ACOUSTIC SOLUTIONS FOR WOODEN INTERMEDIATE FLOORS

ACOUSTIC SOLUTIONS
FOR WOODEN INTERMEDIATE
FLOORS
​Olin Bartlomé
Dipl. Ing. (FH)
SWISS PROPERTY
o.bartlome@swiss-property.ch
Situation in Western
Europe
​Innovation and current
developments in
most Western European
countries
‹BFH-AHB Holz Biel›, Biel (CH), 1999
‹Hegianwandweg›, Zürich (CH), 2003
‹Sunken House›, London (UK), 2007
‹Apartment Building›, Trondheim (N), 2007
‹Casa Montarina›, Lugano (2008)
‹e3›, Berlin (2008)
‹Murray Grove›, London (UK), 2009
‹Hotel Ammerwald›, Reutte (A), 2009
‹Badenerstrasse 380›, Zürich (CH), 2010
‹Bridport House›, London (UK), 2011
‹LifeCycle Tower›, Dornbirn (A),
2012
‹LifeCycle Tower›, Dornbirn (A), 2012
‹BFH-AHB Holz Biel›, Biel (CH), 1999
‹BFH-AHB Holz
‹Sihlbogen›,
Biel›, Biel
Zürich
(CH),(CH),
19992011 – 2013
Situation in Western Europe
 Increase building density
 Less single dwellings, more multi-storey buildings (mainly 6-8 floors)
 Wooden multi-storey buildings in urban areas (Zurich, London et al.)
 Multi-storey buildings
 In 2003: bn€ 2,35; in 2011: bn€ 4,5
 Our market share 2003: 0 %; in 2008: approx. 6.8%
 Single dwellings
 In 2003: bn€ 2.25; in 2011: bn€ 2.39
 Our market share 2003: approx. 18,5%, in 2008: approx. 21%
 Enhanced requirements in terms of comfort by residents
 Tougher standards, e.g. Norm SIA 181 ‹Acoustics in buildings›
Quelle: Baublatt Nr. 45, 2011 und BAFU – BFH, Holzendverbrauch Schweiz 2012
Initial position│
What is the aim of engineering acoustics?
​Create appropriate conditions for users

Airborne sound insulation against inside and outside
noise

Impact and structure-borne noise insulation

Sound absorption
Initial position│
What is the aim of engineering acoustics?
​Popular assessment: Noise does not
disturb and one gets used to it

This does not exclude possible long-term health
problems (FOEN)

Physical changes occur, without these being
consciously perceived (WHO)
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF
IMPACT NOISE
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
​Beside the values in the code(s),
there are also requirements by
the residents.

These are based on the
subjective feelings of the people.

With conventional wooden
intermediate floors, these often
lead to complaints.

… and that even when
normative values are fulfilled (!)
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
Resident-related
requirements



The most annoying noise is the
impact noise from other living
areas.
This is caused by steps, by
children running around or by the
movement of chairs on the floor
above.
7
6
5
6,4
4
3
2
1
2,3
1,4
0
Low frequency noises
Where is the problem?
Quelle: Bartlomé, O.; Liebl, A.; Späth, M.; Kittel, M.: (2013) ‹AcuWood›
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
80
Difference between heavy- and
lightweight construction
 Normative range: Generally 100 – 3150 Hz
 Humans hear from 16…21 Hz
 Frequencies < 100 Hz are heard
 can lead to the mentioned complaints
Intermediate floor
Ln,w
CI,100-2500
CI,50-2500
Timber susp. ceiling 2x
38 dB
0 dB
21 dB
gypsum15 mm (01d1.1)
Concrete
Norm-Trittschallpegel Ln [dB]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
31,5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
Frequenz [Hz]
HBV mit ZE und 2x GK 15 mm (A4.01d1.1)
63 dB
-19 dB
-11 dB
Quelle: Bartlomé, O. (2012)
Betondecke (roh)
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
80
Norm-Trittschallpegel Ln [dB]
70
Intermediate floor
Ln,w
Ln,w + CI,100-2500
Ln,w + CI,50-2500
HBV mit ZE und 2x GK
38 dB
38 dB
59 dB
15 mm (01d1.1)
60
50
40
30
20
10
31,5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
Frequenz [Hz]
HBV mit ZE und 2x GK 15 mm (A4.01d1.1)
Bezugskurve
Quelle: Bartlomé, O. (2012)
4000
R&D │Human
Perception of
Impact Noise
 Project with Fraunhofer Institute IBP
 IBP and Lignum are partners in the
European WoodWisdom-Net project
‹AcuWood›
 Financial support by the Federal Office
for Housing
R&D │Human
Perception of
Impact Noise
 Method
Field Survey


ca. 250 multi-storey buildings in
timber
(> 3 storey)

ca. 1550 – 1600 flats

308 fully returned questionnaires
(ca. 20 %)

76 in Germany
R&D │Human
Perception of
Impact Noise
 In-situ measurements (5 carefully selected
buildings in CH):

Wooden box-type intermediate floor with ballast
and floating floor

Wood-concrete-composite intermediate floor
with floating floor

Solid timber intermediate floor with
ballast and floating floor

Ribbed slab intermediate floor with ballast
and floating floor

Wooden box-type intermediate floor with ballast
in the boxes, suspended ceiling and floating
floor
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
 Listening Test
Quelle: ‹AcuWood›
Human Perception
of Impact Noise
 Listening Test


125 signals
E.g. sources...
 Standard tapping machine
 Modified tapping machine
 Rubber ball
 Moving chair
 Male walker, hard footwear
 Female walker, hard footwear
 Male walker, soft footwear
R&D │RESULTS
R&D │Results
Acoustics ranked in
middle position
(n=354)
R&D │Results
Residents are
pretty satisfied
(nmax=355; nmin=285)
R&D │Results
Neighbours walking is the
most annoying single noise
source.
(nmax=344; nmin=276)
 However, even this is at a low
figure
R&D │Results
Mittlere Beurteilung der Lärmbelästigung
äusserst = 10
9
Mehrfamilienhaus
8
Einfamilienhaus
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
überhaupt nicht = 0
Lärm im Allgemeinen; z.B.
durch Verkehr, Baustelle,
Gespräche, Musik,
Gehgeräusche, technische
Einrichtungen etc.
Nachbarn; Gehgeräusche,
d.h. man hört die Schritte
beim Gehen
Nachbarn; alltägliche
Lebensumstände, z.B.
Gespräche, Töne und
Geräusche, TV durch
Böden/Decken
Nachbarn; Musik mit Bass
und Schlagzeug
Nachbarn; Klappern und
Geräusche von eigenen
Möbelstücken, wenn
Nachbarn sich darüber
bewegen
Nachbarn; alltägliche
Lebensumstände, z.B.
Gespräche, Töne und
Geräusche, TV durch Wände
R&D │Results
Mittlere Beurteilung der Lärmbelästigung
äusserst = 10
Mehrfamilienhaus
9
Einfamilienhaus
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
überhaupt nicht = 0
Klimaanlagen;
Heizgeräte, Lüftung,
Luftdurchlässe
Verkehr (Autos, Busse,
LKWs, Züge oder
Flugzeuge); bei
geschlossenen Fenstern
in Innenräumen zu hören
Treppenhäuser,
Aussengänge etc.;
Gespräche,
Türenschliessen
Haustechnik; Aufzüge,
Waschmaschinen,
Belüftungsanlagen
Treppenhäuser,
Aussengänge etc.;
Gehgeräusche oder
anderer Trittschall
Wasserinstallationen;
Betriebsgebäude;
Rohrleitungen,
Garagen, Läden, Büros,
Abwassergeräusche von
Bars, Restaurants,
WC, Dusche
Waschsalons bei
geschlossenen Fenstern
in Innenräumen zu hören
R&D │Results
Wooden box-type
intermediate floor with
ballast and floating floor
Quelle: ‹AcuWood
​Calciumsulfat-Fliessestrich C30-F6
​Trittschalldämmung s‘ = 6 MN/m³
​TSD/Installationsebene
​Gipsfaserplatte
​Holzkastenelement
​Dreischichtplatte
​Konstruktionsvollholz
​
mit Splitt 150 kg/m²
​Dreischichtplatte, Sichtschalung
55 mm
30 mm
30 mm
15 mm
254 mm
27 mm
200 mm
105 mm
27 mm
L‘n,w
L‘n,w + CI 50-3150
51/53 dB
59/56 dB
R&D │Results
Solid timber intermediate
floor with ballast and
floating floor
Quelle: ‹AcuWood›
L‘n,w
L‘n,w + CI 50-3150
53/53 dB
56/55 dB
R&D │Results
Ribbed slab intermediate
floor with ballast and
floating floor
Quelle: ‹AcuWood›
Anhydridestrich m‘ = 115 kg/m²
Trittschalldämmung
Fermacell Splitt, m‘ = 45 kg/m²
Dreischichtplatte, m‘ = 12,2 kg/m²
Rippendecke aus Brettschichtholz
mit MF 100 mm
Gipsfaserplatte, m‘ = 17.2 kg/m²
Unterdecke mit Federbügeln
und MF 30 mm
Gipskartonplatte
60 mm
2 x 20 mm
30 mm
27 mm
280 mm
15 mm
45 mm
2 x 15 mm
L‘n,w
L‘n,w + CI 50-3150
39/37 dB
51/50 dB
R&D │Results
Wood-concrete-composite
intermediate floor with
floating floor
Quelle: ‹AcuWood
L‘n,w
L‘n,w + CI 50-3150
45/44 dB
47/49 dB
R&D │Results
​Wooden box-type
intermediate floor with
ballast and floating floor
Quelle: ‹AcuWood›
L‘n,w
L‘n,w + CI 50-3150
44/47 dB
57/58 dB
R&D │Correlation Results
R&D │Results
Single number value for tapping
machine LnT,w + CI 50 - 2500 vs.
annoyance of the walkers
R&D │Results
​Einzahlwerte für Norm-Hammerwerk
LnT,w + CI 50 – 2500 in Bezug auf
die Anzahl belästigter Personen

Tiefe Streuung der Einzahlwerte
für ähnliche Anzahl von Belästigten

Hohes Bestimmheitsmass von r = 0.77

Schwach abfallende Regressionskurve

Tiefste Werte bei 48 dB
Quelle: Späh, M. (2013)  Vorabzug Resultate ‹AcuWood›
R&D │Results
​Subjektive Belästigung japanischer
Gummiball versus
subjektive Belästigung Geher
 Die Belästigung durch den Ball ist
höher als für das Norm-Hammerwerk
und das modifizierte Norm-Hammerwerk
 Die Steigung der Regressionslinie ist
fast 1, die Koorelation zwischen der
Belästigung Geher und Belästigung
Ball ist hoch
 Der Korrelationskoeffizient r = 0.89
wesentlich höher
Quelle: Späh, M. (2013)  Vorabzug Resultate ‹AcuWood›
R&D │Results
​Correlation coefficient single number
value for tapping machine vs.
annoyance of the walkers
Rating
r
Rating
r
Rating
r
L‘nT,w
0.62
Fasold
0.75
JIS Li,A
0.59
L‘nT,w+CI 100–2500
0.69
Bodlund
0.76
JIS Li,A,F
0.53
L‘nT,w+CI 50–2500
0.76
rev. A-weighting
0.60
JIS Li,A,w
0.54
Hagberg 03
0.79
Gösele
0.60
L‘nT,A 20-2500
0.60
Hagberg 04
0.79
Hearing Thresh.
0.56
L‘nT,A 50-2500
0.60
Quelle: Späh, M. (2013)  Vorabzug Resultate ‹AcuWood›
R&D │Results
Bewertung durch
​Which requirments can be deviated?
Regressionsformel für Einzahlwert
und subjektive Wahrnehmung
Bestimmtheitsmass R²
Anforderungen basierend auf
prozentualer Belästigung
in dB
40%
20%
0%
Norm-Hammerwerk
L´nT,w+CI,50 – 2500
y=20.8x+49.3
0.60
58
53
49
Norm-Hammerwerk
L´nT,w Hagberg 03
y=17.2x+58.4
0.62
65
62
58
Japanischer Ball
L´nT,A,F,max,20-2500
y=24.7x+46.9
0.74
57
52
47
Quelle: Späh, M. (2013)  Vorabzug Resultate ‹AcuWood›
MEASURES│INTERMEDIATE
FLOOR
Measures │General
 Quality assurance
 Designteam
Measures │Intermediate Floor
80
 Methods of construction
Intermediate floor
Ln,w
CI,50-2500
Solid timber
67dB
-4 dB
Solid timber, with
46 dB
6 dB
ballast (152 kg/m2)
Norm-Trittschallpegel Ln [dB]
70
Brettstapeldecke mit
ZE (A3.01-03h-00000a-00-110a)
Gewicht: 193 kg/m2
60
50
40
Brettstapeldecke,
beschwert 152 kg/m2
mit ZE (A3.01-03h00-000a-40-110a)
30
20
10
31,5
63
125
250
500
Frequenz [Hz]
Quelle: Bartlomé, O. (2012)
1000
2000
4000
Measures │Intermediate Floor
Quelle: Furrer, B. (2013)
Measures │Flanking sound transmission
​Different in regards to
construction method:

light weight, heavy weight, solid
timber, timber frame etc.
​Fd + Ff + Df = Dnf
Measures │Flanking sound transmission
70
Norm-Trittschallpegel Ln [dB]
60
50
Messung ohne
Nebenwege
40
30
20
Messung mit
Nebenwegen
10
0
31,5

63
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequenz [Hz]
Comparison measurement without and with flanking transmission
 Without flanking transmission: Ln,w + C = 26 dB, Ln,w + CI,50-2500 = 46 dB
 With flanking transmission:
Ln,f,w + C = 32 dB, Ln,f,w + CI,50-2500 = 46 dB
FUTURE
Future │WWN+ project ‘Silent Timber Build’
Excursus:
Influence of ceiling on the LCA of a building
1 2 3 4 6 7
1 2 3 4 6 7
1 3 4 6 7
Excursus:
Influence of ceiling on the LCA of a building
Greenhous gas emission:
762 MJ/m2
75.9 kg/m2
494 MJ/m2
606 MJ/m2
475 MJ/m2
- 38 % / - 57 %
Embodied energy:
40.4 kg/m2
- 19 % / - 15 %
47.6 kg/m2
28.0 kg/m2
- 13 % / - 15 %
550 MJ/m2
32.8 kg/m2
Outlook
​Limiting boundaries to the building itself will
continue to lose significance

Keywords ‚self-sustenanc/costs‘, ‚LowEx‘
​Cascade utilisation of wood
​Today’s planning and construction
techniques must continue to move forward
and clever ideas are needed

Currently, blinds or awnings are often the only
dynamic component of a building

The recyclability of cars is 90 %, while buildings often
reach only 4 %.
‘Lightweight (timber)
construction is going to be a very important
factor for sustainability.’
This is some catchy headline
Werner Sobek
Many thanks for your attention!
WOOD
tastes good