Pre-Intermediate Study Companion
Transcription
Pre-Intermediate Study Companion
Pre-Intermediate Study Companion for Swiss learners Liz and John Soars 3 NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt Wordlist Unit 1 (know) each other v /%i:tS "VD@/ ● l’un l’autre ci, vi, si, l’un l’altro advertising n /"&dv@taIzIN/ ● publicité pubblicità Werbung Sarah works for an advertising company. alphabet n /"&lf@bet/ ● alphabet alfabeto Alphabet There are 26 letters in the alphabet. ancient society n /"eInS@nt s@"saI@ti/ ● civilisation antique antica cultura antike Gesellschaft We study ancient society in our history class. anger n /"&Ng@/ ● colère rabbia Ärger Dick showed his anger when he shouted at the children. architect n /"A:kItekt/ ● architecte architetto Architekt(in) My brother’s an architect. He’s designing our new house. art gallery n /"A:t %g&l@ri/ ● musée d’art, galerie galleria d’arte, museo Kunstgalerie There are many beautiful paintings in the art gallery. as usual /"&z "ju:ZU@l, @z "ju:Z@l/ ● comme d’habitude come al solito wie üblich We’re going to take our holidays in July as usual. bee n /bi:/ ● abeille ape Biene The bee is a very hard-working insect. book v /bUk/ ● réserver prenotare buchen Shall I book tickets for the film tonight? born pp /bO:n/ ● né nato geboren I was born in Italy in 1978. borrow v /"bQr@U/ ● emprunter prendere in prestito ausleihen Can I borrow this book, please? builder n /"bIld@/ ● ouvrier du bâtiment, maçon muratore, operaio edile Bauarbeiter(in), Maurer(in) The builder came to fix the window yesterday. can v /k&n/, /k@n/ ● savoir, être capable de, pouvoir essere capace di, sapere können Can you drive? come round (= visit) v /%kVm "raUnd/ ● venir venire vorbeikommen Can you come round to my house on Wednesday? communicate v /k@"mju:nIkeIt/ ● communiquer comunicare kommunizieren How can I communicate with my teenage daughter? communication n /k@%mju:nI"keISn/ ● communication comunicazione Kommunikation Email is a new means of communication. compared to /k@m"pe@d t@/ ● par rapport à in confronto a verglichen mit Flights are very expensive compared to last year. course n /kO:s/ ● cours corso, lezioni Kurs Which course are you doing at college? development n /dI"vel@pm@nt/ ● développement sviluppo Entwicklung Healthy food is important for the development of your children. drama n /"drA:m@/ ● théâtre opera teatrale Drama I’m studying drama and English. We’re looking at Hamlet next week. einander We know each other very well. We went to the same school. email n /"i:meIl/ ● courrier électronique, e-mail e-mail E-Mail Send me an email when you get home. elephant n /"elIf@nt/ ● éléphant elefante Elefant People say that an elephant never forgets. enjoy v /In"dZOI/ ● apprécier, aimer piacere geniessen Do you enjoy watching films? essay n /"eseI/ ● dissertation tema, saggio Aufsatz I have to write an essay for Monday’s class. exchange v /Iks"tSeIndZ/ ● échanger scambiare, cambiare umtauschen I’d like to exchange this sweater for one in a different colour, please. explain v /Ik"spleIn/ ● expliquer spiegare erklären Could you explain what this means? face n /feIs/ ● visage, figure faccia, viso Gesicht Your face is red. Are you hot? fax v /f&ks/ ● envoyer par télécopie, faxer spedire via fax faxen Please fax me the letter today. flat n /fl&t/ ● appartement appartamento Wohnung James lives in a flat in London. flat adj /fl&t/ ● plat piatto flach, eben The building had a flat roof. future n /"fju:tS@/ ● avenir futuro Zukunft Computers have changed the future of our world. generation gap n /%dZen@"reISn %g&p/ ● conflit des générations gap generazionale Generationsunterschied The generation gap between parents and children can make life difficult. government n /"gVv@nm@nt/ ● gouvernement governo Regierung Maurizio works for the government in Italy. graduate v /"gr&dZUeIt/ ● obtenir son diplôme laurearsi einen Universitätsabschluss machen When is Sue going to graduate from university? hard (work) adj /hA:d/ ● difficile, dur difficile, duro hart, schwer Carly likes her job, but it’s very hard work. hieroglyphics n pl /%haIr@"glIfIks/ ● hiéroglyphes geroglifici Hieroglyphen The Egyptians didn’t write words, they used hieroglyphics. history n /"hIstri/ ● histoire storia Geschichte Peter’s very interested in the history of Ancient Rome. How many …? /%haU "meni/ ● Combien …? Quanti …? Quante …? Wie viele …? How many books has he written? How much …? /%haU "mVtS/ ● Combien …? Quanto …? Quanta …? Wie viel …? How much sugar is there? huge adj /hju:dZ/ ● énorme enorme riesig Canada is a huge country. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 2 neighbour n /"neIb@/ human n /"hju:m@n/ ● humain umano Mensch A human can’t hear the sound that a bat makes. idea n /aI"dI@/ ● idée idea Idee I had an idea about your essay. ideal adj /aI"di:@l/ ● idéal ideale ideal Tell me about your ideal home. What would you like? infinite adj /"InfIn@t/ ● infini infinito unendlich The possibilities are infinite. influence n /"InflU@ns/ ● influence influenza, influsso Einfluss Books had a great influence on me when I was a child. Internet n /"Int@net/ ● Internet Internet Internet Do you use Google™ to search the Internet? introduce v /%Intr@"dju:s/ ● présenter presentare vorstellen Will you introduce me to your family? invite v /In"vaIt/ ● inviter invitare einladen I want to invite Alison to my party. kind n /kaInd/ ● sorte genere Art, Sorte What kind of cheese is this? It’s delicious! kind adj /kaInd/ ● gentil gentile nett Thank you for the flowers. You are very kind. last adj /lA:st/ ● dernier ultimo letzte(r,s) Helen was the last person to arrive. make a promise v /%meIk @ "prQmIs/ ● faire une promesse promettere, fare una promessa versprechen When you make a promise, you have to keep it. make yourself at home v /%meIk jO:%self @t "h@Um/ ● faire comme chez soi fare come a casa propria es sich bequem machen Please make yourself at home. There’s some coffee in the cupboard. married pp /"m&rid/ ● marié sposato geheiratet Sarah and Mike got married in June. meal n /mi:l/ ● repas pasto, Mahlzeit, Essen Ela is cooking the meal this evening. mean v /mi:n/ ● vouloir dire voler dire bedeuten What does this word mean? mean adj /mi:n/ ● avare avaro geizig Alex is very mean. He never buys a drink in the pub. media n /"mi:dI@/ ● médias media Medien I’d like a job in the media – perhaps radio or TV. message n /"mesIdZ/ ● message messaggio Nachricht Leave me a message if you are going to be late this evening. mobile phone n /%m@UbaIl "f@Un/ ● téléphone portable cellulare Handy How often do you talk on your mobile phone? modern adj /"mQd@n/ ● moderne moderno modern Sally lives in a modern flat. monkey n /"mVNki/ ● singe scimmia Affe That monkey looks almost human! museum n /mju:"zI@m/ ● musée museo Museum You can see ancient objects in the museum. ● voisin vicino/a di casa Nachbar That’s my neighbour – she lives next door. nobody pron /"n@Ub@di/ ● personne nessuno niemand Nobody loves me. noise n /nOIz/ ● bruit rumore Lärm My computer is making a loud noise. north n /nO:T/ ● nord nord Norden It’s very cold in the north of Canada. painting n /"peIntIN/ ● tableau quadro Gemälde We saw a famous painting by Monet at the museum. paper n /"peIp@/ ● papier carta Papier Can I have a piece of paper to draw on? part-time (job) adj /%pA:t "taIm/ ● à temps partiel part-time TeilzeitSteve works part-time at the deli. party n /"pA:ti/ ● fête festa Party We’re having a party on Friday. past n /pA:st/ ● passé passato Vergangenheit We’ve visited this museum many times in the past. persuade v /p@"sweId/ ● persuader persuadere überzeugen Glen tried to persuade Alex to come to the film. philosophy n /fI"lQs@fi/ ● philosophie filosofia Philosophie You can’t study philosophy at our school. photography n /f@"tQgr@fi/ ● photo, photographie fotografia Fotografie, Fotografieren Photography is an expensive hobby. play n /pleI/ ● pièce (de théâtre) commedia, opera teatrale Theaterstück There is a good play on at the theatre. play v /pleI/ ● jouer giocare spielen The children often play in the garden when the weather is nice. Pleased to meet you. /"pli:zd t@ "mi:t ju:/ ● Enchanté. Piacere di conoscerla. Es freut mich dich/Sie kennenzulernen. ‘Philippe, this is Mark’. ‘Pleased to meet you, Mark.’ poetry n /"p@U@tri/ ● poésie poesia Gedichte, Lyrik Do you write poetry in your free time? postlady n /"p@UstleIdi/ ● factrice postina Postbotin The postlady delivers our mail each day at 9.00 a.m. present n /"prez@nt/ ● cadeau regalo Geschenk Thank you for my birthday present. probably adv /"prQb@bli/ ● probablement probabilmente wahrscheinlich I’ll probably be late tonight. public speaking n /"pVblIk "spi:kIN/ ● art oratoire arte oratoria Redekunst A politician has to be good at public speaking. quiet adj /"kwaI@t/ ● silencieux, tranquille, doux calmo, tranquillo leise What a quiet baby! ring n /rIN/ ● bague anello Ring He gave her a ring on her wedding day. ring v /rIN/ ● téléphoner à telefonare a, chiamare anrufen I’ll ring you when I arrive. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 3 Russian adj /"rVSn/ ● russe russo unusual adj /Vn"ju:ZU@l/ russisch Tolstoy was a Russian writer. send v /send/ ● envoyer mandare schicken Will you send me a copy of that photo? sense n /sens/ ● sens senso Sinn The dog had a good sense of smell. show v /S@U/ ● montrer far vedere, mostrare zeigen Please show me your homework. single adj /"sINgl/ ● célibataire single ledig Molly’s single, but her sister is married. sound n /saUnd/ ● bruit, son suono, rumore Ton, Geräusch I love listening to the sound of the sea. speak (a language) v /spi:k/ ● parler parlare sprechen I can speak French and Italian. special adj /"speSl/ ● particulier, spécial speciale, particolare besondere(r,s) Do you have any special interests? spoken word n /"sp@Uk@n "w3:d/ ● parole, langue parlée parola, espressione orale gesprochene wort Linguists study the spoken word. strange adj /streIndZ/ ● étrange strano eigenartig, komisch That was a strange film. I didn’t understand it. system n /"sIst@m/ ● système sistema System All animals have a system of communication. T-shirt n /"ti:%S3:t/ ● tee-shirt maglietta, T-shirt T-Shirt Bring a T-shirt, it’s going to be hot. technology n /tek"nQl@dZi/ ● technologie tecnologia Technologie New technology is a wonderful thing. tell a joke v /%tel @ "dZ@Uk/ ● raconter une blague raccontare una barzelletta einen Witz erzählen Everyone was bored so Marco decided to tell a joke. tell lies v /%tel "laIz/ ● raconter des mensonges dire bugie Lügen erzählen It is never a good idea to tell lies. tell the truth v /%tel D@ "tru:T/ ● dire la vérité dire la verità die Wahrheit sagen You must tell the truth if the police ask you any questions. together adv /t@"geD@/ ● ensemble insieme zusammen, miteinander They’ve lived together for three years now. train n /treIn/ ● train treno Zug I got the train to work this morning. train v /treIn/ ● entraîner allenarsi trainieren Footballers have to train hard. transform v /tr&ns"fO:m/ ● transformer trasformare verwandeln, verändern Learning to drive has transformed my life. translator n /tr&nz"leIt@/ ● traducteur traduttore, traduttrice Übersetzer(in) Carlos works as a Spanish translator in the United States. unique adj /ju:"ni:k/ ● unique, particulier unico einmalig, einzigartig Ben’s house is unique. It’s so unusual! until conj /Vn"tIl/ ● jusqu’à fino a bis Let’s wait until Lisa arrives. ● rare, inhabituel insolito, raro ungewöhnlich, unüblich What an unusual name. van n /v&n/ ● camionnette furgoncino Lieferwagen We need a van to move the piano to our new house. wall n /wO:l/ ● mur muro Mauer, Wand Jo put the poster on the wall. wear v /we@/ ● porter indossare, portare tragen What are you going to wear to the party tonight? well-paid adj /%wel"peId/ ● bien payé ben pagato gut bezahlt Maria has a well-paid job in the city. whale n /weIl/ ● baleine balena Wal Have you ever heard the song of a whale? Which …? /wItS/ ● Quel …?, Lequel …? Quale …? Welche(r,s) …? Which film did you watch last night? Whose …? /hu:z/ ● À qui …? Di chi …? Wessen …? Whose mobile phone is ringing? Unit 2 aborigine n /%&b@"rIdZIni:/ ● aborigène aborigeno/a Aborigine, Ureinwohner The original inhabitants of Australia were aborigines. annoy v /@"nOI/ ● agacer, énerver dare fastidio a ärgern Roberto! Please don’t annoy your sister any more! annoying adj /@%nOIN/ ● énervant irritante ärgerlich How annoying. It’s raining and I’ve left my umbrella in the car. barbecue n /"bA:bIkju:/ ● barbecue barbecue, grigliata Grillparty We’re having a barbecue at the weekend. baseball n /"beIsbO:l/ ● base-ball baseball Baseball I played baseball when I was in the US. bungalow n /"bVNg@l@U/ ● pavillon, bungalow bungalow Bungalow They live in a small bungalow near the river. certainly adv /"s3:t@nli/ ● certainement sicuramente mit Sicherheit, sicherlich I certainly didn’t expect to see you today! change gears v /"tSeIndz "gI@z/ ● passer les vitesses cambiare marcia in einen anderen Gang schalten My car is automatic, so I don’t change gears. It’s great! clear up v /%klI@(r) "Vp/ ● ranger mettere in ordine aufräumen Please clear up this mess. climate n /"klaIm@t/ ● climat clima Klima Africa has a hot climate. coast n /k@Ust/ ● côte costa Küste Sally lives by the sea, on the south coast. complain v /k@m"pleIn/ ● se plaindre lamentarsi sich beschweren, sich beklagen The students often complain about the food at school. computer n /k@m"pju:t@/ ● ordinateur computer Computer Do you have a computer in your room? cosmopolitan adj /%kQzm@"pQlIt@n/ ● cosmopolite cosmopolita kosmopolitisch New York is a very cosmopolitan city. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 4 grapes n pl /greIps/ couple n /"kVpl/ ● couple coppia Paar The couple want to buy a big house with a room for the new baby. credit card n /"kredIt %kA:d/ ● carte de crédit carta di credito Kreditkarte Would you like to pay with cash or by credit card? cricket n /"krIkIt/ ● cricket cricket Kricket Simon plays cricket for England. crowded adj /"kraUdId/ ● bondé, plein de monde affollato überfüllt, voll The streets were crowded with people celebrating New Year. culture n /"kVltS@/ ● culture cultura Kultur Paris is a city with a lot of culture. descent n /dI"sent/ ● origine origine Abstammung, Herkunft Our family is of French descent. They came from Calais in the north of France. diamonds n pl /"daI@m@ndz/ ● diamants diamanti Diamant Diamonds are a girl’s best friend. drive (sb) mad v /%draIv "m&d/ ● rendre fou far impazzire (jdn) verrückt machen Ed! Stop singing, you’re driving me mad! electrician n /elek"trISn/ ● électricien elettricista Elektriker(in) They called an electrician to fix the heating system. exciting adj /Ik"saItIN/ ● formidable, passionnant eccitante, emozionante aufregend, spannend What an exciting weekend you have planned! export v /ek"spO:t/ ● exporter esportare exportieren Columbia exports a lot of coffee to Britain. fast adj /fA:st/ ● vite, rapide veloce schnell My car isn’t very fast, but it’s reliable. fine art n /%faIn "A:t/ ● beaux-arts belle arti Kunst, schöne Künste It’s a small gallery, but it has a good collection of fine art. fish v /fIS/ ● pêcher pescare angeln, fischen We’re going to fish for salmon at the weekend. flag n /fl&g/ ● drapeau bandiera Flagge, Fahne The British flag is called the Union Jack. free time n /%fri: "taIm/ ● temps libre tempo libero Freizeit What do you do in your free time? fries (French fries) n pl /fraIz/ ● frites patate fritte Pommes frites I’d like a hamburger and fries, please. game reserve n /"geIm rI%z3:v/ ● réserve naturelle riserva di caccia Wildhegegebiet We visited a game reserve in Kenya. I loved the elephants! get used to (sth) v /get "ju:st tu:/ ● s’habituer à abituarsi a sich gewöhnen an I can’t get used to having my hair short. giraffe n /dZI"rA:f/ ● girafe giraffa Giraffe The giraffe’s long neck helps it to find leaves at the top of trees. go jogging v /%geU "dZQgIN/ ● faire du jogging andare a fare jogging joggen gehen We often go jogging after work. gold n /g@Uld/ ● or oro Gold The US government keeps its gold at Fort Knox. gold adj /g@Uld/ ● en or, d’or d’oro golden What a lovely gold bracelet you’re wearing! ● raisin uva Weintrauben They make the wine from grapes picked in the autumn. habit n /"h&bIt/ ● habitude abitudine (An)gewohnheit My dad has a habit of leaving the television on. have in common v /%h&v In "kQm@n/ ● avoir en commun avere in comune gemeinsam haben Jerry and Sue have a lot in common. They get on very well. hesitation n /hezI"teISn/ ● hésitation esitazione Zögern The student answered the question without hesitation. ice hockey n /"aIs %hQki/ ● hockey sur glace hockey su ghiaccio Eishockey Ice hockey is very popular in North America. immigrant n /"ImIgr@nt/ ● immigré immigrato/a Einwanderer/Einwanderin There are many immigrants living in the UK. in control (to be) adj /%In k@n"tr@Ul/ ● maîtriser, avoir le contrôle de avere (la situazione) sotto controllo Kontrolle haben über Who’s in control of sales in your company? inhabitants n pl /In"h&bIt@nts/ ● habitants abitanti Einwohner There aren’t many inhabitants on the island. inland adj, adv /In"l&nd/ ● à l’intérieur des terres nell’entroterra, nell’interno landeinwärts There are lots of inland lakes in the USA. We want to move further inland, away from the coast. island n /"aIl@nd/ ● île isola Insel The island of Tobago is a popular tourist destination. join v /dZOIn/ ● rejoindre, se joindre à unirsi a sich dazugesellen, mitmachen bei Come and join in the fun, Clare! lake n /leIk/ ● lac lago See We own a cottage by the lake. light n /laIt/ ● lumière luce Licht, Lampe I can’t see you, can you put the light on? lion n /"laI@n/ ● lion leone Löwe Lions live in groups on the plains of Africa. mainly adv /"meInli/ ● surtout, pour la plupart principalmente, soprattutto hauptsächlich Sometimes I study in my room, but I mainly use the library. make a decision v /%meIk @ dI"sIZn/ ● prendre une décision prendere una decisione eine Entscheidung treffen What are you going to do? You need to make a decision. make-up n /"meIkVp/ ● maquillage trucco Make-up Do you wear make-up to work? marriage n /"m&rIdZ/ ● mariage matrimonio Ehe How long do you think their marriage will last? mathematician n /m&T@m@"tISn/ ● mathématicien matematico Mathematiker(in) Our neighbour’s son is a mathematician. mess n /mes/ ● désordre, fouillis disordine, sporcizia Unordnung, Durcheinander John! Your room is a mess! miserable adj /"mIzr@bl/ ● malheureux, triste triste, giù, avvilito unglücklich, trostlos Jill felt miserable when her son went to live in Canada. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 5 miss (home) v /mIs/ ● manquer à qn/qch sentire la mancanza di relax v /rI"l&ks/ vermissen I miss home a lot when I’m at university. miss (the match) v /mIs/ ● rater perdere verpassen My car broke down, so I missed the match motorbike n /"m@Ut@%baIk/ ● moto moto Motorrad Sid rides his motorbike to work each day. nearly adv /"nI@li/ ● presque quasi fast, beinahe I nearly fell off my bicycle this morning. northern adj /"nO:D@n/ ● du nord del nord nördlich They live in the northern part of Canada. old-fashioned adj /%@Uld "f&Snd/ ● démodé all’antica altmodisch I know you think I’m old-fashioned, but I don’t like modern clothes. on time adv /%Qn "taIm/ ● à l’heure in orario pünktlich It’s important to be on time. only adj /"@Unli/ ● seul, unique unico einzige(r,s), EinzelAndré is an only child. opportunity n /Qp@"tju:nIti/ ● occasion occasione Gelegenheit It’s a wonderful opportunity for you to meet some new people. organized adj /"O:g@naIzd/ ● organisé (bene) organizzato (gut) organisiert I’m not very organized. I can never find anything. original adj /@"rIdZInl/ ● originel, d’origine originale Original-, originell Jeff has an original Beatles record. outdoors adv /%aUt"dO:z/ ● dehors fuori, all’aperto draussen The children enjoy playing outdoors in the summer. parliament n /"pA:l@m@nt/ ● parlement parlamento Parlament My husband is a member of parliament. partner n /"pA:tn@/ ● partenaire compagno/a Partner(in) This is my partner, Alex. pear n /pe@/ ● poire pera Birne Liz took a pear from the basket of fruit. pet (= animal) n /pet/ ● animal de compagnie animale domestico Haustier Did you have a pet when you were young? population n /%pQpjU"leISn/ ● population popolazione Bevölkerung, Bevölkerungszahl What is the population of this town? poster n /"p@Ust@/ ● poster, affiche cartellone, poster Poster I think you should put the poster above your bed. professional adj /pr@"feS@nl/ ● professionnel professionale fachmännisch, professionell Sam was a professional footballer. pub lunch n /%pVb "lVntS/ ● déjeuner dans un pub pranzo al pub Mittagessen im Pub Every Friday we go for a pub lunch. publisher n /"pVblIS@/ ● maison d’édition casa editrice Verlag, Verleger Bella’s found a publisher for her book. put up with v /pUt "Vp wID/ ● supporter sopportare sich abfinden mit, leben können mit I won’t put up with your behaviour any longer! relative n /"rel@tIv/ ● parent parente Verwandte(r) I only have one relative who lives in this country. ● se détendre rilassarsi sich entspannen We like to relax at the weekend. remote control n /rI"m@Ut k@n"tr@Ul/ ● télécommande telecomando Fernbedienung Where’s the remote control? I hate this programme. romantic adj /r@U"m&ntIk/ ● romantique romantico romantisch Allan and Liz went out for a romantic dinner on their anniversary. rugby n /"rVgbi/ ● rugby rugby Rugby We play rugby every Sunday afternoon. salmon n /"s&m@n/ ● saumon salmone Lachs The salmon swim up the river in the autumn. scruffy (= untidy) adj, coll /"skrVfi/ ● négligé trasandato, sciatto gammelig, schlampig, verwahrlost Are you really going to wear those scruffy jeans to the party? sheep n /Si:p/ ● mouton pecora Schaf Our farm has mostly sheep, but we have a few cows too. shout v /SaUt/ ● crier gridare schreien, rufen Please don’t shout. I can hear you. similar to adj /"sIm@l@ tu:/ ● semblable à, qui ressemble à simile a ähnlich wie That blouse is similar to Anna’s. Try a different one. soap (opera) n /"s@Up/ ● soap opera, feuilleton telenovela Seifenoper, Soap-Opera When you start watching a soap, it’s difficult to stop! soccer store n US /"sQk@ %stO:(r)/ ● magasin spécialisé dans les articles de football negozio specializzato per il calcio Sportfachgeschäft für Fussball The boys bought their trainers in the new soccer store. sofa n /"s@Uf@/ ● canapé sofà Sofa We’ve got a sofa and two armchairs in our living room. space (in your home) n /speIs/ ● place posto Platz We don’t have enough space for a piano. successful adj /s@k"sesfl/ ● qui a du succès di successo erfolgreich Kerry is a successful lawyer in the city. sunshine n /"sVnSaIn/ ● soleil sole Sonne(nschein) I’m going to sit in the sunshine and read my book. talk loudly v /%tO:k "laUdli/ ● parler fort parlare forte laut sprechen You need to talk loudly, Grandma’s very deaf. tidy v /"taIdi/ ● ranger mettere in ordine aufräumen Could you tidy the living room before the guests arrive? train (a dog) v /treIn/ ● dresser addestrare dressieren The police train dogs to look for criminals. transportation n /%tr&nspO:"teISn/ ● transport trasporto Transport , Beförderung Cycling is a cheap method of transportation. uniform n /"ju:nIfO:m/ ● uniforme divisa Uniform Our school has a red and grey uniform. untidy adj /Vn"taIdi/ ● désordonné disordinato unordentlich My desk is untidy, but Sue’s is very organized. variety n /v@"raI@ti/ ● variété, choix varietà, tipo Auswahl, Vielfalt We have a variety of nationalities in our class. Walkman n /wO:km@n/ ● baladeur, walkman walkman Walkman Do you often listen to your Walkman? Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 6 brandy n /"br&ndi/ way of life n /%weI @v "laIf/ ● mode de vie stile di vita Lebensart People who live in the city have a different way of life to those who live in the country. whisky n /"wIski/ ● whisky whisky Whisky Whisky is a popular drink that comes from Scotland. wildlife n /"waIldlaIf/ ● la faune et la flore flora e fauna, natura Tier- u. Pflanzenwelt There are many different kinds of wildlife in the game reserve. wool n /wUl/ ● laine lana Wolle I bought some wool, and I’m making a jumper. yard (Brit. = garden) n /jA:d/ ● jardin cortile Garten The kids are playing in the yard. zebra n /"zebr@/, /"zi:br@/ ● zèbre zebra Zebra The stripes on every zebra are different. Unit 3 adore v /@"dO:/ ● adorer adorare lieben I adore you, Sarah! Marry me! advice n /@d"vaIs/ ● conseil consigli Rat Ask Allen for advice about buying a car. agree v /@"gri:/ ● être d’accord essere d’accordo zustimmen You can ask your mother if you want, but I know she agrees with me. alone adj /@"l@Un/ ● seul solo allein I’m not going to get married. I like being alone. ambition n /&m"bISN/ ● ambition ambizione Ziel, Ehrgeiz Tom’s ambition is to be a doctor. angry adj /"&Ngri/ ● en colère arrabbiato wütend My boss was very angry when I broke the photocopier. appear v /@"pI@/ ● apparaître apparire erscheinen, auftauchen I was watching TV when a face suddenly appeared at the window. arm n /A:m/ ● bras braccio Arm The old woman held the nurse’s arm as she walked. armed (with a gun) pp /A:md/ ● armé armato bewaffnet The burglar was armed when he entered the house. awful adj /"O:fl/ ● affreux, épouvantable terribile schrecklich This juice tastes awful! back door n /%b&k "dO:/ ● porte de derrière porta sul retro della casa Hintertür Your shoes are dirty, come in through the back door. be in love v /%bi: In "lVv/ ● être amoureux essere innamorato verliebt sein Chris and I are in love, so we’re getting married. believe v /bI"li:v/ ● croire credere glauben I believe you. I know you don’t tell lies. birthday n /"b3:TdeI/ ● anniversaire compleanno Geburtstag It’s my birthday tomorrow. I’ll be 21! bit (= small piece) n /bIt/ ● morceau, bout pezzo, pezzetto Stück Can I have a bit of cheese? bomb n /bQm/ ● bombe bomba Bombe The bomb exploded outside the station. ● cognac brandy Weinbrand, Brandy Would you like a glass of brandy? break v /breIk/ ● (se) casser rompere, rompersi zerbrechen Oh Ruth, did you break that lovely vase? broken pp /"br@Uk@n/ ● cassé rotto, guasto kaputt Susan returned home and found that the window was broken. burglar n /"b3:gl@/ ● cambrioleur ladro, scassinatore Einbrecher(in) The burglar stole all my CDs. burglary n /"b3:gl@ri/ ● cambriolage furto con scasso Einbruch They reported the burglary to the police. business n /"bIzn@s/ ● affaires, entreprise affari, impresa Geschäft(sleben) Tom and Louise have their own business. call (the police) v /kO:l/ ● appeler chiamare rufen Where’s my phone? We need to call the police. care v /ke@/ ● s’occuper de, aimer preoccuparsi di Wert legen auf, sorgen für You know I care about you very much. That’s why I worry about you. carry v /"k&ri/ ● porter portare tragen Could you carry my suitcase? catch (a criminal) v /k&tS/ ● attraper prendere fangen They used a police dog to catch the criminal. catch a plane v /%k&tS @ "pleIn/ ● prendre l’avion prendere l’aereo ein Flugzeug nehmen We’re catching a plane to Madrid tomorrow. CD player n /"si: "di: %pleI@/ ● lecteur de CD lettore di CD CD-Spieler Tom bought a new CD player yesterday. central heating n /%sentr@l "hi:tIN/ ● chauffage central riscaldamento centrale Zentralheizung The flat has central heating, it’s very warm. clean your teeth v /%kli:n jO: "ti:T/ ● se laver les dents lavarsi i denti die Zähne putzen I always clean my teeth before I go to bed. clearly adv /"klI@li/ ● clairement chiaramente klar, deutlich Write your name clearly on the exam paper. comfort v /"kVmf@t/ ● consoler consolare trösten The mother tried to comfort her frightened child. cook v /kUk/ ● faire la cuisine, cuisiner cucinare kochen I’m going to cook fish for dinner this evening. crime n /kraIm/ ● délit, criminalité crimine, delitto Verbrechen Robbery is a serious crime. cry (= with tears) v /kraI/ ● pleurer piangere weinen Please don’t cry, Sara. It will be OK. cut v /kVt/ ● couper tagliare schneiden Paul cut his hand on the bread knife. danger n /"deIndZ@/ ● danger pericolo Gefahr The danger of motor racing is what makes it exciting. dead pp /ded/ ● mort morto tot When the doctor arrived, he told me Andy was dead. decide v /dI"saId/ ● décider decidere entscheiden, beschliessen Zoë could not decide what dress to wear. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 7 detective n /dI"tektIv/ ● inspecteur de police, détective detective, investigatore Detektiv(in) The detective asked me a lot of questions. develop v /dI"vel@p/ ● mettre au point, développer sviluppare entwickeln Can you develop these photos by Friday? discuss v /dIs"kVs/ ● discuter de, parler de discutere besprechen Discuss the choices with your parents before you decide. distinct adj /dIs"tINkt/ ● net netto deutlich I had the distinct feeling that someone was watching me. downstairs adv /%daUn"ste@z/ ● en bas giù, al piano di sotto die Treppe hinunter Go downstairs into the kitchen. drawer n /drO:/ ● tiroir cassetto Schublade You’ll find the spoons in the second drawer. dream n /dri:m/ ● rêve sogno Traum I had a bad dream last night. drive v /draIv/ ● aller en voiture, conduire andare in macchina, guidare fahren Can you drive me to the bus station? drop v /drQp/ ● laisser tomber lasciar cadere fallen lassen Careful! You’re going to drop those books. education n /%edZU"keISn/ ● formation istruzione, formazione scolastica (Schul)bildung It’s important to get a good education. employ v /Im"plOI/ ● employer assumere beschäftigen, anstellen How many people does your company employ? employed pp /Im"plOId/ ● qui a un emploi, employé che lavora come, che è alle dipendenze di angestellt Tim is employed by the University. enjoy v /In"dZOI/ ● aimer, apprécier piacere geniessen I enjoy cooking, but I hate cleaning. enter v /"ent@/ ● entrer entrare eintreten Please enter the building through this door. escape v /Is"keIp/ ● s’échapper fuggire entkommen How did the prisoners escape? even so /%i:vn "s@U/ ● quand même ciononostante (aber) trotzdem The car is quite old; even so, it’s in good condition. explanation n /%ekspl@"neISn/ ● explication spiegazione Erklärung Jim didn’t have an explanation for being late. factory n /"f&ktri/ ● usine fabbrica Fabrik That factory makes shoes. fair adj /fe@/ ● juste, équitable giusto fair, gerecht It was a good match. The referee was very fair. fall v /fO:l/ ● tomber cadere fallen The leaves fall in autumn. famous adj /"feIm@s/ ● réputé, célèbre famoso berühmt Tom Cruise is a famous actor. fast asleep adj /%fA:st @"sli:p/ ● profondément endormi profondamente addormentato fest schlafend They returned home to find the children fast asleep on the sofa. feel ill v /%fi:l "Il/ ● se sentir mal, être malade sentirsi male, star male sich nicht wohl fühlen I often feel ill after drinking coffee. finally adv /"faIn@li/ ● enfin, finalement finalmente schliesslich, endlich After two hours the road was finally cleared and the traffic started to move. find v /faInd/ ● trouver, retrouver trovare finden Where did you find that unusual necklace? floor n /flO:/ ● sol pavimento Fussboden The glass fell to the floor and broke. forget v /f@"get/ ● oublier dimenticare vergessen Don’t forget to phone me when you arrive. fortunately adv /"fO:tS@n@tli/ ● heureusement per fortuna zum Glück, glücklicherweise Fortunately the burglars didn’t find my jewellery. friend n /"frend/ ● ami amico/a Freund(in) Sam is Alex’s friend from school. furniture n /"f3:nItS@/ ● meubles mobili Möbel They have no furniture in their living room yet. get hot v /%get "hQt/ ● se réchauffer riscaldarsi, fare caldo warm/heiss werden It’s getting hot, can you open the window? get ready v /%get "redi/ ● se préparer prepararsi sich fertig/bereit machen Get ready to go, Vicky. We’re leaving in half an hour. go away (on holiday) v /%g@U @"weI/ ● partir andare via wegfahren We go away to Rome each June. go wrong v /%g@U "rQN/ ● mal tourner, mal se passer andare male schief gehen Something has gone wrong with the TV, there’s no picture. govern v /"gVv@n/ ● gouverner governare regieren It is the moon which governs the movement of the sea. guest n /gest/ ● invité ospite Gast Ellen was the only guest who arrived late. hand over v /h&nd/ ● remettre, donner consegnare übergeben, hergeben The robber had a knife, so I handed over my mobile phone. happy adj /"h&pi/ ● content, heureux felice, contento froh, glücklich We love Spain. We’re very happy here. have a shower v /%h&v @ "SaU@/ ● prendre une douche fare la doccia (sich) duschen I want to have a shower before we go out tonight. hear v /hI@/ ● entendre sentire hören Did you hear the news on the radio? help v /help/ ● aider aiutare helfen Can you help me? I can’t find my keys. help yourselves v /%help jO:"selvz/ ● se servir servirsi, prendere sich bedienen Help yourselves to tea and coffee. hit v /hIt/ ● atteindre, toucher, frapper, heurter colpire schlagen, treffen The car hit the bridge and fell into the river. hold v /h@Uld/ ● tenir tenere halten Could you hold my bag for a moment? however adv /haU"ev@/ ● cependant, toutefois tuttavia, comunque jedoch I don’t like vegetables. However, I know they are good for me. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 8 pack v /p&k/ ice n /aIs/ ● glace, glaçon ghiaccio Eis Be careful not to slip on the ice. immediately adv /I"mi:dI@tli/ ● tout de suite, immédiatement immediatamente sofort I need an answer immediately. improvement n /Im"pru:vm@nt/ ● amélioration miglioramento Verbesserung We’re hoping for an improvement in the weather. industry n /"IndVstri/ ● industrie industria Industrie My father works in the steel industry. invitation n /InvI"teISn/ ● invitation invito Einladung Did you receive an invitation to Ada’s party? jewellery n /"dZu:@lri/ ● bijoux gioielli Schmuck My aunt has some valuable jewellery. kill v /kIl/ ● tuer uccidere töten I don’t know what they used to kill the rats, but they’ve all gone. knife n /naIf/ ● couteau coltello Messer Jess, bring me a knife from the kitchen. I need to cut this bread. laugh v /lA:f/ ● rire ridere lachen Don’t laugh, it isn’t funny! leave (sb/sth somewhere) v /li:v/ ● laisser lasciare (liegen) lassen Leave your coat in the car, it isn’t cold. legal adj /"li:gl/ ● légal legale legal If the police arrest you, get some legal advice. listen (to the radio) v /"lIsn/ ● écouter ascoltare zuhören Do you often listen to the radio in the afternoon? look forward to v /%lUk "fO:w@d tu:/ ● attendre avec impatience aspettare con impazienza, non veder l’ora di sich freuen auf I always look forward to spring after the grey days of winter. lose v /lu:z/ ● perdre perdere verlieren Hold my hand, I don’t want to lose you in the crowd. mask n /mA:sk/ ● masque maschera Maske Michael bought a horrible mask to wear at Hallowe’en. meet v /mi:t/ ● rencontrer incontrare treffen Meet me outside the cinema at 3.00 p.m. melt v /melt/ ● fondre sciogliere, sciogliersi schmelzen Eat your ice-cream before it melts. mend v /mend/ ● raccommoder, réparer riparare reparieren Dad, can you mend my bike? It’s broken. motor racing n /"m@Ut@ %reIsIN/ ● courses automobiles corse automobilistiche Rennsport My dad enjoys watching motor racing on television. murder weapon n /"m3:d@ %wep@n/ ● arme du crime arma del delitto Mordwaffe The police didn’t find the murder weapon at the scene of the crime. note n /n@Ut/ ● mot messaggio Zettel Henry left Janice a note before he went out. odour n /"@Ud@/ ● odeur odore Geruch She smelled a distinct odour of perfume on her husband’s shirt. organize v /"O:g@naIz/ ● organiser organizzare organisieren We need to organize the food for our picnic this afternoon. ● faire (sa valise) fare (la valigia) packen Did you pack the camera, dear? pay day n /"peI deI/ ● jour de paie giorno di paga Zahltag The last Thursday of each month is pay day. perfect adj /"p3:fekt/ ● parfait perfetto perfekt Nobody’s perfect. We all do things that annoy people. petrol n /"petr@l/ ● essence benzina Benzin I hope you put petrol in the car, it’s a long way to Scotland. pick up (the phone) v /%pIk "Vp/ ● décrocher sollevare abnehmen Why didn’t he pick up the phone? I know he was at home. pocket money n /"pQkIt %mVni/ ● argent de poche paghetta Taschengeld How much pocket money do you give your son? polite adj /p@"laIt/ ● poli, aimable cortese höflich Tom’s very polite, he always says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. pool n /pu:l/ ● flaque pozza Lache, Pfütze The body was lying in a pool of blood. present n /"prez@nt/ ● cadeau regalo Geschenk Did you buy a birthday present for Carol? purse n /p3:s/ ● porte-monnaie portamonete Portmonee I can’t find my purse – have you got any money? put on make-up v /%pUt Qn "meIk Vp/ ● se maquiller truccarsi Make-up auflegen Do you always put on make-up to go to the office? revise (for an exam) v /rI"vaIz/ ● réviser ripassare lernen We need to revise for the exam if we want to pass. robber n /"rQb@/ ● voleur ladro, rapinatore Räuber(in) The police said the robber was armed and dangerous. routine n /ru:"ti:n/ ● habitude, routine routine Routine Taking the children to school is part of my morning routine. run out of (coffee) v /rVn "aUt @v/ ● manquer de rimanere senza nicht mehr genug (von etw) haben I’m afraid we’ve run out of coffee, sir. Would you like a cup of tea? say sorry v /%seI "sQri/ ● demander pardon, s’excuser chiedere scusa sich entschuldigen James! Say sorry to your sister! science n /"saI@ns/ ● science scienza (Natur)wissenschaft We’re going to the science museum to see the new dinosaur display. scream v /skri:m/ ● crier, hurler strillare schreien I always scream when the rollercoaster goes upside down. search v /s3:tS/ ● chercher cercare suchen They searched all night, but they didn’t find the missing girl. shock n /SQk/ ● choc shock Schock My mum had a shock when she saw my tattoo! smash n /sm&S/ ● fracas fracasso Krachen, Klirren They heard a smash as the glass in the window broke. smile v /smaIl/ ● sourire sorridere lächeln Smile at the camera, everyone! snow n /sn@U/ ● neige neve Schnee There is always plenty of snow in the mountains. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 9 sob v /sQb/ ● sangloter singhiozzare schluchzen The child began to sob when his mother went out. statue n /"st&tju:/ ● statue statua Statue The Statue of Liberty stands in New York harbour. steal v /sti:l/ ● voler rubare stehlen That man tried to steal my purse! stereo n /"sterI@U/ ● stéréo stereo Stereo I enjoy listening to music on my stereo. tears (= cry) n /tI@z/ ● larmes lacrime Tränen Pat’s eyes were full of tears at the end of the film. teenage daughter n /"ti:neIdZ "dO:t@/ ● fille adolescente figlia adolescente Tochter im Teenageralter I have one teenage daughter and a three-year-old son. teller (in a bank) n /"tel@/ ● caissier cassiere/a Kassierer(in) The teller asked Robert to sign his cheque. thief n /Ti:f/ ● voleur ladro/a Dieb(in) The thief ran away with the old lady’s handbag. thirsty adj /"T3:sti/ ● qui a soif assetato durstig I always feel thirsty after gym class. tidy adj /"taIdi/ ● rangé ordinato ordentlich, aufgeräumt I like a tidy house – I don’t like mess. toilet n /"tOIl@t/ ● toilettes gabinetto Toilette I want to go to the toilet before we leave. turn up (the heating) v /%t3:n "Vp/ ● mettre plus fort alzare aufdrehen, höher drehen Could you turn up the heating? It’s quite cold. umbrella n /Vm"brel@/ ● parapluie ombrello Schirm Take your umbrella, it’s going to rain. unfortunately adv /Vn"fO:tS@n@tli/ ● malheureusement purtroppo leider I can’t come to the concert tonight, unfortunately. uninvited adj /%VnIn"vaItId/ ● qu’on n’a pas invité non invitato uneingeladen There were some uninvited guests that nobody knew. use v /ju:z/ ● utiliser usare benutzen How do you use this computer program? video recorder n /"vIdI@U rI%kO:d@/ ● magnétoscope videoregistratore Videorekorder Shall we watch a film on my new video recorder? wait v /weIt/ ● attendre aspettare warten Can you wait for me? I won’t be long. wake up v /%weIk "Vp/ ● se réveiller svegliarsi aufwachen Wake up, Sue; it’s time to get ready for school. wedding anniversary n /"wedIN &nI%v3:s@ri/ ● anniversaire de mariage anniversario di matrimonio Hochzeitstag My parents’ wedding anniversary is on Saturday. whole adj /h@Ul/ ● entier, tout intero ganze(r,s) The children drank the whole bottle of Coca-Cola. wonder v /"wVnd@/ ● se demander domandarsi sich fragen, gespannt sein I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow? Unit 4 a dozen eggs n /@ %dVzn "egz/ ● une douzaine d’œufs una dozzina di uova ein Dutzend Eier Can you buy a dozen eggs from the supermarket, please? a loaf of bread n /@ %l@Uf @v "bred/ ● un pain una pagnotta ein Laib Brot Do we need a loaf of bread from the baker’s? a pint of milk n /@ %paInt @v "mIlk/ ● un demi-litre de lait una pinta di latte ein Pint (halber Liter) Milch There’s a pint of milk in the fridge. a pound of cheese n /@ %paUnd @v "tSi:z/ ● une livre de fromage una libbra di formaggio ein Pfund Käse I’d like a pound of cheese, please. accountant n /@"kaUnt@nt/ ● comptable commercialista, contabile Buchhalter(in) I have an accountant who looks after my money. assistant n /@"sIst@nt/ ● vendeur commesso/a Assistent(in), Verkäufer(in) The sales assistant will help you find what you want. atmosphere n /"&tm@sfI@/ ● ambiance atmosfera Stimmung, Atmosphäre The city has a lively atmosphere at night. attractive adj /@"tr&ktIv/ ● attrayant grazioso, bello attraktiv, reizvoll She’s a very attractive girl. You’re a lucky man! belt n /belt/ ● ceinture cintura Gürtel I need a belt for these trousers. billboard n US /"bIlbO:d/ ● panneau d’affichage tabellone pubblicitario Reklametafel I saw that shampoo advertised on a billboard in town. boutique n /bu:"ti:k/ ● boutique boutique Boutique There is a boutique in Bath that sells lovely clothes. brand n /br&nd/ ● marque marca Marke What brand of trainers do you like? busiest adj /"bIzI@st/ ● le plus animé pieno di attività, intenso belebteste Saturday is the busiest day in the shopping centre. butter n /"bVt@/ ● beurre burro Butter Would you like butter on your bread? by the way /%baI D@ "weI/ ● à propos a proposito übrigens I really like your new haircut, by the way. carrot n /"k&r@t/ ● carotte carota Möhre, Karotte My rabbit loves carrots and apples. cashier n /k&"SI@/ ● caissier cassiere/a Kassierer(in) Anne gave the cashier her money. changing rooms n pl /"tSeIndZIN %rUmz/ ● cabine d’essayage camerino, cabina di prova Umkleidekabinen I think Marco is trying on a jumper in the changing rooms. chic adj /Si:k/ ● chic chic schick, elegant That new boutique is very chic and fashionable. coat n /k@Ut/ ● manteau cappotto Jacke, Mantel Wear your coat, it’s going to be cold. cold (I’ve got a cold) n /k@Uld/ ● rhume raffreddore Erkältung I caught a cold last week from someone at work. conditioner n /k@n"dIS@n@/ ● après-shampooing balsamo (Pflege)spülung What conditioner do you use? Your hair is lovely! Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 10 leather goods n pl /"leD@ %gUdz/ consumption n /k@n"sVmpSn/ ● consommation consumo Verbrauch Food consumption has increased over the last few years. crisps n pl /krIsps/ ● chips patatine Chips The café sells crisps and sandwiches. delicious adj /dI"lIS@s/ ● délicieux squisito köstlich, lecker That was a delicious meal. deodorant n /di"@Ud@r@nt/ ● déodorant deodorante Deo(dorant) I need to buy some deodorant from the chemist’s. department store n /dI"pA:tm@nt %stO:/ ● grand magasin grande magazzino Kaufhaus They sell lots of different things in a department store. desk n /desk/ ● bureau banco, scrivania Schreibtisch Can you leave the report on my desk? doughnut n /"d@UnVt/ ● beignet bombolone Krapfen, Berliner ‘I’d like coffee and a doughnut, please.’ edition n /I"dISn/ ● édition edizione Ausgabe The book is now in its seventh edition. exclusive adj /Ik"sklu:sIv/ ● huppé esclusivo, distinto, snob exklusiv My rich uncle belongs to an exclusive club. exquisite adj /Ik"skwIzIt/ ● exquis squisito, molto raffinato exquisit, erlesen Nancy bought an exquisite dress for the ball. fantastic adj /f&n"t&stIk/ ● fantastique fantastico fantastisch What a fantastic outfit she’s wearing! fashionable adj /"f&Sn@bl/ ● à la mode alla moda modisch It’s becoming fashionable to wear hats again. folk art n /"f@Uk %A:t/ ● art folklorique arte folk Volkskunst You can buy folk art at the local market. for sale /f@"seIl/ ● en vente in vendita zum Verkauf Our house is for sale. We want to move. frozen yoghurt n /%fr@Uz@n "jQg@t/ ● glace au yaourt gelato allo yogurt gefrorener Jogurt You could get frozen yoghurt if you don’t like ice-cream. glasses (to see) n pl /"glA:sIz/ ● lunettes occhiali Brille I think I need glasses. I can’t read the newspaper. hairbrush n /"he@brVS/ ● brosse à cheveux spazzola per capelli (Haar)bürste Where’s my hairbrush? My hair looks awful. hand-made suit n /%h&nd meId "su:t/ ● costume/tailleur fait main abito fatto a mano massgeschneiderter Anzug James bought a hand-made suit in London. It was very expensive. handbag n /"h&ndb&g/ ● sac à main borsa, borsetta Handtasche Have you seen my handbag? I need my keys. high-class adj /%haI "klA:s/ ● de premier ordre di prim’ordine erstklassig They stayed at an expensive high-class hotel in Rome. icon n /"aIkQn/ ● icône icona Icon St Basil’s cathedral in Moscow has some wonderful icons. incredible adj /In"kred@bl/ ● incroyable incredibile unglaublich An incredible number of people use the London Underground. jumper n /"dZVmp@/ ● pull, pull-over maglione Pullover I want to buy a new jumper to wear to work. ● articles en cuir articoli in cuoio/pelle Lederwaren There’s a shop on the corner that sells leather goods. lively adj /"laIvli/ ● animé movimentato belebt Rio de Janeiro is a very lively city. manufacturer n /%m&njU"f&ktS@r@/ ● fabricant fabbricante Hersteller It’s best to speak to the manufacturer if you have a problem with your computer. mass produced adj /%m&s pr@"dju:st/ ● fabriqué en série prodotto in serie serienmässig hergestellt Many things that we buy today are mass produced. medium (size) adj /"mi:di@m/ ● moyen medio mittelgross, mittlere(r,s) Would you like a medium or large coffee, sir? middle shelf n /%mIdl "Self/ ● étagère du milieu ripiano di mezzo mittleres (Regal)brett The glasses are on the middle shelf, under the cups. millionaire n /%mIlj@"ne@/ ● millionnaire miliardario/a Millionär(in) If you win the lottery, you could be a millionaire! mineral water n /"mIn@r@l %wO:t@/ ● eau minérale acqua minerale Mineralwasser I don’t drink alcohol, I only drink mineral water. need v /ni:d/ ● avoir besoin de aver bisogno di brauchen I need a new pair of shoes. neon lights n pl /%ni:Qn "laIts/ ● néons luci al neon Neonlampe(n) Tokyo’s neon lights are incredible. They are so colourful! nephew n /"nefju:/ ● neveu nipote (m) Neffe My nephew works in the city. olive oil n /%QlIv "OIl/ ● huile d’olive olio d’oliva Olivenöl We need some olive oil for the salad. onion n /"Vnj@n/ ● oignon cipolla Zwiebel There’s a strong smell of onions in the kitchen. owe (money) v /@U/ ● devoir dovere schulden I owe you five pounds for the ticket you bought. packet n /"p&kIt/ ● paquet pacchetto Packung Ed smokes a packet of cigarettes a day. palace n /"p&lIs/ ● palais palazzo Palast, Schloss The king lives in a huge palace. paradise n /"p&r@daIs/ ● paradis paradiso Paradies Disneyland© is a paradise for children! pavement n /"peIvm@nt/ ● trottoir marciapiede Bürgersteig Walk on the pavement, not on the road. perfume n /"p3:fju:m/ ● parfum profumo Parfum Your perfume smells lovely! picnic n /"pIknIk/ ● pique-nique picnic Picknick We had a picnic on the beach on Sunday. pleasant adj /"plez@nt/ ● agréable piacevole, gradevole angenehm We live in a very pleasant area of the city. post office n /"p@Ust %QfIs/ ● (bureau de) poste ufficio postale Post(amt) Can you get some stamps from the post office? postman n /"p@Usm@n/ ● facteur postino Postbote/Briefträger The postman delivers our mail before breakfast. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 11 product n /"prQdVkt/ ● produit prodotto toothpaste n /"tu:TpeIst/ Produkt Japan exports quality electrical products. rebuild v /%ri:"bIld/ ● reconstruire ricostruire wieder aufbauen I hope we can rebuild this wall that you hit with the car. record shop n /"rekO:d %SQp/ ● magasin de disques negozio di dischi Schallplattengeschäft I buy my CDs at the record shop in the village. roll (= bread) n /r@Ul/ ● petit pain panino Brötchen I’d like soup and a roll, please. sausages n pl /"sQsIdZIz/ ● saucisses salsicce Würste My dad likes to eat sausages for breakfast. shampoo n /S&m"pu:/ ● shampooing shampoo Shampoo Which shampoo do you use to wash your hair? share v /Se@/ ● partager condividere teilen Would you like to share this chocolate cake with me? shaving foam n /"SeIvIN %f@Um/ ● mousse à raser schiuma/crema da barba Rasierschaum Dad needs some more shaving foam. shopkeeper n /"SQpki:p@/ ● commerçant negoziante Ladeninhaber(in) Ask the shopkeeper if he’s got any rice. shopping list n /"SQpIN %lIst/ ● liste des courses lista della spesa Einkaufszettel There isn’t any milk, have you got it on the shopping list? shorts n pl /SO:ts/ ● short shorts, calzoncini kurze Hose I like wearing shorts in the summer. soap n /s@Up/ ● savon sapone Seife I don’t like washing my face with soap. sore throat n /%sO: "Tr@Ut/ ● mal de gorge mal di gola Halsschmerzen Allen has got a headache and a sore throat. sparkling (water) adj /"spA:klIN/ ● gazeux frizzante/gasata mit Kohlensäure Would you like sparkling or still water? spoonful n /"spu:nfUl/ ● cuillerée cucchiaiata Löffel (voll) Just one spoonful of sugar in my coffee, please. still (water) adj /stIl/ ● plat, non gazeux naturale ohne Kohlensäure Jane usually drinks still water. stomach ache n /"stVm@k %eIk/ ● mal de ventre mal di stomaco Bauchschmerzen Tim’s got stomach ache because he ate too much chocolate. survey n /"s3:veI/ ● enquête, sondage sondaggio, indagine Untersuchung, Umfrage Could you answer some questions for our class survey? sweets n pl /swi:ts/ ● bonbons caramelle Süssigkeiten Our children buy sweets with their pocket money. tie (to wear) n /taI/ ● cravate cravatta Krawatte I have to wear a jacket and tie to work. tissues n pl /"tISu:z/ ● mouchoirs en papier fazzolettini di carta Papier(taschen)tücher I’ve got a cold, I need some tissues! toilet paper n /"tOIl@t %peIp@/ ● papier toilette carta igienica Toilettenpapier Can you put some toilet paper in the bathroom, please? toothbrush n /"tu:TbrVS/ ● brosse à dents spazzolino da denti Zahnbürste John’s toothbrush is very old. I’ll buy a new one from the chemist’s. ● dentifrice dentifricio Zahnpasta You’ve got a lot of toothpaste on your toothbrush! towel n /"taU@l/ ● serviette asciugamano Handtuch Can I have an extra towel, please? traffic n /"tr&fIk/ ● circulation traffico Verkehr There’s always a lot of traffic in the city. trainers n pl /"treIn@z/ ● tennis, chaussures de sport scarpe da ginnastica Turnschuhe Andy bought his trainers in the sports shop. underwear n /"Vnd@we@/ ● sous-vêtements biancheria Unterwäsche I don’t buy expensive underwear. Nobody sees it! unique adj /ju:"ni:k/ ● unique unico einzigartig, einmalig Heidi’s ring is unique. I’ve never seen anything like it before. village n /"vIlIdZ/ ● village paese Dorf I’m from a tiny village in the south of France. well-known adj /%wel "n@Un/ ● connu, célèbre noto, famoso bekannt Bugs Bunny is a well-known cartoon character. wide adj /waId/ ● large largo breit The streets in Paris are very wide. Unit 5 A levels n pl /"eI %lev@lz/ ● examens de fin d’études scolaires equivalent à la Maturité esami per il diploma di studi superiori equivalenti agli esami di maturità Prüfungen zum Nachweis der Hochschulreife, die in etwa dem Matura entsprechen Amy’s thinking of having a year off after she’s finished her A levels. abroad adv /@"brO:d/ ● à l’étranger all’estero im/ins Ausland Melanie studied abroad last year, in the US. adult n /"&dVlt/ ● adulte adulto Erwachsene(r) In the UK, you are an adult when you are 18. ambition n /&m"bISn/ ● ambition ambizione Ziel, Ehrgeiz Vicky’s ambition is to travel round the world. astronaut n /"&str@nO:t/ ● astronaute astronauta Astronaut(in) I want to be an astronaut and travel to the moon. attention n /@"tenSn/ ● attention attenzione Aufmerksamkeit Children need attention from their parents, not money. beautician n /bju:"tISn/ ● esthéticienne estetista Kosmetiker(in) Paula is studying to be a beautician. boast v /b@Ust/ ● se vanter vantarsi prahlen I know you’re good at football, but don’t boast about it. bodyguard n /"bQdigA:d/ ● garde du corps guardia del corpo Leibwächter(in) The president has a bodyguard to protect him from danger. boot n /bu:t/ ● botte, bottine stivale, stivaletto Stiefel You’ll need your football boots for the match today. brighten v /"braIt@n/ ● (s’)illuminer illuminare, illuminarsi (sich) aufhellen I love the way the stars brighten up the night sky. call n /kO:l/ ● coup de téléphone, appel telefonata Anruf I’ll give you a call when I arrive. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 12 fall (= autumn) n US /fO:l/ cash n /k&S/ ● espèces, liquide contanti Bargeld Have you got any cash? Can you lend me some? chauffeur n /"S@Uf@/ ● chauffeur autista Chauffeur(in) They hired a chauffeur to drive them to the airport. Cheer up! /"tSI@(r) "Vp/ ● Courage! Coraggio! Su con la vita! Kopf hoch! Cheer up! Tomorrow is a new day. childhood n /"tSaIldhUd/ ● enfance infanzia Kindheit My grandmother told us stories about her childhood. close v /kl@Uz/ ● fermer chiudere schliessen Close the door when you go out. cloud n /klaUd/ ● nuage nuvola Wolke It’s a lovely day, there aren’t any clouds in the sky. club n /klVb/ ● boîte (de nuit) night-club, locale notturno Nachtklub, Diskothek We’re going dancing at the club this evening. coach (= trainer) n /k@UtS/ ● entraîneur allenatore, allenatrice Trainer(in) Our team’s got a new coach this season. complain v /k@m"pleIn/ ● se plaindre lamentarsi sich beschweren The food is often cold but we never complain. cool adj /ku:l/ ● super, génial cosa bella, ficata cool Cool trainers! Where did you get them? cost v /kQst/ ● coûter costare kosten Those tickets cost £50. They’re not worth it. counsellor n /"kaUns@l@/ ● conseiller consigliere Berater(in) Have you spoken to your counsellor about this problem? crazy adj /"kreIzi/ ● fou pazzo, folle verrückt What a crazy idea! It will never work. day off n /@ %deI "Qf/ ● jour de congé giorno libero arbeitsfreier Tag I’m looking forward to having a day off on Sunday. dentist n /"dentIst/ ● dentiste dentista Zahnart/-ärztin I visit the dentist every six months to keep my teeth healthy. depressed adj /dI"prest/ ● déprimé depresso niedergeschlagen, depressiv Alison was depressed after she broke up with Paul. desert v /dI"z3:t/ ● abandonner abbandonare verlassen Alan deserted his wife and children after ten years of marriage. designer clothes n pl /dI"zaIn@ %kl@UDz/ ● vêtements de marque abiti firmati Designermode Fran is going to buy some designer clothes in Milan. down (= upset) adj /daUn/ ● déprimé, qui a le cafard giù niedergeschlagen, down Justin’s feeling a bit down. He didn’t pass his A levels. drug n /drVg/ ● drogue droga Droge The police dog is searching for drugs. easily adv /"i:z@li/ ● facilement, très bien facilmente, benissimo leicht, mühelos Don’t worry. You’ll easily pass your exams. ex-girlfriend n /%eks "g3:lfrend/ ● ancienne petite amie ex-ragazza Ex-Freundin Sally is my ex-girlfriend, but I still like her. extravagant adj /Ik"str&v@g@nt/ ● dépensier prodigo, esagerato verschwenderisch Many people have extravagant lifestyles in Hollywood. ● automne autunno Herbst I love it when the leaves change colour in the fall. fantastic adj /f&n"t&stIk/ ● excellent, formidable fantastico hervorragend What a fantastic car! Is it the new Porsche? fed up adj /%fed "Vp/ ● qui en a marre stufo (es) satt (haben) I’m fed up with your behaviour. fish v /fIS/ ● pêcher pescare angeln, fischen Chris goes fishing every weekend. fit (= healthy) adj /fIt/ ● en forme in forma fit Janice is very fit. She runs every day. flu n /flu:/ ● grippe influenza Grippe Don’t go to work if you have flu. flying school n /"flaIIN %sku:l/ ● école d’aviation scuola di pilotaggio Flugschule I’m going to flying school because I want to be a pilot. forever adv /f@"rev@/ ● (pour) toujours per sempre ewig I’ll love you forever, darling! freshman n US /"freSm@n/ ● bizut, étudiant de première année studente del primo anno di università Student(in) im ersten Jahr Debra is a freshman at college. She’s in her first year. get my nose done v /%get maI "n@Uz %dVn/ ● se faire refaire le nez farsi rifare il naso sich die Nase korrigieren lassen I’m going to hospital to get my nose done next week. glamorous adj /"gl&m@r@s/ ● éblouissant, splendide affascinante glamourös Film stars have a glamorous lifestyle, but they aren’t always happy. go far (in life) v /%g@U "fA:/ ● aller loin farsi strada (nella vita) weit kommen You’ll go far if you continue to work hard. Good luck! /%gUd "lVk/ ● Bonne chance! Buona fortuna! Viel Glück! ‘It’s my driving test today.’ ‘Good luck!’ grandfather n /"gr&n(d)fA:D@/ ● grand-père nonno Grossvater My grandfather is 87 years old. grow up v /%gr@U "Vp/ ● grandir, devenir adulte diventare grande gross/erwachsen werden, aufwachsen Children grow up too fast these days. guilty adj /"gIlti/ ● coupable colpevole schuldig I’m sure James isn’t guilty of stealing the money. gun n /gVn/ ● fusil pistola Waffe You can’t carry a gun in the UK. headache n /"hedeIk/ ● mal de tête mal di testa Kopfschmerzen I often get a headache if I sit in the sun. health club n /"helT %klVb/ ● centre de remise en forme palestra Fitnesscenter I joined the local health club last week. heavy adj /"hevi/ ● lourd pesante schwer My suitcase is very heavy. Can you help me? hobby n /"hQbi/ ● passe-temps, hobby hobby, passatempo Hobby Susan’s hobby is photography. hope n /h@Up/ ● espoir speranza Hoffnung My hope is that Dan will pass his exams and go to university. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 13 hope v /h@Up/ ● espérer sperare play (in the theatre) n /pleI/ hoffen We hope to see you again next year. in a rush n /%In @ "rVS/ ● à la hâte, vite in gran fretta in eile Are you in a rush or would you like a coffee? It was worth it. /%It w@z "w3:T %It/ ● Cela en valait la peine. Ne valeva la pena. Es hat sich gelohnt. I paid a lot for my stereo but it was worth it. kid n /kId/ ● enfant, gosse bambino/a Kind What are those kids doing? knock v /nQk/ ● frapper bussare klopfen Knock loudly on the door when you arrive. lads n pl /l&dz/ ● garçons, copains ragazzi, amici Jungs I often play football with the lads at the weekend. lend v /lend/ ● prêter imprestare leihen Can you lend me some money? liposuction n /"lIp@U%sVkSn/ ● liposuccion liposuzione Fettabsaugung Jo’s had her nose done, and now she wants to have liposuction. lonely adj /"l@Unli/ ● qui se sent seul solo einsam I hope you won’t be lonely when I go away. lucky adj /"lVki/ ● qui a de la chance fortunato glücksSeven is my lucky number. mad about (sth) adj /"m&d @%baUt/ ● fou de, passionné de (andare) matto per verrückt auf/nach Jenny’s mad about ballet. She wants to be a dancer. mirror n /"mIr@/ ● miroir, glace specchio Spiegel Teenagers spend hours looking at themselves in the mirror. model n /"mQd@l/ ● mannequin modello/a Model, Fotomodell Fay works as a model for Calvin Klein. move (house) v /mu:v/ ● déménager traslocare umziehen We’re moving to Bristol next month. movies n pl US /"mu:viz/ ● cinéma film Filme, Kino Shall we go to the movies or go for a pizza? nervous adj /"n3:v@s/ ● anxieux, tendu apprensivo nervös, ängstlich Mel was quite nervous about meeting Brian. normal adj /"nO:m@l/ ● habituel, normal solito, normale üblich, normal It’s perfectly normal to feel nervous about exams. nutritionist n /nju:"trIS@nIst/ ● nutritionniste nutrizionista Ernährungsberater(in), -wissenschaftler(in) Nutritionists say that we need to eat three balanced meals a day. passion n /"p&Sn/ ● passion passione Leidenschaft I have a passion for chocolate. perform (a play) v /p@"fO:m/ ● jouer mettere in scena spielen, aufführen We’re performing a play at the theatre tomorrow. personally adv /"p3:s@n@li/ ● personnellement personalmente persönlich Personally, I don’t mind what you do. pick (sth) up v /%pIk "Vp/ ● ramasser raccogliere aufheben Can you pick up those books? plastic surgery n /%pl&stIk "s3:dZ@ri/ ● chirurgie plastique chirurgia plastica plastische Chirurgie Many movie stars have had plastic surgery. ● pièce (de théâtre) commedia, opera teatrale Theaterstück We’re going to see a play with Martyn at the weekend. pleasure n /"pleZ@/ ● plaisir piacere Vergnügen It was a pleasure to meet you. poor adj /pO:/ ● pauvre povero arm I don’t want to be poor. I want to earn a lot of money. pose v /p@Uz/ ● poser posare posieren Can you pose in front of the statue for the picture? post v /p@Ust/ ● poster imbucare abschicken I’ll post your letter on my way to work. project (at work) n /"prQdZekt/ ● projet progetto Projekt They want to complete the project before Tuesday. relationship n /rI"leISnSIp/ ● relations, liens de parenté rapporto, relazione Beziehung ‘What’s your relationship with Jim?’ ‘He’s my uncle.’ remember v /rI"memb@/ ● se souvenir ricordare sich erinnern Do you remember what we did last November? responsibility n /rI%spQns@"bIl@ti/ ● responsabilité responsabilità Verantwortung It was the children’s responsibility to feed the dog. retire v /rI"taI@/ ● se retirer, prendre sa retraite ritirarsi (dallo sport), andare in pensione sich zurückziehen I’ve worked for 40 years and I’m hoping to retire next August. rocket n /"rQkIt/ ● fusée razzo Rakete The children made a rocket, but it didn’t fly very high. secret n /"si:kr@t/ ● secret segreto Geheimnis Can you keep a secret? sky n /skaI/ ● ciel cielo Himmel The sky is getting cloudy – it’s going to rain. social life n /"s@USl %laIf/ ● vie sociale vita sociale Freizeitleben We have a good social life, and lots of friends. soul n /s@Ul/ ● âme anima Seele, Gemüt I love my children with all my heart and soul. spoilt adj /spOIlt/ ● gâté viziato verwöhnt Jenny is very spoilt. She gets everything she wants. stage (in a theatre) n /steIdZ/ ● scène, théâtre palcoscenico, teatro Bühne The dancers performed on a large stage. terrible adj /"ter@bl/ ● terrible, épouvantable terribile schrecklich, furchtbar I caught a terrible cold at the weekend. tests (in hospital) n pl /tests/ ● analyses, tests analisi Untersuchung, Test My mum has to have some tests at the hospital. trainer (= person) n /"treIn@/ ● entraîneur allenatore, allenatrice Trainer(in) I meet my trainer at the gym every Friday. troubled adj /"trVbld/ ● inquiet, préoccupé preoccupato, agitato bekümmert, beunruhigt Ali was a troubled teenager, but he’s fine now. unknown adj /Vn"n@Un/ ● inconnu sconosciuto unbekannt The actress was unknown before she moved to Hollywood. unlimited adj /Vn"lImItId/ ● illimité illimitato unbegrenzt My sister has unlimited money! Her husband is very rich. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 14 darkness n /"dA:kn@s/ unreal adj /Vn"ri:@l/ ● irréel irreale unwirklich The glamorous Hollywood lifestyle is a little unreal. unwell adj /Vn"wel/ ● souffrant, malade indisposto unwohl, krank I felt unwell yesterday and left work early. value n /"v&lju:/ ● valeur valore Wert Emma doesn’t understand the value of a loving family. violence n /"vaI@l@ns/ ● violence violenza Gewalt There is too much violence on TV. wedding n /"wedIN/ ● mariage matrimonio, nozze Hochzeit I’m a bit nervous about my wedding on Saturday. with a bit of luck /wID @ %bIt @v "lVk/ ● avec un peu de chance con un po’ di fortuna mit etwas Glück With a bit of luck, the sun will shine and we can have a picnic. worried adj /"wVrid/ ● inquiet preoccupato besorgt Pete’s a bit worried about his job. worry v /"wVri/ ● s’inquiéter preoccuparsi sich Sorgen machen Please don’t worry. I’ll be fine! Unit 6 amputate v /"&mpjUteIt/ ● amputer amputare amputieren They had to amputate the boy’s leg. arrest v /@"rest/ ● arrêter arrestare verhaften The policeman arrested the man for burglary. baker(’s) /"beIk@(z)/ ● boulangerie panetteria Bäckerei Could you pick up some bread from the baker’s? bank account n /"b&Nk @%kaUnt/ ● compte en banque conto in banca Bankkonto How much money do you have in your bank account? behind prep /bI"haInd/ ● derrière dietro hinter The bank is behind the car park. between prep /bI"twi:n/ ● entre tra zwischen Jan stood between Allan and Sue. bone n /b@Un/ ● os osso Knochen He’s broken a bone in his foot. break up v /%breIk "Vp/ ● rompre rompere Schluss machen, sich trennen When did Alice and Henry break up? brilliant (very good) adj /"brIlI@nt/ ● excellent, de génie magnifico, brillante prima, grossartig What a brilliant idea! building n /"bIldIN/ ● bâtiment edificio Gebäude The CN tower is the tallest building in Canada. championship n /"tS&mpI@nSIp/ ● championnat campionato Meisterschaft Our team is playing in the world championship this year. chemist(’s) n /"kemIst(s)/ ● pharmacie farmacia Apotheke I need some aspirin from the chemist’s. cookies n pl US /"kUkiz/ ● petit gâteau, biscuit biscotti Kekse My mum bakes wonderful cookies! cottage n /"kQtIdZ/ ● petite maison, cottage villetta, cottage Cottage, Häuschen We have a cottage where we stay during the summer. ● obscurité buio, oscurità Dunkelheit In Africa, the darkness falls very quickly. daylight n /"deIlaIt/ ● jour, lumière du jour luce (del giorno) Tageslicht I like the summer, when we have more daylight. depressing adj /dI"presIN/ ● déprimant deprimente deprimierend What a depressing film! I feel awful now. disaster n /dI"zA:st@/ ● catastrophe, désastre disastro Katastrophe The meal was a disaster. The soup was cold, and the waiter was rude. dry adj /draI/ ● sec asciutto trocken Do you have a dry towel? especially adv /I"speS@li/ ● surtout, particulièrement specialmente besonders I love music, especially jazz. farm n /fA:m/ ● ferme fattoria (Bauern)hof My parents live on a farm. They’ve got 200 sheep. financial adj /faI"n&nSl/ ● financier finanziario finanziell My accountant looks after my financial affairs. flower shop n /"flaU@ %SQp/ ● fleuriste fioraio/a Blumengeschäft They ordered the wedding flowers from the local flower shop. founded pp /"faUndId/ ● fondé fondato gegründet The building society was founded in 1897. funeral n /"fju:n@r@l/ ● enterrement funerale Beerdigung My grandmother died on Wednesday and the funeral is Friday. gate n /geIt/ ● portail, grille cancello Tor Be sure to close the gate when you leave. generosity n /dZen@"rQsIti/ ● générosité generosità Grosszügigkeit People showed great generosity after the disaster in India. generous adj /"dZen@r@s/ ● généreux generoso grosszügig My grandmother is very generous. She gave me £100 for my birthday. greengrocer(’s) n /"gri:ngr@Us@(z)/ ● marchand de fruits et légumes fruttivendolo/a (Obst- und) Gemüsehändler(in) The greengrocer hasn’t got any onions today. heating n /"hi:tIN/ ● chauffage riscaldamento Heizung Can we turn up the heating? It’s cold in here. high adj /haI/ ● haut alto hoch The farmer built a high fence around the field. hill n /hIl/ ● colline collina Hügel Go up the hill, and our house is opposite the church. horrible adj /"hQr@bl/ ● horrible, infect orribile schrecklich, scheusslich What a horrible smell! I hate farms. imagine v /I"m&dZIn/ ● imaginer immaginare sich vorstellen I don’t know how much he earns, but I imagine that it’s a lot. in front of prep /In "frVnt @v/ ● devant davanti a vor I’ll meet you in front of the post office. inherit v /In"herIt/ ● hériter de ereditare erben When my parents die I’ll inherit their house. injure v /"IndZ@/ ● blesser ferire verletzen Jack injured his leg playing tennis. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 15 insulated adj /"InsjUleItId/ ● isolé, insonorisé isolato primitive adj /"prIm@tIv/ isoliert I’m cold. This house isn’t very well insulated. invest money in v /In%vest "mVni In/ ● investir de l’argent dans investire denaro in Geld investieren in Jim invests his money in stocks and shares. kind adj /kaInd/ ● gentil gentile nett, freundlich Natalie’s very kind. She always looks after her little sister. kind-hearted adj /kaInd"hA:tId/ ● qui a bon cœur buono, di buon cuore gutherzig, gütig Alex is very kind-hearted. He thinks the best of everyone. knee n /ni:/ ● genou ginocchio Knie I hurt my knee playing football yesterday. legendary adj /"ledZ@nd@ri/ ● légendaire leggendario legendär In Greek history, Helen of Troy’s beauty was legendary. library n /"laIbr@ri/, /laIbri/ ● bibliothèque biblioteca Bibliothek, Bücherei Will you return this book to the library for me? look forward to v /%lUk "fO:w@d tu:/ ● attendre avec impatience aspettare con impazienza, non veder l’ora di sich freuen auf I look forward to meeting you next week. luxurious adj /lVg"ZU@rI@s/ ● de luxe, luxueux di lusso luxuriös The Rolls-Royce is the most luxurious car in the world. make a will v /%meIk @ "wIl/ ● faire un testament fare testamento sein Testament machen If you don’t make a will, it will cause problems for your family when you die. meanness n /"mi:nn@s/ ● avarice avarizia Geiz I can’t believe George’s meanness. He won’t spend any money on the house. mixture n /"mIkstS@/ ● mélange misto Mischung He’s got a good mixture of CDs – jazz, classical, and some rock, too. nature n /"neItS@/ ● nature natura Natur If you like nature, you’ll love Australia. The wildlife is unique. next to prep /"nekst tu:/ ● à côté de accanto a neben The café is next to the theatre. noisy adj /"nOIzi/ ● bruyant rumoroso laut What a noisy group of teenagers! on the corner /%Qn D@ "kO:n@/ ● au coin all’angolo an der Ecke The couple stood on the corner and waited for a taxi. opposite prep /"Qp@zIt/ ● en face (de) di fronte (a) gegenüber I sat opposite John at the dinner table. path n /pA:T/ ● chemin, sentier sentiero Pfad, Weg They followed the path along the river. penny n /"peni/ ● penny penny Penny When I was young, you could buy sweets for a penny. polluted adj /p@"lu:tId/ ● pollué inquinato verschmutzt, verpestet Don’t swim in the lake, it’s polluted. pond n /pQnd/ ● bassin, étang stagno, laghetto Teich They have a lovely pond in their garden. poverty n /"pQv@ti/ ● pauvreté povertà Armut My parents were shocked by the poverty they saw in India. ● rudimentaire primitivo primitiv The hotel we stayed in was quite primitive – one bathroom for 15 guests! ragged adj /"r&gId/ ● en haillons stracciato zerlumpt Those poor children. Their clothes are so ragged. railway bridge n /"reIlweI %brIdZ/ ● pont ferroviaire ponte ferroviario Eisenbahnbrücke The train went over a long railway bridge. river n /"rIv@/ ● rivière, fleuve fiume Fluss They went sailing on the river. running water n /%rVnIN "wO:t@/ ● eau courante acqua corrente fliessendes Wasser The cottage we bought had no running water or electricity. sauna n /"sO:n@/ ● sauna sauna Sauna There’s a sauna at the gym I go to. save v /seIv/ ● économiser risparmiare sparen I’m trying to save some money so that I can travel abroad next year. second hand adj /%sek@nd "h&nd/ ● d’occasion di seconda mano, usato secondhand Julie often buys second hand clothes from Oxfam. stocks and shares n pl /%stQks @nd "Se@z/ ● valeurs mobilières valori di borsa, titoli Aktien und Wertpapiere Pass me the paper – I want to see how my stocks and shares are doing. successful adj /s@k"sesfl/ ● réussi di successo erfolgreich Jemma is a successful lawyer. She’s very well paid. supermarket n /"su:p@%mA:kIt/ ● supermarché supermercato Supermarkt Do we need to go to the supermarket this week? take five minutes v /"teIk "faIv "mInIts/ ● il y en a pour cinq minutes ci vogliono cinque minuti fünf Minuten dauern It takes five minutes to get to the station from our house. tall adj /tO:l/ ● grand alto gross I thought I was tall, but Brad is over two metres! wealthy adj /"welTi/ ● riche ricco wohlhabend My uncle is a very wealthy man. He runs his own business. wet adj /wet/ ● mouillé bagnato nass, feucht Don’t leave your wet clothes on the bathroom floor. widow n /"wIdeU/ ● veuve vedova Witwe When Arthur died, his widow sold the house. windy adj /"wIndi/ ● de grand vent ventoso windig It’s awfully windy today, isn’t it? Look at the trees. witch n /wItS/ ● sorcière strega Hexe My daughter wants to dress up as a witch for Hallowe’en. wood n /wUd/ ● bois legno/a Wald Let’s go for a walk through the wood. wrap up v /%r&p "Vp/ ● s’habiller chaudement, s’emmitoufler coprirsi bene sich warm anziehen Wrap up warm, it’s cold outside. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 16 Unit 7 football match n /"fUtbO:l %m&tS/ a whole load coll /@ %h@Ul "l@Ud/ ● un tas de un mucchio eine Unmenge I can’t come out, I’ve got a whole load of homework to do. accuse v /@"kju:z/ ● accuser accusare beschuldigen, anklagen Suzie accused Mary of stealing her pen. afraid of adj /@"freId @v/ ● qui a peur de che ha paura di Angst haben vor Are you afraid of dogs? album (= record) n /"&lb@m/ ● album album Album The band released their first album in June. appear v /@"pI@/ ● apparaître apparire erscheinen The article about Madonna appeared in the paper today. at last /@t "lA:st/ ● enfin, finalement finalmente endlich Mary’s had her baby at last. We thought it was never going to arrive! award n /@"wO:d/ ● prix premio Preis, Auszeichnung Coldplay won an award for their last album. away from (sb) adv /@"weI fr@m/ ● loin de lontano da fern von I hate being away from home for too long. background n /"b&kgraUnd/ ● milieu, origines origini, formazione Hintergrund, Herkunft Tell me about your background. How did you get into the music business? backing group n /"b&kIN %gru:p/ ● musiciens qui accompagnent un chanteur band (che accompagna il solista) Begleitband Bob Marley’s backing group was called ‘The Wailers’. band (of musicians) n /b&nd/ ● groupe gruppo Band I started a rock band when I was a teenager. be prepared v /%bi: prI"pe@d/ ● être prêt, être préparé essere preparato bereit sein You must be prepared to face ups and downs in any relationship. biography n /baI"Qgr@fi/ ● biographie biografia Biographie Have you read Maggie Thatcher’s biography? break (= rest) n /breIk/ ● pause pausa Pause Why don’t you have a break? You’ve worked very hard. by hand adv /%baI "h&nd/ ● à la main a mano mit der Hand Jane wrote all the wedding invitations by hand. career n /k@"rI@/ ● carrière carriera (berufliche) Laufbahn, Karriere I’m still planning my career. I want to be an actress or a singer. celebrity n /s@"lebr@ti/ ● célébrité celebrità prominente Nicole Kidman is a well-known celebrity. copy (of a book) n /"kQpi/ ● exemplaire copia, esemplare Exemplar I’ve just bought a copy of Jeffrey Archer’s latest book. couple n /"kVpl/ ● couple coppia Paar The couple live in a beautiful house outside the city. drum n /drVm/ ● tambour tamburo Trommel Dad gave Terry a drum for his 6th birthday. It was awful! drums n pl /drVmz/ ● batterie batteria Schlagzeug I play the drums in a band. exactly adv /Ig"z&ktli/ ● exactement, parfaitement esattamente genau You have exactly two hours for this exam. ● match de football partita di calcio Fussballspiel There’s a football match on TV tonight. freedom n /"fri:d@m/ ● liberté libertà Freiheit I wanted the freedom to travel. fussy adj /"fVsi/ ● tatillon esigente, difficile wählerisch, pingelig My parents are very fussy about keeping the house tidy. gardener n /gA:dn@/ ● jardinier giardiniere Gärtner(in) We have a gardener to help with the vegetable garden. go camping n /%g@U "k&mpIN/ ● faire du camping andare in campeggio zelten (gehen/fahren) We go camping in the hills every year. good taste n /%gUd "teIst/ ● bon goût buon gusto guter Geschmack Adrian has good taste in clothes. Gran n coll /gr&n/ ● Mamie nonna Oma Gran is only 45. She had my mum when she was 17. guitar n /gI"tA:/ ● guitare chitarra Gitarre No one plays the guitar like Jimi Hendrix! hard (person) adj /hA:d/ ● dur duro hart Emmanuel is a hard man. He doesn’t know how to be sensitive. harmonica n /hA:"mQnIk@/ ● harmonica armonica a bocca Mundharmonika Do you know how to play the harmonica? in her thirties /%In h@ "T3:tiz/ ● qui a dépassé la trentaine oltre la trentina in den Dreissigern Alice is in her thirties now, I think. ironing n /"aI@nIN/ ● repassage stiratura, stirare Bügeln I don’t like ironing so I send my shirts to the cleaners. jazz n /dZ&z/ ● jazz jazz Jazz They enjoy listening to jazz music at the club. keyboards n pl /"ki:bO:dz/ ● claviers tastiere Keyboard Who plays keyboards in your band? last v /lA:st/ ● durer durare dauern The film lasts an hour. love at first sight /%lVv @t %f3:st "saIt/ ● coup de foudre amore a prima vista Liebe auf den ersten Blick Do you believe in love at first sight? mate (= friend) n coll /meIt/ ● copain, copine amico/a Freund(in), Kumpel I’ll call my mate and see if he can help us. naturally adv /"n&tSr@li/ ● naturellement, bien entendu naturalmente natürlich Naturally, I worry about my daughter – but I trust her to be sensible. nearly adv /"nI@li/ ● presque quasi fast It’s nearly half past eleven! You should be in bed. novel n /"nQv@l/ ● roman romanzo Roman What novel are you reading now? novelist n /"nQv@lIst/ ● romancier romanziere, romanziera Romanautor(in) Who is your favourite novelist? number one record n /%nVmb@ %wVn "rekO:d/ ● disque classé numéro un au hit-parade disco in testa alle classifiche Spitzenplatte, Nummer-eins-Hit We had our first number one record in 2001. obviously adv /"QbvI@sli/ ● évidemment, manifestement ovviamente offensichtlich We obviously can’t watch the film and the soap, so we’ll record the film. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 17 on tour /%Qn tU@/, /%Qn "tO:/ ● en tournée in tournée take-away meal n /%teIk@weI "mi:l/ auf Tournee The band was on tour for six months before returning to the UK. opposite adj /"Qp@zIt/ ● opposé opposto gegenüberliegend We’re going to the match together, but we both support opposite sides! painter n /"peInt@/ ● peintre pittore, pittrice Maler(in) Van Gogh is a famous painter. peace n /pi:s/ ● paix, tranquillité pace, tranquillità Friede, Ruhe I love the peace and quiet of the countryside. pen n /pen/ ● stylo penna Stift, Füller, Kugelschreiber Can I borrow a pen and some paper? pepper n /"pep@/ ● poivre pepe Pfeffer I like salt and pepper on my food. prefer v /prI"f3:/ ● préférer preferire vorziehen Would you prefer fish and chips or pizza? recording studio n /rI"kO:dIN %stju:dI@U/ ● studio d’enregistrement studio di registrazione Aufnahmestudio The band made their new album at the recording studio. related (to sb) pp /rI"leItId/ ● lié connesso a, in rapporto a verwandt We have the same name, but we aren’t related. ride v /raId/ ● monter à, aller à andare in fahren How often do you ride your bike to work? rock concert n /"rQk %kQns@t/ ● concert de rock concerto rock Rockkonzert The Darkness are playing at a rock concert next week. rubbish n coll /"rVbIS/ ● bêtises sciocchezze, roba senza valore Mist, Blödsinn ‘Was the film any good?’ ‘No, it was rubbish!’ salt n /sO:lt/, /sQlt/ ● sel sale Salz I like salt on my chips. score a goal v /%skO:(r) @ "g@Ul/ ● marquer un but segnare un goal ein Tor erzielen Bobby scored a goal again in the cup final. sensitive adj /"sens@tIv/ ● sensible, susceptible sensibile empfindlich She’s very sensitive. She cries easily. several (books) adj /"sevr@l/ ● plusieurs parecchi, parecchie mehrere I’ve written several articles about celebrities. short story n /%SO:t "stO:ri/ ● nouvelle racconto Kurzgeschichte I bought a book of short stories to read on the plane. shy adj /SaI/ ● timide timido schüchtern Kendra is very shy. She doesn’t often speak in class. spend time v /%spend "taIm/ ● passer du temps passare del tempo Zeit verbringen We often spend time together at weekends. split up v /%splIt "Vp/ ● rompre rompere Schluss machen, sich trennen Didn’t you hear? Olivia and Paul split up last week! spoil v /spOIl/ ● gâcher guastare, rovinare verderben Look, we’ve had a lovely day. Don’t spoil it now. strict adj /strIkt/ ● strict, sévère severo streng Her parents are very strict. She has to be home by 8 p.m. superstar n /"su:p@%stA:/ ● superstar superstar (Super)star Julia Roberts is a superstar. ● plats à emporter pasto da asporto, take away Essen zum Mitnehmen We got a take-away meal last night, because I didn’t want to cook. team up with (sb) v /%ti:m "Vp wID/ ● faire équipe avec mettersi insieme a sich zusammentun mit We want to team up with another band and go on tour in the autumn. term (school) n /t3:m/ ● trimestre trimestre Trimester, Halbjahr This is Anna’s last term at school before she goes to college. tour v /tU@/, /tO:/ ● voyager, faire du tourisme fare una tournée, fare un viaggio (herum)reisen We plan to tour around Britain. travel book n /"tr&vl %bUk/ ● récit de voyages libro di viaggi Reisebeschreibung I want to write a travel book about the Far East. trust v /trVst/ ● faire confiance à fidarsi di (ver)trauen If you can’t trust your partner, your relationship won’t work. usually adv /"ju:Z@li/ ● généralement, d’habitude di solito gewöhnlich I usually go swimming every Friday afternoon. vocalist n /"v@Uk@lIst/ ● chanteur, chanteuse vocalist, solista, voce Sänger(in) Susan is the lead vocalist in the group. watch n /wQtS/ ● montre orologio Armbanduhr Do you know what the time is? I can’t find my watch. west n /west/ ● ouest ovest Westen The bad weather usually comes in from the west. Unit 8 accommodation n /@%kQm@"deISn/ ● logement alloggio, casa Unterkunft We need to book accommodation for our trip next week. act your age v /%&kt j@(r) "eIdZ/ ● être raisonnable comportarsi in modo adatto alla propria età sich seinem Alter entsprechend benehmen I wish my mum would act her age! She wears all my clothes and looks really stupid! adventurous adj /@d"ventS@r@s/ ● aventureux avventuroso unternehmenslustig Paul is very adventurous. He likes to do dangerous sports. alarm clock n /@"lA:m %klQk/ ● réveil sveglia Wecker I’ll set the alarm clock. We need to be up early. ambulance driver n /"&mbjUl@ns %draIv@/ ● ambulancier autista di ambulanza Krankenwagenfahrer(in) The ambulance driver drove us to the hospital when Rob broke his leg. antibiotics n pl /%&ntibaI"QtIks/ ● antibiotiques antibiotici Antibiotika Antibiotics will help your ear infection. appointment n /@"pOIntm@nt/ ● rendez-vous appuntamento Termin, Verabredung I have an appointment to see the nurse tomorrow. argue v /"A:gju:/ ● se disputer discutere, litigare (sich) streiten They often argue about silly things. arrangement n /@"reIndZm@nt/ ● arrangement programma, preparativo Plan, Vereinbarung Let’s make the arrangements for the party. I’ll get the food. artist n /"A:tIst/ ● artiste artista Künstler(in) Milo’s an artist but I don’t like his paintings. available adj /@"veIl@bl/ ● disponible disponibile verfügbar There aren’t any tickets available for the play tonight. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 18 food poisoning n /"fu:d %pOIz@nIN/ be sick (= vomit) v /%bi: "sIk/ ● vomir vomitare sich übergeben Stop the car, I think I’m going to be sick! bill n /bIl/ ● addition conto Rechnung We got a bill in the post yesterday for the repairs to the house. bookcase n /"bUkkeIs/ ● bibliothèque libreria, scaffale dei libri Bücherregal All my books are in boxes, I need a bookcase! boss n /bQs/ ● patron, chef capo Chef Steve doesn’t like his boss, so he’s going to resign. chilly adj /"tSIli/ ● froid, frais freddo, fresco kühl, frisch It’s a bit chilly today. You should wear a coat. cigarette lighter n /sIg@"ret %laIt@/ ● briquet accendino Zigarettenanzünder Mike gave me a cigarette lighter but I don’t smoke! company n /"kVmp@ni/ ● société società Unternehmen, Firma My company has strict rules about private phone calls. cruel adj /"kru:@l/ ● cruel crudele grausam That was a very cruel thing to say. I think you should apologize. decorator n /"dek@reIt@/ ● décorateur decoratore, decoratrice Maler(in), Tapezierer(in) We’ve got to get a decorator to paint the house. dentist n /"dentIst/ ● dentiste dentista Zahnarzt/-ärztin I have to go to the dentist today, I’ve got toothache. detective n /dI"tektIv/ ● détective detective, investigatore Detektiv(in), Kriminalbeamte/-beamtin The police sent a detective to our house after the burglary. diarrhoea n /daI@"rI@/ ● diarrhée diarrea Durchfall Diarrhoea is one of the symptoms of food poisoning. document n /"dQkjUm@nt/ ● document documento Dokument Mr Lewis placed the document in his briefcase. dramatically adv /dr@"m&tIkli/ ● de manière spectaculaire in modo spettacolare dramatisch, drastisch Carole’s temperature went up dramatically, and she had to call the doctor. drop out of (school) v /%drQp "aUt/ ● abandonner smettere di studiare abbrechen It’s never a good idea to drop out of school. drugs n pl /drVgz/ ● drogue droga Drogen Sarah’s son was arrested for selling drugs. earring n /"I@rIN/ ● boucle d’oreille orecchino Ohrring I lost an earring when I took my jumper off. earthquake n /"3:TkweIk/ ● tremblement de terre terremoto Erdbeben The earthquake destroyed half of the village. examine v /Ig"z&mIn/ ● examiner esaminare untersuchen, prüfen Take off your shirt, and I’ll examine your chest. exploit v /Ik"splOIt/ ● exploiter sfruttare ausbeuten I think they’re exploiting you. They’ve got to give you some days off. farmer n /"fA:m@/ ● fermier, agriculteur agricoltore Landwirt(in), Bauer/Bäuerin A farmer has to work very long hours, every day of the year. firefighter n /"faI@%faIt@/ ● pompier vigile del fuoco Feuerwehrmann/-frau Being a firefighter is a very dangerous, but exciting, occupation. ● intoxication alimentaire intossicazione alimentare Lebensmittelvergiftung Food poisoning is a risk when you travel abroad. give up v /%gIv "Vp/ ● renoncer rinunciare, arrendersi aufgeben You really should give up smoking. It will kill you! glands n pl /gl&ndz/ ● glandes ghiandole Drüsen I knew I was getting flu because the glands in my neck were swollen. go on a diet v /%g@U Qn @ "daI@t/ ● suivre un régime mettersi a dieta eine Diät machen If you’re overweight, you should go on a diet. hairdryer n /"he@draI@/ ● sèche-cheveux asciugacapelli Haartrockner, Föhn Do you use a hairdryer to dry your hair? have a word with (sb) v /%h&v @ "w3:d wID/ ● parler un instant à parlare un attimo a sprechen mit Please tell Michelle I’d like to have a word with her. health n /helT/ ● santé salute Gesundheit It’s important to take care of your health. horse-race n /"hO:s%reIs/ ● courses (de chevaux) corse dei cavalli Pferderennen Don’t go to the horse-race! You’ll spend all your money. housewife n /"haUswaIf/ ● femme au foyer casalinga Hausfrau I’m going to stay at home and be a housewife for a year or two. in public /%In "pVblIk/ ● en public in pubblico in der Öffentlichkeit Are you going out in public wearing that awful dress? infection n /In"fekSn/ ● infection infezione Infektion(en) James has an ear infection and is taking antibiotics. invention n /In"venSn/ ● invention invenzione Erfindung I think the dishwasher was a marvellous invention! invisible adj /In"vIs@bl/ ● invisible invisibile unsichtbar Air pollution is invisible, which can be dangerous. keep fit v /%ki:p "fIt/ ● se maintenir en forme tenersi in forma fit bleiben Manuel cycles to work each day to keep fit. kill v /kIl/ ● tuer uccidere, far morire umbringen, töten Drugs and alcohol can kill you. lawyer n /lOI@/ ● avocat avvocato (Rechts)anwalt/-anwältin If you want legal advice, I know a good lawyer. liquid n /"lIkwId/ ● liquide liquido Flüssigkeit The doctor told me to drink plenty of liquids. local adj /"l@Ukl/ ● local, du quartier locale örtlich, hiesig Local people don’t like the huge new development planned by the government. mechanic n /mI"k&nIk/ ● mécanicien meccanico Mechaniker(in) Jack works as a mechanic at the BMW garage. miner n /"maIn@/ ● mineur minatore Bergarbeiter(in) I worked as a miner in the North of England for four years. overweight adj /%@Uv@"weIt/ ● trop gros sovrappeso übergewichtig Janice is overweight because she doesn’t do any exercise. plumber n /"plVm@/ ● plombier idraulico Installateur(in), Klempner(in) I’ll call the plumber to come and fix the central heating. poetry n /"p@U@tri/ ● poésie poesia Gedichte, Lyrik I can’t understand Shakespeare’s plays, but I like his poetry. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 19 prescribe v /prI"skraIb/ ● prescrire prescrivere, ordinare surgery n /"s3:dZ@ri/ verschreiben What did the doctor prescribe for your cold? prescription n /prI"skrIpSn/ ● ordonnance ricetta (medica) Rezept, Verschreibung Take this prescription to the chemist’s. prison n /"prIzn/ ● prison prigione Gefängnis How did they escape from prison? qualifications n pl /%kwQlIfI"keISnz/ ● diplômes titoli di studio Qualifikationen You need special qualifications to be a doctor. raincoat n /"reInk@Ut/ ● imperméable impermeabile Regenmantel/-jacke Look at the weather! Can I borrow your raincoat? receptionist n /rI"sepS@nIst/ ● réceptionniste receptionist Empfangschef/-dame The receptionist made me an appointment to see the doctor. recommend v /%rek@"mend/ ● recommander consigliare empfehlen I’ve never eaten Thai food. What do you recommend? regular hours n pl /%regj@l@(r) "aU@z/ ● horaires réguliers orario regolare feste Arbeitszeiten Doctors don’t often work regular hours. rude adj /ru:d/ ● impoli, mal élevé maleducato unhöflich, unverschämt I think it’s really rude when people don’t switch off the TV when friends arrive. runny nose /%rVni "n@Uz/ ● nez qui coule naso che cola laufende Nase Do you have a tissue? I have a runny nose. rush hour n /"rVS %aU@/ ● heures de pointe ora di punta Hauptverkehrszeit The traffic’s awful in the rush hour. satisfied adj /"s&tIsfaId/ ● satisfait soddisfatto zufrieden He’s got a new car, a lovely wife, a beautiful home – but he’s never satisfied. scary adj /"ske@ri/ ● effrayant che fa paura unheimlich, beängstigend Being alone in the house can be scary at night. shop assistant n /"SQp @%sIst@nt/ ● vendeur, vendeuse commesso/a Verkäufer(in) Ellen asked the shop assistant for help. signpost n /"saInp@Ust/ ● panneau indicateur cartello stradale Schild We saw a signpost that said Oxford was 5 miles away. silly adj /"sIli/ ● bête sciocco blöd, albern Will you stop being silly and answer my question? slave n /sleIv/ ● esclave schiavo Sklave/Sklavin My children treat me like a slave! sneeze v /sni:z/ ● éternuer starnutire niesen I’ve got a cold and I can’t stop sneezing. soldier n /"s@UldZ@/ ● soldat soldato Soldat(in) Jeff wants to be a soldier in the army. sore throat n /%sO: "Tr@Ut/ ● mal de gorge mal di gola Halsschmerzen Do you have a sore throat as well as a cough? speciality n /speSi"&l@ti/ ● spécialité specialità Spezialität The ham in Bayonne is a local speciality. stomach ache n /"stVm@k%eIk/ ● mal de ventre mal di stomaco Bauchschmerzen I’ve got awful stomach ache. I hope it isn’t food poisoning. support n /s@"pO:t/ ● soutien, appui sostegno, appoggio Unterstützung My mum was a big support when Jennie was born. ● consultation, cabinet médical ambulatorio Praxis, Sprechzimmer Remember to pick up your prescription from the doctor’s surgery. swallow v /"swQl@U/ ● avaler inghiottire schlucken Does your throat hurt when you swallow? swollen pp /"sw@Ul@n/ ● gonflé, enflé gonfio geschwollen Grandad’s knees are swollen. He can’t walk. sympathy (with) n /"sImp@Ti/ ● solidarité, soutien solidarietà Sympathie, Mitgefühl I have a lot of sympathy for you – I know how you feel. symptom n /"sImpt@m/ ● symptôme sintomo Symptom A runny nose is just one symptom of a cold. tape recorder n /"teIp rI%kO:d@/ ● magnétophone registratore Tonbandgerät, Kassettenrekorder You can record your answers on a tape recorder. timetable n /"taIm%teIbl/ ● horaire orario Fahrplan Have we got a train timetable? I think there’s a train at 4.30. tin opener n /"tIn %@Up@n@/ ● ouvre-boîte apriscatole Dosenöffner We need a new tin opener. I can’t open these tomatoes. tough (with sb) adj /tVf/ ● dur, sévère duro, inflessibile unnachgiebig Sometimes you need to be tough with teenagers. traffic lights n pl /"tr&fIk %laIts/ ● feu (tricolore) semaforo Ampel The police didn’t stop at the traffic lights. twisted pp /"twIstId/ ● tordu, foulé storto, slogato verstaucht The phone cable is completely twisted. uniform n /"ju:nIfO:m/ ● uniforme divisa Uniform Nurses usually wear a white uniform. unsocial adj /%Vn"s@USl/ ● peu pratique (orario) poco conveniente ungünstig (für das Privatleben) I don’t want a job with unsocial hours. vet n /vet/ ● vétérinaire veterinario Tierarzt/ärztin I love animals and I want to be a vet. visa n /"vi:z@/ ● visa visto Visum You need a visa if you want to go to the USA. Unit 9 air-conditioned adj /%e@ k@n"dISnd/ ● climatisé con aria condizionata mit Klimaanlage (ausgestattet) In hot countries, most hotels are air-conditioned. airline n /"e@laIn/ ● compagnie aérienne compagnia aerea Fluggesellschaft Which airline did you fly with? airport n /"e@pO:t/ ● aéroport aeroporto Flughafen If we don’t get to the airport before 10, we’ll miss the flight. answer phone n /"A:ns@%f@Un/ ● répondeur segreteria telefonica Anrufbeantworter You can leave a message on the answer phone if I’m not at home. available adj /@"veIl@bl/ ● disponible disponibile verfügbar Tea and coffee are available in all the hotel bedrooms. basement n /"beIsm@nt/ ● sous-sol seminterrato Untergeschoss My office is downstairs in the basement. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 20 energy n /"en@dZi/ behaviour n /bI"heIvI@/ ● comportement comportamento Benehmen The head teacher wants to speak to us about our son’s behaviour in class. bite v /baIt/ ● mordre mordere beissen If you annoy the dog, he’ll bite you. boundary n /"baUnd@ri/ ● limite, frontière confine Grenze That fence marks the boundary between the farmers’ fields. building site n /"bIldIN %saIt/ ● chantier cantiere di costruzione Baustelle ‘You need to wear a hard hat if you want to come onto the building site.’ capitalism n /"k&pIt@lIzm/ ● capitalisme capitalismo Kapitalismus Capitalism can mean big profits for some people, but poverty for others. century n /"sentS@ri/ ● siècle secolo Jahrhundert Shakespeare was born in the 16th century. I think it was in 1564. communist n /"kQmjUnIst/ ● communiste comunista Kommunist(in) Karl Marx was the first communist. communist adj /"kQmjUnIst/ ● communiste comunista kommunistisch In a communist country, industries are owned by the state. commute v /k@"mju:t/ ● faire la navette entre son domicile et son travail fare il pendolare, viaggiare pendeln Hundreds of people commute to work every day by train. concrete n /"kQnkri:t/ ● béton cemento Beton Lots of buildings in the 1960s were made out of concrete. conference centre n /"kQnf@r@ns %sent@/ ● centre de conférences centro per conferenze Tagungszentrum We’re having our meeting at the conference centre. corner of the world n /"kO:n@(r) @v D@ %w3:ld/ ● coin du monde angolo del mondo Winkel der Erde Immigrants from every corner of the world made a new life in America. cousin n /"kVz@n/ ● cousin(e) cugino/a Cousin(e) My cousin is the same age as me. crew n pl /kru:/ ● équipage equipaggio Crew, Mannschaft The crew on the ferry were helpful when I felt seasick. cruel adj /"kru:@l/ ● cruel crudele grausam Kids in school can be quite cruel if you’re a bit different from the others. developer n /dI"vel@p@/ ● promoteur (immobilier) costruttore, impresa edile Häusermakler(in), Städteplaner(in) The developers are building new houses all around our village. disappear v /%dIs@"pI@/ ● disparaître sparire verschwinden The sun disappeared behind a cloud. DNA n /%di: en "eI/ ● ADN DNA DNS The police arrested Gino when they found his DNA on the dead girl’s clothes. Do me a favour. /%du: mi: @ "feIv@/ ● Rends-moi un service. Fammi un favore. Tu mir einen Gefallen. Do me a favour. Help me move this sofa. double room n /%dVbl "ru:m/ ● chambre pour deux personnes camera matrimoniale Doppelzimmer I’d like to book a double room for the weekend, please. dramatic adj /dr@"m&tIk/ ● spectaculaire sensazionale dramatisch I noticed a dramatic change in Oxford when I returned after 20 years. ● énergie energia Energie My dog is always full of energy – he never stops running! environment n /In"vaIr@nm@nt/ ● environnement ambiente Umwelt Recycling rubbish is a good way to help the environment. exist v /Ig"zIst/ ● exister esistere existieren We told Timmy that Santa Claus doesn’t exist, but he didn’t believe us! fight a war v /%faIt @ "wO:/ ● combattre, livrer bataille fare una guerra, combattere Krieg führen, kämpfen gegen I don’t want my son to be a soldier. I don’t want him to fight a war. flight (on a plane) n /flaIt/ ● vol volo Flug Have you booked your flight to Florida? forest n /"fQrIst/ ● forêt foresta Wald There are bears in the forests of North America. fundamentally adv /%fVnd@"ment@li/ ● fondamentalement in modo fondamentale grundsätzlich People are fundamentally the same in every country. We all want the same things. gap year n /"g&p %jI@/ ● année sabbatique entre l’école et les études supérieures anno di intervallo tra la fine della scuola superiore e l’inizio dell’università in cui lo studente viaggia ed acquisisce esperienza ein Jahr Auszeit, meist zwischen Schulabschluss und Studienbeginn, in dem man allerlei Erfahrungen sammelt Robert is hoping to take a gap year before going to university. get ill v /%get "Il/ ● tomber malade ammalarsi krank werden I don’t often get ill, but I feel awful today. get on well with (sb) v /%get Qn "wel wID/ ● bien s’entendre avec andare d’accordo con gut auskommen mit Mike’s getting on well with Henry. I expect they’re talking about football! glorious adj /"glO:rI@s/ ● glorieux, magnifique glorioso glorreich What a glorious day! It’s lovely and sunny. ground floor n /"graUnd "flO:/ ● rez-de-chaussée pianterreno Erdgeschoss The kitchen and dining room are on the ground floor. health care n /"helT %ke@/ ● services de santé assistenza sanitaria Gesundheitsfürsorge In Britain and Canada, people don’t pay for health care. heart n /hA:t/ ● cœur cuore Herz ‘The doctor wants to listen to your heart, Grandad. Take off your jacket.’ highway n US /"haIweI/ ● route nationale, autoroute superstrada, autostrada Autobahn, Überlandstrasse There are strict speed limits on the highways in the US. hurt yourself v /"h3:t j@%self/ ● se faire mal farsi male sich verletzen Let me help you with that suitcase. I don’t want you to hurt yourself. incredible adj /In"kred@bl/ ● incroyable incredibile unglaublich The number of fish on the Great Barrier Reef is incredible. I couldn’t believe it! keep in touch v /%ki:p In "tVtS/ ● rester en contact tenersi in contatto in Kontakt bleiben Please keep in touch when you’re living in Spain. kidney n /"kIdni/ ● rein rene Niere The doctors took out one of Joe’s kidneys after the accident, but he’s OK now. leader n /"li:d@/ ● chef, dirigeant capo, leader (An)führer(in) The prime minister is the leader of the government. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 21 liver (= body organ) n /"lIv@/ ● foie fegato plant n /plA:nt/ Leber Did you know that if doctors remove part of your liver, it will grow again? locked pp /lQkt/ ● fermé à clé chiuso a chiave (zu)geschlossen I couldn’t get in because the door was locked. lung n /lVN/ ● poumon polmone Lunge(nflügel) Smoking is very bad for your lungs. main road n /%meIn "r@Ud/ ● grande route strada principale Hauptstrasse Our house is on the main road, so there’s a lot of traffic. make a complaint v /%meIk @ k@m"pleInt/ ● porter plainte, faire une réclamation fare un reclamo eine Beschwerde einreichen, sich beschweren I’d like to make a complaint about the food. It was cold, and badly cooked. make a reservation v /%meIk @ res@"veISn/ ● faire une réservation fare una prenotazione (etw) vorbestellen/ reservieren lassen Can I make a reservation for 7 p.m., please? make sure v /%meIk "SO:/ ● vérifier, s’assurer assicurarsi sich versichern, sicherstellen Make sure you lock the door when you go out. make up your mind v /%meIk Vp j@ "maInd/ ● se décider decidersi sich entscheiden Make up your mind. Swimming or tennis? medicine n /"medsn/ ● médicament medicina Medizin, Medikament What medicine do you recommend for a sore throat? megalopolis n /%meg@"lQp@lIs/ ● mégapole, mégalopole megalopoli Millionenstadt With its growing population, the town of Shenzhen will soon be a megalopolis. mess n /mes/ ● désordre, fouillis disordine, pasticcio Unordnung, Schweinerei Can you tidy up your mess in the kitchen, Sam? microchip n /"maIkr@U%tSIp/ ● microprocesseur microchip Mikrochip You’ll find a microchip in most of your electrical goods. north n /nO:T/ ● nord nord Norden In the north of Sweden, the sun shines for 24 hours a day in summer. ocean n /"@USn/ ● océan oceano Meer, Ozean You have to cross the Atlantic Ocean to get to America from England. office block n /"QfIs %blQk/ ● immeuble de bureaux palazzo di uffici Bürogebäude I work in a large office block in the city. optimistic adj /%QptI"mIstIk/ ● optimiste ottimista optimistisch, zuversichtlich Peter feels optimistic about the future. He thinks everything will be fine. pass exams v /%pA:s ig"z&mz/ ● être reçu à/réussir un examen superare gli esami Prüfungen bestehen You won’t pass your exams if you don’t work hard. pessimism n /"pesImIzm/ ● pessimisme pessimismo Pessimismus There’s a lot of pessimism about pollution and the environment, but there are lots of things we can do to help. pick (sb) up v /%pIk "Vp/ ● passer prendre passare a prendere abholen What time do you usually pick up the girls from their music lesson? pillow n /"pIl@U/ ● oreiller cuscino Kissen As soon as I put my head on the pillow, I fell asleep. pilot n /"paIl@t/ ● pilote pilota Pilot(in) Neil is a pilot – he flies jumbo jets between London and New York. ● plante pianta Pflanze Would you like some plants from our garden? poster n /"p@Ust@/ ● poster, affiche cartellone, poster Poster Andy has got six posters of Manchester United on his bedroom walls. power n /"paU@/ ● pouvoir potere Macht If we can control the power of the sea, we can make electricity. race (of people) n /%reIs @v "pi:pl/ ● race razza Rasse There are people of 27 different races in my daughter’s school! reaction n /ri"&kSn/ ● réaction reazione Reaktion I don’t know what my dad’s reaction will be if I fail my exam. religion n /rI"lIdZ@n/ ● religion religione Religion David is very interested in world religions. He’s reading a book about Buddhism at the moment. remarkable adj /rI"mA:k@bl/ ● remarquable fuori del comune, eccezionale bemerkenswert, beachtlich My boss is a remarkable man. He came to Britain with nothing, and now he’s a millionaire. resources n pl /rI"zO:sIz/ ● ressources risorse Ressourcen, Bodenschätze We need to look after the world’s resources. There will be a disaster if we don’t. revolutionize v /rev@"lu:S@naIz/ ● révolutionner rivoluzionare revolutionieren Computers have revolutionized the way businesses work all over the world. room service n /"ru:m %s3:vIs/ ● service dans les chambres servizio in camera Zimmerservice If you want dinner in your hotel room, call room service. safari n /s@"fA:ri/ ● safari safari Safari We want to go on safari in Africa this summer. salary n /"s&l@ri/ ● salaire stipendio Gehalt When I get my salary at the end of the month, we’ll go out for dinner. save (money) v /seIv/ ● économiser risparmiare sparen We’re trying to save for a new car. scuba dive v /"sku:b@ %daIv/ ● faire de la plongée sous-marine fare immersioni subacquee tauchen (mit Sauerstoffgerät) When you learn to scuba dive you have to start in a swimming pool. shocking adj /"SQkIN/ ● scandaleux, choquant scioccante schockierend, erschreckend There were some shocking pictures of the earthquake on the news. significant adj /sIg"nIfIk@nt/ ● considérable considerevole bedeutend Harry lost a significant amount of money when his stocks and shares did badly. single room n /%sINgl "ru:m/ ● chambre individuelle camera singola Einzelzimmer ‘We have no single rooms available, sir. Would you like a double?’ skyscraper n /"skaI%skreIp@/ ● gratte-ciel grattacielo Wolkenkratzer Our office is on the 48th floor of a New York skyscraper. snow storm n /"sn@U %stO:m/ ● tempête de neige tormenta, tempesta di neve Schneesturm We were skiing when a huge snow storm suddenly started. spare part n /%spe@ "pA:t/ ● pièce de rechange pezzo di ricambio Ersatzteil I need a spare part to fix this broken radio. speed n /spi:d/ ● vitesse velocità Geschwindigkeit What speed was the car doing when it crashed? Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 22 spread v /spred/ ● gagner du terrain, s’étendre propagarsi, estendersi sich ausbreiten The town is slowly spreading out over the countryside. state (= government) n /steIt/ ● État stato Staat In the UK most schools are run by the state. statistics n pl /st@"tIstIks/ ● statistiques statistica, statistiche Statistik(en) I don’t know the exact statistics, but I think the world’s surface is about 70% water. stupidity n /stju:"pId@ti/ ● stupidité stupidità Dummheit It wasn’t my fault. It was because of your stupidity that we had an accident. tablets n pl /"t&blIts/ ● comprimés compresse Tabletten Take two tablets and your headache should go away. take care v /%teIk "ke@/ ● prendre soin de avere cura di aufpassen, vorsichtig sein Take care of yourself, darling. I’ll see you next weekend. to our advantage /tu: %aU@(r) @d"vA:ntIdZ/ ● dans notre intérêt a nostro vantaggio zu unserem Vorteil It’ll be to our advantage to book a weekend flight – it’s cheaper. top floor n /%tQp "flO:/ ● dernier étage ultimo piano oberstes Stockwerk Our room’s on the top floor. There’s a wonderful view! towards prep /t@"wO:dz/ ● vers verso in Richtung If you walk towards the park, you’ll see our house on the corner. traditional adj /tr@"dIS@nl/ ● traditionnel tradizionale üblich, traditionell Ben’s interested in the traditional folk art of the Aborigines. trip (= visit) n /trIp/ ● voyage viaggio Reise We’re planning a trip to Morocco next August. ugly adj /"Vgli/ ● vilain, laid brutto hässlich Oxford has some very ugly modern developments, but the old buildings are beautiful. vision n /"vIZn/ ● vision visione Vision My vision of the future is generally optimistic. Things will get better. volcano n /vQl"keIn@U/ ● volcan vulcano Vulkan Etna is Europe’s largest active volcano. wake-up call n /"weIk Vp %kO:l/ ● service de réveil sveglia, chiamata per svegliare un cliente dell’albergo telefonischer Weckruf ‘Reception? Could I have a wake-up call for 8 a.m. please?’ water v /"wO:t@/ ● arroser annaffiare giessen You’ll need to water the flowers every day in summer. wealth n /welT/ ● richesse ricchezza Reichtum, Vermögen Wealth doesn’t always bring you happiness. Money isn’t everything. Unit 10 ache v /eIk/ ● faire mal far male schmerzen, weh tun My legs often ache after a long day at work. adventure n /@d"ventS@/ ● aventure avventura Abenteuer Their holiday was quite an adventure. They got lost for three days in the mountains. alive adj /@"laIv/ ● vivant, en vie vivo, in vita lebendig, am Leben I was so worried – I didn’t know if you were alive or dead. amazing adj /@"meIzIN/ ● ahurissant, extraordinaire sorprendente, sensazionale erstaunlich The wildlife of New Zealand is amazing. There’s nothing like it anywhere else. armed police n pl /%A:md p@"li:s/ ● police armée polizia armata bewaffnete Polizisten You’ll see armed police at many airports these days. at peace adj /@t "pi:s/ ● en paix in pace in Frieden I feel very at peace here. It’s so quiet and beautiful. balaclava n /b&l@"klA:v@/ ● passe-montagne passamontagna Kapuzenmütze Greg wore a balaclava to keep his face warm on his trip to the mountains. beans n pl /bi:nz/ ● haricots fagioli Bohnen I’ll make you a salad with rice and beans. beg v /beg/ ● supplier pregare, supplicare bitten, anflehen We begged him not to go, but he didn’t listen. berries n pl /"beriz/ ● baies bacche Beeren I like picking berries to eat in the autumn. blindfold n /"blaIndf@Uld/ ● bandeau benda che copre gli occhi Augenbinde The robbers tied the man up and put a blindfold over his eyes. brave adj /breIv/ ● courageux coraggioso mutig Eric was a brave man. He died saving his brother’s life. burn v /b3:n/ ● brûler bruciare (ver)brennen Sorry, I burned the pizza – I left it in the oven too long. bush n /bUS/ ● buisson cespuglio Busch We’re going on safari in the African bush. cake n /keIk/ ● gâteau torta Kuchen, Torte Would you like some of my birthday cake? can’t stand (sth) v /%kA:nt "st&nd/ ● ne pas supporter non sopportare nicht ausstehen können I can’t stand football. I hate watching it on TV. cartoon (on TV) n /%kA:"tu:n/ ● dessin animé cartone animato Zeichentrickfilm My son loves cartoons. His favourite is The Simpsons. circumstances n pl /"s3:k@m%st&nsIz/ ● circonstances circostanze Umstände Circumstances at home were very difficult, so I decided to leave. confess v /k@n"fes/ ● avouer confessare gestehen, bekennen ‘If you confess and apologize, Dad won’t be so angry with you.’ comedy n /"kQm@di/ ● comédie commedia Komödie They said that the film was a comedy, but I didn’t think it was very funny. comfortable adj /"kVmft@bl/ ● aisé, confortable agiato bequem Comfortable boots are very important for a walking holiday. concentrate v /"kQns@ntreIt/ ● se concentrer concentrarsi konzentrieren You can’t concentrate on your homework if the TV is on. confession n /k@n"feSn/ ● aveu, confession confessione Geständnis I have a confession to make. I ate all your chocolates – sorry! contact v /"kQnt&kt/ ● prendre contact avec, contacter contattare kontaktieren, erreichen Contact me when you arrive to say that you’re safe. contain v /k@n"teIn/ ● contenir contenere enthalten This letter contains all the information you will need for your trip. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 23 covered in sweat /%kVv@d In "swet/ ● en nage, tout en sueur coperto di sudore go on hands and knees v /g@U Qn "h&ndz @n(d) "ni:z/ schweissgebadet The horses were covered in sweat after the race. crawl v /krO:l/ ● marcher à quatre pattes andare gattoni krabbeln There’s a spider crawling up your arm! crazy adj /"kreIzi/ ● fou pazzo, folle verrückt You’re crazy! That’s a really stupid idea. dark (at night) adj /dA:k/ ● sombre buio, scuro dunkel It gets dark very early in winter. diary n /"daI@ri/ ● journal (intime) diario Tagebuch Every night, I write about how I feel in my diary. duck n /dVk/ ● canard anatra Ente There used to be lots of ducks on the village pond. efficiently adv /I"fIS@ntli/ ● efficacement efficientemente effizient Declan manages our money very efficiently, so I don’t have to worry. emergency services n pl /I"m3:dZ@nsi "s3:vIsIz/ ● services d’urgence servizi di pronto intervento Notdienst(e) We called the emergency services and the ambulance arrived very quickly. ending (of a book) n /"endIN/ ● fin fine, conclusione Ende I like books that have a happy ending. exhausted adj /Ig"zO:stId/ ● épuisé, exténué esausto erschöpft I was exhausted after our walk to the top of the Acropolis. fail an exam v /%feIl @n Ig"z&m/ ● échouer à un examen essere bocciato a un esame durch eine Prüfung fallen If I fail an exam, I can take it again next year. fall down (= break) v /%fO:l "daUn/ ● s’écrouler, s’effondrer crollare zusammenbrechen There used to be a castle here, but it has fallen down. film star n /"fIlm %stA:/ ● star/vedette de cinéma stella del cinema Filmstar There are guides in Hollywood who will show you where all the film stars live. fizzy drink n /%fIzi "drINk/ ● boisson gazeuse bevanda gasata/frizzante Getränk mit Kohlensäure I had a sandwich and a fizzy drink for lunch. food poisoning n /"fu:d %pOIz@nIN/ ● intoxication alimentaire intossicazione alimentare Lebensmittelvergiftung I got food poisoning after I ate some badly-cooked meat. footpath n /"fUtpA:T/ ● sentier sentiero Fussweg, Pfad The footpath was narrow and dangerous. for a while /%f@r @ "waIl/ ● un moment per un po’ eine Weile, einen Moment Let’s stop walking for a while and eat our sandwiches. forgive v /f@"gIv/ ● pardonner perdonare verzeihen Liz will never forgive me if I read her diary. freedom n /"fri:d@m/ ● liberté libertà Freiheit Jamie enjoys the freedom of living alone in the forest. frightened adj /"fraIt@nd/ ● qui a peur spaventato ängstlich She’s frightened of spiders. get rid of (sth) v /get "rId @v/ ● se débarrasser de sbarazzarsi di loswerden We need to get rid of this old sofa before the new one arrives. go climbing v /%g@U "klaImIN/ ● faire de l’escalade andare a far roccia bergsteigen (gehen) I used to go climbing every weekend when we lived near the mountains. ● marcher à quatre pattes andare a quattro zampe auf allen Vieren krabbeln Miners often have to go on hands and knees to crawl through narrow places. God bless all /%gQd %bles "O:l/ ● Que Dieu vous bénisse! Dio benedica tutti Gott segne alle God bless all of you. I’m so grateful for what you did. graduate v /"gr&djUeIt/ ● obtenir son diplôme laurearsi einen Universitätsabschluss machen When I graduate, I’m going to get a job in television. ground (= the floor) n /graUnd/ ● terre, sol per terra Boden I think he fell out of the window – we found him lying on the ground. haircut n /"he@kVt/ ● coupe (de cheveux) taglio di capelli Haarschnitt Your hair’s getting very long. I think you need a haircut! hairdresser n /"he@dres@/ ● coiffeur, coiffeuse parrucchiere, parrucchiera Friseur(in) Which hairdresser do you go to? I love your haircut. handrail n /"h&ndreIl/ ● rampe corrimano Geländer If you don’t feel safe on the path, hold the handrail. hear from (sb) v /"hI@ fr@m/ ● avoir des nouvelles de avere notizie di von (jdm) hören How often do you hear from your sister? helicopter n /"helIkQpt@/ ● hélicoptère elicottero Hubschrauber They flew by helicopter to the mountain lake. high adj /haI/ ● haut alto hoch Mt Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand. hitchhike v /"hItS%haIk/ ● faire de l’auto-stop fare l’autostop trampen The car broke down and we had to hitchhike to the next town. hobby n /"hQbi/ ● passe-temps, hobby hobby, passatempo Hobby My hobbies are reading and playing the piano. hole n /h@Ul/ ● trou buco Loch There’s a hole in your sock, I can see your toes! horror film n /"hQr@ %fIlm/ ● film d’horreur film dell’orrore Horrorfilm I don’t like horror films, they’re too frightening. hunter n /"hVnt@/ ● chasseur cacciatore Jäger(in) The hunters shot two moose and a few ducks. instructor n /In"strVkt@/ ● professeur, moniteur istruttore, istruttrice Lehrer(in), Ausbilder(in) Peter is a driving instructor. He’s teaching me to drive. invent v /In"vent/ ● inventer inventare erfinden The printing press was invented in the 14th century. investigate v /In"vestIgeIt/ ● enquêter sur indagare su untersuchen The police are investigating the kidnapping. joke n /dZ@Uk/ ● blague barzelletta Witz Why doesn’t anyone laugh at my jokes? kidnap v /"kIdn&p/ ● enlever, kidnapper rapire entführen The people who kidnapped the president want $10m from the government. let (sb) go (= release) v /%let "g@U/ ● lâcher mollare, lasciar andare loslassen The police arrested a man yesterday, but they let him go today. library n /"laIbr@ri/, /"laIbri/ ● bibliothèque biblioteca Bibliothek, Bücherei I’m going to borrow some books from the library for my essay. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 24 simple life /"sImpl %laIf/ lose consciousness v /%lu:z "kQnS@sn@s/ ● perdre connaissance perdere i sensi das Bewusstsein verlieren Alan lost consciousness when he hit his head on the goalpost. lose weight v /%lu:z "weIt/ ● maigrir, perdre du poids dimagrire Gewicht verlieren, abnehmen I’m going to try to lose weight. Maybe I’ll buy an exercise bike. manage to do (sth) v /"m&nIdZ t@ "du:/ ● réussir à faire riuscire a fare es schaffen, (etw) zu tun I can’t manage to do everything today, so I’ll do the rest tomorrow. manual n /"m&njU@l/ ● manuel manuale Handbuch I don’t know how to fix the TV. I can’t find the manual. meat n /mi:t/ ● viande carne Fleisch We don’t eat much meat but we like fish. moose n /mu:s/ ● orignal, élan alce Elch Dad shot a moose on his hunting trip. narrow adj /"n&r@U/ ● étroit stretto eng This path is so narrow! I don’t think I can walk along it. nature n /"neItS@/ ● nature natura Natur If you like nature, you’ll enjoy a safari holiday. petrol station n /"petr@l %steISn/ ● station-service stazione di servizio Tankstelle They stopped at the petrol station to fill the car with petrol. plan v /pl&n/ ● préparer, projeter fare progetti planen What are you planning to do when you finish university? poisonous adj /"pOIz@n@s/ ● venimeux velenoso giftig Some berries are poisonous – if you don’t know what they are, don’t eat them! posh adj /pQS/ ● chic elegante vornehm, nobel The Ritz is a very posh hotel. Very expensive, too! possessions n pl /p@"zeSnz/ ● affaires averi Besitz(tümer) Grandad left me all his possessions when he died. recipe n /"res@pi/ ● recette ricetta (di cucina) Rezept Can you give me the recipe for that cake? report (from school) n /rI"pO:t/ ● bulletin scolaire pagella scolastica Zeugnis Jack’s school report was awful. He promised to work harder next year. roller coaster n /"r@Ul@%k@Ust@/ ● montagnes russes montagne russe Achterbahn, Berg- und Talbahn I love roller coasters, but they make me feel sick. row (= argument) n /raU/ ● dispute discussione, litigio Streit, Krach She had a row with her boyfriend, and now she won’t speak to him. scared adj /ske@d/ ● qui a peur che ha paura ängstlich I am scared of lifts, so I always use the stairs. scream v /skri:m/ ● crier, hurler strillare schreien The bank teller screamed when she saw the man’s gun. seed (of a plant) n /si:d/ ● graine seme Samen If I plant the seeds now, I’ll have lovely flowers in July. shake v /SeIk/ ● trembler tremare zittern, beben I was so scared! I was shaking. shelter n /"Selt@/ ● abri riparo, rifugio Schutz When the snow storm came, we sat in our tent for shelter. ● vie simple vita semplice einfaches Leben You have to like a simple life if you’re camping. If you want to be comfortable, go to a hotel! sleeping bag n /"sli:pIN %b&g/ ● sac de couchage sacco a pelo Schlafsack It was cold in the tent but we were very warm in our sleeping bags. spider n /"spaId@/ ● araignée ragno Spinne ‘Mum! There’s a spider in the bath!’ spy novel n /"spaI %nQv@l/ ● roman d’espionnage romanzo di spionaggio Spionageroman I’ve got a spy novel to read on the plane. squirrel n /"skwIr@l/ ● écureuil scoiattolo Eichhörnchen We’ve got squirrels that live in our trees – they like the nuts. starve v /stA:v/ ● souffrir de la faim morire di fame (ver)hungern Every year, people starve in Africa because they can’t grow enough food. steep adj /sti:p/ ● raide ripido steil Climbing that steep hill was exhausting. stove n /st@Uv/ ● cuisinière stufa, fornelli Ofen, Herd I’ll find some wood for the stove, then we can cook the fish. strength n /streNT/ ● force forza Kraft, Stärke I haven’t got the strength to move this sofa. It’s so heavy! stuck in a lift /%stVk In @ "lIft/ ● coincé dans un ascenseur bloccato in un ascensore im Lift steckengeblieben Lyn is scared of getting stuck in a lift. That’s why she uses the stairs. survive v /s@"vaIv/ ● survivre sopravvivere überleben You can survive in the mountains if you know what things to eat. take (sb) to court v /%teIk t@ "kO:t/ ● poursuivre en justice citare in tribunale (jdn) vor Gericht bringen The police arrested a man after the burglary, and they’re taking him to court. terrified adj /"terIfaId/ ● qui a une peur bleue de, terrifié terrorizzato in panischer Angst Richard was terrified when he got lost in the forest. terrorist n /"ter@rIst/ ● terroriste terrorista Terrorist Terrorists tried to put a bomb on the plane. thin adj /TIn/ ● maigre magro dünn I hate being overweight. I want to be thin. thrill n /TrIl/ ● plaisir, frisson brivido di gioia/di emozione Erregung, Nervenkitzel People who like roller coasters enjoy the thrill of danger. tie (sb) up v /%taI "Vp/ ● ligoter legare anbinden, festbinden, fesseln The robbers tied Daniel up and stole his money. total n /"t@Utl/ ● total totale Summe ‘There is a total of ten mistakes. You have to find all of them.’ trapped pp /tr&pt/ ● piégé intrappolato, in trappola eingeschlossen, in der Falle After the accident he was trapped in his car and couldn’t get out. view n /vju:/ ● vue vista, veduta Blick, Aussicht The view from the top of the mountain was fantastic. village n /"vIlIdZ/ ● village paese Dorf Pete and Sara live in a village about 10 miles away from the city. waste v /weIst/ ● gaspiller far perdere verschwenden Don’t waste my time with stupid questions. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 25 weak adj /wi:k/ ● faible, affaibli debole chef n /Sef/ schwach I felt very weak after I had food poisoning. wild (place) adj /waIld/ ● sauvage selvaggio wild, verwildert I don’t want luxurious holidays, I want to visit the wild places of the world. wild mushrooms n pl /%waIld "mVSru:mz/ ● champignons sauvages funghi selvatici wilde Pilze It can be dangerous to eat wild mushrooms if you don’t know what they are. witness n /"wItn@s/ ● témoin testimone Zeuge/Zeugin I was a witness to the accident. I saw everything. woods n pl /wUdz/ ● bois boschi Wald There are mushrooms under the trees in these woods. Unit 11 addict n /"&dIkt/ ● personne accro assuefatto Süchtige(r), Abhängige(r) If you can’t stop smoking, you’re a tobacco addict. addictive adj /@"dIktIv/ ● qui crée une dépendance che dà assuefazione süchtig machend Alcohol and tobacco are very addictive. advertise v /"&dv@taIz/ ● faire de la publicité mettere un annuncio, reclamizzare werben (für) How will you advertise the new product? advertisement n /@d"v3:tIsm@nt/ ● publicité annuncio, inserzione Werbung An advertisement for the job appeared in a magazine. American Indians n pl /@%merIk@n "IndI@nz/ ● Indiens d’Amérique indiani d’America Indianer The American Indians are the true native Americans. ancient adj /"eInS@nt/ ● antique antico antik, alt The history of chewing gum goes back to ancient times. Arctic Circle n /%A:ktIk "s3:kl/ ● cercle polaire arctique circolo polare artico nördlicher Polarkreis In the middle of winter, the sun doesn’t rise in the Arctic Circle. ban v /b&n/ ● interdire proibire verbieten, sperren You can’t have a cigarette. Smoking is banned here. banana n /b@"nA:n@/ ● banane banana Banane Bananas are grown on huge plantations. beard n /bI@d/ ● barbe barba Bart My teenage son is trying to grow a beard. bottle n /bQtl/ ● bouteille bottiglia Flasche When I was young, shops used to give us money for empty Coke bottles. briefcase n /"bri:fkeIs/ ● serviette cartella Aktentasche, -mappe Jack carries a briefcase to work. can n /k&n/ ● canette, boîte lattina Dose We’ll take some sandwiches and a can of Coke. cargo n /kA:g@U/ ● cargaison carico Fracht The ship arrived from Africa with a cargo of bananas. chain-smoke v /"tSeIn%sm@Uk/ ● fumer cigarette sur cigarette fumare una sigaretta dopo l’altra Kette rauchen People who were chain-smoking in the 1950s were dying of lung cancer in the 1990s. ● chef, cuisinier chef, capocuoco Koch/Köchin That restaurant is owned by a famous chef. chew v /tSu:/ ● mâcher, ronger masticare kauen In some countries, people chew tobacco. chewing gum n /"tSu:IN %gVm/ ● chewing-gum chewing-gum, gomma da masticare Kaugummi Chewing gum can freshen your breath. commercially adv /k@"m3:S@li/ ● commercialement commercialmente kommerziell Sugar is commercially produced in huge factories. cotton n /"kQt@n/ ● coton cotone Baumwolle Cotton used to be picked by slaves in the American South. cry (= call/shout) v /kraI/ ● crier gridare schreien, rufen Someone cried ‘Fire!’ and we all ran out of the building. death n /deT/ ● mort morte Tod Tobacco has caused the death of huge numbers of people. drive-in restaurant n /%draIvIn restrQnt/ ● restoroute ristorante drive-in Drive-in-Restaurant The kids want to go to a drive-in restaurant for a hamburger. empty adj /"empti/ ● vide vuoto leer Don’t leave your empty Coke cans on the floor. export v /Ik"spO:t/ ● exporter esportare exportieren India exports tea around the world. fabric n /"f&brIk/ ● tissu stoffa, tessuto Stoff, Material I love the fabric you chose for your new dress! factory n /"f&ktri/ ● usine fabbrica Fabrik These spare parts are made at a local factory. feed v /fi:d/ ● nourrir, donner à manger à dar da mangiare a füttern Can you feed the dog? He looks hungry. freshen v /"freSn/ ● rafraîchir rinfrescare auffrischen Would you like a mint to freshen your breath? gallon n /"g&l@n/ ● gallon (4,546 litres) gallone Gallone I’m so thirsty, I could drink a gallon of water! genius n /"dZi:nI@s/ ● génie genio Genie You’re a genius, Kristin! What a brilliant idea. grass n /grA:s/ ● herbe, pelouse erba Gras, Rasen The grass is getting very long. It hasn’t been cut for days. harm v /hA:m/ ● abîmer, faire du mal à danneggiare, far male a schaden If you eat a lot of sugar, you can harm your teeth. harvest n /"hA:vIst/ ● récolte raccolto Ernte A lot of workers are needed in the summer for the harvest on our farm. hire v /haI@/ ● louer noleggiare mieten We plan to hire a car at the airport. history n /"hIst@ri/ ● histoire storia Geschichte Paul is writing a book about the history of art. honey n /"hVni/ ● miel miele Honig Honey was used to sweeten food before sugar arrived in Europe. ill-effect n /%Il I"fekt/ ● effet néfaste brutta conseguenza böse Folge Sugar can have an ill-effect if you eat too much of it. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 26 product n /"prQdVkt/ industrial adj /In"dVstrI@l/ ● industriel industriale industriell The industrial revolution made cotton much cheaper. industry n /"Ind@stri/ ● industrie industria Industrie The tobacco industry has paid money to people with lung cancer. inhale v /In"heIl/ ● inhaler, respirer respirare inhalieren, einatmen After being in the city, I like to inhale the fresh air by the sea. invent n /In"vent/ ● inventer inventare erfinden Walt Disney invented Mickey Mouse. keep off v /%ki:p "Qf/ ● ne pas marcher sur tenersi lontano da, non calpestare (l’erba) wegbleiben Keep off the grass. leaves n pl /li:vz/ ● feuilles foglie Blätter The leaves change colour and fall off the trees in the autumn. lie n /laI/ ● mensonge bugia Lüge You can’t believe him. He tells such lies! lift n /lIft/ ● prendre qn en voiture passaggio Mitfahrgelegenheit We’ll give you a lift to the station. lung cancer n /"lVN %k&ns@/ ● cancer du poumon cancro del polmone Lungenkrebs Lung cancer is one of the ill-effects of tobacco. luxury n /"lVkS@ri/ ● luxe lusso Luxus The simple life isn’t for me – I want a life of luxury! match (sport) n /m&tS/ ● match partita Spiel Jerry’s playing a football match today. motorway n /"m@Ut@weI/ ● autoroute autostrada Autobahn In the UK the motorway speed limit is 70 mph. mouth n /maUT/ ● bouche bocca Mund Take that chewing gum out of your mouth! out of order /%aUt @v "O:d@/ ● en panne, hors service guasto defekt The coffee machine is always out of order. overseas adv /%@Uv@"si:z/ ● à l’étranger all’estero in Übersee I want to study overseas, in Canada or the US. packet n /"p&kIt/ ● paquet pacchetto Packung I’ll buy Grandad a packet of tobacco for his pipe. partner n /"pA:tn@/ ● partenaire, compagnon, compagne partner compagno/a Partner(in) Steve and Adam are business partners. They have a small shop in the village. passenger n /"p&sIndZ@/ ● passager passeggero/a Passagier(in) How many passengers travel on this train every day? pineapple n /"paIn&pl/ ● ananas ananas Ananas The pineapple is a tropical fruit. plantation n /plA:n"teISn/ ● plantation piantagione Plantage My grandfather worked on a sugar plantation when he was younger. popularity n /%pQpjU"l&rIti/ ● popularité popolarità Beliebtheit The popularity of the hamburger is world-wide. produce v /pr@"dju:s/ ● produire produrre herstellen A lot of coffee is produced in Brazil. ● produit prodotto Produkt Microsoft’s new product will be in the shops next spring. promise v /"prQmIs/ ● promettre promettere versprechen I promise I won’t be late! quantity n /"kwQntIti/ ● quantité quantità Quantität, Menge A huge quantity of Coke is drunk every day. queue n /kju:/ ● file (d’attente), queue coda (Warte)schlange The was a long queue at the bank so I decided to go back later. rare adj /re@/ ● rare raro selten, rar Rare plants in the UK are protected by law. refine v /rI"faIn/ ● raffiner raffinare raffinieren, verfeinern The sugar is refined in a large factory. revolution n /rev@"lu:Sn/ ● révolution rivoluzione Revolution The French Revolution happened in 1789. rice n /raIs/ ● riz riso Reis Rice is an important food in Asia. sailor n /"seIl@/ ● marin marinaio Seemann, Matrose/Matrosin Men used to be kidnapped to work as sailors on ships many years ago. secret n /"si:kr@t/ ● secret segreto Geheimnis My grandmother’s cake recipe is a secret. I don’t know how she makes it. seed n /si:d/ ● semence, graine seme Samen You need to plant the seeds now if you want them to grow. serve v /s3:v/ ● servir servire bedienen What time is dinner served in this hotel? services (motorway) n pl /"s3:vIsIz/ ● relais d’autoroute stazione di servizio sull’autostrada Tankstelle und Raststätte We’ll stop at the services for lunch. ship v /SIp/ ● expédier par bateau spedire via mare versenden, verfrachten My furntiure is being shipped over to Ireland when I move. silk n /sIlk/ ● soie seta Seide Silk is a very luxurious fabric. skeleton n /"skelIt@n/ ● squelette scheletro Skelett The skeleton of a man was found in the woods. slave n /sleIv/ ● esclave schiavo/a Sklave/Sklavin The slaves in America were kidnapped from Africa. slavery n /"sleIv@ri/ ● esclavage schiavitù Sklaverei Slavery is illegal in most countries today. smelly adj /"smeli/ ● qui sent mauvais puzzolente übel riechend, stinkend I think cigarettes are smelly and disgusting. soil n /sOIl/ ● terre, sol terreno Erde, Boden The soil has to be warm for growing sugar cane. southbound adj /"saUTbaUnd/ ● en direction du sud diretto a sud (in) Richtung Süden Take the southbound motorway towards London. space n /speIs/ ● espace spazio Platz We haven’t enough space for the piano. stock exchange n /"stQk Iks%tSeIndZ/ ● Bourse borsa valori Börse Brian lost a lot of money on the stock exchange. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 27 sugar cane n /"SUg@ %keIn/ ● canne à sucre canna da zucchero fall in love v /%fO:l In "lVv/ Zuckerrohr Sugar cane is grown in the West Indies. sweeten v /"swi:t@n/ ● sucrer dolcificare (ver)süssen Would you like some sugar to sweeten your tea? technology n /tek"nQl@dZi/ ● technologie tecnologia Technologie Technology has made farming and food production much easier. tobacco n /t@"b&k@U/ ● tabac tabacco Tabak Tobacco is an addictive drug. top secret adj /%tQp "si:kr@t/ ● top secret segretissimo streng geheim The recipe for Coca-Cola remains top secret. train track n /"treIn %tr&k/ ● voie (ferrée), rails binario, rotaie Gleise, Bahnstrecke They are doing repairs on the train track at the moment. tree sap n /"tri: %s&p/ ● sève linfa Saft Tree sap is used to make chewing gum. truth n /tru:T/ ● vérité verità Wahrheit You have to tell the truth the when the police question you. unattended adj /Vn@"tendId/ ● laissé sans surveillance incustodito unbeaufsichtigt Don’t leave the baby unattended. She could fall off the chair. war n /wO:/ ● guerre guerra Krieg Millions of soldiers were killed during the war. wrap v /r&p/ ● emballer, envelopper avvolgere, incartare (ein)wickeln I’ll buy some paper to wrap Sue’s present. zoo n /zu:/ ● zoo zoo Zoo You can’t feed the animals in the zoo. Unit 12 apparent adj /@"p&r@nt/ ● évident evidente offensichtlich It was apparent that he was ill. He looked awful. brain scan department n /"breIn %sk&n dI%pA:tm@nt/ ● service de tomodensitométrie cérébrale reparto ecografie cerebrali Abteilung für Computertomografie Mary had tests in the brain scan department at the hospital. brain tumour n /"breIn %tju:m@/ ● tumeur au cerveau tumore al cervello Hirntumor Roger died of a brain tumour last year. budgie n /"bVdZi/ ● perruche pappagallino Wellensittich When I was young I had a budgie as a pet. cap (= hat) n /k&p/ ● casquette berretto Mütze, Kappe The boys in our school have to wear a cap. consultant n /k@n"sVlt@nt/ ● spécialiste specialista Facharzt/-ärztin She’s got an appointment to see the hospital consultant on Wednesday. corridor n /"kQrIdO:/ ● couloir corridoio Korridor, Gang The exam room is down the corridor, opposite the hall. criminal n /"krImInl/ ● criminel criminale Kriminelle(r), Straftäter(in) The police are looking for the criminal who robbed the bank. dizzy adj /"dIzi/ ● qui a le vertige che ha le vertigini schwindelig I feel dizzy – I’ll have to sit down before I fall over. dress n /dres/ ● robe vestito Kleid Are you going to buy a new dress for the party? ● tomber amoureux innamorarsi sich verlieben I’d like to fall in love and marry a rich man! fill in (a form) v /%fIl "In/ ● remplir compilare ausfüllen I’ve filled in an application form for a new job. firmly adv /"f3:mli/ ● fermement con fermezza streng Mr Bates told the class very firmly to stop talking. ghost n /g@Ust/ ● fantôme fantasma Geist, Gespenst I don’t believe in ghosts. They don’t exist. ghostbuster n /"g@UstbVst@/ ● chasseur de fantômes acchiappafantasmi Geisteraustreiber(in) If you think you have a ghost, you should call a ghostbuster. give (sb) a lift v /%gIv @ "lIft/ ● emmener/accompagner en voiture dare un passaggio (jdn) (im Auto) mitnehmen Can you give me a lift to the bus station? grey adj /greI/ ● gris grigio grau The sky looks grey today. Do you think it’s going to rain? haunted v /hO:ntId/ ● hanté abitato dagli spiriti spuken Simon thinks that house is haunted. He says he saw a ghost. hurry up v /%hVri "Vp/ ● se dépêcher affrettarsi, sbrigarsi sich beeilen Hurry up! We’re going to be late for work! in my way /%In maI "weI/ ● qui m’empêche de passer d’intralcio im Weg Excuse me, you’re in my way. Can I get past? invisible adj /In"vIz@bl/ ● invisible invisibile unsichtbar I can’t see the path – it’s invisible in the darkness. kick (sb) out v /%kIk "aUt/ ● virer buttar fuori rausschmeissen My brother was kicked out of school when he was 14. leave (sb) alone v /%li:v @"l@Un/ ● laisser tranquille lasciare da solo/in pace in Ruhe lassen Leave Jim alone. He’s trying to study. look forward to v /%lUk "fO:w@d tu:/ ● attendre avec impatience aspettare con impazienza, non veder l’ora di sich freuen auf I’m looking forward to going to Italy. look out! /lUk "aUt/ ● attention! attenzione! pass auf! Vorsicht! Look out! There’s a car coming. miss the train v /%mIs D@ "treIn/ ● rater le train perdere il treno den Zug verpassen If we don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train! nasty adj /"nA:sti/ ● désagréable, mauvais sgradevole, brutto scheusslich What nasty weather. I’m looking forward to seeing the sun again. operation n /Qp@"reISn/ ● opération operazione Operation Frank might need an operation on his knee. palace n /"p&lIs/ ● palais palazzo Palast, Schloss The Queen lives in an enormous palace. pass on a message v /%pA:s "Qn/ ● transmettre un message passare un messaggio eine Nachricht weitergeben Can you pass on a message to Sue for me? portrait n /"pO:treIt/ ● portrait ritratto Porträt There was a portrait of his mother on the wall. princess n /prIn"ses/ ● princesse principessa Prinzessin Everybody wanted to see the Queen and the two little princesses. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 28 beach n /bi:tS/ put out (a cigarette) v /%pUt "aUt/ ● éteindre spegnere ausmachen, löschen Put your cigarette out. You can’t smoke in the shop. servant n /"s3:v@nt/ ● domestique persona di servizio Diener(in) If I was rich, I would have a servant to do the housework. shoplifting n /"SQplIftIN/ ● vol à l’étalage taccheggio Ladendiebstahl Shoplifting is a huge problem for big stores. social worker n /"s@USl %w3:k@/ ● assistant social assistente sociale Sozialarbeiter(in) Jane’s a social worker. She works with teenage mothers. sort out (a problem) v /%sO:t "aUt/ ● régler, résoudre risolvere in Ordnung bringen, regeln Don’t worry. I’m sure we can sort this problem out quickly. spirit (= ghost) n /"spIrIt/ ● esprit spirito Geist I sometimes feel the spirit of my grandmother when everything is quiet. toothache n /"tu:TeIk/ ● mal de dents mal di denti Zahnschmerzen You’ll get toothache if you eat sweets every day. transparent adj /%tr&ns"p&r@nt/ ● transparent trasparente durchsichtig, transparent What a disaster! Sam’s new swimming costume is nearly transparent when it gets wet! trouble v /"trVbl/ ● inquiéter, préoccuper preoccupare, disturbare beunruhigen, bekümmern A surprising number of people are troubled by problems with ghosts. typical adj /"tIpIkl/ ● typique tipico typisch On a typical day, I start work at 8.30 and finish at 5. uniform n /"ju:nIfO:m/ ● uniforme divisa Uniform We have to wear a uniform to school. unpleasant adj /Vn"plez@nt/ ● désagréable, mauvais spiacevole unangenehm Your cigarettes make the house smell unpleasant. vicar n /"vIk@/ ● pasteur pastore (della Chiesa anglicana) Vikar(in), Pfarrer(in) The vicar lives in that house by the church. victim n /"vIktIm/ ● victime vittima Opfer She was the victim of a burglary. All her jewellery was stolen. voices n pl /"vOIsIz/ ● voix voci Stimmen I can hear voices next door – I thought they were on holiday. wallet n /"wQlIt/ ● portefeuille portafoglio Brieftasche I’ve lost my wallet! All my money is in it! wedding n /"wedIN/ ● mariage nozze, matrimonio Hochzeit When I get married I want a big wedding. Unit 13 attack v /@"t&k/ ● attaquer, agresser aggredire angreifen Steve was attacked in the street and his phone was stolen. authoritative adj /O:"TQrIt@tIv/ ● officiel, autorisé autorevole zuverlässig, massgeblich, von einem/r Expert(in) This book is the authoritative guide to London. It’s the best you can buy. barrel of beer n /%b&r@l @v "bI@/ ● tonneau de bière barile di birra Fass Bier Kevin bought a barrel of beer for the party. barter v /"bA:t@/ ● troquer barattare tauschen I’ll barter my Coldplay CD for your old Beatles cassette. ● plage spiaggia Strand If it’s sunny, we’ll go to the beach for a swim. beachcomber n /"bi:tS%k@Um@/ ● personne qui ramasse sur la plage persona che si aggira sulle spiagge alla ricerca di soldi, oggetti, ecc. Strandgutsammler(in) I wonder if that beachcomber has found anything interesting in the sand. calm adj /kA:m/ ● calme calmo ruhig, gelassen The sea’s very calm today, shall we go swimming? checkout till n /"tSekaUt %tIl/ ● caisse cassa (in un supermercato) Kasse (im Supermarkt) Matha’s working on the checkout till in the supermarket. connect v /k@"nekt/ ● mettre en communication dare la linea a verbinden Sorry to keep you waiting. I’m trying to connect you. deer n /dI@/ ● cerf cervo Reh, Hirsch The hunter shot a deer in the woods. earn a living v /%3:n @ "lIvIN/ ● gagner sa vie guadagnarsi da vivere seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienen Michael earns a living by selling his paintings. exactly adv /Ig"z&ktli/ ● exactement esattamente genau It’s exactly two miles from my house to the school. fetch v /fetS/ ● aller chercher andare a prendere holen Can you fetch me a drink, please? I’m really thirsty. filmmaker n /"fIlmmeIk@/ ● cinéaste produttore, regista Filmemacher(in) Steven Spielberg is a well-known filmmaker. fluently adv /"flu:@ntli/ ● couramment correntemente fliessend She speaks French fluently. fly a hot air balloon v /%flaI @ %hQt %e@ b@"lu:n/ ● piloter une montgolfière andare in mongolfiera mit einem Heissluftballon fahren I’d love to fly a hot air balloon over my house! get used to (sth) v /%get "ju:st tu:/ ● s’habituer à abituarsi a sich gewöhnen an Jim couldn’t get used to living in the country, so he went back to London. get wet v /%get "wet/ ● se mouiller bagnarsi nass werden Don’t go out, it’s raining. You’ll get wet! go out with (sb) v /%g@U "aUt wID/ ● sortir avec uscire con mit (jdm) gehen, mit (jdm) zusammensein I’ve been going out with Nicole for a long time. heaven n /"hevn/ ● paradis paradiso, cielo Himmel ‘Mum, do rabbits go to heaven when they die?’ heavy adj /"hevi/ ● lourd pesante schwer This is a heavy bag – what’s in it? hold on (= wait) v /h@Uld Qn/ ● patienter aspettare warten Hold on. I’ll just be a few more minutes! homeless adj /"h@Uml@s/ ● sans abri senzatetto obdachlos I’ve been homeless and living in the streets for two years now. honest adj /"QnIst/ ● sincère, honnête sincero, schietto, onesto ehrlich My mother is a very honest person. She never tells a lie. income n /"Ink@m/ ● revenu reddito Einkommen I have a small income from my pension, but I don’t need much money. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 29 indoors adv /In"dO:z/ ● à l’intérieur in casa, dentro wind n /wInd/ drinnen We’ll stay indoors today because the weather is so bad. land (a plane) v /l&nd/ ● poser, atterrir atterrare landen The plane landed safely after a long flight. lively adj /"laIvli/ ● vif, plein d’entrain attivo, vivace lebhaft, aktiv The teacher was pleased with the lively group of students. mainly adv /"meInli/ ● surtout, pour la plupart soprattutto, specialmente hauptsächlich I work mainly at the weekends. movie director n /"mu:vi d@%rekt@/ ● réalisateur, metteur en scène regista cinematografico Filmregisseur(in) Ian wants to be a movie director like Tarantino. mystery tour n /"mIst@ri %tU@/ ● voyage surprise viaggio con destinazione a sorpresa Fahrt ins Blaue My parents have gone on a mystery tour by coach. I’ve no idea where they are! passion n /"p&Sn/ ● passion passione Leidenschaft, Passion Cathy has a passion for horse riding. pension n /"penSn/ ● (pension de) retraite pensione Rente, Pension I hope my pension gives me enough income when I finish work. pie n /paI/ ● tourte, tarte torta/tortino salato Pastete Apple pie is a popular dessert in North America. poor visibility /%pO: vIz@"bIl@ti/ ● mauvaise visibilité scarsa visibilità schlechte Sicht The poor visibility made driving very difficult. professionally adv /pr@"feS@n@li/ ● en professionnel come professionista beruflich Judy Garland began singing professionally when she was a child. put (sb) off v /%pUt "Qf/ ● dégoûter far passare la voglia di abschrecken Don’t be put off by the weather. I’m sure it will get better. realize v /"rI@laIz/ ● se rendre compte de rendersi conto erkennen, einsehen Sorry I’m late, I didn’t realize what the time was. regular job /%regjUl@ "dZQb/ ● travail permanent lavoro regolare feste Stelle Derek was unemployed for a year, but now he has a regular job. reply n /rI"plaI/ ● réponse risposta antworten Alison still hasn’t replied to my e-mail. roller skates n pl /"r@Ul@ %skeIts/ ● patins à roulette pattini a rotelle Rollschuhe Can you use roller skates? I can’t, I always fall over. routines n pl /ru:"ti:nz/ ● habitude, routine routine, sequenza di azioni Routine Children need routines. They don’t like it when things change. seriously adv /"sI@rI@sli/ ● gravement gravemente, seriamente schwer, ernstlich Two people were seriously hurt in the accident. skate v /skeIt/ ● patiner pattinare Schlittschuh laufen If you want to play ice hockey, you’ll need to learn to skate. sunset n /"sVnset/ ● coucher du soleil tramonto Sonnenuntergang We sat on the beach and watched the sunset. tin n /tIn/ ● boîte (de conserve) scatoletta Dose Can you open a tin of food for the cat? waste n /weIst/ ● gaspillage spreco Verschwendung It seems such a waste to throw these old clothes away. ● vent vento Wind The wind blew through the trees. Unit 14 afterwards adv /"A:ft@w@dz/ ● après, ensuite dopo, più tardi später, nachher Karen shouted at the children, but she was sorry afterwards. bachelor n /"b&tS@l@/ ● célibataire scapolo Junggeselle My uncle was a bachelor all his life. He never married. behave v /bI"heIv/ ● se comporter comportarsi sich benehmen Ellen said the children had behaved very well. character n /"k&r@kt@/ ● caractère carattere Charakter Which cartoon character do you like best? coin n /kOIn/ ● pièce (de monnaie) moneta Münze Tom found a Roman coin in a field. cruel adj /"kru:@l/ ● cruel crudele grausam Some people think fishing is a cruel sport. delighted adj /dI"laItId/ ● ravi, très content molto contento erfreut, entzückt I was delighted to hear about your new job. desperate adj /"desp@r@t/ ● désespéré disperato verzweifelt That child seems desperate for attention. fall over v /%fO:l "@Uv@/ ● tomber cadere hinfallen Be careful not to fall over on the ice. fiction n /"fIkSn/ ● romans, fiction narrativa Belletristik, Literatur Do you enjoy reading fiction? forever adv /f@"rev@/ ● (pour) toujours per sempre ewig I will love you forever. forgive v /f@"gIv/ ● pardonner perdonare verzeihen I’ll never forgive him for leaving me. furious adj /"fjU@ri@s/ ● furieux infuriato wütend Ed was furious when he discovered the scratch on his new car. get in touch v /%get In "tVtS/ ● prendre contact avec, faire signe à mettersi in contatto, farsi sentire sich melden, sich in Verbindung setzen Please get in touch with us once you’ve settled into your new home. heads or tails /"hedz O: "teIlz/ ● pile ou face testa o croce Kopf oder Zahl We’ll toss a coin to see who does the washing-up. Heads or tails? in a mess /In @ "mes/ ● désordre, fouillis in disordine in Unordnung I’m afraid the house is in a mess at the moment. I wasn’t expecting anyone to arrive! knock n /nQk/ ● coup colpo Klopfen They heard a knock at the door. make a will v /%meIk @ "wIl/ ● faire un testament fare testamento sein Testament machen Grandad died before he had a chance to make a will. make up v /%meIk "Vp/ ● se réconcilier fare la pace sich (wieder) vertragen, sich versöhnen We had a argument, but we have made up now. marriage n /"m&rIdZ/ ● mariage matrimonio Ehe This is her second marriage – her first husband died. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 30 on condition /%Qn k@n"dISn/ ● à condition a condizione unter der Bedingung You can have your pocket money on condition that you tidy your room. pay n /peI/ ● paie paga Bezahlung I like my job, but the pay isn’t very good. politician n /pQl@"tISn/ ● homme/femme politique politico Politiker(in) I hate politicians. They never give you a straight answer. quarrel n /"kwQr@l/ ● dispute litigio, discussione Streit, Auseinandersetzung Richard and Jackie had a quarrel, but they’ve made up again now. quarrel v /"kwQr@l/ ● se disputer litigare, discutere sich streiten, sich zanken Are they quarrelling about the television again? remarry v /%ri:"m&ri/ ● se remarier risposarsi wieder heiraten I’ve been single for many years now but I hope to remarry someday. revenge n /rI"vendZ/ ● vengeance vendetta, rivincita Rache United beat us 3–0, but we’ll get our revenge when we play them next time. rubbish bin n /"rVbIS %bIn/ ● poubelle bidone della spazzatura Mülleimer/-tonne Please put your chewing gum in the rubbish bin. shadow n /"S&d@U/ ● ombre ombra Schatten Our house is in the shadow of the mountain. silhouette n /%sIlU"et/ ● silhouette sagoma, silhouette Silhouette, Umriss They could see the silhouette of the woman through the window. sin n /sIn/ ● péché peccato Sünde Dad says it’s a sin to steal. single adj /"sINgl/ ● célibataire celibe, nubile einzige(r, s) I’m happy being single. Marriage isn’t for me! soft (noise) adj /sQft/ ● doux sommesso leise We’ll put on some soft music and relax on the sofa. solicitor n /s@"lIsIt@/ ● notaire, avocat notaio, legale Rechtsanwalt/-anwältin (für aussergerichtliche Angelegenheiten) The solicitor read the details of the will. suitcase n /"su:tkeIs/ ● valise valigia Koffer How many suitcases are you checking in? sway v /sweI/ ● s’agiter, osciller ondeggiare sich wiegen, schwanken Look at the trees swaying – it must be windy outside. toss (toss a coin) v /tQs/ ● jouer (à pile ou face) lanciare in aria werfen Let’s toss a coin to see who goes first. unfair adj /%Vn"fe@/ ● injuste ingiusto ungerecht You’re being unfair. It wasn’t all my fault. unmarried adj /%Vn"m&rid/ ● non marié, célibataire non sposato, celibe, nubile unverheiratet Harry was unmarried for 50 years, until he met Matilda. violent adj /"vaI@l@nt/ ● violent violento gewalttätig There was a violent storm last night. Two trees have fallen down. Pre-Intermediate wordlist NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 31 Grammar Reference 1.2 Questions Unit 1 1.1 Tenses ● Les temps Tempi verbali Die Zeiten ● Dans cette unité on trouvera des exemples du présent simple et du présent progressif, du prétérit, et de deux formes du futur: going to et le présent progressif exprimant le futur proche. Tous ces temps seront traités à nouveau dans des unités ultérieures. In questa unità si trovano esempi di Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple e due forme per esprimere il futuro: going to e il Present Continuous con significato di futuro. Tutti questi tempi verbali sono trattati ampiamente più avanti in altre unità. In diesem Kapitel finden sich Beispiele für das Present Simple und Present Continuous, das Past Simple and zwei Arten der Zukunft: going to und das Present Continuous als Zukunftsform. Alle diese Zeiten werden später im Buch nochmals behandelt. Present Tenses Unit 2 Past tenses Unit 3 Future forms Units 5 and 9 ● L’objectif de cette unité est de réviser ce qui a déjà été acquis. Lo scopo di questa unità è di ripassare ciò che già conosciamo. In diesem Kapitel geht es darum, bekanntes Wissen zu wiederholen. Present tenses He lives with his parents. She speaks three languages. I’m enjoying the course. They’re studying at university. Past tense He went to America last year. She came to England three years ago. Future forms I’m going to work as an interpreter. What are you doing tonight? Form Verb forms with an auxiliary verb Positive Question She is reading. They are watching a film. She can drive. Is she reading? What are they watching? Can she drive? Verb forms with no auxiliary verb ● Au présent simple et au prétérit, on n’utilise pas d’auxiliaire à la forme affirmative. Il Present Simple e il Past Simple non richiedono l’uso di un ausilare nella forma affermativa. Im Present Simple und im Past Simple verwendet man in Aussagesätzen keine Hilfsverben. They live in London. He arrived yesterday. ● A la forme interrogative, on utilise do/does/did. Si usa l’ausiliare do/does/did nella forma interrogativa. Fragesätze werden mit do/does/did gebildet. Do they live in London? Where does Bill come from? When did he arrive? ● La forme interrogative Domande Fragesätze Questions with question words ● Adjectifs et pronoms interrogatifs Domande con gli interrogativi Fragesätze mit Fragewörtern 1 ● Une question peut être introduite par un adjectif ou un pronom interrogatif. Le domande possono iniziare con un pronome, aggettivo o avverbio interrogativo. Fragesätze können mit einem Fragewort anfangen. what who where when which why how whose Where’s the station? Why are you laughing? Whose is this coat? How does she go to work? 2 ● What, which et whose sont quelquefois suivis d’un nom. What, which e whose possono essere seguiti da un nome. Nach what, which und whose kann ein Nomen stehen. What size do you take? What sort of music do you like? Which coat is yours? Whose book is this? 3 ● En règle générale, which s’utilise quand la question porte sur un choix limité. Which si usa di solito quando c’è una scelta tra pochi elementi. Which wird normalerweise verwendet, wenn die Auswahl begrenzt ist. Which is your husband? The blond one or the dark one? ● Il y a de nombreuses exceptions à cette règle. Ma non sempre questa regola viene applicata. Dazu gibt es aber auch Ausnahmen. What newspaper do you read? Which 4 ● How est quelquefois suivi d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe. How può essere seguito da un aggettivo o da un avverbio. Nach how kann ein Adjektiv oder Adverb stehen. How big is his new car? How fast does it go? ● How peut être suivi de much (pour les noms non dénombrables) ou many (pour les noms dénombrables). How può essere seguito da much o many. Si usa much con nomi non numerabili e many con nomi numerabili plurali. Nach how kann auch much oder many stehen. Man verwendet much mit nicht zählbaren Nomen und many mit zählbaren Nomen. How much is this sandwich? How many brothers and sisters have you got? Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 32 Questions with no question word, e.g. what, where, who, etc. ● Il y a deux réponses possibles à ce type de question: oui ou non. Sono le domande a cui si risponde Yes o No. Die Antwort auf diese Fragen ist Ja oder Nein. Are you hot? Yes, I am./No, I’m not. Is she working? Yes, she is./No, she isn’t. Does he smoke? Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t. Can you swim? Yes, I can./No, I can’t. 2.2 Present Continuous Form ● Pour la construction du présent progressif, on utilise le verbe to be (am/is/are) + forme en -ing (participe présent). am/is/are + forma in -ing (chiamata anche ‘participio presente’) Unit 2 2.1 Present Simple Form Positive and negative I We You They He She It ’m (am) ’m not He She It ’s (is) isn’t We You They ’re (are) aren’t near here. lives doesn’t live Where does working. am I is he she it What are do I we you they wearing? we you they Short answer live? he she it Are you going? Yes, I am./No, I’m not. Is Anna working? Yes, she is./No, she isn’t. ● Les contractions ne sont pas permises dans les réponses affirmatives courtes. Non si può usare la forma contratta nelle risposte brevi Short answer Do you like Peter? Yes, I do. Does she speak French? No, she doesn’t. Use ● On emploie le présent simple pour exprimer: Si usa il Present Simple per esprimere: Das Present Simple wird verwendet, um Folgendes auszudrücken: 1 affermative. Beachten Sie, dass man in bejahten kurzen Antworten keine Kurzformen verwenden kann. Yes, I am. NOT Yes, I’m. Yes, she is. NOT Yes, she’s. Use ● On emploie le présent progressif pour exprimer: Il Present Continuous si usa per esprimere: ● une action habituelle. un’azione abituale. I Question live don’t live Question am/is/are + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens) Positive and negative Das Present Continuous wird verwendet, um Folgendes auszudrücken: 1 eine Gewohnheit. I get up at 7.30. Cinda smokes too much. ● une action qui se déroule au moment où l’on parle. un’azione che avviene in questo momento. ● une vérité permanente. un fatto che è sempre vero. eine Aktivität, die gerade stattfindet. They’re playing in the garden.* She can’t answer the phone because she’s washing her hair. ! Stanno giocando/Giocano in giardino. In italiano si possono usare sia il presente sia ‘stare + gerundio’. In inglese si può usare solo il Present Continuous. 3 ● une action en cours mais qui ne se déroule pas nécessairement au 2 eine Tatsache, die immer zutrifft. Vegetarians don’t eat meat. We come from Spain. 2 ● une vérité quasi-permanente, c’est-à-dire de longue durée. uno stato o una situazione permanenti. ein Dauerzustand. I live in Oxford. She works in a bank. moment précis où l’on parle. un’azione temporanea che avviene ora, ma forse non nel momento in cui si parla. eine Aktivität, die gerade stattfindet, möglicherweise aber nicht zum Sprechzeitpunkt. She’s studying maths at university. I’m reading a good book by Henry James. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 33 3 Question ● une action prévue, par exemple un rendez-vous, une réunion. un programma prestabilito per l’immediato futuro. ein Plan oder eine Vereinbarung für die Zukunft. I’m meeting Miss Boyd at ten o’clock tomorrow. What are you doing this evening? Do 2.3 Present Simple and Present Continuous ● Le présent simple et le présent progressif Il Present Simple e il Present Continuous Present Simple und Present Continuous 1 Does he she Have I we you they Has he she ● Regardez bien les phrases ci-dessous. Comparez les phrases où le choix du temps est correct et celles où il ne l’est pas. (✗ = incorrect, ✓ = correct) Guarda le frasi sbagliate (✗) e confrontale con quelle corrette (✓). Sehen Sie sich die Sätze mit den Fehlern an und vergleichen Sie sie mit den richtigen Sätzen. ✗ I read a good book at the moment. ✓ I’m reading a good book at the moment. have a car? got a car? Short answer ✗ Hans is coming from Germany. ✓ Hans comes from Germany. ✗ This is a great party. Everyone has a good time. ✓ This is a great party. Everyone is having a good time. I we you they Do you have a camera? Yes, I do./No, I don’t. Have you got a camera? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. ● Les contractions (’ve et ’s) s’utilisent avec have got mais pas avec have. Si possono usare le forme contratte (’ve e ’s) con have got ma non 2 ● Certains verbes sont, en règle générale, employés seulement au présent simple. con have. Kurzformen (’ve und ’s) kann man mit have got verwenden, aber nicht mit have. I’ve got a sister. I have a sister. NOT I’ve a sister. Alcuni verbi si usano di solito nel Present Simple e non nel Present Use ● Have et have got ont le même sens. Mais have est plus soutenu que Continuous. Es gibt Verben, die normalerweise nur im Present Simple verwendet werden, nicht im Present Continuous. ✓ I like Coke. ✗ I’m liking Coke. ● think, agree, understand, love sont d’autres exemples de verbes employés uniquement au présent simple. Altri verbi di questo tipo sono: think, agree, understand, love. Zu diesen Verben gehören auch: think, agree, understand, love. 2.4 have/have got Form Positive I We You They have ’ve got He She has ’s got two sisters. 1 have got. On utilise have got dans la langue parlée mais pas dans la langue écrite. Have e have got hanno lo stesso significato. Have got è più informale di have e si usa spesso nella lingua parlata, ma non nella lingua scritta. Have und have got haben die gleiche Bedeutung. Have got ist umgangssprachlicher als have. Have got wird häufig im gesprochenen Englisch verwendet, aber nicht im geschriebenen Englisch. Have you got a light? (spoken) The Prime Minister has a meeting with the President today. (written) ● En anglais américain, have (construit avec do/does) est bien plus courant que have/has got. Nell’inglese americano, have + do/does è molto più comune di have/has got. Im amerikanischen Englisch ist have + do/does viel gebräuchlicher als have/has got. 2 ● Have et have got servent à exprimer la possession. Have e have got esprimono il possesso. Negative I We You They don’t have haven’t got He She doesn’t have hasn’t got any money. Have and have got drücken den Besitz aus. I have I’ve got She has She’s got He has He’s got a new car. three children. blond hair. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 34 3 ● Quand have + nom est utilisé pour exprimer une action habituelle, have se conjugue comme un verbe régulier avec do/does pour la forme affirmative et don’t/doesn’t pour la forme négative. Have got ne s’emploie pas dans ce sens-là. Comparez les phrases ci-dessous. Quando have + nome esprime un’azione o un’abitudine, si usa have/has e le forme con do/does/don’t/doesn’t. Non si usa have got. Confronta queste frasi. Wenn have + Nomen eine Aktivität oder eine Gewohnheit ausdrückt, verwendet man have und die Formen mit do/does/don’t/ doesn’t. Man verwendet nicht have got. Vergleichen Sie diese Sätze. Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari. La lista si trova a pag. 56. Form ● Le prétérit a la même forme à toutes les personnes. Il Past Simple ha la stessa forma per tutte le persone. ✗ He has never got milk in his coffee. ✓ He never has milk in his coffee. 4 ● Pour exprimer la possession au passé, on utilise have (avec did et didn’t pour les formes interrogative et négative) plutôt que had got qui est peu commun. Nel Past tense di solito non si usa got. Had e le forme con did/didn’t sono molto più comuni. In der Vergangenheit sind die Formen mit got sehr ungewöhnlich. Had und did/didn’t have für die Fragen und verneinten Formen sind viel häufiger. I had a bicycle when I was young. My parents had a lot of books in the house. Did you have a nice weekend? I didn’t have any money when I was a student. Die Form des Past Simple ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive I He/She/It We You They ✗ I’ve got a shower in the morning. ✓ I have a shower in the morning. ✗ What time have you got lunch? ✓ What time do you have lunch? Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf S. 56. Negative ● Pour le prétérit à la forme négative on utilise didn’t + l’infinitif sans to. La forma negativa del Past Simple si costruisce con didn’t + forma base del verbo (infinito senza to). Die Verneinung wird im Past Simple mit didn’t + Infinitiv (ohne to) gebildet. He walked. He didn’t walk. I He/She/It We You They didn’t (did not) arrive yesterday. Question ● Pour le prétérit à la forme interrogative, on utilise did + infinitif sans to. 3.1 Past Simple Spelling soggetto + forma base del verbo. Fragen werden im Past Simple mit did + Infinitiv (ohne to) gebildet. She finished. When did she finish? 1 ● Pour la plupart des verbes réguliers, on ajoute -ed à l’infinitif. La maggior parte dei verbi aggiunge -ed alla forma base. When did Bei den meisten Verben wird -ed angehängt. worked started ● Pour les verbes qui se terminent en -e, on ajoute -d. Se il verbo termina in -e, si aggiunge solo -d. Wenn das Verb auf -e endet, wird nur -d angehängt. lived loved she you they etc. arrive? Short answer 2 yesterday. La forma interrogativa del Past Simple si costruisce con did + Unit 3 finished arrived went Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did. Did it rain last night? No, it didn’t. Use 1 3 ● Pour les verbes monosyllabiques finissant par une consonne précédée d’une voyelle, on redouble cette dernière consonne et on ajoute -ed. Se il verbo è monosillabo e termina con una vocale + una consonante, si raddoppia la consonante. Wenn das Verb nur aus einer Silbe besteht und auf einen Vokal und einen Konsonanten endet, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt. stopped planned 4 ● Si le verbe se termine par une consonne + -y, -y devient -ied. Se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, si cambia -y in -ied. Wenn das Verb auf einen Konsonanten + -y endet, wird das -y zu -i, dann wird -ed angehängt. studied carried ● Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56. ● Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie. Si usa il Past Simple per parlare di un’azione conclusa nel passato. Das Past Simple drückt eine abgeschlossene Handlung in der Vergangenheit aus. We played tennis last Sunday. I worked in London from 1994 to 1999. John left two minutes ago. 2 ● Les expressions de temps ci-dessous s’utilisent avec le prétérit. Ecco alcune espressioni di tempo usate con il Past Simple. Beachten Sie die Zeitangaben, die mit dem Past Simple verwendet werden. I did it last year. last month. five years ago. yesterday morning. in 1985. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 35 3.2 Past Continuous Form ● was/were + forme en -ing (present participle) was/were + forma in -ing was/were + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens) Positive and negative I He She It was wasn’t (was not) We You They were weren’t (were not) Das Past Continuous drückt eine Aktivität aus, die vor und wahrscheinlich auch nach einem Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit andauerte. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining. ● (Il est très probable qu’il a continué de briller après mon réveil.) (È probabile che continui a brillare anche dopo che mi sono svegliato.) (Sie schien wahrscheinlich weiter, nachdem ich aufgestanden war.) What were you doing at 8.00 last night? working. 3.3 Past Simple and Past Continuous 1 ● On utilise le prétérit pour exprimer une action accomplie. Il Past Simple esprime fatti puri e semplici avvenuti in un momento Question was What were I he she it doing? you we they specifico del passato. Das Past Simple drückt eine Handlung in der Vergangenheit als einfache Tatsache aus. I did my homework last night. ‘What did you do yesterday evening?’ ‘I watched TV.’ 2 ● On utilise le prétérit progressif pour exprimer une action qui se déroule dans le passé. Cette action peut être interrompue. Il Past Continuous esprime azioni passate di una certa durata, che Short answer Were you working yesterday? Yes, I was. Was she studying when you arrived? No, she wasn’t. Use 1 talvolta vengono interrotte. Das Past Continuous drückt bei Aktivitäten in der Vergangenheit eine Zeitdauer aus. Die Aktivität kann unterbrochen werden. ‘What were you doing at 8.00?’ ‘I was watching TV.’ I was doing my homework when Jane arrived. 3 ● Le prétérit progressif s’emploie pour exprimer une action qui se ● Dans un récit, le prétérit progressif sera utilisé pour décrire une Il Past Continuous esprime un’azione in corso in un momento del Nei racconti, il Past Continuous descrive la scena, il Past Simple déroule dans le passé. passato e che dura per un certo tempo. Das Past Continuous drückt eine längere Aktivität in der Vergangenheit aus: etwas, das über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg andauert. I met her while I was living in Paris. You were making a lot of noise last night. What were you doing?* 2 ● Cette action a commencé antérieurement à l’action exprimée par le prétérit. L’action en cours (prétérit progressif) a été interrompue par une autre action plus brève (prétérit). L’azione era già iniziata ed era in corso quando è stata interrotta da una seconda azione più breve espressa dal Past Simple. ! Cosa stavi facendo/facevi? In italiano si possono usare sia l’imperfetto sia ‘stare + gerundio’. In inglese si può solo usare il Past Continuous. Die Aktivität begann vor der vom Past Simple beschriebenen Handlung. Die erste, längere Aktivität wurde sozusagen durch die zweite, kürzere Aktivität unterbrochen. She was making coffee when we arrived. When I phoned Simon he was having dinner. scène, un décor et le prétérit pour décrire une action. descrive l’azione. In Geschichten kann das Past Continuous den Schauplatz beschreiben. Das Past Simple erzählt die Handlung. It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing, so we decided to go for a picnic. We put everything in the car … 4 ● Les deux questions ci-dessous portent sur deux moments différents. En utilisant le prétérit progressif, on fait porter la question sur ce qui s’est passé avant l’événement bref et accompli (exprimé par le prétérit). Et en employant le prétérit, on fait porter la question sur ce qui s’est passé après cet événement. Le seguenti domande si riferiscono a due periodi di tempo diversi. Con il Past Continuous si chiede che cosa è successo prima di un evento passato, con il Past Simple si chiede che cosa è successo dopo l’evento. Die unten stehenden Fragen beziehen sich auf unterschiedliche Zeiträume. Mit dem Past Continuous wird gefragt, was vor einem Ereignis in der Vergangenheit geschah, und mit dem Past Simple wird gefragt, was danach geschah. What were you doing 3 ● Le prétérit progressif sert à exprimer une action en cours, qui a commencé avant et qui, probablement, continue après un moment précis du passé. Il Past Continuous esprime un’azione in corso prima e probabilmente dopo un certo momento nel passato. What did you do We were playing when it started to rain? tennis. We went home. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 36 3.4 Prepositions in time expressions ● Les prépositions employées dans l’expression du temps Preposizioni con le espressioni di tempo Präpositionen in Zeitangaben at in no preposition at six o’clock in the morning/ afternoon/evening at midnight in December at Christmas in summer at the weekend in 1995 in two weeks’ time on on Saturday on Monday morning on Christmas Day on January 18 today yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday last night last week two weeks ago next month yesterday evening tomorrow evening this evening tonight much and many 1 ● On emploie much devant les noms non dénombrables, dans une phrase à la forme négative ou interrogative. Si usa much (molto/a) con nomi non numerabili nelle domande e 2 à la forme négative ou interrogative. Si usa many (molti/e) con nomi numerabili nelle domande e nelle 4.1 Expressions of quantity ● L’expression de la quantité Espressioni di quantità Mengenangaben nelle frasi negative. Man verwendet much mit nicht zählbaren Nomen in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen. How much money have you got? There isn’t much milk left. ● On emploie many devant les noms dénombrables, dans une phrase Unit 4 Nicht zählbare Nomen können nur im Singular stehen. Deshalb stehen sie mit einem Verb im Singular. Mit einem nicht zählbaren Nomen kann man nie ein Verb im Plural verwenden. The water is cold. The weather was terrible. frasi negative. Man verwendet many mit zählbaren Nomen in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen. How many people were at the party? I didn’t take many photos on holiday. some and any 1 Count and uncount nouns 1 ● Il est important de comprendre la différence entre les noms dénombrables et les noms non dénombrables. È importante capire la differenza tra i nomi numerabili e i nomi non numerabili. Es ist wichtig, den Unterschied zwischen zählbaren und nicht zählbaren Nomen zu kennen. Count nouns Uncount nouns a cup a girl an apple an egg a pound water sugar milk music money ● On emploie some dans une phrase à la forme affirmative. Si usa some (un po’ di, del, dei, ecc.) nelle frasi affermative. Man verwendet some in Aussagesätzen. I’d like some sugar. 2 ● On emploie any dans une phrase à la forme négative ou interrogative. Si usa any (del, dei, ecc.) nelle domande e nelle frasi negative. Man verwendet any in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen. Is there any sugar in this tea? Have you got any brothers and sisters? We don’t have any washing-up liquid. I didn’t buy any apples. 3 ● On peut dire three cups, two girls, ten pounds. On peut compter le nombre de tasses, de filles, de livres sterling. On ne peut pas dire two waters, three musics, one money. On ne peut pas compter ‘un nombre d’eau, de musique, d’argent’. Si può dire three cups, two girls, ten pounds: si possono contare. Non si può dire two waters, three musics, one money: non si possono contare. Man kann sagen: three cups, two girls, ten pounds. Man kann diese Nomen also zählen. Man kann nicht sagen: two waters, three musics, one money. Diese Nomen kann man also nicht zählen. ● On emploie some lorsqu’on demande ou qu’on offre quelque chose. Si usa some nelle domande in cui si fanno richieste o offerte. Man verwendet some in Fragesätzen, wenn man um etwas bittet oder etwas anbietet. Can I have some cake? Would you like some tea? 4 ● Ces règles s’appliquent aussi aux composés d’any et de some tels que someone, anything, anybody, somewhere, etc. Le stesse regole valgono per i composti someone, anything, anybody, 2 ● Les noms dénombrables peuvent se mettre au singulier ou au pluriel. Ils peuvent être sujets de verbes singuliers ou pluriels. I nomi numerabili possono essere singolari o plurali. Quando sono il soggetto della frase, il verbo sarà al singolare o al plurale. Zählbare Nomen können im Singular oder Plural stehen. Sie können mit einem Verb im Singular oder Plural stehen. This cup is full. These cups are empty. ● Les noms non dénombrables n’ont pas de pluriel. Lorsqu’ils sont sujets d’un verbe, celui-ci doit être conjugué au singulier. On n’utilise jamais de verbe au pluriel avec un nom non dénombrable. I nomi non numerabili possono essere solo singolari. Quando sono il soggetto della frase, il verbo deve essere al singolare. somewhere, ecc. Diese Regeln gelten auch für Zusammensetzungen wie someone, anything, anybody, somewhere usw. I’ve got something for you. Hello? Is anybody here? There isn’t anywhere to go in my town. a few and a little 1 ● On emploie a few devant les noms dénombrables. Si usa a few (alcuni/e, un po’ di) con nomi numerabili. Man verwendet a few mit zählbaren Nomen. There are a few cigarettes left, but not many. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 37 2 ● On emploie a little devant les noms non dénombrables. Si usa a little (un po’ di) con nomi non numerabili. Man verwendet a little mit nicht zählbaren Nomen. Can you give me a little help? a lot/lots of 1 ● On emploie a lot/lots of à la fois devant les noms non dénombrables et les noms dénombrables. Si usa a lot of oppure lots of (molti/e) con nomi numerabili e non numerabili. Man verwendet a lot/lots of mit zählbaren und mit nicht zählbaren Nomen. There’s a lot of butter. I’ve got lots of friends. 2 ● On emploie a lot/lots of à la fois dans les phrases négatives et interrogatives. Si usa a lot of oppure lots of anche nelle domande e nelle frasi negative. A lot/lots of kann in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen verwendet werden. Are there lots of tourists in your country? There isn’t a lot of butter, but there’s enough. 4.2 Articles – a, an and the ● Les articles a, an et the Gli articoli – a, an, the Artikel – a, an und the Indefinite article ● On emploie l’article indéfini: L’articolo indeterminativo si usa: Der unbestimmte Artikel wird verwendet: 1 ● avec les métiers. con le professioni. vor Berufsbezeichnungen. I’m a teacher. She’s an architect. 2 ● avec certaines expressions de quantité. con alcune espressioni di quantità. vor bestimmten Mengenangaben. a pair of a little a couple of a few 3 ● dans les exclamations avec what + nom dénombrable. nelle esclamazioni formate da what + nome numerabile singolare. in Ausrufen mit what + zählbares Nomen. What a lovely day! What a pity! Definite article ● On emploie l’article défini: L’articolo determinativo si usa: Der bestimmte Artikel wird verwendet: 1 ● devant les noms de mers et d’océans, de fleuves et de rivières, 1 ● On emploie l’article indéfini a ou an devant un nom singulier dénombrable lorsqu’on parle d’une chose, d’une idée pour la première fois. L’articolo indeterminativo a o an si usa con i nomi numerabili singolari per riferirsi a una cosa o persona o idea per la prima volta. Der unbestimmte Artikel a oder an wird mit zählbaren Nomen im Singular verwendet, wenn man das erste Mal von einer Sache oder einer Vorstellung spricht. We have a cat and a dog. There’s a supermarket in Adam Street. 2 ● On emploie l’article défini the devant un nom singulier ou pluriel, devant un nom dénombrable ou non dénombrable lorsque la chose, l’idée est déjà connue des deux interlocuteurs. L’articolo determinativo the si usa con i nomi numerabili o non numerabili, singolari o plurali, per riferirsi a una cosa o persona o idea già menzionate e perciò note sia a chi parla sia a chi ascolta. Der bestimmte Artikel the wird mit Nomen im Singular und im Plural und mit zählbaren und nicht zählbaren Nomen verwendet, wenn sowohl der Sprecher als auch der Zuhörer die Sache oder die Vorstellung schon kennen. We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is just a puppy. ● (Nous savons tous les deux de quel chat et de quel chien nous parlons.) (Sappiamo di quale gatto e quale cane si parla.) (Wir wissen beide, von welcher Katze und von welchem Hund wir sprechen.) I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything? ● (Nous savons tous les deux de quel supermarché il s’agit.) (Sappiamo che supermercato è.) (Wir wissen beide, um welchen Supermarkt es geht.) d’hôtels, de pubs, de théâtres, de musées et de journaux. davanti a nomi di mari, fiumi, hotel, pub, teatri, musei e giornali. vor Meeren, Flüssen, Hotels, Gaststätten, Theatern, Museen und Zeitungen. the Atlantic the British Museum The Times the Ritz 2 ● pour quelque chose/quelqu’un d’unique. davanti a nomi di cose o persone uniche. wenn es etwas nur einmal gibt. the sun the Queen the Government 3 ● avec les adjectifs superlatifs. davanti agli aggettivi superlativi. vor Adjektiven im Superlativ. He’s the richest man in the world. Jane’s the oldest in the class. No article ● On n’utilise pas d’article: Non si usa nessun articolo: Kein Artikel steht: 1 ● devant les noms non dénombrables ou les noms au pluriel lorsqu’on parle de quelque chose en général. davanti a nomi plurali e nomi non numerabili quando sono usati in senso generale. vor Nomen im Plural und unzählbaren Nomen, wenn man von Dingen allgemein spricht. I like potatoes. ● (les pommes de terre en général) (Le patate in genere.) (Kartoffeln allgemein.) Milk is good for you. NOT The milk is good for you. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 38 2 ● devant les noms de pays, de villes, de rues, de langues, de magazines, de repas, d’aéroports, de gares et de montagnes. davanti a nomi di paesi, città, strade, lingue, riviste, pasti, aeroporti, stazioni e montagne. vor Ländern, Städten, Strassen, Sprachen, Zeitschriften, Mahlzeiten, Flughäfen, Bahnhöfen und Bergen. I had lunch with John. I bought Cosmopolitan at Paddington Station. 4 ● Verbe conjugué + préposition + forme en -ing Verbo + preposizione + forma in -ing Verb + Präposition + ing-Form We’re thinking of moving house. I’m looking forward to having more free time. 5.2 like doing and would like to do 1 3 ● On utitilise like doing et love doing pour exprimer un enthousiasme moyens de transport. davanti a nomi di luogo e alcuni mezzi di trasporto. vor bestimmten Orten und mit bestimmten Transportmitteln. Like doing e love doing esprimono l’idea che ci piace di solito fare ● devant le nom de certains lieux et devant le nom de certains pour une activité. at home in/to bed at/to work at/to school/university by bus by plane by car by train on foot She goes to work by bus. I was at home yesterday evening. 4 ● dans les exclamations avec what + nom non dénombrable. nelle esclamazioni formate da what + nome non numerabile. in Ausrufen mit what + unzählbares Nomen. What beautiful weather! What loud music! ● A noter: Dans l’expression go home, il n’y a ni article ni préposition. Nota: Nell’espressione go home non si usano né l’articolo né la preposizione. Anmerkung: In dem Ausdruck go home gibt es keinen Artikel und keine Präposition. I went home early. NOT I went to home early. 2 ● On utilise would like to do et would love to do pour exprimer un souhait dans l’immédiat ou à un autre moment spécifique. Would like to do e would love to do esprimono una preferenza per Unit 5 5.1 Verb patterns 1 ● Structures verbales Costruzioni verbali Verbmuster ● Voici quatre modèles de structures verbales. Une liste plus complète se trouve à la page 54. Ecco quattro costruzioni verbali. La lista completa si trova a pag. 54. Hier sind vier Verbmuster. Eine Liste mit Verbmustern steht auf S. 54. 1 ● Verbe conjugué + to + infinitif Verbo + to + forma base (infinito senza to) Would you like to dance? Yes, I would./Yes, I’d love to. Would you like to come for a walk? Yes, I would./No, thank you. ! ● No, I wouldn’t est peu courant parce qu’impoli. Di solito non si usa la risposta breve No, I wouldn’t perché è scortese. No, I wouldn’t sagt man selten, weil es unhöflich klingt. Form ● will est suivi de l’infinitif sans to. will + forma base (infinito senza to) will + Infinitiv ohne to ● Will est un verbe modal. (Une introduction aux verbes modaux ● Verbe conjugué + forme en -ing Verbo + forma in -ing Verb + ing-Form Everyone loves going to parties. He finished reading his book. 3 ● Verbe conjugué + forme en -ing ou + to + infinitif (le sens est le même pour les deux formes.) Verbo + forma in -ing oppure to + forma base senza differenza di qualcosa in questo momento o in un momento specifico del futuro. Would like to do und would love to do drücken einen Wunsch nach etwas aus, entweder jetzt oder zu einer bestimmten Zeit. I’d like to be a teacher. ● (= J’aimerais être professeur.) (= Vorrei fare l’insegnante.) (= Ich möchte gern Lehrer werden.) Thank you. I’d love to dance. ● (= J’aimerais danser.) (= Mi piacerebbe ballare.) (= Ich möchte sehr gern tanzen.) Question Short answer 5.3 will Verb + to + Infinitiv They want to buy a new car. I’d like to go abroad. 2 un’attività. Like doing und love doing drücken allgemein Freude an einer Aktivität aus. I like working as a teacher. ● (= J’aime être professeur.) (= Mi piace lavorare come insegnante.) (= Ich arbeite gern als Lehrer.) I love dancing. ● (= J’adore danser.) (= Adoro ballare.) (= Ich tanze leidenschaftlich gern.) figure page 45 de la Grammar Reference.) Will garde la même forme à toutes les personnes. (Il ne prend pas de -s final à la troisième personne du singulier.) Will è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di will è uguale per tutte le persone. Will ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45 des Grammatikteils. Die Form von will ist in allen Personen gleich. significato Verb + ing-Form oder + to + Infinitiv ohne Bedeutungsänderung It began to rain/raining. I continued to work/working in the library. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 39 Positive and negative Positive and negative I He/She/It We/You/They ’ll (will) won’t come help you. invite Tom. Question When will he you they help me? Short answer Will you help me? ’m (am) ’m not He She It ’s (is) isn’t We You They ’re (are) aren’t going to work. Question Yes, I will. ! ● No, I won’t est peu courant parce qu’impoli. Cela signifie: ‘Je ne veux pas vous aider.’ Si l’on veut dire ‘no’ poliment, l’expression à utiliser est ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’ Di solito non si usa la risposta breve No, I won’t perché è scortese. Qui significherebbe ‘Non voglio aiutarti’. In questo caso per dire di no cortesemente si dice ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’ No, I won’t sagt man selten, weil es unhöflich klingt. Es bedeutet ‘Ich will dir nicht helfen.’ Eine höfliche Ablehnung ist in diesem Fall ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’ When am I is he she it are you we they going to arrive? Short answer Are they going to get married? Use ● On emploie will: Si usa will: I Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. Use ● On emploie going to: Si usa going to: Will wird verwendet: 1 ● pour exprimer une intention ou une action future dont on a décidé au moment où l’on parle. Going to wird verwendet: 1 per esprimere un’intenzione futura o una decisione presa nel ● pour exprimer une décision future, une intention ou un projet per esprimere intenzioni e progetti futuri o decisioni prese prima momento in cui si parla. um eine Entscheidung oder Absicht für die Zukunft auszudrücken, die zum Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wird. ‘It’s Jane’s birthday.’ ‘Is it? I’ll buy her some flowers.’ I’ll give you my phone number. ‘Which do you want? The blue or the red?’ ‘I’ll take the red, thank you.’ 2 um ein Angebot zu machen. I’ll carry your suitcase.* We’ll do the washing-up.* ! Im Deutschen verwendet man hier oft die Gegenwart, aber im Englischen muss man will verwenden. ● D’autres emplois de will sont traités dans l’Unité 9. Per gli altri usi di will vedi Unit 9. Andere Verwendungen von will werden in Kapitel 9 behandelt. 2 Anche il Present Continuous può esser usato per piani futuri già organizzati, specialmente con i verbi go e come. Das Present Continuous kann in ähnlicher Weise für Pläne und Vereinbarungen verwendet werden, vor allem mit den Verben go und come. She’s coming on Friday. I’m going home early tonight. 3 ● lorsqu’on voit ou on pressent que quelque chose va se passer de façon certaine. 5.4 going to Form ● La forme verbale se construit avec le verbe to be (am/is/are) + going am/is/are + going + to + forma base del verbo (infinito senza to) am/is/are + going + to + Infinitiv del momento in cui si parla. um Entscheidungen, Absichten oder Pläne für die Zukunft auszudrücken, die vor dem Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wurden. How long are they going to stay in Rome? She isn’t going to have a birthday party. une décision, en particulier avec les verbes go et come. ● On emploi aussi le présent progressif pour décrire un projet ou ● pour exprimer une offre. per offrirsi di fare qualcosa. + to + infinitif. prévu avant le moment où l’on parle. quando osserviamo o sentiamo in questo momento che qualcosa sta per accadere di sicuro. wenn man jetzt schon absehen oder merken kann, dass etwas ganz bestimmt in der Zukunft geschehen wird. Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. Watch out! That box is going to fall. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 40 will or going to? ● Regardez bien l’emploi de will et de going to dans les phrases suivantes. Osserva l’uso di will e going to in queste frasi. Beachten Sie die Verwendung von will und going to in diesen Sätzen. I’m going to make a chicken casserole for dinner. ● (J’ai pris la décision ce matin et j’ai acheté tout ce qu’il faut.) (L’ho deciso stamattina e ho comprato tutti gli ingredienti.) (Ich habe es heute Morgen beschlossen und alles dafür eingekauft.) What shall I cook for dinner? Er … I know! I’ll make chicken casserole! That’s a good idea! ● (J’ai pris la décision au moment même où je parlais.) (L’ho deciso in questo momento, mentre parlavo.) (Ich habe es zum Sprechzeitpunkt beschlossen.) Unit 6 6.2 Comparative and superlative adjectives ● Les adjectifs comparatifs et superlatifs Aggettivi comparativi e superlativi Form 1 what + to be + Subjekt + like? What ’s (is) your teacher are his parents was your holiday were the beaches like? She’s very patient. They’re very kind. Wonderful. We swam a lot. OK, but some were dirty. ● ● ● ! ● like ne s’emploie pas dans la réponse: Non si usa like nella risposta: like wird nicht in Antworten verwendet: She’s patient. NOT She’s like patient. Use ● What … like? veut dire ‘Décris-moi cette personne ou cette chose, je ne sais rien d’elle’. Dans cette expresssion, like est une préposition et non pas un verbe. Si usa What … like? per chiedere la descrizione di qualcuno o qualcosa di cui non sappiamo niente. Nelle frasi seguenti like è una preposizione, non un verbo. What. .. like? bedeutet: Beschreibe jemanden oder etwas. Erzähle mir davon. Ich weiss nichts darüber. Like ist in dieser Frage eine Präposition, kein Verb. ‘What’s Jim like?’ ‘He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got lovely blue eyes.’ ● Dans les exemples suivants, like est un verbe. Il sert à demander ce qu’une personne aime ou aime faire. Nelle frasi seguenti invece like è un verbo. Si usa per informarsi sugli hobby di una persona. In den folgenden Sätzen ist like ein Verb. Es fragt danach, wofür sich jemand interessiert. ‘What does Jim like?’ ‘He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.’ ! ● Dans l’exemple suivant: ‘How’s your mother?’ la question porte sur la santé de la personne, et non pas sur sa description. La réponse attendue sera de ce type: ‘She’s very well, thank you.’ Si chiede How’s your mother? per informarsi sulla salute, non per chiedere la descrizione. How’s your mother? fragt danach, wie es jemandem geht. ‘How’s your mother? ’ ‘She’s very well, thank you.’ Wenn man eine Beschreibung haben möchte, sagt man: ‘What’s your mother like?’ Sehen Sie sich die Tabelle an. ● Adjectifs courts Aggettivi monosillabi 6.1 What ... like? Die Steigerung der Adjektive ● Regardez le tableau ci-dessous. Osserva la tabella. Form ● L’expression se construit avec what + to be + sujet + like? what + to be + soggetto + like? ● cheap small big Comparative cheaper smaller bigger* Superlative cheapest smallest biggest Kurze Adjektive * Les adjectifs courts finissant par une consonne précédée d’une voyelle doublent cette dernière consonne. * Se l’aggettivo termina con una vocale + una consonante, si raddoppia la consonante. *Bei kurzen Adjektiven die auf einen Vokal und einen Konsonanten enden, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt: hot/hotter/hottest, fat/fatter/fattest. Comparative Superlative funny funnier funniest Adjectifs finissant en -y early earlier earliest Aggettivi terminanti in -y heavy heavier heaviest Adjektive, die auf -y enden careful more most careful careful Adjectifs de deux boring more most syllabes ou plus boring boring Aggettivi di due o più expensive more most sillabe expensive expensive Zwei- oder mehrsilbige interesting more most Adjektive interesting interesting far further furthest Adjectifs irréguliers good better best Aggettivi irrregolari bad worse worst Unregelmässige Adjektive 2 ● On emploie souvent than (= que) après un adjectif comparatif. Dopo il comparativo si usa than. Than steht oft nach einem Adjektiv im Komparativ. I’m younger than Barbara. Barbara’s more intelligent than Sarah. ● Much peut être ajouté devant le comparatif pour renforcer la comparaison. Davanti al comparativo si può usare much per dare maggior enfasi. Zur Betonung kann much vor dem Komparativ stehen. She’s much nicer than her sister. Is Tokyo much more modern than London? 3 ● On emploie the devant le superlatif. Davanti all’aggettivo superlativo si usa the. The steht vor Adjektiven im Superlativ. He’s the funniest boy in the class. Which is the tallest building in the world? Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 41 Short answer Use 1 ● On emploie le comparatif pour comparer une chose, une personne avec une autre. Il comparativo si usa per paragonare due cose, persone o azioni. Man benutzt den Komparativ, um eine Sache, Person oder Handlung mit einer anderen zu vergleichen. She’s taller than me. London’s more expensive than Rome. 3 ● On emploie as … as pour exprimer l’égalité, la ressemblance. Si usa as … as per dire che due cose o persone sono uguali. As … as bedeutet, dass etwas genauso oder gleich ist. Jim’s as tall as Peter. ● (Ils sont de la même taille.) (Hanno la stessa altezza.) (Sie sind gleich gross.) I’m as worried as you are. 4 ● On emploie not as/so … as pour exprimer une inégalité, une dissemblance. Si usa not as … as per dire che due cose o persone non sono uguali. Not as/so… as bedeutet, dass etwas nicht genauso oder gleich ist. She isn’t as tall as her mother. ● (Sa mère est plus grande.) (Sua madre è più alta.) (Ihre Mutter ist grösser.) My car wasn’t so expensive as yours. Unit 7 7.1 Present Perfect Form ● Pour former le Present Perfect on utilise l’auxiliaire have/has + infinitif +-ed (participe passé). Le participe passé des verbes réguliers se termine en -ed. Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56. have/has + -ed (participio passato) Il participio passato dei verbi regolari termina in -ed. Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari. La lista si trova a pag. 56. have/has + -ed (Partizip Perfekt) Bei regelmässigen Verben endet das Partizip Perfekt auf -ed. Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf S. 56. Positive and negative I We/You/They ’ve (have) haven’t He/She/It ’s (has) hasn’t worked in a factory. Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t. réponses affirmatives courtes. par rapport à une groupe de choses, de personnes. suo gruppo. Man benutzt den Superlativ, um jemanden oder etwas mit der ganzen Gruppe zu vergleichen. She’s the tallest in the class. It’s the most expensive hotel in the world. Has she ever written poetry? Non si possono usare le forme contratte I’ve, they’ve, he’s, ecc. nelle 2 Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. ● On n’emploie pas les contractions I’ve, they’ve, he’s, etc. dans les ● On emploie le superlatif pour comparer une chose, une personne Il comparativo si usa per paragonare una cosa o una persona con il Have you been to Egypt? risposte brevi affermative. In bejahten kurzen Antworten kann man nicht I’ve, they’ve, he’s usw. verwenden. Yes, I have. NOT Yes, I’ve. Yes, we have. NOT Yes, we’ve. Use 1 ● Le Present Perfect considère le passé écoulé jusqu’au moment présent et sert à exprimer ce qui s’est passé avant le moment où l’on parle. L’action a eu lieu à un moment indéterminé du passé. Il Present Perfect ci riporta dal presente al passato ed esprime quello che è successo prima di adesso. L’azione è successa in un momento del passato non specificato. Das Present Perfect blickt von der Gegenwart in die Vergangenheit zurück und drückt aus, was früher geschehen ist. Das Geschehen fand zu einer unbestimmten Zeit in der Vergangenheit statt. I’ve met a lot of famous people. ● (dans le passé) (prima d’ora) (früher einmal) She has won awards. ● (dans sa vie) (nella sua vita) (in ihrem Leben) She’s written twenty books. ● (jusqu’à présent) (finora) (bis jetzt) ● L’action a toujours lieu au moment où l’on parle, et elle continuera probablement dans le futur. L’azione continua nel presente e probabilmente nel futuro. Das Geschehen kann bis in die Gegenwart und wahrscheinlich in die Zukunft andauern. She’s lived here for twenty years. ● (elle habite encore ici) (abita ancora lì) (und sie wohnt immer noch hier) 2 ● On emploie le Present Perfect pour relater ce que l’on a fait dans sa vie. Il Present Perfect esprime un’esperienza che fa parte della vita di una persona. Das Present Perfect beschreibt Erlebnisse, die jemand früher einmal hatte. I’ve travelled a lot in Africa. ● (l’époque n’est pas importante) (non è importante ‘quando’) (es ist unwichtig, wann das war) They’ve lived all over the world. ● Ever et never sont souvent employés avec le present perfect. In questo caso si usano spesso ever e never. Ever und never kommen bei dieser Verwendung häufig vor. Have you ever been in a car crash? My mother has never flown in a plane. Question Have I/we/you/they Has he/she/it been to the United States? Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 42 She’s just had some good news. I’ve already had breakfast. Has the postman been yet? It’s 11.00 and she hasn’t got up yet. 3 ● Le Present Perfect sert à exprimer une action ou un état qui a commencé dans le passé et qui est encore en progression au moment où l’on parle. Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione o una situazione iniziate nel passato che continuano nel presente. Das Present Perfect beschreibt Handlungen oder Zustände, die in der Vergangenheit anfingen und bis in die Gegenwart andauern. I’ve known Alice for six years. ● (Et je la connais toujours.) (La conosco ancora.) (Ich kenne Alice immer noch.) How long have you worked as a teacher? ● (Vous êtes toujours professeur.) (Sei ancora un insegnante.) (Sie sind jetzt immer noch Lehrer.) ● for et since (= depuis, depuis que) s’utilisent avec le Present Perfect. On emploie for pour une durée et since pour un point dans le temps, comme une date, une heure, un événement précis. Nota che in questo caso si usano spesso for e since. Si usa for per indicare la durata di tempo, e since per il momento iniziale. Beachten Sie, dass die Zeitangaben for und since bei dieser Verwendung häufig vorkommen. Man verwendet for für einen Zeitraum und since für einen Zeitpunkt. We’ve lived here for two years. ● (depuis deux ans = une durée) (un periodo di tempo) (ein Zeitraum) I’ve had a beard since I left the army. ● (depuis que j’ai quitté l’armée = un point dans le temps) (il momento iniziale) (ein Zeitpunkt) ! ● D’autres langues utilisent le présent dans ce cas-ci et non pas le passé. Mais en anglais c’est bien le Present Perfect et non pas le présent qu’il faut employer: In italiano, in questo caso si usa il presente, mentre in inglese si usa il Present Perfect. Peter è insegnante da dieci anni. Im Deutschen und in vielen anderen Sprachen verwendet man hier die Gegenwart. Aber im Englischen sagt man: Peter has been a teacher for ten years. NOT Peter is a teacher for ten years. 4 ● On emploie aussi le Present Perfect pour une action passée qui a des conséquences sur le présent. Il s’agit souvent d’une action récente. Il Present Perfect esprime anche un’azione passata che ha un risultato nel presente. Spesso si tratta di un passato recente. Das Present Perfect beschreibt auch ein Geschehen in der Vergangenheit, das sich auf die Gegenwart auswirkt. Oft liegt es nur eine kurze Zeit zurück. I’ve lost my wallet. ● (Je ne l’ai plus maintenant.) (E adesso non ce l’ho.) (Ich habe sie jetzt nicht.) The taxi’s arrived. ● (Maintenant il attend à la porte.) (Ed è lì che aspetta davanti a casa.) (Es steht jetzt vor der Tür.) Has the postman been? ● (Y a-t-il du courrier pour moi?) (Ci sono delle lettere per me?) (Ist Post für mich da?) ● Les adverbes just, already et yet sont couramment employés avec le present perfect. On utilise yet aux formes négatives et interrogatives seulement, mais pas à la forme affirmative. In questo caso si usano spesso just, already, yet. Yet si usa solo nelle domande e nelle frasi negative, non nelle frasi affermative. Die Adverbien just, already und yet kommen bei dieser Verwendung häufig vor. Yet wird in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen verwendet, aber nicht in Aussagesätzen. 7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple 1 ● Comparez le prétérit et le Present Perfect. Confronta il Past Simple e il Present Perfect. Vergleichen Sie das Past Simple mit dem Present Perfect. Past Simple a ● Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie qui s’est produite à un moment déterminé du passé. Il Past Simple esprime un’azione che è successa in un momento specifico del passato. Das Past Simple bezieht sich auf ein Geschehen, das zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfand. He died in 1882. She got married when she was 22. ● (L’action est terminée.) (L’azione è finita.) (Das Geschehen ist abgeschlossen.) I lived in Paris for a year. ● (mais plus maintenant.) (ma ora non più.) (aber jetzt nicht.) b ● Les expressions de temps utilisées avec le prétérit. Espressioni di tempo + Past Simple Zeitangaben mit dem Past Simple in 1999. last week. I did it two months ago. on March 22. for two years. Present Perfect a ● Le Present Perfect sert à exprimer une action qui s’est produite à un moment indéterminé du passé. Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione che è successa in un momento del passato non specificato. Das Present Perfect bezieht sich auf ein Geschehen, das zu einem unbestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfand. She has won awards. ● (dans sa vie) (nella sua vita) (in ihrem Leben) She’s written twenty books. ● (jusqu’à présent, il se peut qu’elle en écrive davantage) (finora, può darsi che ne scriva altri) (bis jetzt, vielleicht schreibt sie noch mehr) ● L’action se déroule toujours au moment où l’on parle. Può anche darsi che l’azione continui fino al presente. Das Geschehen kann bis in die Gegenwart andauern. She’s lived there for twenty years. ● (et elle y habite toujours) (e ci abita ancora) (und wohnt immer noch dort) b ● Les expressions de temps utilisées avec le Present Perfect Espressioni di tempo + Present Perfect Zeitangaben mit dem Present Perfect I’ve worked here for twenty years. since 1995. since I left school. We’ve never been to America. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 43 2 Use ● Comparez les exemples ci-dessous. Confronta queste frasi. 1 ● Have to sert à exprimer une obligation, un devoir. Ce devoir est Vergleichen Sie diese Sätze. ✗ I’ve broken my leg last year. ✓ I broke my leg last year. ✗ He works as a musician all his life. ✓ He has worked as a musician all his life. ✗ When have you been to Greece? ✓ When did you go to Greece? ✗ How long do you have your car? ✓ How long have you had your car? Unit 8 8.1 have to Form ● L’auxiliaire have (has/have) + to est suivi de l’infinitif. has/have + to + forma base (infinito senza to) has/have + to + Infinitiv Positive and negative I We You They have don’t have He She It has doesn’t have (il n’est pas nécessaire de …). work hard. Does ● Introduction sur les verbes modaux Introduzione ai verbi modali ausiliari Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben Form have to ● Les verbes modaux sont: I verbi modali ausiliari sono: work hard? he she it Dies sind modale Hilfsverben: can could might must shall should will would Short answer ● Ils sont traités dans certaines unités de Headway. Ils ont des points communs: Do you have to wear a uniform? Yes, I do. Vengono studiati in varie unità di Headway. Hanno tutti questi Does he have to go now? No, he doesn’t. 1 ● have to devient had to au prétérit. Les formes interrogative et négative se construisent avec did et didn’t. Il passato di have to è had to. Per le forme negative e interrogative si usano did e didn’t. Die Vergangenheitsform von have to ist had to. Fragesätze und verneinte Sätze werden mit did und didn’t gebildet. I had to get up early this morning. Why did you have to work last weekend? They liked the hotel because they didn’t have to do any cooking. 2 necessario fare ciò). Don’t/doesn’t have to drückt aus, dass es keine Verpflichtung, keinen Zwang gibt (es ist nicht nötig). You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a dishwasher. She doesn’t have to work on Monday. It’s her day off. 8.2 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs Question Do 2 ● Don’t/doesn’t have to sert à exprimer une absence d’obligation Don’t/doesn’t have to esprimono assenza di obbligo (non è to I we you they dicté par des ‘règles externes’ telles que la loi, un règlement à l’école ou au travail, ou une personne à un poste d’autorité. Have to esprime un forte obbligo. L’obbligo è imposto dall’esterno, per es. dalla legge, da un regolamento a scuola o sul lavoro, da una persona in posizione di autorità. Have to drückt eine starke Verpflichtung, einen Zwang aus. Diese Verpflichtung kommt von aussen, z.B. durch ein Gesetz, eine Vorschrift in der Schule oder bei der Arbeit, oder eine Autoritätsperson. You have to have a driving licence if you want to drive a car. ● (C’est la loi.) (È la legge.) (Das ist gesetzlich festgelegt.) I have to start work at 8.00. ● (C’est l’horaire que m’impose mon employeur.) (È una regola della ditta per cui lavoro.) (Meine Firma hat es festgelegt.) The doctor says I have to do more exercise. elementi in comune: Sie werden in verschiedenen Kapiteln in Headway behandelt. Sie haben bestimmte Gemeinsamkeiten: 1 ● Ils peuvent introduire un autre verbe. Ce verbe est à la forme infinitive sans to. ‘Aiutano’ un altro verbo, che viene usato nella forma base (infinito senza to). Sie ‘helfen’ einem anderen Verb. Die Form des Verbs ist der Infinitiv ohne to. She can drive. I must get my hair cut. 2 ● Les formes de have got to + infinitif sont les mêmes que celles de have got + nom. Voir page 35. Invece di have to si può usare have got to + forma base. Le forme sono le stesse di have got + nome. Vedi pag. 35. Die Formen von have got to + Infinitiv sind genau wie bei have got + Nomen. Siehe S. 35. ● La forme interrogative ne se construit pas avec do/does. Non usano do/does per formare le domande. Fragesätze werden ohne do/does gebildet. Can she sing? Should I go home now? Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 44 3 ● Ils gardent la même forme à toutes les personnes. Donc ils ne prennent pas de -s final à la troisième personne du singulier: Use ● On emploie should (= devrais, devrait, devrions, etc) pour Hanno la stessa forma per tutte le persone, quindi non si mette -s alla terza persona singolare. Die Form ist in allen Personen gleich. In der dritten Person Singular wird kein -s angehängt. He can dance very well. She should try harder. It will rain soon. 4 ● La forme négative ne se construit pas avec don’t/doesn’t. On ajoute n’t au verbe modal. Aggiungono n’t per la forma negativa e non usano don’t/doesn’t. Zur Verneinung wird n’t angehängt. Verneinte Sätze werden ohne don’t/doesn’t gebildet. I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. You mustn’t steal. ! will not = won’t. It won’t rain tomorrow. 5 ● Les verbes modaux se situent soit dans le présent soit dans le futur. Seul can a une forme du passé: could. ● La maggior parte dei verbi modali esprime il presente o il futuro. ● Solo can ha la forma del passato could. Die meisten Modalverben beziehen sich auf die Gegenwart und die Zukunft. Nur can hat eine Vergangenheitsform, could. I could swim when I was three. 8.3 should Form ● should s’emploie suivi de l’infinitif sans to. should garde la même forme à toutes les personnes. should + forma base (infinito senza to) La forma should è uguale per tutte le persone. should + Infinitiv ohne to Die Form von should ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive and negative I He We They 8.4 must Form ● must s’emploie suivi de l’infinitif sans to. must garde la même forme à toutes les personnes. must + forma base (infinito senza to) should do more exercise. shouldn’t tell lies. Question Should exprimer ce que l’on pense être correct de faire. Should sert aussi à exprimer un devoir, une obligation ou un conseil. Should si usa per dire quello che pensiamo sia la cosa migliore da fare. Esprime un leggero obbligo o un consiglio. Should wird verwendet, wenn der Sprecher sagen will, was seiner Meinung nach das Richtige oder das Beste ist. Es beinhaltet eine gewisse Verpflichtung oder einen Ratschlag. I should do more work. ● (C’est mon opinion.) (Questa è la mia opinione.) (Das ist meine Meinung.) You should do more work. ● (Je te dis ce que je pense.) (Ti dico quello che penso io.) (Ich sage dir, was ich meine.) Do you think we should stop here? ● (Je te demande ton avis.) (Ti chiedo la tua opinione.) (Ich frage dich nach deiner Meinung.) On emploie shouldn’t pour conseiller de ne pas faire quelque chose. Shouldn’t si usa per dire quello che non si dovrebbe fare. Mit shouldn’t rät man von etwas ab. You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes. A noter: Should exprime l’opinion de la personne qui parle. C’est pourquoi il est souvent introduit par I think ou I don’t think. Nota: Should esprime l’opinione di chi parla. Spesso è preceduto da I think o I don’t think. Anmerkung: Should drückt die Meinung des Sprechers aus. Es wird oft mit I think oder I don’t think eingeführt. I think politicians should listen more. ● (C’est mon opinion.) (Questa è la mia opinione.) (Das ist meine Meinung.) I don’t think people should get married until they’re 21. I she they Do you think I He We They see a doctor? I he we should see a doctor? Short answer Should I phone home? Should I buy a Mercedes Benz? La forma must è uguale per tutte le persone. must + Infinitiv ohne to Die Form von must ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive and negative Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t. must try harder. mustn’t steal. ● Il est possible d’utiliser must à la forme interrogative. Mais en règle générale c’est have to qui est employé. È possibile usare must nelle domande, ma di solito si usa have to. Fragesätze mit must sind möglich, aber man verwendet normalerweise have to. Question Short answer Must I take exams? Do I have to take exams? Yes, you must. Yes, you do. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 45 2 Use 1 ● Les conjonctions suivantes servent à introduire des propositions exprimer l’obligation, la nécessité. En règle générale, cette obligation est dictée par des raisons venant de la personne qui parle. Must esprime un forte obbligo. Generalmente è un obbligo sentito internamente da chi parla. Must drückt eine starke Verpflichtung aus. Im Allgemeinen kommt diese Verpflichtung von innen, sie geht vom Sprecher selbst aus. I must get my hair cut. ● (Je pense qu’il le faut.) (Penso che sia proprio necessario.) (Ich finde, dass es nötig ist.) Le seguenti congiunzioni temporali introducono una proposizione ● On emploie must (= dois, doit, devons etc, il faut que) pour 2 ● Parce que must exprime une certaine autorité de la part de la personne qui l’emploie, il faut utiliser l’expression you must avec précaution, sous peine de paraître trop autoritaire! Poiché must esprime l’autorità di chi parla, bisogna essere cauti nel dire You must … Ha un tono molto autoritario! Da must die Autorität des Sprechers zum Ausdruck bringt, sollte man mit You must… sehr vorsichtig sein. Es klingt sehr gebieterisch! You must help me. ● (Je te donne un ordre.) (È un ordine che ti dò.) (Ich befehle es dir.) Could you help me? ● sera mieux reçu. risulterà più cortese dire. klingt viel besser. 3 ● You must … renforce une suggestion, exprime une forte recommandation. You must … esprime un suggerimento dato in tono enfatico. You must … kann auch eine nachdrückliche Empfehlung, einen Vorschlag ausdrücken. You must see the Monet exhibition. It’s wonderful. ● (Je pense que ce serait une chose très intéressante à faire.) (Penso che sia bene farlo.) (Meiner Meinung nach wäre es gut.) You must give me a ring when you’re next in town. ! must not drückt ein Verbot aus: You must not steal. Du darfst nicht stehlen. Es bedeutet nicht das Gleiche wie ‘nicht müssen’ im Deutschen. subordonnées circonstancielles de temps. secondaria: Diese temporalen Konjunktionen leiten Nebensätze ein. when while as soon as after before until ● Le verbe de la proposition subordonnée de temps est, en règle générale, au présent et non pas au futur, bien qu’elle se referre à un moment futur. A differenza dell’italiano, nelle proposizioni secondarie di solito non si usa il futuro. Si usa il presente anche se l’azione si riferisce al futuro. In Nebensätzen steht normalerweise keine Zukunftsform. Sie beziehen sich auf die Zukunft, aber man benutzt eine Gegenwartsform. When I get home, I’ll … ● (Quando arriverò a casa, …) (Quand j’arriverai chez moi, …) (Wenn ich nach Hause komme, werde ich …) While we’re away, … As soon as I hear from you, … Wait here until I get back. 9.2 will Form ● Pour les formes de verbe modal will, voir page 40. Per le forme di will, vedi pag. 40. Die Formen von will stehen auf S. 40. Use 1 ● On emploie will pour exprimer une intention ou une décision prise au moment où l’on parle. Will esprime un’intenzione futura o una decisione presa nel momento in cui si parla. Will drückt eine Entscheidung oder Absicht aus, die zum Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wird. Give me your case. I’ll carry it for you. 2 ● On emploie will pour exprimer une action future. En utilisant will, on pense: ‘Il est certain que cette action va avoir lieu.’ Esprime anche un fatto che pensiamo avverrà di sicuro. 9.1 Time clauses ● Les propositions subordonnées circonstancielles de temps Frasi temporali Temporale Nebensätze 1 ● Regardez la phrase suivante: Osserva questa frase: Sehen Sie sich diesen Satz an: I’ll give her a ring when I get home. ● Cette phrase consiste en deux propositions: une proposition principale (I’ll give her a ring) et une proposition subordonnée de temps (when I get home). Consiste di due parti o proposizioni: una proposizione principale I’ll give her a ring e una secondaria when I get home. Er besteht aus zwei Gliedsätzen: einem Hauptsatz: I’ll give her a ring und einem Nebensatz: when I get home. Es drückt auch eine Tatsache in der Zukunft aus. Der Sprecher denkt: ‘Das wird ganz bestimmt in der Zukunft geschehen.’ Manchester will win the cup. Tomorrow’s weather will be warm and sunny. ● Cette utilisation de will correspond à un temps du futur neutre. La personne qui parle fait un pronostic sur le futur, sans exprimer d’intention, de projet ou de jugement personnel. Questa è una forma di futuro del tutto neutra. Chi parla prevede il futuro senza esprimere un’intenzione, un progetto o un giudizio personale. Diese Verwendung entspricht einer neutralen Zukunftsform. Der Sprecher sagt die Zukunft voraus, ohne dabei eine Absicht, einen Plan oder ein persönliches Urteil zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Unit 9 Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 46 3 9.3 First conditional ● Le first conditional ou le potentiel Periodo ipotetico di primo tipo Form Der Konditional I ● If sert à introduire une hypothèse; alors que when sert à exprimer une certitude. If esprime la possibilità che una cosa accada; when indica che chi 1 ● La proposition principale est suivie ou précédée de la subordonnée introduite par la conjonction if: if + présent simple…, will + infinitif sans to if + Present Simple, will + forma base (infinito senza to) if + Present Simple, will + Infinitiv ohne to Positive and negative If I work hard, I she has enough money, she we don’t hurry up, we you’re late, I ’ll (will) won’t pass my exams. buy a new car. be late. wait for you. Unit 10 10.1 Verb patterns 2 ● Structures verbales 2 Costruzioni verbali 2 Verbmuster 2 ● Les structures verbales ont été introduites dans l’unité 5. Une liste plus complète se trouve à la page 54. Alcune costruzioni verbali sono state trattate in Unit 5. La lista Question What Where parla è sicuro che la cosa accada. If drückt etwas aus, das möglicherweise geschehen wird; when drückt etwas aus, das der Sprecher für sicher hält. If I find your book, I’ll send it to you. When I get home, I’ll have a bath. will you do she go if you don’t go to university? she can’t find a job? Short answer Yes, I will. Will you go to university if you pass your exams? No, I won’t. If we look after the planet, will we survive? Yes, we will. No, we won’t. 1 ● verbe conjugué + to + infinitif Verbo + to + forma base (infinito senza to) 2 ● La proposition subordonnée introduite par if peut se trouver au début ou à la fin de la phrase. On met une virgule à la fin de la subordonnée si celle-ci commence la phrase, on ne met pas de virgule si elle termine la phrase. La condizione, cioè la parte della frase che inizia con if …, si può trovare all’inizio o alla fine della frase. Se è all’inizio, è seguita da una virgola. Se è alla fine, non si usa la virgola. Der Bedingungssatz mit if… kann am Anfang oder am Ende des Satzes stehen. Wenn er am Anfang steht, setzt man nach dem Nebensatz ein Komma. Wenn er am Ende steht, setzt man kein Komma. If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams. I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. 1 potentiel. L’hypothèse (émise dans la proposition subordonnée introduite par if ) est suivie – ou précédée – du résultat possible (proposition principale avec verbe au futur) si cette hypothèse se réalisait. Il First conditional si usa per esprimere una condizione possibile e il suo probabile risultato in futuro. Der Konditional I wird benutzt, um eine mögliche Bedingung und deren wahrscheinliche Folge in der Zukunft zu beschreiben. If my cheque comes, I’ll buy us all a meal. You’ll get wet if you don’t take an umbrella. What’ll happen to the environment if we don’t look after it? 2 ● L’anglais emploie le présent dans la proposition subordonnée introduite par if, et non pas le futur. A differenza dell’italiano, in inglese si usa il presente nella frase con if, non il futuro. Im Englischen verwendet man im Bedingungssatz die Gegenwart, nicht die Zukunft. If it rains … NOT If it will rain … If I work hard … NOT If I’ll work hard … Verb + to + Infinitiv They managed to escape. I try to visit somewhere new. We decided to go abroad. 2 ● go + forme in -ing pour les sports et autres activités go + forma in -ing per sport e attività del tempo libero go + ing-Form bei Sportarten und anderen Aktivitäten Let’s go skiing. We went dancing. 3 ● verbe conjugué + quelqu’un + infinitif sans to make/let + persona + forma base (infinito senza to) Use ● On emploie le First Conditional pour exprimer l’hypothétique completa si trova a pag. 54. Verbmuster wurden schon in Kapitel 5 behandelt. Eine Liste mit Verbmustern steht auf S. 54. Verb + Person + Infinitiv ohne to My teachers made me work hard. My parents let me go out when I want. 10.2 used to Form 1 ● used to est suivi de l’infinitif. Used to garde la même forme à toutes les personnes. used + to + forma base (infinito senza to) Used to è uguale per tutte le persone. Used to ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive and negative I She We They used to didn’t use to smoke. like cooking. Question What did you use to do? Short answer Did you use to smoke a lot? Yes, I did./No, I didn’t. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 47 2 ● La forme interrogative avec did … use to …? n’est pas très courante, l’anglais préfère utiliser simplement le prétérit, employant used to dans la réponse. Non si usa molto nelle domande. Di solito nella domanda si usa il Past Simple e si risponde con used to. Used to wird nur selten in Fragesätzen verwendet. Stattdessen stellt man die Frage im Past Simple und verwendet used to in der Antwort. Where did you go on holiday when you were young? We used to go camping in France. 3 di un’azione. Risponde alla domanda Why …? (Perché …?). Der Infinitiv wird verwendet, um den Grund anzugeben. Er beantwortet die Frage Why …? Diese Verwendung ist im Englischen sehr häufig. I’m learning English to get a good job. She’s saving her money to buy a car. I’m going to Scotland to visit my parents. ● Dans d’autres langues on exprime l’idée de but par une traduction de for + l’infinitif. L’anglais n’utilise pas for. In italiano l’idea di scopo è espressa dalla preposizione ‘per’ + infinito. In inglese non si usa for. In manchen Sprachen wird der Grund mit dem entsprechenden Wort für for + Infinitiv angegeben. Im Englischen sagt man nicht for. I came here to learn English. NOT I came here for to learn English. NOT I came here for learn English. Use ● On emploie used to: Si usa used to: Used to wird verwendet: 1 ● pour exprimer une action habituelle du passé, mais qui est maintenant terminée. per esprimere un’abitudine del passato. um eine frühere Gewohnheit zu beschreiben. He used to play football every Saturday, but now he doesn’t. 2 ● On emploie l’infinitif après certains adjectifs. Si può trovare l’infinito dopo certi aggettivi. A differenza dell’italiano (per es. sono sorpreso di) non si aggiunge mai una preposizione. Der Infinitiv steht nach bestimmten Adjektiven. 2 ● pour exprimer une situation passée et qui n’est plus. per esprimere uno stato del passato. um einen früheren Zustand zu beschreiben. They used to be happy together, but now they fight all the time. 10.3 used to and the Past Simple pleased surprised hard It’s important impossible to see you. to learn Chinese. 3 1 ou un état qui ont été et qui ne sont plus. Come used to, anche il Past Simple può esprimere un’abitudine o 2 I’m ● L’infinitif est utilisé après les adjectifs ou pronoms interrogatifs tels ● On emploie aussi le prétérit pour exprimer une action habituelle Der Infinitiv Un uso molto comune dell’infinito è quello di esprimere lo scopo an apple.) et used to. La prononciation est différente: to use /ju:z/, used to /ju:stu:/ ou /ju:st@/. Attenzione a non confondere to use (per es. I use a knife to cut an apple.) e used to. Anche la pronuncia è diversa: to use si pronuncia /ju:z/ mentre used to si pronuncia /ju:stu:/ o /ju:st@/. Man muss aufpassen, dass man to use (z.B. I use a knife to cut an apple.) nicht mit used to verwechselt. Die Aussprache ist auch anders: to use /ju:z/, used to /ju:stu:/ oder /ju:st@/. question Why …? Cette structure est très courante en anglais. Mit used to verwendet man oft never. I never used to watch TV. ● Attention! Ne pas confondre to use (par exemple: I use a knife to cut ● L’infinitif L’infinito ● L’infinitif (avec to) est utilisé pour exprimer le but. Il répond à la 4 l0.4 Infinitives 1 ● On emploie souvent never avec used to. Si usa spesso never con used to. ! ● Used to n’a pas d’équivalent au présent. Le présent simple est utilisé pour les actions habituelles et les situations présentes. Non esiste l’equivalente di used to nel presente. Per abitudini e stati presenti si usa il Present Simple. Für used to gibt es keine Entsprechung in der Gegenwart. Für gegenwärtige Gewohnheiten und Zustände benutzt man das Present Simple. She lives in New York. She sometimes comes to London on business. uno stato del passato. Auch das Past Simple kann verwendet werden, um eine frühere Gewohnheit oder einen früheren Zustand zu beschreiben. He played football every Sunday when he was a boy. They were happy together when they were first married. que who, what, where, how, etc. Si può trovare l’infinito dopo gli interrogativi who, what, where, how, ecc. Der Infinitiv steht nach den Fragewörtern who, what, where, how usw. Can you tell me how to get to the station? I don’t know who to speak to. Show me what to do. 4 ● Seul le prétérit, et non pas used to, sert à exprimer une action qui a eu lieu une seule fois dans le passé. Ma solo il Past Simple, non used to, può esprimere azioni che sono successe una sola volta nel passato. Nur das Past Simple, aber nicht used to, kann für frühere Ereignisse verwendet werden, die nur einmal stattfanden. We used to go to France every summer, but once, in 1987, we went to Greece. NOT … but once, in 1987, we used to go to Greece. Last night I drank champagne. ● L’infinitif est utilisé après les indéfinis something, nothing, nowhere, anybody, etc. Si può trovare l’infinito dopo something, nothing, nowhere, anybody, ecc. A differenza dell’italiano (per es. qualcosa/niente da mangiare) non si aggiunge mai una preposizione. Der Infinitiv steht nach Zusammensetzungen wie something, nothing, nowhere, anybody usw. Have something to eat! I’ve got nothing to do. There’s nowhere to hide. Is there anyone to talk to? Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 48 Short answer Unit 11 11.1 The passive ● Le passif Il passivo Das Passiv Form ● Pour former le passif on utilise le verbe être: to be (am/is/are/ was/were/has/have been/will be suivi de la forme en -ed (participe passé). am/is/are/was/were/has/have been/will be + -ed (participio passato) am/is/are/was/were/has/have been/will be + -ed (Partizip Perfekt) ● Les verbes réguliers ont un participe passé en -ed. Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56. Il participio passato dei verbi regolari termina in -ed. Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari. La lista si trova a pag. 56. Bei regelmässigen Verben endet das Partizip Perfekt auf -ed. Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf S. 56. Positive and negative English is spoken all over the world. Renault cars are made in France. My children aren’t helped with their homework. Coffee isn’t grown in England. Question Where is rice grown? Are cars made in your country? Past Positive and negative My car was stolen last night. The animals were frightened by a loud noise. He wasn’t injured in the accident. The thieves weren’t seen by anyone. Question How was the window broken? Were the plants watered last night? will Positive and negative 10,000 cars will be produced next year. The cars won’t be sold in the UK. Question Will the children be sent to a new school? Yes, they were./ No, they weren’t. Has my car been repaired? Yes, it has./No, it hasn’t. Will these cars be produced next year? Yes, they will./ No, they won’t. 1 mêmes que pour l’actif. Le regole per l’uso dei tempi al passivo sono le stesse dell’attivo. ● ● ● Die Regeln für die Verwendung der Zeiten im Passiv sind genau wie im Aktiv. Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action habituelle: Il Present Simple esprime abitudini: Das Present Simple drückt eine Gewohnheit aus: My car is serviced regularly. Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie: Il Past Simple esprime un’azione conclusa nel passato: Das Past Simple drückt eine abgeschlossene Handlung in der Vergangenheit aus: America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. On emploie le present perfect pour exprimer une action qui a commencé dans le passé et qui continue au moment où l’on parle: Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione che è iniziata nel passato e continua nel presente: Das Present Perfect drückt eine Handlung aus, die in der Vergangenheit begann und bis in die Gegenwart andauert: Diet Coke has been made since 1982. 2 ● L’infinitif passif (to be + -ed) est employé après un verbe modal ou un verbe habituellement suivi d’un infinitif. L’infinito passivo (to be + -ed) si usa dopo i verbi modali ausiliari e Present Perfect ● Le passif present perfect Il Present Perfect Perfekt Positive and negative ● Formes affirmative et négative Forme affermativa e negativa Aussagesatz und verneinter Satz I’ve been robbed! Diet Coke has been made since 1982. They haven’t been invited to the party. Question ● Forme interrogative Domande Fragesatz How many times have you been hurt playing football? Has my car been repaired? Were the plants watered last night? ● Les règles gouvernant l’utilisation des temps au passif sont les Present Are cars made in your country? Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t. altri verbi che sono di solito seguiti dall’infinito. Der Infinitiv Passiv (to be + -ed) wird nach modalen Hilfverben und anderen Verben, auf die ein Infinitiv folgt, verwendet. Driving should be banned in city centres. The house is going to be knocked down. Use 1 ● Le complément d’objet du verbe actif devient le sujet du verbe passif. Le sujet du verbe actif devient complément d’agent du verbe passif, introduit par la préposition by. L’oggetto del verbo attivo diventa il soggetto del verbo passivo. Nota l’uso di by nella frase passiva. Das Objekt eines Verbs im Aktiv wird zum Subjekt eines Verbs im Passiv. Beachten Sie die Verwendung von by im Passivsatz. Complément ● Actif Shakespeare wrote Hamlet . d’objet Oggetto Attivo Aktiv Objekt ● Passif Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Sujet Passivo Soggetto Passiv Subjekt 2 ● Le passif n’est pas une variation de la phrase à l’actif. On choisit d’utiliser l’actif ou le passif en fonction de l’idée à laquelle on veut donner plus d’importance. Il passivo non è un modo per dire la stessa cosa detta nella frase attiva. Scegliamo la forma attiva o quella passiva secondo quello che si vuole mettere di più in rilievo. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 49 Question Mit dem Passiv drückt man nicht einfach einen Aktivsatz anders aus. Der Sprecher wählt das Aktiv oder das Passiv, je nachdem, was für ihn im Satz wichtiger ist. Hamlet was written in 1600. ● (C’est Hamlet qui est important.) (È più importante l’Amleto.) (Hamlet ist wichtiger.) Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies. ● (C’est Shakespeare qui est important.) (È più importante Shakespeare.) (Shakespeare ist wichtiger.) What Which countries ● ● d’objet: l’un direct (le plus souvent une chose), l’autre indirect (le plus souvent une personne). Alcuni verbi come give, send, show, hanno due complementi oggetto in inglese: una persona e una cosa. Manche Verben, zum Beispiel give, send, show, haben zwei Objekte: eine Person und eine Sache. She gave me a book for my birthday. Les compléments d’objet sont: me (complément d’objet indirect) et a book (complément d’objet direct). (I complementi oggetto sono: me, a book) (Die Objekte sind: me und a book) Au passif, c’est le complément d’objet indirect qui devient sujet (la personne), et non pas le complément d’objet direct (la chose). A differenza dell’italiano, in inglese si usa spesso la persona come soggetto della frase passiva. Im Passiv wird oft die Person zum Subjekt gemacht, aber nicht die Sache. I was given a book for my birthday. She was sent the information by post. You’ll be shown where to sit. you do you go to if you had a year off? you travelled round the world? Short answer 3 ● Certains verbes comme give, send, show ont deux compléments would Would you travel round the world? Yes, I would./ No, I wouldn’t. If they had the money, would they buy a new car? Yes, they would./ No, they wouldn’t. 2 ● La proposition subordonnée introduite par if peut se trouver au début ou à la fin de la phrase. On met une virgule à la fin de la subordonnée si celle-ci commence la phrase, on ne met pas de virgule si la subordonnée termine la phrase. La condizione, cioè la parte della frase che inizia con if …, si può trovare all’inizio o alla fine della frase. Se è all’inizio, è seguita da una virgola. Se è alla fine, non si usa la virgola. Der Bedingungssatz kann am Anfang oder am Ende des Satzes stehen. Wenn er am Anfang steht, setzt man nach dem Nebensatz ein Komma. Wenn er am Ende steht, setzt man kein Komma. If I had more time, I’d help. I’d help if I had more time. 3 ● On emploie souvent were au lieu de was dans la subordonnée introduite par if. Were viene spesso usato invece di was nella frase con if … Im Bedingungssatz verwendet man oft were statt was. If I were you, I’d go to bed. If he were cleverer, he’d know he was making a mistake. Use 1 Unit 12 ● On emploie le second conditional pour exprimer l’irréel du 12.1 Second conditional ● Le second conditional ou l’irréel du présent Periodo ipotetico di secondo tipo Der Konditional II Form 1 ● La proposition principale est suivie ou précédée de la subordonnée introduite par la conjonction if : if + prétérit…, would + infinitif sans to Would est un verbe modal. Une introduction aux verbes modaux figure page 45. Would garde la même forme à toute les personnes. if + Past Simple, would + forma base (infinito senza to) Would è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di would è uguale per tutte le persone. (if + Past Simple, would + Infinitiv ohne to) Would ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45. Die Form von would ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive and negative If I had more money, I she knew the answer, she we lived in Russia, we I didn’t have so many debts, I ’d (would) wouldn’t buy a CD player. soon learn Russian. have to work so hard. présent: une hypothèse improbable ou irréelle et ses conséquences possibles dans l’avenir, si cette hypothèse venait à se réaliser. C’est une hypothèse irréelle car très éloignée de la réalité que l’on connaît et, en ce, improbable. On peut continuer la phrase en disant ‘But… ’ (Mais… ). Il Second conditional si usa per esprimere una condizione poco realistica o improbabile e il suo risultato nel presente o nel futuro se la condizione si realizzasse. La condizione è improbabile perché è diversa dai fatti come li conosciamo. Si può sempre aggiungere ‘Ma …’. Der Konditional II wird benutzt, um eine unrealistische oder unwahrscheinliche Bedingung und deren wahrscheinliche Folge in der Gegenwart oder Zukunft zu beschreiben. Die Bedingung ist unrealistisch, weil sie nicht den uns bekannten Tatsachen entspricht. Man kann immer ‘aber’ sagen. If I were Prime Minister, I’d increase tax for rich people. ● (Mais je ne suis pas le premier ministre donc il est improbable que je le fasse.) (Ma non sono Primo Ministro e quindi è probabile che non lo faccia.) (Aber ich bin nicht der Premierminister, also werde ich es wohl nicht tun.) If I lived in a big house, I’d have a party. ● (Mais j’habite dans une petite maison.) (Ma abito in una casa piccola.) (Aber ich wohne in einem kleinen Haus.) What would you do if you saw a ghost? ● (Mais je ne pense pas que tu en verras.) (Ma non mi aspetto che tu veda un fantasma.) (Aber ich erwarte nicht, dass du ein Gespenst siehst.) Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 50 Short answer 2 ● Bien qu’on emploie le prétérit (If I had) et would, l’action ne se situe pas dans le passé. Les deux formes, first conditional et second conditional, se situent dans le présent et le futur. L’emploi d’une forme verbale au passé montre qu’il y a une différence, un décalage avec la réalité. L’uso del Past tense (If I had) e di would non si riferisce al passato. Il First conditional e il Second conditional si riferiscono tutti e due al presente e al futuro. Nel Second conditional le forme verbali al passato indicano che la situazione è diversa dalla realtà. Die Verwendung der Vergangenheitsform (If I had) und von would sagt nichts über die Vergangenheit aus. Sowohl der Konditional I als auch der Konditional II bezieht sich auf die Gegenwart und die Zukunft. Die Vergangenheitsform des Verbs wird nur verwendet um zu zeigen: ‘Dies entspricht nicht der Wirklichkeit’. If I win the tennis match, I’ll be happy. ● (Je pense avoir une bonne chance.) (Penso di avere una buona possibilità.) (Ich glaube, dass ich gute Chancen habe.) If I won a thousand pounds, I’d … ● (Mais je ne pense pas que je gagnerai.) (Ma non penso di vincere.) (Aber ich glaube nicht, dass ich etwas gewinne.) 3 ● would n’est pas employé dans la subordonnée. Non si usa mai would nella frase con if. Form ● Le verbe modal might est suivi de l’infinitif sans to. Might est un verbe modal. Une introduction aux verbes modaux figure page 45. Might garde la même forme à toutes les personnes. might + forma base del verbo (infinito senza to) Might è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di might è uguale per tutte le persone. might + Infinitiv ohne to Might ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45. Die Form von might ist in allen Personen gleich. Positive and negative I He It We might might not go to the party. be late. rain tomorrow. go out for a meal tonight. Question ● La forme interrogative might you …? est peu utilisée. Il est plus courant de dire: Do you think … + will …? La domanda Might you …? è poco comune. Di solito si fa un domanda con Do you think… + will …? Die Inversion Might you…? ist in Fragesätzen selten. Normalerweise bildet man Fragesätze mit Do you think… + will …? Do you think you’ll get here on time? it’ll rain? they’ll come to our party? He might. Do you think it’ll rain? It might. Use 1 ● On emploie might pour exprimer une possibilité future, à l’opposé de will qui exprime une certitude. Might si usa per esprimere una possibilità futura, a differenza di will che, nell’opinione di chi parla, esprime una certezza futura. Might wird benutzt, um eine Möglichkeit in der Zukunft auszudrücken. Es steht im Gegensatz zu will, das nach Meinung des Sprechers eine Tatsache in der Zukunft ausdrückt. England will win the match. ● (J’en suis certain.) (Sono sicuro che vinceranno.) (Ich bin sicher, dass England gewinnt.) England might win the match. ● (C’est une possibilité, je n’en suis pas certain.) (È possibile, ma non lo so.) (Es ist möglich, aber ich weiss es nicht.) 2 ● Might not exprime aussi la possibilité, celle d’une action qui pourrait ne pas avoir lieu. Nota che nella forma negativa tutti e due i modali esprimono la Im Bedingungssatz wird nicht would verwendet, auch wenn man im Deutschen oft den Konjunktiv nimmt. If the weather was nice … NOT If the weather would be nice … If I had more money … NOT If I would have more money … 12.2 might Do you think he’ll come? stessa idea di possibilità. Beachten Sie, wie diese verneinten Sätze ebenfalls eine Möglichkeit ausdrücken. It might not rain this afternoon. I don’t think it’ll rain this afternoon. Unit 13 13.1 Present Perfect Continuous Form ● has/have + been + forme en -ing (participe présent) has/have + been + forma in -ing (participio presente) has/have + been + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens) Positive and negative I We You They ’ve (have) haven’t He She It ’s (has) hasn’t been working. Question have How long has I we you they been working? he she it Short answer Have you been running? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. Has he been shopping? Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 51 Use 1 ● On emploie le Present Perfect progressif: Il Present Perfect Continuous si usa: Das Present Perfect Continuous wird verwendet: a ● pour exprimer une action qui a commencé dans le passé et qui continue au moment où l’on parle. per esprimere un’azione che è iniziata nel passato e che continua nel presente. um eine Aktivität zu beschreiben, die in der Vergangenheit anfing und bis in die Gegenwart andauert. We’ve been waiting here for hours! ● (Nous attendons encore.) (Stiamo ancora aspettando.) (Wir warten immer noch.) It’s been raining for days. ● (Il pleut encore.) (Sta ancora piovendo.) (Es regnet immer noch.) b ● pour une action qui a des conséquences dans le présent. per esprimere un’azione che ha conseguenze nel presente. um eine Aktivität zu beschreiben, die sich auf die Gegenwart auswirkt. I’m hot because I’ve been running. I haven’t got any money because I’ve been shopping. 2 ● Quelquefois il y a peu ou pas de différence dans le sens exprimé par le Present Perfect et le Present Perfect progressif. Qualche volta non c’è differenza di significato tra il Present Perfect Simple e Continuous. Manchmal besteht nur ein kleiner oder gar kein Bedeutungsunterschied zwischen dem Present Perfect Simple und Continuous. How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here? 3 ● Les verbes qui ont un sens intrinsèque de durée tels que, wait, work, learn, travel, play sont souvent employés au Present Perfect progressif. Pensa ai verbi che esprimono un’idea di durata nel tempo, per esempio, wait, work, learn, travel, play. Questi sono i verbi che si usano spesso nel Present Perfect Continuous. Denken Sie an Verben, die eine längere Dauer beinhalten, zum Beipiel wait, work, learn, travel, play. Diese Verben stehen oft im Present Perfect Continuous. I’ve been playing tennis since I was a boy. ● Au contraire, les verbes exprimant une action ‘brève’ ou ponctuelle, tels que find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop sont rarement employés au Present Perfect progressif. Pensa ai verbi che non esprimono un’idea di durata nel tempo, per es. find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. Questi sono i verbi che di solito non si usano nel Present Perfect Continuous. Denken Sie an Verben, die keine längere Dauer beinhalten, zum Beispiel find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. Diese Verben stehen selten im Present Perfect Continuous. I’ve bought a new dress. My cat has died. My radio’s broken. NOT My radio’s been breaking. 4 ● Les verbes d’état tels que like, love, know, have (avec le sens le possession) ne sont pas employés au Present Perfect progressif. I verbi che esprimono uno stato, per es. like, love, know, have (nel senso di ‘possedere’), non si usano nel Present Perfect Continuous. Verben, die einen Zustand beschreiben, zum Beispiel like, love, know, have (Besitz ausdrückend) stehen nie im Present Perfect Continuous. We’ve known each other for a few weeks. NOT We’ve been knowing each other for a few weeks. How long have you had your car? NOT How long have you been having your car? 5 ● On utilise le prétérit pour une action précise accomplie. C’est pourquoi, si une précision telle qu’une idée de quantité est ajoutée, c’est le Present Perfect qui est employé, et non pas le Present Perfect progressif. Il Present Perfect Simple esprime un’azione conclusa. Per questa ragione se l’oggetto del verbo è un numero o una quantità, si usa il Present Perfect Simple, non Continuous. Das Present Perfect Simple beschreibt eine abgeschlossene Handlung. Deshalb verwendet man das Present Perfect Simple, wenn im Satz eine Anzahl oder Menge angegeben wird. Das Continuous ist nicht möglich. I’ve written three letters today. NOT I’ve been writing three letters today. Unit 14 14.1 Past Perfect Form ● Pour former le Past Perfect, on emploie l’auxiliaire to have au prétérit (had) + forme en -ed (participe passé). Les verbes réguliers ont un participe passé en -ed. Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56. had + -ed (participio passato) Il participio passato dei verbi regolari termina in -ed. Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari. La lista si trova a pag. 56. had + -ed (Partizip Perfekt) Bei regelmässigen Verben endet das Partizip Perfekt auf -ed. Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf S. 56. Positive and negative I He/She/It We/You/They ’d (had) hadn’t arrived before 10.00. Question Had I he/she/it we/you/they left? Short answer Yes, he had./No, they hadn’t. Use ● On emploie le Past Perfect pour exprimer une action qui a eu lieu antérieurement à une autre action passée. Il Past Perfect si usa per esprimere un’azione passata che è avvenuta prima di un’altra azione anch’essa passata. Das Past Perfect wird benutzt, um eine Handlung in der Vergangenheit zu beschreiben, die vor einer anderen Handlung in der Vergangenheit stattfand. Action 1 ● Action 2 Azione 1 Azione 2 Handlung 2 Handlung 1 When I got home, John had cooked a meal. Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 52 ● Comparez l’emploi du past perfect et du prétérit dans les exemples ci-dessous: Nota l’uso del Past Perfect e del Past Simple nelle frasi seguenti. Beachten Sie die Verwendung des Past Perfect und des Past Simple in den folgenden Sätzen. When I got home, John cooked a meal. ● (Je suis d’abord rentrée à la maison, et ensuite John a fait la cuisine.) (Prima io sono arrivato, poi John ha cucinato.) (Erst kam ich nach Hause, dann hat John gekocht.) When I got home, John had cooked a meal. ● (John avait préparé le repas avant que je ne sois arrivée à la maison.) (John aveva cucinato prima che io arrivassi.) (John hatte schon gekocht, als ich nach Hause kam.) 14.2 Reported statements ● Le discours indirect Discorso indiretto Verb patterns Verb + ing like love enjoy hate finish stop swimming cooking Note I go swimming every day. I go shopping on weekends. Verb + to + infinitive Die indirekte Rede Form ● La règle générale est que, pour transformer du discours direct en discours indirect, on recule ‘d’un temps’ dans le passé. La regola normale è che il verbo della frase riferita si sposta di ‘uno stadio’ nel passato. Normalerweise wird in der indirekten Rede die Form des Verbs um eine Zeit ‘nach hinten verschoben’. Direct speech Reported speech Present Past ‘I love you.’ He said he loved me. ‘I’m going out now.’ Ann said she was going out. Present Perfect Past Perfect ‘We’ve met before.’ She said they’d met before. Past Simple Past Perfect ‘We met in 1987.’ He said they’d met in 1987. will would ‘I’ll mend it for you.’ She said that she would mend it for me. can could ‘I can swim.’ She said she could swim. A noter: L’emploi de say et tell dans le discours indirect. ● Nota l’uso di say e tell. Anmerkung: Beachten Sie die Verwendung von say/tell. Say + (that): She said (that) they were happy together. Tell + person (that): He told me (that) he loved Mary. choose decide forget promise need help hope try want would like would love to go to work Verb + -ing or to + infinitive begin start raining/to rain Verb + sb + infinitive without to let make somebody go do Modal auxiliary verbs can could shall will would go arrive Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference and Verb patterns NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 53 Irregular verbs Base Form Past Simple Past Principle be ● être essere sein become ● devenir diventare werden begin ● commencer cominciare beginnen break ● casser rompere (zer) brechen bring ● amener portare bringen build ● construire costruire bauen buy ● acheter comprare kaufen can ● pouvoir potere können catch ● attraper prendere fangen choose ● choisir scegliere wählen come ● venir venire kommen cost ● coûter costare kosten cut ● couper tagliare schneiden do ● faire fare tun, machen drink ● boire bere trinken drive ● conduire guidare fahren eat ● manger mangiare essen fall ● tomber cadere fallen feel ● sentir sentire fühlen fight ● combattre lottare kämpfen find ● trouver trovare finden fly ● voler volare fliegen forget ● oublier dimenticare vergessen get ● obtenir ottenere, diventare, arrivare (a) bekommen give ● donner dare geben go ● aller andare gehen grow ● grandir, pousser crescere wachsen have ● avoir avere haben hear ● entendre sentire hören hit ● frapper colpire schlagen keep ● garder tenere behalten know ● savoir sapere, conoscere wissen, kennen learn ● apprendre imparare lernen leave ● laisser, partir lasciare, partire lassen, gehen lose ● perdre perdere verlieren make ● faire fare machen meet ● rencontrer incontrare (sich) treffen pay ● payer pagare (be) zahlen put ● mettre mettere tun, legen, stellen read ● lire leggere lesen ride ● monter à cheval, aller à cheval, vélo, etc andare (in bici, a cavallo) run ● courir correre laufen say ● dire dire sagen see ● voir vedere sehen sell ● vendre vendere verkaufen send ● envoyer mandare schicken shut ● fermer chiudere schliessen sing ● chanter cantare singen sit ● (s’) asseoir, être assis sedersi sitzen sleep ● dormir dormire schlafen speak ● parler parlare sprechen spend ● dépenser, passer spendere, passare ausgeben stand ● se lever, être debout stare in piedi, sopportare stehen steal ● voler rubare stehlen swim ● nager nuotare schwimmen take ● prendre prendere nehmen tell ● raconter dire, raccontare sagen, erzählen think ● penser pensare denken understand ● comprendre capire verstehen wake ● (se) réveiller svegliare, svegliarsi wecken wear ● porter (un habit) indossare tragen win ● gagner vincere gewinnen write ● écrire scrivere schreiben was/were became began broke brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut did drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard hit kept knew learned/learnt left lost made met paid put read rode ran said saw sold sent shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam took told thought understood woke wore won wrote been become begun broken brought built bought been able caught chosen come cost cut done drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgot got given been/gone grown had heard hit kept known learned/learnt left lost made met paid put read ridden run said seen sold sent shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum taken told thought understood woken worn won written reiten, fahren Pre-Intermediate Irregular verbs NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 54 Phonetic symbols Consonants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /h/ /r/ /j/ /w/ /T/ /D/ /S/ /Z/ /tS/ /dZ/ /N/ Vowels as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in pen /pen/ big /bIg/ tea /ti:/ do /du:/ cat /k&t/ go /g@U/ four /fO:/ very /"veri/ son /sVn/ zoo /zu:/ live /lIv/ my /maI/ near /nI@/ happy /"h&pi/ red /red/ yes /jes/ want /wQnt/ thanks /T&Nks/ the /D@/ she /Si:/ television /"telIvIZn/ child /tSaIld/ German /"dZ3:m@n/ English /"INglIS/ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 /i:/ /I/ /i/ /e/ /&/ /A:/ /Q/ /O:/ /U/ /u:/ /V/ /3:/ /@/ as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in see /si:/ his /hIz/ twenty /"twenti/ ten /ten/ stamp /st&mp/ father /"fA:D@/ hot /hQt/ morning /"mO:nIN/ football /"fUtbO:l/ you /ju:/ sun /sVn/ learn /l3:n/ letter /"let@/ Diphthongs (two vowels together) 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 /eI/ /@U/ /aI/ /aU/ /OI/ /I@/ /e@/ /U@/ as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in name /neIm/ no /n@U/ my /maI/ how /haU/ boy /bOI/ hear /hI@/ where /we@/ tour /tU@/ Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION © Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt 55