collective fantasy; to
become an ascetic prisoner of herself and,
separated from mortal human beings, turn
into an impressive prophet of her time. In
her lecture, Dacia Maraini reflected upon
how a writer feels in the light of such expectations. Maraini referred in particular to
women’s writing and the value of sincere and
honest description. “Details”, she said, “are
the basis of the comprehension of reality.”
Dacia Maraini is author of many novels,
plays, poetry and literary criticism. She was
awarded a number of literary prizes, among
others the Premio Strega for her collection
of short stories “Buio” (1999).
In cooperation with the
Istituto Italiano di Cultura
April 17
Thomas Angerer
Politische Kultur und
Europäische Integration.
Unterschiede zwischen Frankreich und Österreich
Einige Schwierigkeiten, die Frankreich und
Österreich im Europäischen Integrationsprozess miteinander haben, stammen weniger
aus Interessengegensätzen als aus den Unterschieden der politischen Kultur. Angerer verglich Frankreich und Österreich hinsichtlich
| LECTURES
vier solcher Aspekte: der geopolitischen Kultur, der
Integrationskultur,
der Staatskultur
und der Sicherheitskultur. Er
zeigte auf, wie diese Unterschiede zu
einer jeweils anderen Haltung beider Länder zum
europäischen Integrationsprozess führen, und
umgekehrt wie eine andere historische Stellung im Integrationsprozess Rückwirkungen
auf die politische Kultur hat, etwa auf das
Grundverständnis von Europa, von Integration und von nationaler Unabhängigkeit. Mit
kontrastiven Vergleichen nationaler politischer Kulturen, so das Plädoyer des Vortrags,
kann man einige Grundprobleme Europäischer Integrationspolitik in Vergangenheit
und Gegenwart besser verstehen.
se en cause, l’Etat/nation est relativisé par le
renouveau du local et le développement de
la mondialisation. Les religions retrouvent
un poids politique important.
Pourtant certains demandent l’instauration d’un „pacte laïque international“. Dans
ca conférence Jean Baubérot se demandait
quel est l’avenir des religions et de la laïcité
dans des sociétés post-sécularisées et, notamment, s’il est possible d’envisager une laïcité européenne.
Europäische Geschichtsschreibung – zwischen
Nationalstaatlichkeit und
globaler Herausforderung
En cooperation avec
l’ Institut Français de Vienne
Mai 8
Jean Baubérot
Religion et laïcité dans la
société post-secularisee
devant la loi. On peut dire que beaucoup de
pays, en Occident, sans forcément utiliser le
terme de „laïcité“ se sont plus ou moins laïcisés. D’ailleurs John Locke peut être considéré comme le premier théoricien de la laïcité („Lettre sur la tolérance“, 1689) Aujourd’hui, les idéaux de la modernité sont en crise, la distinction privé/public se trouve remi-
Christoph Conrad
Jean Baubérot est directeur d’études de la
chaire „Histoire et sociologie de la laïcité“ à
L’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE),
Section des Sciences religieuses, à Paris.
Thomas Angerer ist Assistenzprofessor für
Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Wien.
La laïcité a impliqué que la religion, „affaire privée“, était séparée du politique, à un
moment de développement historique des
Etats/nations. Cela permettait l’exercice de
la liberté de conscience, de la liberté de religion et de conviction et l’égalité de tous
June 12
Mai 31
Philippe van Parijs
Linguistic and Global Justice
The fast spreading of English as a global lingua franca raises unprecedented problems
of justice between the members of the thousands of linguistic communities that make
up mankind today. Linguistic justice, so
understood, forms a significant dimension
of global justice, whether interpreted as fair
cooperation, as equal opportunity or as equal
dignity. Addressing linguistic injustice headon is also arguably a condition for global justice itself to make ethical and political sense.
Wie soll und kann europäische Geschichte
der Moderne geschrieben werden? Trotz einiger exemplarischer und breit diskutierter
Gesamtdarstellungen aus den letzten Jahren
wird diese Frage zumeist programmatisch,
das heißt als noch zu realisierende Aufgabe
oder ideologiekritisch, das heißt in Abgrenzung gegen eine EU-offizielle Identitätspolitik behandelt. Christoph Conrad dagegen
näherte sich dem Thema von der Seite der
Historiographiegeschichte um zu skizzieren,
welchen Konjunkturen und Determinanten
die Geschichtsschreibung Europas im 20.
Jahrhundert unterlag. Darüber hinaus diskutierte er, wie sich gesamteuropäische historische Forschungen und Darstellungen im
Verhältnis zu gegenläufigen Trends in den
Humanwissenschaften positionieren können. Was wird aus der europäischen Geschichte, wenn sich 1. nationale „Meistererzählungen“ behaupten, 2. einflussreiche
methodische und thematische Orientierungen den Ansätzen zu großflächigen Synthesen eher feindlich gegenüber stehen, 3. die
innovative Forschung sich transnationalen
oder sogar globalen Problemstellungen
zuwendet?
Christoph Conrad ist Professor für
Geschichte an der Universität Genf, von
März bis August 2007 ist er Körber Visiting
Fellow am IWM
Philippe van Parijs is Professor of
Economic, Social and Political Sciences
at the Université Catholique de Louvain and
Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Harvard
University
In cooperation with the Renner Institut
No. 95
17
LECTURE SERIES |
In addition to monthly
lectures held at the
Institute’s library by
fellows, guests and invited
speakers, two lecture
series - “What Is Public,
and What Is Private?”
and “The Decline of the
Occident?” - have been
organized in 2007 to
elaborate on broader
general themes which
are approached from different disciplines and
research perspectives.
Zusätzlich zu regelmäßigen Vorträgen, die einmal im Monat in der
Institutsbibliothek von
Fellows, Gästen und
eingeladenen Vortragenden gehalten werden,
organisiert das IWM in
diesem Jahr zwei Vortragsreihen - „Was ist
öffentlich und was ist
privat?“ und „Der Untergang des Abendlandes?“
- zu thematischen
Schwerpunkten aus der
Perspektive verschiedener
Disziplinen und Forschungsinteressen.
What Is Public, and What Is Private?
Was ist öffentlich und was ist privat?
January 23
January 30
Cornelia Klinger
Kurt Imhof
Übergriffe:
Zum Verhältnis von Privatsphäre
und öffentlichem Raum
Das Intime im Öffentlichen.
Scham und Schamlosigkeit in der
Moderne
In ihrem Einführungsvortrag zur Reihe wies
Cornelia Klinger auf die fehlende Aufmerksamkeit verschiedener gesellschaftstheoretischer
Ansätze für die Einteilung des sozialen Raums
in öffentliche und private Sektoren hin. Ihre
These war, dass die Integrationsleistung, die gerade moderne Gesellschaften dem Individuum
abverlangen, Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten vor-
Der Beitrag ging aus von Trennung der zwei
„Seinsordnungen“ Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit
im perikleischen Athen sowie in der Aufklärungsbewegung. Mit der Aufklärung wurde der Bereich
des Privaten in die bürgerliche Intimsphäre einerseits und die private Verkehrswirtschaft andererseits aufgeteilt; und bereits zuvor, in der frühen
Neuzeit, wurde das Intime mit jenem Schamge-
Cornelia Klinger
aussetzt, die die Individuen nur in ihrer Privatsphäre erwerben können. Zwischen Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit bestehen Unterschiede, die
für das Funktionieren von Gesellschaft notwendig erscheinen. Diese Unterschiede verdecken
allerdings das wechselseitige Abhängigkeitsverhältnis, in dem die beiden Sektoren zu einander
stehen.
Kommentator: Karl Öllinger, Sozialsprecher
und stellvertretender Klubobmann der Grünen
im Nationalrat
Kurt Imhof
fühl besetzt, das es zum peinlichen Geheimnis
macht und dadurch mit mit Spannung auflädt.
Diese Spannung ist Voraussetzung für das, was
Imhof als „spätmoderne Durchdringung des
Öffentlichen mit dem Intimen“ bezeichnet.
„Gerade weil wir gehemmt sind, haben Massenmedien eine Chance, das Intime als Ventil zu nutzen.“ Öffentliche Kommunikation sei mittlerweile intimer geworden als die private, sagte Imhof
– „in Fernsehsendungen werden Dinge diskutiert,
die wir mit unseren besten Freunden nicht besprechen würden.“ Das Intime erreicht den höchsten
Nachrichtenwert und wird zum Geschäft der
Medien.
Kommentator: Wolfgang Zinggl, Kultursprecher der Grünen im Nationalrat
In Kooperation mit der
Grünen Bildungswerkstatt
18
No. 95
Kurt Imhof ist Professor für Soziologie und
Publizistik an der Universität Zürich und Leiter
des Forschungsbereichs Öffentlichkeit und
Gesellschaft
| LECTURE SERIES
The Decline of
the Occident?
Der Untergang
des Abendlandes?
Mai 24
June 5
Charles S. Maier
Beate Roessler
Impossible Cities?
The Search for Public-Private
Reciprocity in 1989
Der Wert des Privaten und die
Kritik der Gesellschaft.
Überlegungen zur Funktion des
Privaten in der spätmodernen
Gesellschaft
What were the implications for the balance
between the private and the public in the
ideas of the Eastern European movements at
the end of the Communist era? The lecture
proposed that these movements were not just
attempts to reassert the validity of the private sphere versus the Party-permeated public
sphere, but to achieve a new, authentic
In der politiktheoretischen und philosophischen Diskussion der letzten 20 Jahre gab es
unterschiedliche Versuche, das Private normativ zu fassen. In diesen Versuchen wird der
„Wert“ des Privaten jeweils verschieden
bestimmt und begründet. Es lässt sich aber
February 13
Harold James
Europe and the Legacy of
the Holy Roman Empire
The lecture considered ways in which
modern Europeans have tried to build a
European identity as opposed to national identities. In particular, it examined
Europe as a „postmodern state“, as an
alternative to market economics, as a
peaceful answer to security dilemmas,
and as a cultural alternative to other ways
of seeing and organizing the world. It
Charles S.
Maier
Beate Roessler
balance of private and public. It was the idea
of “civil society” which became a hope and
a promise then to bridge both spheres; civil
society as a new imagination of community
played a key role at the end of socialism.
However, this ideal could not last: once the
old regimes disappeared, conventional forms
of political participation reemerged. “If civil
society still plays a useful role, it is increasingly on the international level where we
see the limits of nation-states in international action,” Maier maintained.
Charles S. Maier is Leverett Saltonstall Professor of European History at Harvard University.
auch, neben diesen theoretischen Bemühungen, eine eher diagnostisch orientierte Analyse darüber erstellen, wie sich das, was gesellschaftlich als privat begriffen wird, in den letzten Jahren geändert und verschoben hat:
Unter dem Einfluss neuer Technologien ebenso wie mit den rechtsstaatlichen Entwicklungen nach 9/11 scheint der Wert des Privaten
eine zunehmend geringere Rolle zu spielen.
Der Vortrag zeichnete sowohl die theoretischen wie die gesellschaftlich-diagnostischen
Linien nach und ging der Frage nach, wie sich
- und ob überhaupt - eine normative Konzeption des Privaten übertragen und übersetzen
lässt in eine Kritik an gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen, in denen das Private offenbar
zunehmend weniger relevant wird.
Beate Roessler ist Professorin für
Philosophie an der Universität Amsterdam;
Socrates Professorin.
Harold James
concluded with an examination of the
links and tensions between European
identities and religious conceptions of
world politics.
Harold James is professor of History at
Princeton University. He is an expert on
economic and financial history, with a
focus on German history during and
between the two world wars.
In Zusammenarbeit mit dem
No. 95
19
SEMINARS AND PROJECTS |
DIOSCURI Final Conference
There is still much talk about Eastern-Enlargement – but what about the other side of
the coin, the Western enlargement of Eastern
European societies? Since 2004 the IWM and
its partners have been investigating ways of
Program:
20 April 2007
Opening remarks by Viola Zentai
and Janos Matyas Kovacs
Keynote speech: David Stark,
Department of Sociology,
Columbia University
Politicized business ties: Party
affiliations and corporate networks in Hungary
21 April 2007
Research Field 1:
Entrepreneurship
J. M. Kovács; D. Stark
cohabitation between the twin economic cultures of the „East“ and the „West“. The project whose name DIOSCURI invokes the
mythological twin figures of Castor and Pollux, has explored the development of entrepreneurship, governance and economic knowledge in four East-Central European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
and Slovenia) and in four countries of SouthEastern Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania
and Serbia). At a final conference on April
20 – 22 the researchers of the project presented their findings at the IWM.
Viola Zentai: The rise of a
banking empire in Central and
Eastern Europe. The Raiffeisen
Bank International
22 April 2007
Research Field 3:
Economic Knowledge
Ulrich Brinkmann:
Intrapreneurship: promises,
ambiguities and limitations.
The case of East-Germany
Roumen Avramov: Think tanks
in the world of applied economics. A comparative view across
Eastern Europe
Research Field 2: Governance
Drago Cengic: Raiffeisen Bank
in Croatia: are there limits to
growth?
Ildiko Erdei & Kamil Mares:
From local to international and
vice versa. Comparing five case
studies of privatization in food
and beverage industry
Petya Kabakchieva & Katalin
Kovacs: Transmitting Western
norms to the East:
The Sapard program as a tool for
adjustment or as a hybrid
Irena Kasparova:
Zivnostenska Bank in the Czech
Republic: reason, charisma and
the legacy of the past
Mladen Lazic: Becoming
European – hard lessons from
Serbia. The Topola Rural
Development program
Mikolaj Lewicki:
“Lost in transformation”. Cultural
encounters in multinational
corporations investing in Central
and Eastern Europe
Slobodan Naumovic: Muddles
in the model: Who gained what,
how and from whom in an
agricultural twinning project?
Davor Topolcic: Successful rural
entrepreneurs in the transition
to capitalism: Hungary, Croatia
and Bulgaria
From May 12-14, 2007, fifty-two members of the
QUING research team gathered in Vienna for the
second workshop within the research project
QUING – Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies
– to evaluate the work done so far by all team
members and to plan the steps ahead. The main
objective of this workshop was to discuss current
theoretical and methodological issues, such concepts seeking to address various forms of inequalities (intersectionality). A second focus was to
familiarize researchers with the methodology that
will be used for the five activities of QUING and
to discuss how to develop it further in order to
accommodate the ambitious goals of the project.
No. 95
Ines Hofbauer: From ‘AustroKeynesianism’ to ‘Austro-Neoliberalism’. Austria’s adaptation
to European economic cultures
Tamas Dombos & Alice
Navratilova: The European Parliament from a Central European
perspective: MEPs narratives
QUING-Workshop
20
Vesna Vucinic: Intercultural
experiences of Hauzmajstor:
A case study of repatriate
entrepreneurship in Serbia
Florian Nitu:
SAPARD in Romania
Matevz Tomsic: Slovenian
members of the European Parliament: between the national and
the European political space
Vojmir Franicevic:
New institutionalism in Croatia:
An essay on its reception
Jacek Kochanowicz: A bumpy
road to the West: Reforming
economic education in Eastern
Europe
Janos Matyas Kovács:
Beyond the basic instinct?
On the reception of new
institutional economics in
Eastern Europe
Balazs Varadi: Marx Károly
learns Microeconomics
Media
Zsuzsa Vidra:
The press representation of
multinational companies in
Eastern Europe - a comparative
study.
The object of collective desire?
The images of the EU in Eastern
Europe during the pre-accession
period
| SEMINARS AND PROJECTS
At the end of each term,
the Junior Visiting Fellows
present the results of
their work.
The conference on June 13
was entitled „Time, Memory,
and Cultural Change“
Junior Visiting Fellows Conference
Program
Session I
Andreas Gémes: American Intelligence
Organizations in Post-War Austria
Viktoria Sereda: Politics of Memory
and Urban Landscape: the Case of Lviv
after World War II
The final difference between Kafka and Nietzsche shown by Shai Biderman
Session II
Sean Dempsey: The Genesis of
Responsibility: Aesthetic Education and
the Neighbor
Vern Walker: Precarious Poverty
and Other Words Without Delicacies:
Building a Lexicon for a Poetics of
Pacifism
Thomas Carroll: Wittgenstein and
Method in the Study of Religion
The party´s motto: Being a pirate
Session III
Shai Biderman: The Metaphysics of Self:
K and the Overman
David Nichols: Antigone’s Autochthonous Voice: Echoes in Sophocles,
Hölderlin, and Heidegger“
Session IV
Christina Kleiser: Avishai Margalit’s
Idea of an ‘Ethics of Memory’ and its
Relevance for a Multicultural Europe
Svetla Kazalarska: Contemporary Art
as ars memoriae: Curatorial Strategies
for Challenging the Post-Communist
Condition
Roundtable Discussion and Party
Eurozine
Editorial Board Meeting, Vienna, 9-11 March 2007
The spring meeting of the Editorial Board of
Eurozine was hosted by IWM whose journal
Transit – Europäische Revue is a founding
member of this network of European cultural journals, currently linking up 70 partner
journals and many associated magazines and
institutions from nearly all European countries. Eurozine (www.eurozine.com) is also
a netmagazine which publishes outstanding
articles from its partner journals with additional translations into the major European
languages. A selection of articles feeds into
thematical debates like “Changing Europe:
Fifty Years of European Integration”; “Postsecular Europe”; and “European Histories:
Towards a Grand Narrative?”
The agenda of the meeting included discussion on new partners and associates, further cooperations, fundraising and prospective focal points, as well as on the next annual
conference. After Istanbul (2005) and London (2006) the 20th meeting of European
cultural journals will take place in September
2007 in Sibiu, Romania.
No. 95
21
IHS BOSTON |
EU Member States in Focus
During the spring of 2007, the
Institute for Human Sciences at
Boston University organized seven
events – a photo-documentary on
the Roma of Slovakia by Milena
Jesenská fellow Julie Denesha,
a lecture on global healthcare
challenges by Dr. Stefan Winter,
Professor of Medicine and Secretary of State for Labor, Health, and
Social Affairs in the government
of North Rhine-Westphalia, poetry
readings by Adam Zagajewski
and Hans Magnus Enzensberger,
two panel discussions on the
European Union at 50 featuring
members of the local diplomatic
corps, and a Europe Day lecture by
Germany’s former foreign minister
Joschka Fischer.
Julie Denesha’s February 13 presentation,
“The Outcasts of Europe: Life Among the
Roma of Slovakia,” provided a window into
the lives of Roma people, whose plight
Denesha revealed with journalistic acumen
and caring sensitivity. As the European
Union expands eastward, the haunting
images of Europe’s forgotten citizens present
a dilemma to a polity that requires candidate
countries to demonstrate institutions guaranteeing human rights and respect for and
protection of minorities.
Stefan Winter’s March 6 lecture on “Global
Health Care Challenges in the 21st Century,” moderated by Professor Mark Allan, Faculty Director of Boston University’s Health
Sector Management program, focused on
the changes in health care practice and management in the United States and Europe
and raised such questions as: What is the
price we are willing to bear, as a society, to
maintain social cohesion? Winter, whose
research interests include applied health pol-
22
No. 95
H. M. Enzensberger; I. Gross
icy, prevention and health promotion, international biomedical ethics, and global development of new technologies in health care,
stressed the role of prevention in mitigating
the economic challenges.
As part of its popular “Poetry and Politics”
series, the Institute hosted renowned poets
Adam Zagajewski and Hans Magnus
Enzensberger. Zagajewski spoke on March
19, Enzensberger on April 17; both discussions were led by Institute director Irena
Grudzinska Gross.
On March 28, in commemoration of the
50th anniversary of the Treaties of Rome, the
Institute organized a panel discussion entitled
“The European Union: United in Diversity” featuring the local consuls of England, Ireland, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy
and Greece. A follow-up discussion on “East
Central Europe and the European Union” featuring the honorary consuls of the Czech
Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia was
held on April 26. Alan Berger, Senior Editorial Page Editor at the Boston Globe, moderated both discussions. Finally, on Europe Day,
May 9, Joschka Fischer delivered the Max
Kade Lecture at Boston University on “Germany and the Future of Europe.”
Looking at the ordinary
The March 28 and April 26 panel discussions took place as part of a larger project of
the Boston Institute entitled “Getting to
Know the European Union: Member States
in Focus.” The goal of the project, which is
generously supported by the European Commission Delegation in Washington DC, is
to generate knowledge of everyday life in the
member states of the European Union, to
analyze the various ways European Union
membership has influenced life in those
countries and to raise local awareness in the
US of the European Union’s growing economic and political importance, in particular as partner to the United States. The panel discussions will be followed, during the
fall, by a series of public debates with the
Ambassadors of France, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, Bulgaria and Romania. The
debates will center on the question: “What
does it mean, in practice, to be a member of
the European Union?” While many of the
Institute’s previous activities, including lectures by European Commissioners, have
addressed this question from the vantage
point of Brussels, these debates, in an effort
to engage ordinary citizens and to highlight
| IHS BOSTON
local economic, social, and cultural connections to Europe, bring individual member
state perspectives into focus.
In addition to the public forums, the
project will involve the creation of a new
website (www.euforyou.org), featuring an
audio archive of IHS events, interviews, podcasts, and stories from Europe. During the
first year, stories will be selected according
to the following themes: borders, forgotten
citizens, and solidarity. The website will also
have an interactive component, including
a blog and a virtual forum, in order to facilitate ongoing discussion of the EU on the
part of the public, both in the United States
and in Europe.
The new European story
In a column written immediately following the January 1 accession of Romania and
Bulgaria into the European Union, IHS
Board member Timothy Garton Ash
described the European Union as “27 states
in search of a story.” In subsequent columns,
he has pursued the issue, suggesting Europe
can construct a political narrative in terms
of shared goals of freedom, peace, and pros-
perity. According to Garton Ash, the EU at
50 is in a state of malaise, and the remedy
he proposes is a new narrative, even though
it cannot be a single one. He understands
the new European story will be characterized by local and particular elements, by
diversity, and he appreciates what the Slovene
poet Ales Debeljak has referred to as Europe’s
“multicultural competence.” The new narrative will have common threads and common values.
Deeper meanings of citizenship
Our goal in the program “Getting to
Know the European Union” is to look at the
changes in the every day lives of European
citizens. In this way, we hope to engage the
public in a serious debate on the European
Union that goes beyond its political and
structural aspects and considers instead the
deeper meanings of “citizenship” in a community, nation, and beyond. The emphasis
on the local, the particular, is a deliberate
attempt to find one of the meanings, not to
impose it from above. That meaning could
not be found in the repetition of the old narrative from the pre-European Union past,
but by allowing citizens to tell their new story, the story of living in and constructing a
new European reality. The individual stories
will also allow Americans to understand,
anecdotally, the European Union and the
principles that underlie it. For all its shortcomings, the European Union presents
Americans with an alternative model of citizenship – albeit still in formation – that is
both local and regional. We hope that in the
encounter with Europe, Americans will gain
additional tools with which to evaluate their
own place in the world. Although focused
on Europe, the project envisions the emergence of a global non-confrontational culture with a revitalized transatlantic partnership at its core. Americans are connected
to Europe in myriad ways – culturally, economically, and historically – and Americans
value these connections. Yet, while there have
been some signs of convergence recently,
public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic
remains deeply divided. Facing the promises and threats of the future will require deeper understanding on both sides.
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FELLOWS & GUESTS |
Visiting Fellows
Gudrun Ankele
Doktorandin in
Germanistik und
Kunstgeschichte,
Universität Graz;
Akademie der
Bildenden Künste, Wien, ÖAW
DOC-Team-Stipendiatin
stra as the self which overcomes the absurdity and affirms
life. In both cases, however,
the discussion of selfhood and
identity is that of an ongoing
metamorphosis, which corresponds to questionably-rooted metaphysical dispositions,
or their lack of.
Junior Visiting Fellow
(September 2006 - June 2007)
Manifeste und Feminismen. Politische Potenziale
einer Text-Geste
Meine Arbeit beschäftigt sich
mit Manifesten, in denen
Geschlechterkonzepte angegriffen und neu entworfen
werden. Feministische Manifeste markieren politische
Prozesse der Subjektivierung.
Wie kann die Text-Geste
„Manifest“ für diese Prozesse
produktiv werden? Die Dissertation ist Teil eines von
der ÖAW geförderten DocTeam Projektes, das nach
feministischen Praktiken und
deren Wirksamkeit fragt.
Shai Biderman
Ph.D. candidate in
Philosophy,
Boston University
Junior Visiting
Fellow
(February - June 2007)
Nietzsche and Kafka on
Self, Language and Art
Friedrich Nietzsche and Franz
Kafka are both commonly
identified with the philosophical current of Existentialism, which deals with questions of personal identity. Kafka presents the protagonist K
as an archetypal model of the
incomprehensible self;
Nietzsche, on the other hand,
creates the image of Zarathu-
24
No. 94
Fall 2006
Anselm Böhmer
Lehrbeauftragter
der Pädagogischen Hochschule
Freiburg
Guest (February
2007)
Asubjektivität bei
Jan Patočka
Jan Patočka’s concept of
asubjectivity deals with the
problem of appearance as itself. He emphasizes a “field of
appearance” which opens an
area of phenomenality before
subjectivity as well as objectivity can occur. The project
asks for asubjective perspectives of polyvalent connections between ego and responsive forms of ethics and
alternative relationships of
politics and history.
Stefanie Bolzen
Editor of
Die WELT, Berlin
Milena Jesenská
Fellow (March May 2007)
The Generation
Transit: Youth in Central
and South Eastern Europe
in a reuniting Continent
The last three years have
witnessed a significant
expansion of the European
Union to 10 new countries
of Central and Eastern Europe. This has led to much
media comment about a
„Generation €“ of young
ambitious Europeans from
„the East“ eager to conquer
the „old Europe“. The research focuses on three countries - Slovakia, Romania and
Kosovo - at different stages
of European integration in
order to explore the European identity of a generation
that is set to mould the future shape of the EU.
Thomas Carroll
Ph.D. candidate in
Religion, Boston
University
Junior Visiting
Fellow (January –
June 2007)
Isolation, Trust and Identity: Themes in Reading
Wittgenstein on Religion
At IWM I am studying
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks on religion. To better
appreciate Wittgenstein’s religious context, I am researching the history of Viennese
Jewish culture and the social
conditions under which
some families converted to
Catholicism. A second part
of my research concerns the
concept of social trust, a precondition for linguistic communication in Wittgenstein’s
philosophy.
Christoph
Conrad
Professor of
Contemporary
History, University
of Geneva
Körber Visiting Fellow
(March – August 2007)
A Trans-National Focus
on national historiographies: Europe in the
20th century
Historians transform the past
into a mostly national
history. How can these
various historiographies be
compared and related? I am
attempting to define some
perspectives for such a transnational study: the functions
of historians in the service of
the state and civil society
constitute one such axis, the
spread of schools or “paradigms” is another. Finally, I
will consider the tensions
between methodological
nationalism and Europeanization empirically.
Sean Dempsey
Ph.D. candidate in
Religion, Boston
University
Junior Visiting
Fellow
(January - June 2007)
„A Neighbor Within
the House“: The State
of Emergency and the
Emergence of Political
Consciousness
Building upon recent articulations of the “neighbor” as a
political category that shifts
the political topography away
from an inside / outside dynamic of friends and enemies,
this project investigates how
modern political consciousn-
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
ess emerged out of the logic
of the sovereign exception,
and how a more neighborly
political world may require
the reformulation of traditional concepts about tolerance,
secularization, and belief.
Julie Denesha
Photojournalist
Milena Jesenská
Visiting Fellow
(June – August
2007)
Outcasts: The Roma of
Slovakia
Of Slovakia’s half million
Roma, one quarter live in
ghettoes lacking safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In the summer of 2003,
I spent four months living
with families in four different
Roma communities both
urban and rural, documenting daily life in the isolated
settlements of Slovakia. I
intend to return to continue
my documentation with an
interest in some of the changes since Slovakia joined the
European Union.
James Dodd
Assistant Professor of Philosophy,
New School for
Social Research /
Eugene Lang
College, New York
Guest (May 2007)
Towards a Phenomenology
of War
While at the IWM I will be
researching the historical and
theoretical contributions of
phenomenological philosophy to an understanding of
war. The focus of the project
will be part historical, tracing
the influence of the experience of war in the 20th century
on the phenomenological
movement, and part theoretical, evaluating the potential
contributions of phenomenology towards formulating a
viable philosophical perspective on the problems of violence.
Andreas Gémes
Doktorand in Geschichte,
Universität Graz, ÖAW DOCStipendiat
(March – August 2007)
Entlang des Eisernen
Vorhanges.
My dissertation
project deals
with the evolution of the relation
between the two
neighboring
states Austria
and Hungary from 1955 to
1958 and focuses on the
Hungarian revolution of
1956. The intention of my
project is to thoroughly analyze Austria’s role before,
during and after the Hungarian revolution on the basis
of Austrian and Hungarian
primary sources. Special
attention is given to border
issues and the role of secret
services.
Saskia Haag
Doktorandin in
Germanistik,
Universität Wien,
ÖAW DOCStipendiatin
(September 2006 – March 2007)
The Poetics of Private
Space. Investigating a
Narrative Paradigm of
Nineteenth Century’s
German Literature.
From around 1800 on the
disintegration of the classical
episteme can be typically traced in literary notions of the
house, the home and the private. Most prominently, the
writings of Adalbert Stifter
(1805-1868) deal with the
aporetic status of private space in early modernity. By
focusing on Stifter’s novels,
my project investigates in
what way the poetics of private space are not only related to but also effective in
nineteenth century’s literary
discourse.
Martin Hala
Freelance journalist, Prague
Milena Jesenská
Fellow (March –
June 2007)
Modernity and its
Discontents. CounterEnlightenment in
Europe’s Intellectual
History
se influenced later critics of
the Enlightenment tradition,
like Immanuel Wallerstein or
Michel Foucault. The aim is
to achieve better understanding of intellectual processes
that shaped the identity of
modern, secular and democratic Europe, now seemingly
again confronted with some
of the previously disputed
issues, such as the role of religion(s) and limits to free
expression.
Tiiu Hallap
Lecturer in
Philosophy of
Science, Tartu
University
Paul Celan Fellow
(January – June 2007)
David Hume: Treatise of
Human Nature
(English > Estonian)
During my stay at the IWM
I will work on the Estonian
translation of David Hume’s
(1711-1776) Treatise of
human nature. Hume’s Treatise is one of the great works
in the history of philosophy
which influenced, among
others, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham
and Charles Darwin.
Contemporary thinkers
recognize Hume as one of
the most thoroughgoing
exponents of philosophical
naturalism.
My project is to explore the
negative conceptual reactions
contemporaneous with the
onset of European Enlightenment and Modernity as
described by Isaiah Berlin
and others, and to see how
this counter-current discourNo. 94
Fall 2006
25
FELLOWS & GUESTS |
Daniela
Kalkandjieva
Scientific Secretary, Center for
Interreligious Dialogue and Conflict
Prevention, St. Kliment
Ohridsky University of Sofia
Andrew W. Mellon Visiting Fellow (January – March 2007)
The Impact of Orthodoxy
on the Euro-Integration
Process
The project analyzes the
impact of Orthodox Christianity on the Eurointegration. It is aimed at identifying
the ways in which Orthodoxy
could enhance or block this
process. Its first part analyzes
the structure and specific features of the Orthodox
Church that makes her an
important factor in international affairs, while the second
part is focused on her teaching and practice and discusses
the compatibility of Orthodoxy with European values.
Kristina Kallert
Freelance translator and lecturer
in Czech language, University of
Regensburg
Paul Celan Fellow (February –
May 2007)
dokumentiert jedoch auch
den „westlichen“ Versuch
einer symbiotischen Alternative. Nicht zuletzt darüber will
die erste vollständige Übersetzung das Gespräch anregen.
Svetla Kazalarska
Teaching Assistant of Cultural
Anthropology and
Cultural Heritage,
St. Kliment Ohridsky University of
Sofia
Körber Junior Visiting Fellow
Contemporary Art as ars
memoriae.
Curatorial Strategies for
Challenging the “Postcommunist Condition”
The project looks at thematic
group exhibitions of contemporary visual art from Central and Eastern Europe, set
up both in the East and the
West after 1989, as a possible
medium carrying the memories of the communist past.
I am interested in the specific
curatorial strategies and artistic practices for re-inventing
the past and negotiating
post-communist identities,
mapping the new geographies of art and re-positioning the “former East”.
Jirí Langer: Devet bran
(Czech > German)
Jirí Langer (Prag 1894, Tel
Aviv 1943) steht an der
Schnittstelle zwischen lateinischer und jüdisch-orientalischer Tradition. Die neun
Tore gehen zurück auf seine
Studienjahre bei den Chassiden in Belz (1913-1918), die
durch ihre Berührung mit der
italienischen Renaissance
(Luzzatto) eine Sondergemeinde bildeten. Das Werk
versammelt religionsgeschichtlich einzigartige Zeugnisse,
26
No. 94
Fall 2006
Christina Kleiser
Ph.D. candidate in
history, University
of Vienna
Junior Visiting
Fello (January –
June 2007)
Constitutive Conditions of
a Culture of Memory in
the European Context
My project aims at initiating
a critical discussion about
the relevance of memory
work that is motivated by
the historical experiences in
the 20th century as a century of wars, genocides, mass
extermination, and expulsions. For this purpose I
focus on two main dimensions of the concept of
memory work: the ethical
and the political, by examining their significance in the
philosophical and literary
works of Avishai Margalit,
Paul Ricœur and Jorge
Semprún.
Sandra Lehmann
Habilitandin (Philosophie),
Franz Rosenzweig Minerva
Research Center Jerusalem,
ÖAW APART-Stipendiatin
Visiting Fellow
(August – January 2007)
Grundlagen einer Ontologie aus dem Glauben
Ich versuche in
meinem Projekt
zu zeigen, dass
die Ebene der
menschlichen
Welterschließung
vorprädikativ
liegt. Der Umgang mit dem,
was in der Welt begegnet, ist
also primär ein solcher
unmittelbarer Seinsgewissheit, die noch vor sachlichem Verstehen oder begrifflichem Wissen liegt. Die
Strukturen dieser Seinsgewissheit oder dieses Seinsglaubens, insbesondere seines
Verhältnisses zum Zeitlichkeitscharakter der weltlichen
Erfahrung, gilt es auszulegen.
Die Bezugspunkte dafür sind
eine existentiell ansetzende
Philosophie (später Schelling,
Kierkegaard, Rosenzweig)
sowie die Phänomenologien
Husserls und Heideggers.
David Nichols
Ph.D. candidate in
Religious and
Theological
Studies, Boston
University
Antigone’s Autochthonous Voice: Echoes in
Sophocles, Hölderlin, and
Heidegger
Martin Heidegger’s 1942 lecture course, Hölderlins
Hymne »Der Ister«, facilitated
a confrontation with Greek
tragedy by way of Friedrich
Hölderlin. Heidegger draws
upon Sophocles’ theme of
autochthony in order to
„ground“ western philosophy
in the Greeks. He also roots
human identity in poetry as a
primordial experience of language. I challenge whether
Heidegger’s encounter with
Greek tragedy, centered upon
the poet, provides an adequate alternative to the dislocation of modern subjectivity.
Astrid Peterle
Doktorandin in
Geschichte,
Universität Wien,
ÖAW DOC-TeamStipendiatin
(September 2006 - February 2007)
Subversiv? Körperinszenierungen von
Künstlerinnen im 20. und
21. Jahrhundert.
My dissertation project is part
of a DOC-Team sponsored
by the Austrian Academy of
Sciences (DOC-Team: „Viel
versucht, nichts erreicht? Körper und Sprache als Medium
der Subversion. Eine Genealogie feministischer Interventionen im 20. Jahrhundert.“).
I analyze the stagings of bodies by three artists: the French
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
multidisciplinary artist Claude
Cahun (1894 – 1954), the
New York-based performanceartist Karen Finley (*1956),
and the Danish/Brussels-based
choreographer and dancer
Mette Ingvartsen (*1980).
Martin Reisigl
Habilitand in
Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien, ÖAW
APART-Stipendiat
Visiting Fellow
(January - June 2007)
Diskurs, Diskurstheorie
und Diskursanalyse.
Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme und Weiterentwicklung
The first principal aim of my
project is to elaborate a historically, (meta)theoretically
and methodologically reflected synopsis of selected discourse theoretical and discourse analytical approaches
in linguistics, sociology, philosophy, history, political science, psychology and literary
studies. The second goal is
the integrative further development of the linguistically
grounded Viennese approach
of Critical Discourse Analysis
on the basis of the evaluation.
Dirk Rupnow
Habilitand, Institut
für Zeitgeschichte,
Universität Wien,
ÖAW APARTStipendiat
Visiting Fellow
(April – September 2007)
„Judenforschung“ im
„Dritten Reich“: Wissenschaft – Propaganda –
Ideologie – Politik
Antisemitic research on Jewish history and culture
(“Judenforschung”) established itself in the Nazi state
as a transdisciplinary but distinct scholarly field. This
project will examine antiJewish scholarship in the
Third Reich, its institutions
and actors, as well as its
goals, themes, and methods
in a concentrated and
exhaustive manner. It will
also analyze its function and
practices within the coordinates of scholarship, propaganda, ideology and politics,
and consider both, the beginning of “Judenforschung” as
well as its repercussions and
reception after 1945.
Alexandra Starr
NPR correspondent, contributor
to Slate
Milena Jesenská
Visiting Fellow
(April – July 2007)
Reconfiguring European
Identity: Immigration
in Austria, Ireland,
and Spain
During my stay at the IWM,
I will be studying the impact
of immigration in Austria,
Ireland, and Spain. These
three countries have adopted
quite different federal
responses to the migration of
foreigners into their borders,
and I will compare and contrast the various policies.
In addition to analyzing
these federal prescriptions,
I will also provide an on-theground look at the impact
immigration is having on
communities, and how it is
affecting countries’ historical
identities.
Meline Toumani
Freelance journalist, (contributor to The New
York Times, The
Nation,
Salon.com, n+1 and others)
Milena Jesenská Visiting Fellow (February – March 2007)
Reform and Backlash in
Turkey, and the Role of
the European Union
During my stay at the
IWM, I’m studying Turkey’s
membership negotiations
with the European Union,
and how the EU’s demands
for changes to Turkish laws
on minority rights and freedom of expression have contributed to a cycle of reform
and backlash in Turkey, as
groups with starkly different
ideologies struggle to define
the country’s future. My
research here is part of a larger project, a book that will be
published by Random House,
about Turkey and Armenia.
Vern Walker
Ph.D. candidate
in Comparative
Literature, Binghamton University, New York
Fulbright Visiting Fellow
(October 2006 – June 2007)
Poetics of Pacifism:
A Literary Development
Toward the Necessary
Problem of Pacifist
Thought – Wittgenstein,
Bachmann, Blanchot
Outside the rhetoric of political and religious justifications of historical and present day pacifist movements,
this project seeks to develop
the concept of pacifism
through the study of language and literature. Its
intention is to construct the
problem inherent in the
thought of pacifism as it is
akin to the uses and limits of
language. More specifically, it
focuses on the literary works
of Ingeborg Bachmann who
wrote of post World War II
Austria, as well as how her
thought was influenced by
the philosophical writings on
Wittgenstein, Simone Weil,
and related to that of Maurice Blanchot.
Andrzej
Waskiewicz
Associate Professor of Political
Philosophy, University of Warsaw
Andrew W. Mellon Visiting
Fellow (April - June 2007)
Living Aside.
A Study in the History of
A-Social Philosophy
The project pursued at the
IWM is part of the whole
book which develops the
Simmelian concept of
strangeness. The strangers
presented in the subsequent
chapters live ‘aside’, that is
neither inside the community, nor apart from other people. They have steady, established relationships with
community members and get
along with them on friendly
terms, without being strongly bound to them or by
them. Physically, they live
close to other people, their
neighbors, but spiritually
they are rather far away from
them. Strangeness of this
kind, represented also by a
Stoic Philosopher, a Christian Pilgrim, a Man of
Nature, and a Natural Scientist, is shown in the book as a
specific social condition.
No. 94
Fall 2006
27
FROM THE FELLOWS |
A Certain “also hier” Experience
Estonian impressions from Vienna. By Tiiu Hallap
When you travel to a new country or city, your
perception of the place will depend on many
things. Some of them have nothing to do with
the place itself. For instance, your impressions will depend not only on who you yourself
are and what your current situation is, but also
on how much you have travelled elsewhere and
on what you know. With this trivial but necessary introductory remark I will describe some
features of my experience in Vienna.
Chronologically, the almost ubiquitous
presence of the Balkans was one of my first
impressions. My previous notion of Vienna contained the usual ingredients: the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the opera, Strauss,
psychoanalysis, “the Viennese Circle” etc. It
also included an almost self-evident idea that
people speak German in this city. So it was
a surprise to notice that in some districts,
instead of German, some Southern Slavonic
language – Serbian or Slovenian – prevails.
At the visual level, on the contrary, the streets look more homogenous than I expected,
except for those many women with long
robes and headscarfs which seem to be worn
on every occasion, even when jogging.
Balkan and Bones
The Balkans are also there on a more intellectual level. In a bookshop I happened to
skim through a collection of reflections by
Serbian architect and writer Bogdan Bog-
28
No. 95
danovic entitled “Die grüne Schachtel” which
immediately seemed interesting. Several
newspapers discussed the latest book by
Bosnian writer and philosopher Dzevad
Karahasan “Berichte aus der dunklen Welt”.
Then, there have been seminars at the IWM
devoted to topics concerning South-Eastern Europe, and some fellows and guests of
the institute come from this region as well.
Alongside the presence of the Balkans,
there is the presence of all kinds of great
names. There is an old Jesuit joke. Someone
claims to have found the bones of Jesus. High
priests gather around the alleged grave to
watch the excavations. One of the Jesuits,
secretly, whispers to another: “Also hat er doch
gelebt!” A similar thought often occurred to
me during my first weeks in Vienna – when
walking around, looking at the monuments
and memorial plates, and, especially, when
studying the city map to find a walking route
and noticing an abundance of streets carrying all kinds of famous names. So they all did
indeed exist ... “Also hier haben sie gelebt!”
This feeling is of course a bit irrational. When
I started to reflect on which of the celebrities “cartographically” present in Vienna have
an actual connection to the place, it became
evident that many of them may have none.
I am not sure whether Dürer, Rembrandt,
Goethe or Spinoza have ever set foot in Vienna. Some others, however, undoubtedly have.
In retrospect, this initial feeling and a quite
literal interpretation of the names on the map
seem to me comical but nevertheless the “also
hier!”-experience retains some of its charm.
You may almost forget the sea
Then there is the Danube. The Danube is
important. For someone who has grown up
by the sea getting used to the inland is difficult. The sea gives you a feeling of breadth
and freedom. It has specific sounds and smells
which are hard, if not impossible, to imitate
elsewhere. But still! On the banks of the
Danube – especially when you ride a bicycle
along Donauinsel – you may almost forget
that you are far from the sea. This river, too,
is capable of arousing those feelings of breadth
and freedom; the fresh wind, the thought of
its two-thousand-kilometre-length and of the
Black Sea into which the river finally flows …
And of course, the Danube is large in another sense. On a Sunday ride, I stopped for a
while on the Steinspernbrücke, near the rowing centre, to watch a boat. There was a man
sitting in the boat, motionlessly, waiting for
something, or thinking a thought. I waited
with him, and a comparison came to mind.
In Tartu, where I live, there is also a river running through the town. It is one of the biggest
in Estonia, and it has a rowing centre on one
of its banks as well. So in Tartu I also sometimes stand on a bridge and watch a boat. But
| FROM THE FELLOWS
the proportions of the river and the boat are
entirely different. From the Steinspernbrücke,
this boat in the middle of the Danube looked
really tiny, even frighteningly small. It was
only at this moment of comparison that I
became completely aware of the grandeur of
the river.
Finally philosophy
Finally, there is the presence of philosophy. In
general, I think I encounter philosophy more
often in the media than I am used to. In a
weekly newspaper supplement you may find
the reflections of a cultural philosopher, an
educational debate contains an overview of a
philosopher’s latest theory, and a review of
new fiction informs you that an author has
a degree in philosophy. Here again, questions
arise. Can this perception be reduced to the
mere fact that in the Estonian culture the
philosophical tradition is quite young and,
accordingly, the impact of philosophers on
society is insignificant? Is the apparent presence of philosophy in general discourse char-
acteristic of the Austrian cultural tradition?
Naturally, one also comes to ask whether, in
the end, this is not all just an illusion.
On the day of the marathon, when I was
watching the first echelon of runners cross
the Friedensbrücke, an elderly Viennese lady
engaged me in conversation. It turned out
that she had also studied physics, as I had
myself. The name of David Hume on whose
“Treatise of Human Nature” I have been
working at the IWM was familiar to her as
well. Forty years ago, when she had attended university, philosophy had been an
inevitable part of a physicist’s education. The
way she said this made me think it is probably not so anymore.
How do I perceive the general atmosphere
of Vienna, the style of this city? I would sum
it up by saying that Vienna seems a good
place for peaceful existence. It may not be a
city stormed by young people in pursuit of
intensity or success. There is a lack of aspiration in the air. People do not aspire to be anywhere because they are already there. They
diepresse.com
Für die, die selbst entscheiden.
have achieved the goal. They already live, and
indulge in pleasures – in some quiet, moderate, Aristotelian way. And indeed: the harmonious architectural environment, the great
blue river with excellent picnic areas on its
banks, the parks and promenades for walking and jogging, all those concert halls, museums and cafés – maybe it really would be
foolish to strive for more in a place like this?
Just be. Live.
Tiiu Hallap is Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Tartu University, Estonia. From January to June she was Paul-Celan Fellow at
the IWM working on a translation of Davie
Hume’s “Treatise of Human Nature” from
English to Estonian. The Paul Celan fellowship-program is dedicated to the exchange
of relevant literature from East- to WestEurope and vice versa. We especially thank
the Erste Foundation for supporting this fellowship-program.
VARIA |
Varia I
Behind the scenes nothing but skulls – on May 23 a group of IWM fellows was given the opportunity to visit a non-public part of the Natural History Museum. Dr. Margit Berner, who works as a curator at the
NHM, led a “behind the scenes” tour through the anthropological
collection. The impressive and somehow disturbing depot raises que-
stions about the ways of collecting and exhibiting human remains –
especially since the involvement of the museum’s anthropological department with the Nazi racial policy after 1938. ■ At times gory was
the collection of films shown by Junior Visiting Fellow Shai Biderman at the Institute’s library. During his stay Biderman established a philosophical film-club; the screenings, among them Ingmar Bergman’s “Cries and Whispers”, Francis Ford Coppola’s “Rumble Fish”, and – due to its setting in Vienna – “The Third Man” with Orson Welles, were followed by intense discussions, and the Institute hopes to find a successor for this picture-driven initiative.
Varia II
Wien ist eine Räuberhöhle: Im vergangenen Jahr sind Diebe in die Wohnung des IWM Direktors eingebrochen, und sie nahmen als Wertgegenstände fast ausschließlich seine Orden mit. Für den Orde pour le
Merite kamen sie allerdings zu früh: Diese Auszeichnung für Verdienste um den österreichisch-französichen Kulturaustausch erhielt Krzysztof Michalski in diesem Jahr; am 22. Februar überreichte der französischen Botschafter in Wien, Pierre Viaux, den renommierten Orden. - Ebenfalls ausgezeichnet wurde
Klaus Nellen; er erhielt (zusammen mit Ivan Dubsky and Jiri Polivka) die „Patočka Medaille“ der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik. ■ Dank einer großzügigen Spende kann
das IWM in diesem Jahr ein journalistisches Stipendium mehr als gewohnt ausschreiben. Gerfried Sperl,
Chefredakteur der Tageszeitung „Der Standard“, erhielt den Kurt Vorhofer Preis und spendete das Preisgeld für ein zusätzliches Milena Jesenská Fellowship; eine weitere (anonyme) Spende ermöglicht, dass
die Schriftstellerin und Journalistin Slavenka Drakulic ein zweites Mal für längere Zeit am IWM arbeiten und schreiben kann. ■ Im ersten Halbjahr 2007 sind Persönlichkeiten verstorben, die mit dem
Institut verbunden waren, Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker († 28. April 2007) war Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des IWM und langjähriger Unterstützer; Richard Rorty († 8. Juni 2007) war 1993
Gast-Fellow am Institut, aus seinen IWM-Vorlesungen zur modernen Philosophie entstand das Buch „Hoffnung statt Erkenntnis“ (Passagen-Verlag, 1994); Ryszard Kapuscinski († 23. Januar 2007) gehörte zu den
wichtigen Beitragenden der IWM Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen.
30
No. 95
| TRAVELS AND TALKS
Travels and Talks
Christoph Conrad
Cornelia Klinger
Permanent Fellow
Vorträge: „Ein historiographischer Sonderfall?
Die nationalgeschichtliche
Tradition der Schweiz in vergleichender Perspektive“ und
„Das Robotbild der Konsument/inn/en: Marktforschung in den ersten Nachkriegsjahrzehnten“, sowie
Leitung des Panels „Schlüsselphasen schweizerischer
Sozialpolitik im 19. und 20.
Jahrhundert“ beim Kongress
1. Schweizerische Geschichtstage, Universität Bern (15.17. März 2007)
Vortrag: „Vom Interieur via
Innerlichkeit zum Eigenheim. Eine Besichtigung privater Innenräume in Begleitung von Walter Benjamin“,
im Rahmen der Ringvorlesung Öffentlichkeit/Privatheit/Geschlecht. Alte Kategorien - neue Verhältnisse?,
Gender Kolleg der Universität Wien (11. Januar 2007)
Vortrag: „Wenden in der
jüngeren Geschichtsschreibung“, Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte,
Universität Wien (17. April
2007)
Participation in workshop
“Studying Historical Audiences’ Reception,” European
University Institute, Florenz
(14.-16. Juni 2007)
Ludger Hagedorn
Patočka Project
Vortrag: „Jan Patočkas
(Nach-)Europa“, Workshop
des Collegium Carolinum,
München (26. März 2007)
Vortrag: „Jenseits von
Mythos und Aufklärung.
Religion bei Patočka“, auf
der Konferenz Jan Patočka
1907 – 1977, Prag
(26. April 2007)
Vortrag: „Geschlecht als
prominentes Beispiel für
binäre Kategorien im abendländischen Denken“, im
Rahmen der Ringvorlesung
Geschlecht in Wissenskulturen, Graduiertenkolleg der
Humboldt Universität Berlin
(13. Februar 2007)
Vortrag: „Achsen der
Ungleichheit“, im Institutscolloquium der Berlin
Graduate School of Social
Sciences, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, HumboldtUniversität zu Berlin (14.
Februar 2007)
Vortrag: „Science Talk“,
Neue Galerie Graz
(1. März 2007)
Teilnahme an der Diskussion
Geisteswissenschaften –
„Schlüsselqualifikationen für
demokratische Gesellschaften?“, 9. Ernst Mach Forum
im Wiener Rathaus
(18. April 2007)
Kommentar zur Wiener
Vorlesung von Eric Kandel
zum Thema „Biologie und
Kultur der Erinnerung“
im Wiener Rathaus
(30. Mai 2007)
Vortrag: „Maskulinität und
Subjektivität“, interdisziplinäres Forschungssymposium Maskulinität als performative Praxis, Universität
Hamburg (16. Juni 2007)
Kompaktseminar:
„Figurationen des Anderen
im Denken der Moderne:
Orientalismus - Primitivismus - Exotismus – Erotik“,
am philosophischen Seminar
der Universität Tübingen
(28. - 30. Juni 2007)
Sandra Lehmann
Klaus Nellen
Permanent Fellow
Participation in the conference Jan Patočka 1907 – 1977,
Prague (22.-28. April 2007)
Dirk Rupnow
Visiting Fellow
Vortrag: „Judenforschung.
Die nationalsozialistische
Aneignung jüdischer Geschichte“, im Rahmen der
Ringvorlesung Wissen –
Macht – Wissensmacht, Universität Wien (Mai 2007)
Visiting Fellow
Vortrag: „Theologische
Denkfiguren in der Philosophie“, Universität Wien
(25. Januar 2007)
Krzysztof Michalski
Permanent Fellow
Interview: „Inny Punkt
Widzenia” (Another Point of
View) with Polish TV channel TVN24 (8. April 2007)
Interview: „Plomien
Wiecznosci” with Pawel
Dybel, in: Nowe Ksiazki
(Mai 2007)
Discussion: „Czy Nietzsche
by religijny“ (War Nietzsche
ein religiöser Denker?) with
Leszek Kolakowski and Jan
Andrzej Kloczowski; in:
EUROPA (DZIENNIK),
9 June 2007, no. 23 (166)
Discussion: „Co Po Śmierci
Boga“ (Nach dem Tod Gottes) with Krystian Lupa in
Cracow Theatre, published
in: Gazeta Wyborcza,
12/13 May 2007
Michael Staudigl
Visiting Fellow
Vortrag: „Gewalt: Begriffe –
Formen – Genese“, Pädagogisches Institut der Stadt
Wien (29. März 2007)
Vortrag: „Zerstörter Sinn –
Entzogene Welt – Zerbrochenes Wir. Über Gewalt im
Rahmen einer a-subjektiven
Phänomenologie“, auf der
Konferenz Jan Patočka.
1907-1977, Prag
(26. April 2007)
Vortrag: “Sur la violence
dans le cadre d’une phénoménologie a-subjective”,
at the conference Monde et
existence humaine. En
hommage à Jan Patočka,
Centre d’anthropologie
philosophique, Université
Louvain la Neuve, Belgien
(26. Mai 2007).
Lecture: “The Subject and
the Frontiers of Sense”, at the
workshop Investigating Subjectivity, Charles University
Prague (21. Juni 2007)
No. 95
31
TRAVELS AND TALKS | PUBLICATIONS
Karin Tertinegg
QUING Project
Präsentation: „Die Bedeutung der UN-Konvention
zur Beseitigung jeder Form
von Diskriminierung der
Frau für Österreich“ auf der
Präsentation des CEDAWBerichts, im Parlament,
Wien (13. März 2007).
Participation in the research
workshop “Contesting multiculturalism: Gender, Culture
and Sexuality”, Vienna
University (4. Mai 2007)
Mieke Verloo
Permanent Fellow
Lecture: “Policy, quality
and gender equality: using a
QUING-lens on ‘Frauen in
die EU-Forschung’ ”, bei
Das 7. EU-Forschungsrahmenprogramm - Europa
auf dem Weg zur Spitze.
Nationale Auftaktveranstaltung, Bonn
(15 – 16 Januar 2007)
Lecture: “Lessons from a
former EU gender-project”,
at the FEMCIT Kick-Off
Meeting, Bergen
(9-11 February 2007)
Lecture: “Politique,
Qualité et égalité des genres”
Enseignements du 6ème
PCRD – Regard sur le 7ème,
à la conférence Femmes
scientifiques dans l’espace
européen de la recherche de
2007 à 2012, Nouveaux
programmes et projets
européens, Paris
(20 March 2007)
Lecture: “Changing Institutions through Gender Mainstreaming: Lessons from the
Netherlands”, at the EU
Symposium European Year
of Equal Opportunities for
All, Berlin (20 April 2007)
32
No. 95
Lecture: “The Politics of
Expertise: Questions for a
European Gender Institute”,
at the EUSA Conference,
Montreal (16-20 May 2007)
Publications
Lecture: “Missing Opportunities: A Critical Perspective
of the European Union’s
Initiative to Address Multiple
Inequalities”, at the
ATHENA3 Annual Meeting,
Budapest (1 June 2007)
Shai Biderman
Christina Kleiser
Rope: Nietzsche and the
Art of Murder, (with Eliana
Jacobowitz) in: David Baggett
& William A. Drumin
(Eds.), Hitchcock and Philosophy, Dial M for Metaphysics, Chicago & La Salle,
Illinois: Open Court, 2007
Zur Rede vom ‘europäischen Gedächtnis’ – oder
wer spricht? Eine Erörterung, ausgehend von der
politischen Essayistik Jorge
Semprúns, in: Carola
Sachse, Edgar Wolfrum,
Regina Fritz (Hg.), (Re-)Formulierung nationaler Selbstbilder. Postdiktatorische
Gesellschaften in Europa,
Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007
Stan’s Future Self and Evil
Cartman, Personal Identity
in South Park, in: Robert
Arp (Ed.), South Park and
Philosophy, You Know, I
Learned Something Today.
Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing, 2007
Thomas Carroll
The Traditions of Fideism,
in: Religious Studies,
forthcoming
Erinnerungspolitik durch
Erinnerungsarbeit. Weimar-Buchenwald als ‘Erinnerungsort’ in den Reden
und literarischen Texten von
Jorge Semprún, in: Benoît
Majerus, Sonja Kmec, Michel
Margue, Pit Peporte (Hg.),
Nationale „Erinnerungsorte“
hinterfragt. Neue methodische, interdisziplinäre und
transnationale Ansätze, Brüssel: Lang, 2007
Christoph Conrad
Die Dynamik der Wenden.
Von der neuen Sozialgeschichte zum cultural
turn, in: J. Osterhammel,
D. Langewiesche, P. Nolte
(Hg.), Wege der Gesellschaftsgeschichte (=Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Sonderheft 22), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2006
Cornelia Klinger
Permanent Fellow
Auf ’s Ganze Gehen.
Bescheidene Nachgedanken
und Vorüberlegungen zum
unbescheidenen Projekt der
Philosophie, in: Ludger
Heidbrink, Harald Welzer
(Hg.), Das Ende der Bescheidenheit. Zur Verbesserung der
Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaft, München: Beck, 2007
Tymofiy Havryliv
Literary scholar and writer from
Lviv, and a former Celan Fellow
Where is your Home,
Odysseus? (in Ukrainian),
Lviv: Piramida 2007.
A German translation is
forthcoming in 2008 with
Ammann Verlag, Zurich
Krzysztof Michalski
Permanent Fellow
Plomien Wiecznosci.
Eseje o myslach Fryderyka
Nietzschego (Die Flamme
der Ewigkeit. Essays über
das Denken Nietzsches),
Krakau: Znak, 2007
| PUBLICATIONS
Woran glaubt Europa?
Religion und politische
Kultur im neuen Europa
(Hg.), Wien: Passagen
Verlag, 2007
Plomien Wiecznosci.
Nietzsche o czasie, śmierci
i milości, in: Europa
(Dziennik), 21 no. 159
(April 2007)
Wola Mocy, in: Zeszyty
Literackie, no. 1(97) (2007)
Nienasycone pragnienie
kolejnych chwil, in:
Tygodnik Powszechny,
no. 53(2998), no. 54(2999)
(2006); no. 1(3000)
Dirk Rupnow
Le sujet violent.
Contribution à une
phénoménologie de la
violence, in: Annales de
Phénoménologie, 6 (2007)
33
Tod in der modernen Gesellschaft
Andrzej Waśkiewicz
Andrew W. Mellon
Visiting Fellow
Polityka dla doroslych
(Politics for Adults),
Warszawa: Scholar, 2007
Oksana Zabuzhko
former Milena Jesenská Fellow
Notre Dame d’Ukraine:
Ukrainka in the Clash of
Mythologies (in Ukrainian);
Kyiv: Fakt, 2007
Cornelia Klinger Die Bedeutung des Todes in der heutigen
Gesellschaft. Zur Einführung
Alois Hahn und Der Tod und das Sterben als soziales Ereignis
Matthias Hoffmann
Hans-Ludwig Schreiber Tod und Recht: Hirntod und Verfügungsrecht
über das Leben
Hanfried Helmchen Krankheitsbedingtes Leiden, Sterben und Tod
und Hans Lauter aus ärztlicher Sicht
Ulrike Brunotte Martyrium, Vaterland und der Kult der toten Krieger.
Männlichkeit und Soteriologie im Krieg
Oliver Krüger Die Vervollkommnung des Menschen.
Tod und Unsterblichkeit im Posthumanismus
und Transhumanismus
Philosophie und Dissidenz Jan Patočka zum 100. Geburtstag
Visiting Fellow
Alan E. Steinweis, Studying
the Jew. Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi-Germany,“
Rezension in: sehepunkte 7,
Nr. 5 (15. 5. 2007)
http://www.sehepunkte.de/
2007/05/11904.html
Michael Staudigl
Visiting Fellow
Lebenswelt und Politik.
Perspektiven der Phänomenologie nach Husserl (Hg.,
mit G. Leghissa), Würzburg:
Königshausen & Neumann,
2007
Über Zivilisation und
Differenz. Beiträge zu einer
politischen Phänomenologie Europas (Hg., mit
L. Hagedorn), Würzburg:
Königshausen & Neumann,
2007
Toward a Phenomenological Theory of Violence:
Reflections following Merleau-Ponty and Schutz, in:
Human Studies, Dordrecht:
Springer, forthcoming
IWM-Publications
Jan Patočka Nachdenken über Europa
Transit 32
(Winter 2006/2007), Über
Solidarität. Mit Beiträgen
von Ira Katznelson, Earl
Black and Merle Black,
Claus Offe, Janos M. Kovacs,
Marek Rymsza, Paul Pierson,
Joakim Palme, Jane Lewis,
Kurt Biedenkopf. Photographien von Julie Denesha.
On Solidarity: Cultural and
Political Conditions for the
Reform of Social Models
in Europe and the U.S.,
Austrian Federal Ministry of
Economics and Labour, 2007
Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen:
Bauman, Zygmunt, Leben
in der flüchtigen Moderne.
edition suhrkamp,
Frankfurt a. M., 2007
Václav Havel Das Erbe der Charta 77
Jan Sokol Jan Patočka und die Charta 77
Jacques Rupnik Das Erbe der Charta 77 und die Entstehung einer
europäischen Öffentlichkeit
Nathanaël Dupré la Tour „Rückkehr nach Europa“
Rudolf Stamm Zwei Dissidenten-Porträts
Ivan Chvatík Geschichte und Vorgeschichte
des Prager Jan Patočka-Archivs
Populismus
Jacques Rupnik Populismus in Ostmitteleuropa
Jacek Kochanowicz Rechtsruck. Die politische Landschaft Polens
am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts
Ivan Krastev Die Heraufkunft des Populismus
Krzysztof Michalski Nihilismus und Religion
Jan Werner Mueller Europäische Erinnerungspolitik Revisited
Herausgegeben am
Institut für die
Wissenschaften vom
Menschen
Verlag neue kritik
Kettenhofweg 53
D – 60325 Frankfurt
Tel. 0049 (69) 72 75 76
Bestellungen auch übers Web:
Preis:
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www.iwm.at/transit.htm
No. 95
33
GUEST CONTRIBUTION |
Three Reasons for Getting Scared
Energy markets and the tremendous lack of political strategies.
By David G. Victor
Let me apologize at the beginning for the pes- twice the gas as it is actually able to produce.
simistic nature of my analysis, but seriousness The Turkmen clock will stop some time in the
about gas supply in the Russian and European not distant future, and that will magnify the
context requires a large measure of pessimism. troubles as Russia tries to live up to its gas sales
There is an enormous amount of gas in the obligations at home and abroad.
world, particularly in Russia, but a crisis in
It is important to watch the internal effects
gas supply is building, I believe, for three basic from the gas crisis. Within the next two to four
reasons. The first is the unusual nature of years, there could be significant shortages of
Gazprom. It is not a gas company; it is a natural gas inside Russia. There is already evipolitical colossus that happens to be in the gas dence of this from the power sector; new powbusiness, but does not behave like a business er plants, even in St. Petersburg, are unable to
or a normal gas company. The second reason get the gas supply that they need.
is that the EU, like America, does not actualI think it is an open question how Russia
ly have an energy
will respond to this
policy or energy stratcrisis. They can
Gazprom is not a gas
egy that is coherent
respond by strengthcompany; it is a political
in any respect. And
ening the hand of
colossus that happens to be
the third reason is
Gazprom; or, at the
that the post comother extreme, they
in the gas business.
munist countries
can liberalize it comthemselves have no
pletely. My hunch is
energy strategy, and their difficulties in ener- that so long as the internal gas crisis does not
gy and in achieving political independence cause widespread and systemic economic
are made much worse by the lack of an EU trouble that the outcome will leave Gazprom
energy strategy.
stronger—national champions always find
Let me address each of these three parts in special new roles for national champions in
turn. It was mentioned that Gazprom is a times of crisis. I don’t know what is going to
political animal that exists because of its happen, but I do know that most of the large
monopoly position and is organised complete- gas consumers in Western Europe will probly to preserve its monopoly. In particular, it ably have no influence whatsoever on the
has a monopoly on gas exports, but its invest- outcome. This is largely an internal Russian
ment pattern reveals a much wider reach. affair.
Data show very clearly that only one quarter
I would like to make one last point about
of Gazprom’s capital investments, from 2000 Gazprom that is particularly critical for the
to 2006, was in new gas production. The longer term. If you look at the engineering
majority of their investments were in activi- costs of new gas supplies, it is not clear that
ties outside the gas sector completely, includ- Russia (ie, Gazprom) is in a good position
ing media companies and banks.
to be the largest gas supplier to Europe in
This is a company that despite large rev- the distant future. The actual engineering
enues from gas production does not actually costs of developing the new gas fields in Rusgo out and find and produce more gas. The sia (notably the fields in Sthokman and
result is the brewing natural gas crisis that, ever Yamal Peninsula) are perhaps twice the costs
since a year ago, has been the talk of the town. of developing new gas fields in North Africa
Gazprom is unable to produce sufficient quan- and in the Middle East. The market is
tities of gas to meet its internal demand and already responding. Over the long term, I
export obligations. So far that crisis has been think this is potentially enormously dangerforestalled because of Turkmenistan, but our ous for Russia. Russia, by allowing the gas
group at Stanford has calculated that Turk- crisis to fester, is putting itself out of the gas
menistan has already sold perhaps as much as business.
34
No. 95
The second thing I want to talk about is
European energy policy. I am very sceptical
that the EU is on any track to develop its
own energy policy, and one clear sign that
they do not have an energy policy is the constant and increasing supply of white papers
coming from Brussels about this subject.
When you look at the details of these white
papers and compare them to what has to be
done, there is often no connection whatsoever. The EU has no coordinated strategy
on gas and they don’t really have a viable
strategy on climate change. The goal of
reducing the carbon content of fuels is
extremely important as we all know, but if
you look at what people are really doing in
the EU, and the projects they are putting in
place, they are not going to deliver on their
goals. Let me apologise for being very negative about this. The US also has no energy
policy, so you are in very good company.
Let me take the example of Germany,
which has the largest economy in the EU. If
you look at the power plants the German
utilities are actually building, it is still coal
and in particular, it is the dirtiest and most
inefficient form of coal, brown coal. There
are now some new natural gas power plants
being built, but there is no strategy that links
this construction with the EU concern about
the large and growing dependence on
imported gas from Russia. Nuclear power is
now being discussed, but if you look at real
nuclear power plants that are being built
there is again little connection between statements and action. So far, there is one new
reactor being built in Finland, and one new
reactor being planned in France. The scale
of planning and building is not commensurate with the need for new supplies. Even if
there were a large building program of
nuclear power, it would take between 10 to
15 years before we have a significant number of new reactors on the way. Renewable
power is playing a larger role, but it is still
small and faces serious limits because of cost
and intermittency.
In terms of gas, if you again consider not
what the EU is saying but real actions, the
| GUEST CONTRIBUTION
absence of a coherent
garia and Romania into
strategy becomes clear.
the European market
Let’s look at contracts. A
through Austria. The
year after the gas crisis
problem with Nabucco is
(almost to the day), EON
that it has no gas supply.
and Ruhrgas were off to
Gazprom, by expanding
sign their own new speits capacity on the Blue
cial contracts with Russia.
Stream Project which goes
Similarly, Gas de France
across the Black Sea into
was off to sign a new spethe same market, is poised
cial contract with Russia,
to undercut the Nabucco
and ENI and Italy were
Project. I am now very
off to sign their own new
sceptical that Nabucco –
special contracts with
which is one of those great
Russia. And so at the
theoretical ideas – will
David Victor is Director of
very moment when comactually serve to improve
the Program on Energy and
mon market Europe
energy security in Europe.
Sustainable Development at
should best behave like a
The third and final area
Stanford University. His guest
single entity, in fact all the
of my remarks concerns
contribution is based on a
individual major players
the energy strategies in the
speech given at the IWMhave proceeded separatepost communist countries.
Conference “Promoting
ly to develop their own
Their continued ties to
Democracy”.
special relationship with
Russian energy suppliers
Russia. In doing so, they
hinder their own indehave undercut their abilpendent policy developity to speak with a single voice.
ment. And I think the lack of the European
Let’s look at what Gazprom is actually energy policy contributes to this problem
doing downstream in the gas markets of because it makes it much harder for them to
Western Europe. What they are doing is develop the autonomy that they need for
gathering large amounts of market intelli- democratisation, for market reforms and for
gence, and establishing a large presence in their own energy strategies.
the gas markets that will make it nearly
I think we need to do a better job workimpossible for the EU to actually create a ing with these countries to help them. In
truly competitive, liberalized gas market. principal, the job is not that hard. Let me
The European authorities claim that they are use the example of the Ukraine. The Ukraine
creating a competitive
could over time develop a
market, but they have litmuch more sound energy
Turkmenistan has
tle capacity to gather the
policy. It would involve
already sold perhaps
information they need to
energy efficiency. The
twice the gas as it is
understand this market or
Ukraine, by our calculathe forces that control it
tions at Stanford, is one of
actually able to
– in the jargon, they have
the most inefficient of the
produce.
no way to spot and
large energy economies in
enforce against the abuse
the world. The natural gas
of “market power.” (I am from California, the Ukraine consumes right now is used disand what undid our electricity market was proportionally for heat. We think that 25 %
exactly such abuse.)
of the energy that goes to the Ukraine heatIn theory, there are some very interesting ing system is lost. That’s even more than is
projects to bring gas and oil around the lost in Russia. And if you look at the techUkraine, around Belarus, and around Rus- nologies involved right now, the inefficiensia—to transport them directly to Europe, cy in the Ukraine is extraordinary.
which could multiply Europe’s energy
We estimate that over the period of one
options and improve its energy security. But generation Ukraine could cut its consumpwhat is really happening? Let’s look at the tion of gas and heating by perhaps half—
most important of these new projects, the maybe more. That would be enough to comso-called “Nabucco Project”, which is pletely offset dependency on the Russian
designed to bring gas from central Asia and supply. Looking at the Ukrainian electricity
Middle East directly through Turkey, Bul- system, there is much greater potential for
improving the diversity of supply in both gas
and coal. The EU would be upset about that
because they are worried about global warming—and conventional coal is the worst
offender from its emissions of CO2, which
are about double those of advanced gas power plants—but I think there is no better way
to get the attention of the EU than to start
planning to build coal plants. It would force
the EU to be serious about whether it is
going to help improve the energy strategy in
the Ukraine.
There are very few examples where the
West has actually been extraordinarily helpful. One of them might be the new power
plants in Moldova. I think Moldova is a very
special case. It is a very small country and
if I can put it cynically, the EU has to be successful in Moldova because if it is not, then
the extension of the EU, to include Romania, would be a complete disaster.
The last thing I want to talk about is oil.
First, oil is fundamentally different from gas
because oil is liquid at normal temperatures
it is a much more fungible commodity. Natural gas is much more infrastructure-dependent and the infrastructure is fundamentally
connected to the ground and to the geography.
The second is the question of oil prices.
Whenever oil prices are high the people in
the oil business publicly talk about how oil
prices are going to be still higher in the
future. And everybody becomes focused on
the impact of high oil prices on global,
regional and local economies, and on democracy. This may be misguided.
For years or so I have been talking about
lower oil prices, and I think we need to focus
increasingly on the geopolitical consequences
of lower prices. By low I don’t mean $20 a
barrel, which seems unlikely. I mean in the
$40 range, which is particularly low given
the rising costs of production, which have
risen substantially in the last few years – by
a factor of two in much of the world.
I think we need to anticipate what will
happen if oil prices stay low, at least relatively low, in Russia and possibly Azerbaijan.
This could be the big, unexpected shock to
the systems of the oil exporting nations. It is
going to be unexpected, because we have
come to assume that the oil prices are going
to be high and continue to climb. But I
don’t see any fundamental reason why oil
prices should remain permanently as high as
they have been for the last 3 years.
No. 95
35
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Cosmopolitan Bargain: Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration

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