Present Status of Basmati Research in India

Transcription

Present Status of Basmati Research in India
Prospects for enhancement of its export
N. Shobha Rani
Principal Scientist & Head,
Crop Improvement Section, Directorate of Rice Research,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
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Basmati, the unique aromatic quality rice is a nature’s gift to Indian sub-continent.
Epicureans acclaimed its delightful fragrance, taste and texture which makes it the best among the
aromatic rices of the world. It is cultivated on the foot hills of the Himalayas and the whole
ambience of the environment bestowing unique properties to this specialty rice. All festive
occasions are complete only with Biryani or Pulao served
tapping the inherent ambrosial
properties of basmati. The farmers of Indian sub-continent have been growing the scented rices
for centuries and ancient texts and treatises abound such references (Nene 1998) as well as about
the rice diversity available in the country. Although immense aromatic rice diversity is existing in
the country not all aromatic types are recognized as Basmati. Typically the delicately curved, long
grained, highly aromatic rices which elongate and cook soft and fluffy were the ones which were
categorized as Basmati and enjoy privileged treatment both in domestic and international markets
generating three times higher price. In the export markets still the traditional tall basmati variety
Taroari Basmati followed by Basmati 370 and Type 3 (Dehradun) have supremacy over other
varieties due to their exclusive quality features. However, among evolved basmati varieties, Pusa
Basmati 1121 due to its extra long slender grains along with Pusa Basmati 1 have carved a special
niche in the international market.
Rice Exports from India
The steady increase in production, availability of buffer stocks and the growing demand
for basmati rice in the international market made India an important rice exporting country of
the world. In the year 2008-09 India exported 2.48 mt of rice earning very high foreign exchange
to the tune of Rs.11164 crores. Of the several agro products exported from India, rice alone
constituted 30.75% of foreign exchange in the year 2008-09 (Figure 1) and India is the fourth
major exporter of rice after Thailand, Vietnam and USA. For a long time India was not a rice
exporting country. The major production and productivity gains have enabled the country to
attain self sufficiency in rice since mid 1980’s. Indian exporters entered into the world rice trade
largely through the export of small quantities of highly priced basmati rice which was less than 5%
in mid 1980’s. In fact, the global rice trade at that time was also low, only 4% which was 11.9 mt of
the world rice production of 265.9 mt (on milled rice basis). The world rice trade quantum also
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doubled by 2001 to 27.9 mt and by 2008 to 29.0 mt of which India’s share is around 8.62% while in
2006-07 it was highest (19.8%) (Table 1).
The quantum of total rice exports from India was mere 0.38 mt in 1987-88 which rose to
0.53 mt in 1990-91 and increased phenomenally to a record scale of 5.51 mt in 1995-96. It
dropped to around 2 mt during 2001 and again rose to as high as 6.46 mt in 2007-08 which is a
twelve times increase over the quantum India exported in 1990-91. Similarly the value too raised
from Rs. 456 crores in 1992 to Rs. 11164 crores in 2008-09 which is a spectacular twenty four
times increase in foreign exchange earnings (Table 2 and Figure 2). During the last 5 years India
was within the first 5 rice exporting countries with Thailand consistently ranking first in world rice
exports with 10.00 mt in 2008. The other major exporters include Vietnam (4.65 mt), USA (3.50
mt), India (3.30 mt), Pakistan (3.0 mt), China (0.95 mt), Uruguay (0.78 mt) and others (4.02 mt)
(USDA 2008) (Figure 3). Major rice importing countries are Nigeria, Philippines, Iran, Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, EU, South Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and The Ivory Coast.
Table 1: World rice exports -contribution by Asia and India’s share ( million tonnes)
Period
World
Asia
India
India’s share to world Rice Exports
(%)
1960
7.50
4.70
0.0
0
1970
9.20
5.50
0.1
1.2
1980
11.9
7.90
0.4
3.3
1990
19.3
14.10
2.1
11.1
2000
24.5
18.65
1.9
7.9
2001
27.9
22.29
6.7
23.9
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2002
27.6
21.51
4.4
16.0
2003
27.2
21.45
3.2
11.6
2004
28.9
21.98
4.7
16.2
2005
29.1
22.20
4.5
15.6
2006
31.8
25.38
6.3
19.8
2007
29.7
23.37
3.4
11.4
2008
29.0
23.00
2.5
8.62
Table 2: Rice exports from India, 2000-2008
Basmati
Year
Non basmati
Total rice
Qty
Value
Qty
Value
Qty
Value
(MT)
(Rs. crores)
(MT)
(Rs. crores)
(MT)
(Rs. crores)
2000-2001
840000
2120.00
680000
784.00
1520000
2904.00
2001-2002
667066
1842.77
1532348
1324.36
2199414
3167.00
2002-2003
710292
2062.59
4076347
3634.08
4786639
5697.00
2003-2004
770764
1990.92
2601471
2142.16
3372235
4133.00
2004-2005
1150169
2774.25
3646501
3922.17
4796670
6696.42
2005-2006
1166563
3043.10
2921602
3178.17
4088165
6221.27
2006-2007
1045714
2792.80
3702191
4243.07
4747905
7035.87
2007-2008
1183355
4344.58
5285916
7409.79
6469272
11754.37
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2008-2009
1556411
9477.02
931879
1687.37
2488290
11164.40
Note: Quantity in metric tonnes; Value in crores; Source: AIREA, New Delhi (1993-2000) &
APEDA, New Delhi (2001~2008)
Basmati cultivation is confined to traditional basmati growing areas in Northwest Indian
states - Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Western Uttar Pradesh and to a limited area in
Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir. Localized cultivation of basmati rices is encountered
in Karnal, Panipat, Kurukshetra, Jind, Kaithal, Ambala, Yamuna Nagar and Sonipat districts in
Haryana (Table 3) (Jasol 1989, Ahuja et al 1995); Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Jalander,
Patiala, Ropar, Nawan Shehar, Fatehgarh Sahib and Hoshiarpur in Punjab; Dehradun, Nainital,
Udhamsingh Nagar, Haridwar in Uttarakhand; Pilibhit, Saharanpur, Rampur, Bijnor, Muzzaffar
Nagar, Moradabad and Badaun in Uttar Pradesh; Kullu, Kangra, Solan, Mandi and Sirmaur in
Himachal Pradesh; Jammu and Kathua in Jammu & Kashmir. Of the 25 to 29 mt of rice traded
annually in the world market, basmati rice market is less than 10 percent. But basmati rice
captures higher returns as it is priced three times higher (US$ 800-1200 per metric tonne) over
non basmati rice (US$ 200-400 per metric tonne) in the international as well as in the domestic
markets. About 50-70% of basmati produced in the country is exported mainly to Saudi Arabia
(68%), UAE, UK, Kuwait, Bahrain and others. With a small beginning in 1978-79 India exported
67,000 tonnes of basmati rice earning a modest foreign exchange of Rs.32 crores. The upward
trend continued steadily with the quantum of basmati raising from 470,000 tonnes in 1996-1997
to 770,764 tonnes in 2003-2004 and the value from
Rs. 1200 crores to a maximum of Rs.1991
crores during the same period. Highest quantum of 1.55 mt of basmati rice was exported in 200809 earning maximum foreign exchange to the tune of Rs.9477 crores (Table 2) (Figure 4).
Non basmati rice has also become a thrust area for export promotion though there have
been fluctuating trends. It is heavily dependent on the policy changes of the government from
time to time and has experienced quota regimes to liberalization. From a mere 28,422 tonnes
during triennium ending 1987-89, non basmati exports rose to a record level of 0.53 mt during
1991-92 but declined again to 0.32 mt during the triennium 1992-94. The highest quantum
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exported was 5.12 mt in 1995-96 earning foreign exchange amounting to Rs.3702 crores. Although
during the year 2007-08 India exported 5.285 mt of non-basmati rice earning Rs.7409 crores
(Figure 5), the quantum and value dropped in 2008 due to the ban imposed by the Government of
India on export of non-basmati rice to build up the domestic buffer stocks.
A combination of factors were responsible for India to reach this pinnacle as one of
the world’s major rice exporter which include the research efforts in developing suitable
varieties and farm management practices which were largely adopted by the farmers. In
addition, appropriate steps taken by the government to liberalize trade policy and licensing
procedures so as to foster agricultural exports, the efforts made by the All India Rice Exporters
Association (AIREA) & Agricultural Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
(APEDA) a major role in promoting Indian agri-exports and the zeal of the exporters in
establishing themselves as reliable and dependable suppliers of basmati and non basmati rice
played.
Table 3: Major basmati growing districts in India
Country
State
Districts
India
Punjab
Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Jalandhar,
Patiala, Ropar, Nawan Shehar, Fatehgarh
Sahib, Hoshiarpur
Uttaranchal
Dehradun,
Haridwar
Udhamsingh
Nagar,
Uttar Pradesh
Pilibhit,
Saharanpur,
Rampur,
Moradabad, Muzzaffarnagar, Budaun
Bijnor,
Haryana
Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Jind,
Ambala, Sonepat, Yamunanagar
Nainital,
Source : Ahuja et al 1995 & DRR 2001
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Development of High Yielding Varieties of Basmati Quality
The varietal improvement programmes for basmati rice were initiated long time back as
early as 1920’s at Kala Shah kaku in erstwhile Punjab (now in Pakistan) and at Nagina in Uttar
Pradesh. These efforts were mainly through pure line selections made in the available germplasm.
The well known Basmati 370 was selected from the land races for cultivation in Punjab in 1933 and
Type 3 (Dehradun Basmati), T23 and N-10B and others selected at Nagina. The present popular
Taroari Basmati has been selected from HBC 19 in late eighties. All these varieties are tall in
stature, weak stemmed, non responsive to higher doses of fertilizer, low yielders but were
reputed for their aroma, taste and specific cooking quality features (Table 5). Ever since the
introduction of high yielding varieties, there has been scattered research efforts to combine
basmati quality into the high yielding background. Success in developing a dwarf high yielding
prototype of basmati was limited for a long time due to environmental factors, (DRR 1994(a), DRR
1995, Normita et al 1989,) intergroup sterility barriers (Glaszmann 1985, Shobha Rani et al 1996)
and complicated polygenic mode of inheritance and complex breeding behavior of quality
parameters (Chang and Somrith 1979, IARI 1980). Even the understanding of basmati traits was a
limitation. Khush and Juliano (1991) also identified multiplicity of breeding objectives, lack of
infrastructure for grain quality evaluation and lack of well-defined selection criteria as main
hurdles for grain quality and aroma improvement programmes. As most of the traditional basmati
varieties were poor combiners, breeding/selection methodologies especially convergent and back
cross strategies were adopted to break the undesirable genetic blocks and to increase the
frequency of favorable recombinants. As a result 18 aromatic varieties with medium to long
slender grains were released in India by late eighties, but none could replace traditional Basmati
370, as the basic understanding of what combination of traits make basmati was inadequate. Thus
the earlier attempts had limited success as it is not aroma and grain alone that constitutes Basmati
but several chemical characteristics which govern the texture of cooked rice should be pooled
together. Therefore, in the next phase, considerable stress was laid on linear elongation on
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cooking with least breadth wise swelling resulting in high volume expansion, flaky texture of
cooked rice without sacrificing the previous gains such as dwarf plant stature, long slender grains
and aroma (IARI 1980). Following stepwise convergent mode of character improvement and
selection procedure, IARI scientists identified Pusa 615, a derivative of Pusa 150/Karnal Local, a
sister selection of which was released as Pusa Basmati 1, the first semi dwarf high yielding
basmati variety in 1989. With superfine grain, pleasant aroma, soft texture and higher linear
elongation on cooking, which is on par with traditional basmati varieties in quality, Pusa Basmati 1
has 1.0 to 1.5 t ha-1 yield advantage over them (Siddiq 1990). By adopting convergent breeding
technique at DRR, Hyderabad, Kasturi, a semi dwarf basmati variety with high yield potential
possessing several quality features of traditional basmati varieties was developed (Shobha Rani
1992) and released along with Pusa Basmati 1 by the Central Sub Committee for Crop Standards,
Notification and Release of Varieties for states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and
Himachal Pradesh (Table 4). Kasturi in addition to possessing commendable milling quality has
resistance to blast and tolerance to stem borer.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) initiated basmati research network in
the year 1990 entitled Improvement of basmati rices for increased productivity and export
purposes has helped in the adoption and spread of the above mentioned two dwarf scented
varieties of proven merit, which was a significant milestone in the basmati improvement
program in recent years. Emphasizing the need to pursue systematic efforts in developing dwarf
basmati rices network was started at seven centers (Kaul, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, IARI, Pantnagar,
CRRI, DRR) with the major objective being, apart from development to stabilize the yields of
basmati varieties through incorporation of genes for resistance to pest/diseases of target
environment (Blast, BLB, WBPH, Stem borer), development of production and post harvest
packages and study of exploitable genetic variation of scented quality rices.
Under the aegis of this program 69 cultures were evaluated under multilocation testing
and five more cultures possessing better yield and quality have been identified for on farm trials
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(DRR 1994(a)). These include IET 10367, IET 10650, IET 11348, IET 11341 and IET 12019. Among
these IET 10367 (HKR 228) was released as Haryana Basmati 1. In addition, to higher yield
potential in dwarf basmati background it possesses resistance to blast and WBPH (Panwar et al
1991). IET 11348 (selection of Basmati) which matures in 115-120 days, 30-35 days earlier to
Basmati 370 with comparable yield and quality was released as Ranbir Basmati in Jammu and
Kashmir, to fit into the prevailing cropping pattern of that region (Bijral et al 1989). Purified HBC
19 (Karnal Local), which has high demand as traditional export quality rice, has also been released
in 1992 as Taroari Basmati in Haryana.
Another research network under AP cess fund with clearly defined objectives relating to
development of basmati and non basmati rices was organized by the ICAR during 1994 to 1999
entitled Genetic Enhancement of Quality Rices for Higher Productivity and Export. It involved 11
research centers (Kapurthala, Kaul, Ludhiana, Pantnagar, R S Pura and IARI in basmati group;
Aduthurai, Nellore, Raipur, Faizabad in the non basmati group) and three testing centers
(Banswara, Varanasi, Siruguppa) with Directorate of rice Research (DRR) Hyderabad as research
and coordinating center. Testing of breeding materials developed through convergent breeding
methodology using diverse gene sources to transfer the array of quality parameters into semi
dwarf plant stature, has resulted in the identification of 11 elite cultures for on farm testing (DRR
2000, Shobha Rani and Singh 2002). Among this elite collection, IET 14720 (CSR 30) was released
as Yamini, the first basmati variety suitable for sodic soils; IET 15391 as Vasumati, a semi dwarf
basmati variety with higher yield than Pusa Basmati 1 for traditional basmati growing areas; Pusa
Sugandh 2 and Pusa Sugandh 3 , semi dwarf high yielding basmati varieties earlier to Pusa
Basmati 1 (Shobha Rani et al 2001); Pusa RH 10 , the first fine grained aromatic hybrid of the
country coming from the hybrid programme ( Singh et al 2000) and IET 13549 released as Mugad
Sugandha in Karnataka and also as Bhogavati in Maharashtra
suitable for parboiling (sela
basmati). In 2002 another basmati variety was released in Uttranchal as Pant Sugandhdhan 15 as
state release. Again in the year 2004 Sugandhamati (IET 16775) from DRR and Pusa Sugandh 5
from IARI, were approved for release for traditional basmati growing areas of Northwestern India
by the Central Sub Committee. With significant yield superiority of 24% over Pusa Basmati 1 with
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comparable quality, Sugandhamati possess leaf blast and brown spot resistance. It has long
slender aromatic grains with good cooking quality features of basmati rice (Table 4). Pusa Sugandh
5 is medium duration variety with extra long slender aromatic grains having high yield advantage
over Pusa Basmati 1. It has moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight. Mention may be made of
Pusa Sugandh 4/Pusa Basmati 1121 ( Pusa 1121) (IET 18004) which is unique in having aromatic
extra long slender grains with very high elongation on cooking. This variety has replaced Pusa
Basmati 1 in many traditional basmati growing areas during kharif 2007 and accrued higher
returns to the farmers. Pusa 1121 got a price of Rs.2,200/quintal on paddy basis and with an
average yield of 50 quintals per hectare, the farmers got gross returns of Rs.1,10,000/ha. Other
long slender medium duration aromatic rices released from different states include Rajendra
Sweta (IET 18052)
from Bihar, Pant Sugandhdhan 17 (IET 17263) from Uttarakhand and
Geetanjali (CRM 2007-1) from Orissa. In early 2007, Pusa 1460-01-32-6-7-67 (IET 18990),
pyramiding two genes xa13 and Xa21 in Pusa Basmati 1 for resistance to bacterial leaf blight
through marker assisted selection was released for the states of Punjab, Delhi, J&K and
Uttarakhand.Improved Pusa Basmati (IET 18990) was developed using molecular marker assisted
selection and released in 2007 possessing Xa21 and xa 13 genes providing moderate resistance to
bacterial leaf blight without compromising the yield and quality of Pusa Basmati 1. Pusa Basmati 6
(IET 18005) for New Delhi and Malviya Sugandh 105 and Malviya Sugandh 4-3 for the state of
Uttar Pradesh has been released in 2008.
Thus in the last two decades under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR), varietal, crop production and protection technologies were developed and popularized
which was instrumental in having exportable surplus of basmati rice available for enhancing trade.
Till today 60 aromatic varieties have been developed by the ICAR institutes and agricultural
universities and the raise in export quantum of basmati is mainly due to this factor. The Council
has well laid out testing procedures and stringent guidelines for release. The main aim of funding
basmati improvement programmes by the Council is to develop dwarf, high yielding prototypes of
basmati ingrained with all quality characters which would give higher yields and returns to the
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farmers and not to create duplicates. Being the scientific body, Council desired that a varietal
choice should be created, pest/disease tolerance incorporated in the newly developed varieties
with the sole aim of protecting the farmers’ interests and that of the exporters, as India is the
number one exporter of basmati rice in the world. The adoption and spread of these varieties
would go a long way in augmenting the basmati exports prospects of the country.
Aromatic short grain rices:
India abounds with scores of indigenous aromatic short grain cultivars and land races,
grown in pockets in various states. Precise area under their cultivation is difficult to ascertain.
With the exception of shorter grain length and shape, they possess aroma, specific adaptation and
excellent cooking and eating quality traits similar to Basmati rices. Due to lack of export potential,
they are widely used by local consumers for making kheer (sweet rice) for religions and festive
occasions. Many states have a collection of native popular scented varieties which are known for
their adaptation and cultivation and particularly Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa,
West Bengal and Assam have a wealth of genetic diversity of short grain aromatic types (Singh et
al., 2000). With emphasis being on long grain basmati rices, little attention has been bestowed on
the development of short grain types. In the recent years several aromatic rices have also received
special attention as they have high iron and zinc content (Jasmine and Basmati 370) and also many
colored rices. Coloured rices have a good market in food processing industry in China as it is used
in rice based products like cakes, porridges, noodles, rice wine etc. Research and development of
short grain aromatic and specialty rices from India should get due attention to exploit their export
potential.
Measures for Sustenance of Rice Exports
There is an immense scope for India to take advantage of the new trade opportunities for
sustaining the export of rice and processed products of rice. However, this can be achieved only if
the production increase is made possible by increased investment in research and development
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coupled with realistic policy incentives adopted by the government. Some of the measures
suggested to sustain export of rice are listed as follows:
Acceleration of breeding efforts in the development of high yielding export quality rices
(basmati, non-basmati, short grain scented etc,) for producing sustained surplus to divert for
export.
Studies on aroma identification, genetic, molecular and biochemical characterization to be
given special emphasis.
Production of quality seeds and ensuring availability to farmers at subsidized rates.
Identification of varieties for rice based products; development of new products, processing
techniques; attractive biodegradable packing; post harvest care and byproduct utilization.
Research efforts to develop implementable cultivation practices for organic farming and its
effect on quality.
Creation of markets for short grain aromatic rices and speciality rices.
Organized production, procurement and processing of basmati rice for export; contract
farming by few big export houses to ensure quality.
Modernization of rice mills to ensure high milling recovery and effective availability of byproducts for full utilization.
Efforts to be made to register basmati rice as a Geographical Indicator
Ensuring the quality standards as per WTO norms for exportable basmati rice; by adopting
appropriate Sanitary and Photo Sanitary Measures to overcome non tariff barriers.
Sensitising the farmers, processors on Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CAC) guidelines on
safety and quality management System – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ( HACCP).
Identification of contiguous belts for the cultivation of export quality rices; maintaining quality
standards matching with those of the international.
Export friendly trade policies with special reference to removing minimum export price, quota
system, exemption from levy obligations.
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References
1.
Ahuja S C, D V S Panwar, Uma Ahuja and K R Gupta, 1995.Basmati rice - the scented pearl,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, P 63.
2.
Bijral, J.S., Kanwa, K.S. and Khanna, Y.P. 1989. Ranbir Basmati – an early maturing aromatic
rice. Intl. Rice. Res. Newsl. 14:21.
3.
Chang,T.T. and Somrith, B. 1979. Genetic studies on the grain quality of rice pages 49-58 in
chemical aspects of rice grain quality IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.
4.
Directorate of Rice Research. 1994(a). Final Report, 1990-93, Improvement of Basmati rices
for increased productivity and export purposes Hyderabad. pp 61.
5.
Directorate of Rice Research, 1995, Annual Report, kharif 1995, Genetic Enhancement of
Quality Rices for Higher Productivity and Export, Hyderabad. Pp48.
6.
Directorate of Rice Research. 2000. Final Report, 1994-1999 “Genetic enhancement of
quality rices for higher productivity and export” DRR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. pp
147.
7.
DRR-Perspective Plan : Vission 2025
8.
Glazmann, J.C. 1985. A varietal classification of Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. based on
isozyme polymorphism Pages 83-90 in Rice Genetics, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.
9.
Indian Agricultural Research Institute. 1980. High yielding basmati rice – problems, progress
and prospects Research Bull 30: 47.
10.
Jasol F S 1989. Augmenting basmati rice exports : No soft options, P 105-132 in Jasol (Ed)
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Indian Agro Exports, Viv Photolighographs, New Delhi.
11.
Khush, G.S. and Juliano, B.O. 1991. Research priorities for improving rice grain quality In:
Rice grain marketing and quality issues IRRI, Los, Basnos, Philippines. pp 65-66.
12.
Nene Y L, 1998 Basmati rice: a distinct variety (cultivar) of the Indian subcontinent, Asian
Agri-history 2 (3): 175-188.
13.
Normita de la Cruz, Ish Kumar, Rajendra, P. Kaushik and Gurdev Khush, S. 1989. Effect of
temperature during grain development on stability of cooking components in rice
Japan J. Breed 39: 229-306.
14.
Panwar, D.V.S., Gupta, K.R., Battan, K.R. and Singh, A. 1991. HKR 228, A semi dwarf aromatic
rice strain for Haryana, India. Intl. Rice Res. Newsl. 16: 16-17.
15.
Shobha Rani N, B K Thapar, S B Lodh, G S Sidhu, D Chaudhary and K K Jena 1996 Proceedings
of International Symposium on"Rainfed rice for sustainable food security", Breeding
for quality rices for domestic and export markets Central Rice Research Institute,
Cuttack, September 23-25, 1996
16.
Shobha Rani N and R.K. Singh, 2002. Efforts on aromatic rice improvement in India. Pages
23~72 In: Eds: R.K. Singh and U.S. Singh. A treatise on the scented rices of India,
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
17.
Shobha Rani, N. 1992. Research efforts to develop scented quality rices for increased
productivity and export purposes Paper presented at the Special Seminar for the
Awardees, International Rice Research Conference, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, 2125, April.
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18.
Shobha Rani, N., B. Mishra, G.S.V. Prasad, U. Prasada Rao, S.V. Subbaiah, K.Muralidharan
and I.C. Pasalu, 2001. Basmati Rice – Heritage of India, DRR Technical Bulletin 200102, DRR, Hyderabad, pp: 28.
19.
Siddiq, E. A. 1990. Export prospects of Indian Basmati Rices. Indian Farming 40(9): 45-47.
20.
Singh R.K., U.S. Singh and G.S.Khush, 2000. Aromatic Rices. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi. Pp: 292.
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Table 4: High Yielding Aromatic Varieties Released in India till 2007
Sl.
No
IET
No
Variety Name
Cross Combination
Year of 50%
GT
Release FD
CVRC
1
Haryana Basmati 1 10367 Sona / Basmati 370
1991
110
LS
2
Improved
Basmati 1
18990 PB 1 // PB 1 / IRBB 55
2007
105
LS
3
Kasturi
8580
1989
100
LS
4
Pusa Basmati 1
10364 Pusa 167 / Karnal Local
1989
105
LS
5
Pusa Basmati 6
18005 Pusa Bas 1 / Pusa 1121-92-8-2-7-1
2008
119
LS
6
Pusa RH 10
17251 Pusa 6A / PRR 78
2001
85
LS
7
Pusa Sugandh 2
16310 Basmati restorer line
2001
105
LS
8
Pusa Sugandh 3
16313 Basmati restorer line
2001
105
LS
9
Pusa Sugandh 5
17021 Pusa3 A / Haryana Basmati 1
2004
102
LS
10
Sugandhamati
16775 Pusa Basmati 1 / IET 12603
2004
114
LS
11
Vasumati
15391 PR 109 / Pak. Basmati
2001
113
LS
12
Basmati CSR 30
14720 Bhura Rata 4-10 / Pak. Basmati
(Yamini)
2001
101
LS
15824 Chandan / Pak. Basmati
2001
105
LS
1991
105
MS
2004
105
MS
Pusa
Basmati 370 / CRR 88-17-1-5
ANDHRA PRADESH
13
Sumati
BIHAR
14
Kamini
—
Pureline selection from Katarni Rice
15
Rajendra Sweta
18052 Sita / Pusa Basmati 1 // Katarni
Page | 16
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Sl.
No
Variety Name
IET
No
Cross Combination
Year of 50%
GT
Release FD
16
Sugandha (T)
—
Pure line sel. from Cuttack Basmati
1983
110
MS
2003
95
MS
2003
105
LS
CHHATTISGARH
17
Indira Sugandhit
15376 Madhuri / Surekha
Dhan 1
DELHI
18
Pusa Basmati 1121 18004
Pusa 614-1-2 / Pusa 614-2-4-3
GUJARAT
19
GR 101
12610 IR 8 / Pankhari 203
1984
100
LS
20
Kolhapur scented
—
Pure line sel. from Local
1971
100
MS
21
T 3 (T)
—
Sel. from local Type 3
1973
115
LS
HARYANA
22
Basmati 370
—
Pureline selection from local basmati
1933
land races
120
LS
23
Taraori Basmati
—
Pure line sel. from HBC 19
1996
105
LS
HIMACHAL PRADESH
24
Hassan Sarai
15060 Introduction from Iranian Basmati
2000
95
LS
25
T 23
—
1975
90
LS
11348 Selection from Basmati 370
1994
95
LS
1906
1969
90
MS
Sel.from Kalasukhdas
JAMMU and KASHMIR
26
Ranbir Basmati
KARNATAKA
27
Kusuma
TN 1 / Bas 370
Page | 17
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Sl.
No
Variety Name
IET
No
28
Mugad Sugandha
13549 Sel. from Basmati Composite
2001
100
LS
Cross Combination
Year of 50%
GT
Release FD
MAHARASHTRA
29
Bhogavati
13549 Selection from Basmati Composite
2004
100
LS
30
Indrayani
12897 Ambemohar 157 / IR 8
1987
102
LS
31
Karjat 3
12481 IR 36 / Karjat 35-3
1994
85
SB
32
Pawana
11338
1988
90
LS
33
PKV Khamang
18673 SYE 34-5-40/ Basmati 370
2008
101
SS
34
PKV Makarand
17277 Indrayani / SYE 3-43-57
2003
93
MS
35
Prabhavati
9214
1984
85
MS
36
Sakoli 7
10651 TN(1) / Basmati 370
1988
100
LS
37
SYE - ER 1
9296
Sona / SYE 44-3
1990
85
SS
5358
Jaya / R 11
1980
84
LS
Pusa 33 / IR 8
Mutant of local Ambemohar
MADHYA PRADESH
38
Madhuri
ODISHA
39
CR Sugandh Dhan
18395 Sel. from local variety
3
2008
116
MS
40
Geetanjali
2005
100
LS
Pureline selection from local basmati
1933
land races
120
LS
105
LS
18987 Mutant from Basmati 370
PUNJAB
41
Basmati 370
—
42
Basmati 385
13158 TN1 / Basmati 370
1992
Page | 18
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Sl.
No
Variety Name
IET
No
43
Basmati 386
14710 Sel. from Pak.Basmati
1994
105
LS
44
Punjab Basmati 1
7313
Sona / Basmati 370
1982
95
LS
45
Punjab Mehak 1
18976
IR 70423-170-2-3/IR 70446-85-3-2// IR
2009
70423-170-2-3
95
LS
Cross Combination
Year of 50%
GT
Release FD
RAJASTHAN
46
BK 79
7028
TN1 / NP 130 // Basmati 370
1981
100
LS
47
Khushboo
—
Baran Basmati / Pusa 150
1994
90
LS
48
Mahi Sugandha
12601 BK 79 / Basmati 370
1994
100
LS
3618
Sabarmati / Ratna
1982
90
LS
—
Pureline selection from local aromatic
2003
tall idica
100
SB
TAMIL NADU
49
Pusa 33 *
TRIPURA
50
Kali Khasa
UTTAR PRADESH
51
Kala Namak 3
21268 Pure line selection from KN3-27-3-3
2009
114
SB
52
Madhuri
5725
1983
98
LS
53
Malaviya Dhan 1
17692 HBR 92 / Pusa Basmati / Kasturi
2005
98
LS
54
Malaviya Sugandh18415 Mutant of MPR 7-2
105
2008
105
MS
55
Malaviya Sugandh18911 Mutant of Lanjhi
4-3
2008
105
LS
56
Narendra Lalmati
2009
85
SS
Sabarmati / Ratna
21051 Selection from local lalmati
Page | 19
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Sl.
No
Variety Name
IET
No
Cross Combination
Year of 50%
GT
Release FD
57
Type 3
—
A Sel. from Dehradun Basmati
1978
125
58
Vallabh Basmati –
22
19492 P 1121 / Type 3
2009
114 LS
LS
UTTARAKHAND
59
Pant
Sugandh
Basmati 370 / Sadri // Bahral / Muskan
14132
2002
Dhan 15
41
114
LS
60
Pant
Sugandh
17263 Pusa Basmati 1 / UPRI 95-154
Dhan 17
105
LS
2004
* Denotified Varieties, Italics: Other Basmati, Shade & Italics: Notified Basmati
Figure 1: Export of specified – agro products, 2008-09
(Monitoring by APEDA, Values in MT) (Source: APEDA)
Fruits & veg, 2646268
Wheat, other cereal & milled
products , 4041822
Non Basmati , 931880
Basmati , 1556411
Proc fruits & veg , 844881
Animal prod , 1646790
Other proc.prod, 2433913
Page | 20
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Figure 2: Trend in rice exports from India
(Source: APEDA)
Quantity ( tonnes)
Value (Rs. in Crores)
8000000
15000
6000000
10000
4000000
5000
2000000
0
19
90
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
0
Figure 3: Top rice exporting countries, 2008
Source: AIREA, 2008
10.00
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4.65
4.02
3.00
y
ua
a
hi
n
U
ru
g
ki
Pa
C
st
an
a
di
In
SA
U
et
na
m
d
Vi
rs
0.78
0.95
la
n
ai
Th
3.30
O
th
e
3.50
Page | 21
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217
Figure 4: Basmati rice exports during 2003 to 2008
(Source: APEDA)
Quantity (000MTs)
Value (Crores)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Quantity (000MTs)
2006-07
2007-08
1687.00
932
5286
4243.07
3702
3178.17
2921
3922.17
3646
2142.16
7500
6750
6000
5250
4500
3750
3000
2250
1500
750
0
2601
(Source: APEDA)
7409.79
Figure 5: Non Basmati rice exports duirng 2002 to 2007
2008-09
Value (Crores)
Page | 22
Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217

Present Status of Basmati Research in India

Transcription

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