2004 2013 2005 2006

Transcription

2004 2013 2005 2006

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
annual report
California
Animal
Health &
Food
Safety
Laboratory System
Table of contents
California
Animal Health
and Food Safety
Laboratory
System
Director’s Message................................................2
CAHFS Board of Directors...................................3
Facilities and Diagnostic Faculty.........................4
Industry and Association Committees............. 5-6
Diagnosis and Disease Summaries.......................6
Broiler Chickens.......................................8
Layer Chickens.......................................10
Turkeys...................................................13
Exotic Avian............................................17
Dairy Cattle.............................................20
Beef Cattle...............................................23
Swine......................................................26
Sheep......................................................29
Goats.......................................................31
Equine.....................................................34
Highlights . ........................................................38
2009
Development and Application of a
Test for the Mushroom Toxin,
Alpha-Amanitin....................................... 37
Annual Report
Novel H1N1 Influenza A virus
Infection in a Captive Cheetah
in California........................................... 38
FERN Chemistry Update......................... 38
CAHFS Fresno Lab Closure..................... 3
Wildlife................................................................ 40
Pelican Die-Off.........................................40
Deer Die-Off.............................................40
Statement of Funding and Workload.................41
New Tests —2009..............................................41
Tests Performed in 2009.....................................41
Professional Recognition
Staff & Faculty Awards....................................42
Presentations by Faculty and Staff Members.....43
Publications and Collaborations........................48
Funded Projects.................................................51
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
West Health Sciences Drive
Davis, CA 95616
(530) 752-8700 • http://cahfs.ucdavis.edu/
December 2010
1
CAHFS 2009 Annual Report
Director’s message
T
he year 2009 was very challenging, with
budget problems resulting in the closure of the
Fresno laboratory and a major consolidation
of programs into the four remaining laboratories. The
continued economic crisis has reawakened CAHFS’
focus on strategic planning in order to continue
providing excellent service to clients in a climate of
shrinking financial resources. This strategic planning
effort will involve gathering inputs from personnel,
industry and regulatory partners with a goal of
enhancing CAHFS’ mission. As I write this letter, it is
comforting to know that while there have been changes,
the laboratory remains on course, providing quality
services to our animal industries, veterinarians and
the citizens of California. I attribute this success to our
major state partner, the California Department of Food
and Agriculture, and great staff and faculty that are
cognizant of our times and willing to make sacrifices.
Medicine, the disease was diagnosed as equine protozoal
myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by two distinct strains
of Sarcocystis neurona. This was a very unusual event,
and the rapid diagnosis was critical in ruling out other
possible causes of neurologic diseases, thus easing the
minds of regulatory officials and avoiding the costly
and inconvenient implementation of quarantine at the
race track.
The Equine Analytical Chemistry and Pharmacology
labs continued to develop and validate innovative
methods to detect those agents with abuse potential in
the racing industry, and determined pharmacological
endpoints for therapeutic agents. The CAHFS Toxicology
section has been fortunate to receive grants from the
Department of Homeland Security for additional
equipment, and from the Food Emergency Response
Network (FERN) to enhance its analytical capabilities
through method development and validation.
This issue illustrates CAHFS’ continued commitment
to its core mission, as the first warning system to protect
California and the nation’s animal agriculture through
disease surveillance and diagnostics. Critical to CAHFS’
ability to achieve this mission is its participation in
the three major national laboratory networks: the
Food Emergency Response Network, administered
by FDA; the National Animal Health Laboratory
Network, administered by USDA; and the Laboratory
Response Network, administered by the CDC. On the
disease surveillance and diagnostics front, CAHFS has
continued to detect the newly discovered, very virulent
infectious bursal disease at additional premises, but still
confined to the same localities.
Although construction of the South San Joaquin
Valley Laboratory at the Veterinary Medical Teaching
and Research Center in Tulare is delayed because of the
state’s economic downturn, I am hopeful that the muchneeded laboratory building will come to fruition very
soon. This will allow CAHFS to enhance its diagnostic
capabilities in this most critical region of our dairy and
poultry industries.
On a final note, it has been a distinct honor and
privilege for me to serve as the interim director of
CAHFS. I would like to thank Dean Bennie Osburn and
Executive Associate Dean John Pascoe who provided
me with this opportunity, as well as the entire CAHFS
staff and faculty for their support during this critical
time in the laboratory’s history.
In another effort, a cluster of neurologic diseases
were recognized in four horses within a period of one
week at a Northern California race track. At first, this
was suspected to be an infectious disease, but after
a thorough laboratory investigation in collaboration
with other researchers at the School of Veterinary
Sincerely,
Hailu Kinde
Interim Director
2
CAHFS Board of Directors
Board Members
Chuck Ahlem
Dairy cattle
Bob Beechinor
Beef cattle
Vince Genco
Horses
Jack Hanson, Chair
Beef cattle
Charles Corsiglia, DVM
Poultry
Connor M. Jameson, DVM
Veterinarian
Gregg J. Cutler, DVM
Poultry
Wes Patton
Sheep
Ex-Officio Members
Hailu Kinde, DVM, MPVM
Interim Director, California Animal Health
and Food Safety Laboratory System
Bill Sanguinetti
Beef cattle
Vacant
Dairy cattle
Kent Fowler, DVM
Chief, Animal Health Branch
Division of Animal Industry
California Department of Food
and Agriculture
Tom Talbot, DVM
Veterinarian
Kevin Varner, DVM
Area Veterinarian in Charge
Division of Animal Industry
California Department of Food and Agriculture
Vacant
Swine
3
Facilities and Diagnostic faculty
Davis Laboratory
Turlock Laboratory
CAHFS/Davis
West Health Sciences Drive
University of California
Davis, CA 95616
(530) 752-8700
CAHFS/Turlock
1550 N. Soderquist Road
Turlock, CA 95381
(209) 634-5837
Faculty
Bruce Charlton, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Diplomate
ACVM and ACPV, Avian Diagnostics, Branch Chief
Arthur Bickford, V.M.D., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP and
ACPV, Pathology, Emeriti
George Cooper, D.V.M., M.S., Diplomate ACVM and
ACPV, Avian Diagnostics, Emeriti
Simone Stoute, D.V.M., Avian Medicine Resident (Aug. 2007–
Aug. 2009)
C. Gabriel Senties-Cue, M.V.Z., E.P.A.A., M.S.,
Diplomate ACPV
Faculty
Mark Anderson, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP,
Pathology
Bradd Barr, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP and ACPV,
Pathology
James Case, D.V.M., Ph.D., Fellow AAVI, Informatics
Beate Crossley, D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.V.M., Virology and
Biotechnology
Sharon Hietala, Ph.D., Immunology and Biotechnology
Hailu Kinde, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACVM,
ACPV, Interim Director
Alexandre Loretti, D.V.M., Pathology Resident
(Sept.2006–)
Robert Poppenga, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ABVT,
Toxicology
Birgit Puschner, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ABVT,
Toxicology
Scott Stanley, Ph.D., Equine Analytical Chemistry
Leslie Woods, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP,
Pathology
Peter Woolcock, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Avian Virology
Tulare Laboratory
CAHFS/Tulare
18830 Road 112
Tulare, CA 93274
(559) 688-7543
Faculty
Patricia Blanchard, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP,
Pathology, Branch Chief
John Adaska, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate
ACVP, Pathology
Robert Moeller, D.V.M., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology
Richard Chin, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACPV,
Avian Diagnostics
H.L. Shivaprasad, B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D., Diplomate
ACPV, Pathology
Monique Silva deFranca, D.V.M., Fresno, Avian
Medicine Resident (Aug. 2007–Aug. 2009)
San Bernardino Laboratory
CAHFS/San Bernardino
105 W. Central Avenue
San Bernardino, CA 92412
(909) 383-4287
Faculty
Hailu Kinde, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACVM,
ACPV, Pathology and Food Safety, Interim Director
Mohammed (Farshid) Shahriar, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Pathology
Francisco Uzal, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP,
Pathology, Branch Chief (interim)
Janet Moore, B.V.Sc., Pathology
Lucy Anthenill, D.V.M., Ph.D., Pathology
Santiago Diab, D.V.M., Pathology
ACVP = American College of Veterinary Pathologists
ACPV = American College of Poultry Veterinarians
AAVI = American Academy of Veterinary Informatics
ACVM = American College of Veterinary Microbiologists
ABVT = American Board of Veterinary Toxicologists
4
Industry and Association Committees
National, State and Industry and Commodity Groups with CAHFS Representation
I
American Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians/United States Department of
Agriculture
Animal Emergency Management Committee
Animal Health Information Systems Committee
National Animal Health Laboratory Network
American Board of Veterinary Toxicology
Examination Committee
American College of Poultry Veterinarians
American College of Veterinary Microbiologists
Biosecurity Task Force
American College of Veterinary Pathologists
Examination Committee
Diagnostic Pathology
American Society of Microbiologists (California
chapter)
American Veterinary Medical Association
Informatics Committee Subcommittee on
Standards
Student Chapter of AVMA
Environmental Issues Committee
Association of Avian Veterinarians
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Association of Racing Commissioners
International
California Cattlemen’s Association
Cattle Health Committee
Emergency Response Committee
Feed Safety Committee
Wildlife Disease Committee
California Department of Public Health
West Nile Virus Surveillance Committee
California Egg Quality Assurance Program
California Food Safety and Security Agency Team
California Horse Racing Board
Equine Welfare and Racing Injury
Prevention Subcommittee
Medication Advisory Subcommittee
California Johne’s Disease Advisory Committee
California Pork Producers Association
California Poultry Federation
California Veterinary Medical Association
Agriculture Relations Committee
California Wool Growers Association
Animal Health Committee
n its mission to support the needs, concerns and
advancement of the poultry and livestock industries
of the state, CAHFS faculty and staff members
participate in the following organizations.
American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative
Toxicology
American Association of Avian Pathologists
Ad-hoc Committee on Pet Bird Diseases
AVMA Program Advisory Committee
Avian Diseases Editorial Board
Awards Committee
Biotechnology Committee
Board of Directors
Education Committee
Electronic Information Committee
Enteric Diseases Committee
Histopathology/Case Report Committee
History of Avian Medicine Committee
Respiratory Diseases Committee
Scientific Program Committee
Toxic, Infectious, Miscellaneous and
Emerging Diseases Committee
American Association of Equine Practitioners
Diagnosticians
Accreditation Committee
Administrative Management Personnel Committee
Constitution, Bylaws and Resolutions Committee
Editorial Board of JVDI
Enteric Diseases Committee
Epidemiology Committee
Executive Board
Executive Committee
Financial Advisory Committee
Food Safety Committee
Foundation Committee
Government Relations Committee
Informatics/NAHLN IT Committee
Laboratory Directors Committee
Laboratory Emergency Management Committee
Laboratory Safety/Waste Disposal Committee
Pathology Committee
Program Committee
Publications Committee
Quality Assurance Committee
Strategic Planning Committee
Veterinary Analytical Toxicology & Mycotoxin
Committee
Virology Committee
5
Industry and Association Committees • CONTINUED
Animal Production Food Safety and
Security Committee
Emerging Diseases Committee
National Poultry Improvement Plan
Scientific Advisory Committee
Technical Committee
Pacific Egg and Poultry Association
Research Selection Committee
Scientific Advisory Committee
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District
Alternate Medical Member
Society of Toxicology
Testing Integrity Program
Methods Validation Committee
Quality Control Committee
Strategic Planning Committee
Tulare County Bioterrorism Committee
Tulare County Domestic Preparedness Program
United States Animal Health Association
Diagnostic Laboratory and Veterinary
Workforce Development Committee
Committee on Foreign Animal and
Emerging Diseases
Salmonella Committee
Transmissible Diseases of Poultry Committee
Western Poultry Disease Conference
Executive Committee
Charles Louis Davis, D.V.M., Foundation for the
Advancement of Veterinary and Comparative
Pathology
Board of Directors
Council on Agriculture Science and Technology
National Concerns Committee
Animal Sciences Workgroup
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine’s Veterinary
Advisory Group
Health Level 7
Transitional Technical Task Force
Public Health and Emergency Response
Special Interest Group
Kings River Fisheries Management Program –
Public Advisory Group
Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes
Committee
IT Committee
Exercises and Drills Working Group
Methods Technical Working Group
Toxicology Working Group
National Johne’s Working Group
National Institute for Animal Agriculture
Animal Identification and Information Systems
Diagnosis and disease summaries
A
species at all CAHFS laboratories. Disease diagnoses
for mammalian and exotic avian necropsy related cases
is recorded for each animal whereas poultry necropsy
cases and all non-pathology submissions (groups of
feces, eye swabs, etc.) have a single diagnosis for the
entire group regardless of how many animals had the
disease condition. Therefore, the quantity listed in
the disease tables reflects a combination of individual
and groups of animals. Rare conditions are included
in more general groups, reducing the total number of
distinct syndromes reported in these tables. Each species
section is accompanied by a map, depicting statewide
distribution of submissions to the CAHFS. Information
concerning the physical location of the animals prior to
submission is captured by the Laboratory Information
System. Since animals and owners are often at different
locations, and free-ranging animals cannot be located
precisely, the data are presented on a county level.
ll data from submissions to the CAHFS,
including animal demographics, clinical
histories, gross and histopathology, test results
and diagnoses are captured and stored by the CAHFS
Laboratory Information System (LIMS). Diagnostic
accessions are then categorized according to a standard
nomenclature developed within the CAHFS. These
standardized diagnoses, along with the large amount
of related data captured with each submission, allow
summary disease information to be produced rapidly for
each species by specific criteria. These data can be used
in other analytical systems in support of epidemiologic
and disease surveillance programs, retrospective studies
on emerging diseases, and spatial relationships among
animals, disease, and environment.
The following pages contain summary disease
diagnosis information for the most frequently seen
6
Distribution of all chicken submissions
7
Broiler Chicken Diagnoses
For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009
DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Bacterial........................1
DIGESTIVE
Avian Necrotic Enteritis—Clostridium
perfringens........................................................17
Coccidiosis—Eimeria sp.....................................41
Digestive Disease—Undetermined.....................12
Enteritis—Bacteria................................................3
Enteritis—Rotavirus-Like Virus............................4
Enteritis—Salmonella sp.......................................4
Enteritis—Virus....................................................4
Hepatitis................................................................6
Omphalitis—Bacterial.........................................12
Omphalitis—E. coli...............................................6
Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis......................4
Total .................................................................113
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Avian Bursa Disorder—Cryptosporidium sp..........2
Avian Bursa Disorder............................................8
Infectious Bursal Disease—Infectious Bursal
Disease Virus......................................................6
Marek’s Disease.....................................................3
Total ...................................................................19
INTEGUMENTARY
Avian Pox—Poxvirus............................................3
Cellulitis—E. coli..................................................6
Cellulitis—Bacterial..............................................2
Dermatitis—Trauma.............................................4
Feather Loss—Undetermined...............................3
Gangrenous Dermatitis.........................................4
Plantar Pododermatitis.........................................3
Total ...................................................................25
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthritis—E. coli...................................................4
Arthritis—Staphylococcus aureus..........................3
Arthritis—Bacterial...............................................3
Bone Deformity.....................................................4
Bone Disease—Bacterial........................................5
Bone Disease—Undetermined..............................1
Musculoskeletal Disease—Ionophore toxicosis....1
Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/Trauma...5
Rickets.................................................................23
Total ...................................................................49
NERVOUS
Avian Encephalomyelitis—Viral...........................3
Encephalitis—Undetermined...............................2
Encephalopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency...............4
Nervous Disease....................................................3
Total ...................................................................12
REPRODUCTIVE
Female Reproductive Disease—E. coli..................1
RESPIRATORY
Airsacculitis—E. coli.............................................8
Airsacculitis/Tracheitis—Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale.....................................................7
Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious
Bronchitis Virus...............................................15
Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious Bronchitis
Virus - Cal Type...............................................17
Infectious Coryza—Avibacterium paragallinarum....1
Infectious Laryngotracheitis, Vaccine-Induced.....7
Pneumonia—Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale......1
Pneumonia—Undetermined.................................3
Respiratory Aspergillosis—Aspergillus fumigatus......2
Respiratory Disease—Bacterial.............................9
Respiratory Disease—E. coli.................................5
Respiratory Disease—Gallibacterium anatis
Biovar Haemolyticum..........................................9
Tracheitis—Bordetella sp.....................................10
Tracheitis—E. coli.................................................9
Tracheitis—Infectious Agent..............................20
Total .................................................................123
SPECIAL SENSES
Ocular Disorder—Ammonia.................................3
Ocular Disorder—Undetermined.........................1
Total .....................................................................4
WHOLE BODY
Ascites—Undetermined........................................2
Colibacillosis—E. coli.........................................79
Management factor—Noninfectious.....................8
Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma gallisepticum.........1
Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma synoviae................5
Septicemia—Bacteria............................................7
Septicemia—Salmonella Enteritidis.......................5
Septicemia—Salmonella sp...................................7
Septicemia—Staphylococcus aureus.......................3
Systemic Aspergillosis—Aspergillus fumigatus......2
Unexplained Death...............................................2
Vitamin A Deficiency............................................1
Vitamin E Deficiency............................................7
Weak Birth............................................................2
Total .................................................................131
8
Broiler Chickens—Cases of special interest
Necrotic enteritis: a re-emerging disease
flock mortality. The gross lesions are primarily found in
the mid to distal small intestines. The intestinal contents
are foul-smelling with necrosis of the mucosa and
formation of a brown to white diphtheritic membrane
covering the lumen of the intestines.
N
ecrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease in chickens,
turkeys, and other birds, caused by Clostridium
perfringens types A and C, and its toxins. NE
has been successfully controlled by the use of feedgrade antibiotics at sub-therapeutic levels. However,
partly due to public health concerns involving use of
antibiotics in feed that may contribute to antibioticresistant microorganisms in our food supply, some
growers are increasing production of antibiotic-free
and organic poultry. Consequently, CAHFS has seen
an increase in cases of NE in broiler chickens and egglaying chickens raised on floors.
The development of NE is a result of complex
interactions between the normal intestinal flora,
parasites and/or nutrition. In particular, coccidiosis
is one of the primary predisposing factors causing
damage to the intestinal mucosa. Coccidiosis is caused
by Eimeria parasites that colonize the intestine and
kill the epithelial cells. The resulting damage to the
intestines allows the C. perfringens bacteria to multiply
and/or produce toxin. Thus, controlling gut health and
preventing coccidiosis is essential in the control of NE.
Clinical signs of NE are non-specific, but birds appear
depressed with ruffled feathers, and a sudden increase in
Necrotic enteritis disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens types A and C, and its toxins
9
Layer Chicken Diagnoses
DiagnosisNumber of Cases
DIGESTIVE
Avian Malabsorption Syndrome............................1
perfringens..........................................................3
Avian Ulcerative Enteritis—Clostridium sp...........1
Coccidiosis—Eimeria sp.......................................7
Endoparasitism—Ascaris sp..................................3
Enteritis.................................................................3
Fatty Liver Syndrome............................................2
Hepatopathy—Undetermined...............................4
Omphalitis—Bacteria............................................9
Omphalitis—E. coli.............................................15
Upper Digestive Disease—Undetermined............1
Total....................................................................49
Infectious Laryngotracheitis, VaccineInduced—Herpesvirus.......................................8
Pneumonia—Avibacterium gallinarum..................2
Pneumonia............................................................2
Respiratory Aspergillosis—Mycotic......................1
Respiratory Disease—Avian Paramyxovirus 1......1
Respiratory Disease—Undetermined....................2
Upper Respiratory Disease—Bacterial..................4
Upper Respiratory Disease—Bordetella avium......1
Upper Respiratory Disease—E. coli......................2
Upper Respiratory Disease—Infectious Agent......1
Upper Respiratory Disease—Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale.....................................................3
Upper Respiratory Disease—Poxvirus..................1
Upper Respiratory Disease—Undetermined.........1
Total....................................................................43
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Avian Leukosis......................................................2
Bursal Disease (non-IBDV)—Undetermined........8
Infectious Bursal Disease—Infectious Bursal
Disease Virus....................................................17
Lymphoid Disease.................................................3
Marek’s Disease—Marek’s Herpesvirus...............31
Total....................................................................61
SPECIAL SENSES
Ocular Disorder....................................................2
UROGENITAL
Glomerulopathy—Undetermined.........................1
Reproductive Failure—Undetermined..................1
Urolithiasis............................................................1
Total......................................................................3
INTEGUMENTARY
Avian Pox..............................................................6
Dermatopathy—Undetermined............................5
Ectoparasitism—Lice............................................1
Ectoparasitism—Northern Fowl Mite..................3
Feather Loss—Undetermined...............................1
Injection Site Disorder..........................................3
Total....................................................................19
WHOLE BODY
Ascites Syndrome—Undetermined.......................1
Colibacillosis—E. coli...........................................4
Copper Deficiency................................................1
Management factor—Noninfectious...................17
Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma gallisepticum.........7
Peritoneum Neoplasm..........................................1
Peritonitis—Yolk...................................................5
Septicemia—Bacterial...........................................9
Septicemia—E. coli...............................................4
Sodium Toxicosis..................................................3
Systemic Infection—Infectious Agent..................2
Weak Birth............................................................1
Zinc Deficiency.....................................................1
Total....................................................................68
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Caged Layer Fatigue...........................................11
Infectious Synovitis—Infectious Agent................1
Rickets...................................................................1
Total....................................................................13
NERVOUS
Peripheral Neuropathy—Thiamine Deficiency.....1
RESPIRATORY
Fowl Cholera—Pasteurella multocida....................3
Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious Bronchitis
Virus, Cal Type...................................................2
Infectious Coryza—Avibacterium
paragallinarum...................................................5
10
Layer Chickens—Cases of special interest
Infectious coryza (infectious rhinitis)
drop in egg production, and increased mortality. IC is
transmitted horizontally when susceptible birds contact
sick or carrier birds, or contaminated material. Since A.
paragallinarum is a bacterium that does not last long
out of the host, the disease can be prevented with sound
biosecurity measures. Bacterins are available, which
may help to prevent or control the disease.
I
nfectious coryza (IC) is an acute or subacute
respiratory disease caused by the bacterium
Avibacterium paragallinarum (formerly called
Haemophilus paragallinarum). IC is a disease mainly of
chickens, although it has been reported in pheasants and
Guinea fowl also. All ages of chickens are susceptible to
IC, although 10- to 16-week-old pullets and adults are
more susceptible. IC is characterized by conjunctivitis,
acute inflammation of the nasal passages (rhinitis)
and infraorbital sinuses (sinusitis), serous to mucoid
nasal secretion, facial edema and cellulitis. In severe
IC cases, there may be airsacculitis. Uncomplicated IC
can cause severe depression, marked reduction in feed
consumption and egg production (up to 59 percent),
and high mortality (up to 48 percent) over a threeweek period. If IC is complicated with other diseases,
the losses can be even higher. IC-infected flocks can be
treated with antibiotics. Tetracyclines, erythromycin,
and tylosin are the only antibiotics allowed in flocks
already in egg production. However, birds recovered
from IC will remain as carriers without showing any
clinical signs of the disease but continue to shed
A. paragallinarum. IC is diagnosed by the isolation of
A. paragallinarum, which sometimes is a difficult
organism to isolate.
Bench validation of a high-throughput
real-time RT PCR assay to detect very
virulent infectious bursal disease virus
I
n the first quarter of 2009, the California Animal
Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory
detected the very virulent form of infectious bursal
disease virus (vvIBDv) in a commercial layer flock.
The finding was unexpected, as vvIBDv had not been
previously documented in the United States. Despite
aggressive efforts to prevent spread, the virus was
detected in subsequent flocks in the following weeks.
Faced with the potential need for rapid implementation
of high-throughput diagnostic and surveillance testing
should the virus continue to spread, CAHFS initiated
development and validation for vvIBDv detection.
Existing laboratory technology, including serology,
immunohistochemistry and virus isolation was not
considered optimal for surveillance and rapid response.
Two single-plex reverse transcription real-time PCR
assays previously developed (Jackwood and Sommer
2005, Avian Diseases 49:246-251) were modified to
allow high-throughput testing for the presence of
vvIBDv and differentiation from endemic IBDv. Bench
validation of the two independent assays demonstrated
high analytic sensitivity and specificity. Cross-reaction
with other avian pathogens, as well as between the
two IBDv assays being evaluated, was not detected,
indicating excellent analytic specificity (>99 percent).
So far, more than 200 diagnostic submissions
(commercial and backyard) have been tested. Positive
samples have been followed up by genetic analysis to
monitor the evolution of the virus. To date, no evidence
of changes have been found in the viral genome, and the
vvIBD virus seems to be stable and therefore detectable
with the newly developed assay. CAHFS is committed to
responding in a timely manner with assays that support
California livestock and poultry industries, as well as
regulators that assist in disease-control efforts.
15-week-old pullet with severe conjunctivitis and sinusitis
caused by A. paragallinarum.
Several cases of IC have been recently diagnosed at
the CAHFS Turlock branch, involving pullets, adult
hens, as well as backyard chickens. Clinical signs varied
from mild nasal secretion to severe sinusitis, marked
11
DISTRIBUTION OF Turkey SUBMISSIONS
12
TURKEY Diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease.........................................5
Round Heart Disease.............................................7
Total....................................................................12
NERVOUS
Encephalitis—E. coli.............................................1
Encephalitis—Enterococcus sp..............................1
Encephalopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency...............1
Nervous Disease—Undetermined/ Trauma..........3
Total......................................................................6
DIGESTIVE
Avian Hemorrhagic Enteritis—Turkey
adenovirus 2.......................................................4
perfringens............................................................5
Crop Mycosis........................................................4
Endoparasitism—Cryptosporidium sp...................4
Enteritis—Bacterial...............................................4
Enteritis—Blastocystis sp......................................5
Enteritis—Coccidia.............................................31
Enteritis—Orthoreovirus......................................2
Enteritis—Parasite................................................2
Enteritis—Protozoan Parasite.............................10
Enteritis—Rotavirus-Like Virus..........................24
Enteritis—Salmonella sp.......................................8
Enteritis—Undetermined...................................13
Enteritis—Viral Particles, 25-30 Nm....................6
Enteritis—Viral...................................................16
Hepatic Lipidosis—Undetermined.......................1
Liver Disease—E. coli............................................1
Omphalitis—E. coli.............................................16
Omphalitis—Enterococcus sp..............................11
Omphalitis—Bacterial.........................................11
Turkey Viral Hepatitis...........................................2
Total..................................................................180
RESPIRATORY
Airsacculitis—Bacterial.........................................4
Airsacculitis—Mycoplasma meleagridis.................3
Bordetellosis........................................................16
Fowl Cholera—Pasteurella multocida..................13
Pneumonia—Mycotic...........................................8
Respiratory Aspergillosis—Aspergillus sp...........16
Respiratory Disease—E. coli.................................6
Respiratory Disease—Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale...................................................10
Respiratory Disease—Salmonella sp.....................1
Respiratory Disease—Undetermined....................8
Total....................................................................92
SPECIAL SENSES
Ocular Disorder—Bacterial...................................6
Ocular Disorder—Undetermined/Noninfectious.....3
Total......................................................................9
WHOLE BODY
Colibacillosis.......................................................47
Ionophore Toxicosis..............................................3
Management factor.............................................12
Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma meleagridis............5
Septicemia—E. coli...............................................7
Septicemia—Salmonella sp...................................6
Systemic Illness.....................................................3
Toxicosis...............................................................4
Visceral Gout........................................................1
Weak Birth............................................................3
Total..................................................................110
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Bursal Disease (non-IBDV)...................................1
INTEGUMENTARY
Avian Pox..............................................................1
Foot Injury—E. coli..............................................1
Total......................................................................2
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Myopathy—Noninfectious...................................2
13
Turkeys—Cases of special interest
Poult enteritis
In addition to infectious agents, nutritional,
environmental and host factors can modulate the
severity of PEMS, but very little information is available
on these factors.
P
oult enteritis, also called poult enteritis and
mortality syndrome (PEMS), is a common
infectious, transmissible, and multifactorial
disease, typically of young turkeys between 1 and 6
weeks of age. PEMS is one of the most common and
economically important diseases of turkeys. PEMS
ranked as the second most common disease (next
to colibacillosis) diagnosed in relative frequency
among 30 turkey diseases summarized over a period
of 13 years (1989-2001) at CAHFS. PEMS continues
to be a common diagnosis in young turkey poults.
The disease is characterized by anorexia, diarrhea,
dehydration, reluctance to move, depression, loss of
weight, stunting – due to marked growth depression –
and increased mortality in poults. PEMS can occur in
two clinical forms: a severe form with high mortality is
called spiking mortality of turkeys (SMT); and a milder
form with lower mortality is called excess mortality of
turkeys (EMT). Mortality with SMT can range from 10
to 50 percent and occasionally as high as 90 percent,
occurring over a three-week period. Mortality from
EMT can exceed 2 percent in any three-week period in
poults between 1 and 6 weeks of age.
Gross lesions of PEMS include dehydration,
emaciation, muscle atrophy, and occasionally soft bones
(field rickets) due to malabsorption of nutrients. The
gizzard often contains litter, and the small intestines
usually have pale serosa with segmental dilation, and
watery and gaseous contents in the lumen. Ceca are
often distended with frothy contents. Often birds
suffering from PEMS will have crop mycosis, poor
feathering, and distended gall bladders. Other lesions
include pale and enlarged kidneys with increased urates,
and atrophied thymus and bursa of Fabricius. Bursal
cores can be observed occasionally. Histopathology
includes atrophy and blunting of villi, crypt epithelial
hyperplasia, increased cellularity of the lamina propria
and acute necrosis of enterocytes, and cells in the
lamina propria. Attaching and effacing lesions may
be found in the ceca, due to E. coli and protozoa, and
increased bacteria can be seen in the lumina.
Diagnosis of PEMS can be made based on clinical
signs, mortality pattern, virus (of some) and bacterial
isolations, and gross and microscopic lesions. Negativestain electron microscopy (EM) and immune EM of
the intestinal contents can be performed to examine
for viruses.
Various infectious agents have been implicated in
PEMS, including viruses such as coronavirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus, small, round viruses ranging in
size from 15 nm to 30 nm, torovirus, bacteria such as
Salmonella sp., including S. arizonae, E. coli, Campylobacter sp., long segmented filamentous bacteria (LSFO).
Additional infectious agents can include protozoa such
as Cryptosporidium meleagridis, coccidia, cochlosoma,
tritrichomonas, and protista like Blastocysits. Presently PEMS is considered a multifactorial disease that
involves one or more primary pathogens, especially
enteropathogenic viruses and others. For example,
experimental infection of a combination of coronavirus
and E. coli of turkey poults has been shown to cause
severe mortality in the poults, compared to either one
of these agents being inoculated alone. In one study of
1,800 cases submitted to CAHFS (1993-2003), use of
negative-staining electron microscopy on the intestine
of poults suffering from PEMS revealed that rotaviruslike particles and viruses ranging from 15 nm to 30
nm – either alone or in combination – were the most
commonly identified viruses.
Vitamin E deficiency
V
itamin E is an important nutrient for birds. One
of the most important functions of vitamin
E is its antioxidant activity, which prevents
the oxidative degradation of lipids (rancidity), thus
protecting the cell membrane lipids from breaking
down. Additionally, vitamin E neutralizes free peroxide
radicals, formed from the lipid oxidation, which
damage the cell structural integrity and cause metabolic
disorders. The vitamin E antioxidant activity protects
other fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamins A and
D, from oxidative degradation. Additionally, vitamin
E is necessary for optimal fertility and hatchability,
leukocyte and macrophage phagocytic activity, antibody
production, and reducing toxicity of some metals such
as lead, silver, and arsenic. Diets with high levels of
unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are more
prone to oxidation, deplete vitamin E feed content,
14
causing vitamin E deficiency. Encephalomalacia is the
most common manifestation of vitamin E deficiency,
occurring in several species of poultry. Other disorders
caused by vitamin E and selenium deficiency are
exudative diathesis, which occur in chicks, turkey
poults, ducklings, and Japanese quail chicks; myopathy
of the heart and gizzard, which occur in chicks and
turkeys, and enlarged hocks in turkeys. Muscular
dystrophy is common in chickens, turkeys, and ducks
with vitamin E and selenium deficiency.
During 2009, a total of 14 cases of encephalomalacia
related to vitamin E deficiency were diagnosed
at the CAHFS laboratory. Flocks with vitamin E
deficiency exhibit poor performance, increased
mortality, depression, and sometimes neurological
signs. Gross lesions suggestive of encephalomalacia
include meningeal edema, swelling of the brain, and
hemorrhagic foci mainly in the cerebellum (Fig. 1).
Cerebellar hemorrhages are more common and severe
in turkey poults than in chicks. Cerebellar folds may
be flattened due to edema.
Fig.1 Encephalomalacia in turkey poult brain. Hemorrhage
in cerebellum. Edema in cerebellum and cerebrum.
Depending on the severity of the deficiency, gross
lesions can be identified easily affecting most of the
cerebellum; however, if the deficiency is very mild,
gross lesions may be absent. Encephalomalacia due
to vitamin E deficiency cause microscopic lesions that
are specific and severe enough to make the diagnosis
by histopathology. The characteristic histopathological
lesions of encephalomalacia due to vitamin E deficiency
are related to circulatory disorders that cause thrombosis,
ischemia, demyelination, and meningeal, cerebellar, and
cerebral congestion and edema. Neuronal degeneration
of the cerebellum’s white matter, neuronal necrosis of
the cerebellum granular layer and Purkinje cells, as well
as multifocal hemorrhage may also be present (Figs. 2,
3). Marginal deficiencies, with little histological lesions,
may require vitamin E level determination in feed and/
or liver samples to confirm the diagnosis.
Fig.2 Cerebellum of chicken with encephalomalacia.
20X. Congestion, hemorrhages, necrosis of neurons, and
trombosis.
To prevent encephalomalacia and other disorders
related to vitamin E deficiency, it is necessary to: 1) meet
the nutritional vitamin E poultry requirements in the
diet; 2) add antioxidants to the feed, particularly if the
source of energy may include unstable polyunsaturated
fatty acids, or if the feed will be stored for more than
four weeks; 3) properly mix feed; and 4) store feed
ingredients and feed in proper conditions to prevent
them from degradation.
Fig.3 Cerebellum of chicken with encephalomalacia.
100X.Vacuolation of the white matter, neuronal necrosis,
hemorrhages, and trombosis.
15
Distribution of Exotic Avian submissions
16
Exotic Avian Diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Atherosclerotic Disease.........................................8
Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined............20
Total....................................................................28
UROGENITAL
Egg Bound.............................................................1
Renal Disease........................................................3
Renal Gout............................................................2
Urogenital Neoplasm............................................2
Urolithiasis............................................................1
Total......................................................................9
DIGESTIVE
Digestive System Mycosis.....................................6
Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens........................2
Enteropathy—Undetermined...............................2
Gastric Disease—Undetermined...........................1
Gastrointestinal disease—Macrorhabdus
ornithogaster.......................................................4
Gastrointestinal Neoplasm....................................1
Hepatitis—Infectious Agent..................................2
Hepatopathy—Iron...............................................2
Hepatopathy—Zinc...............................................4
Hepatopathy—Undetermined...............................8
Pancreatic Disease—Undetermined......................3
Total....................................................................35
WHOLE BODY
Chlamydiosis—Chlamydophila psittaci.................1
Emaciation—Undetermined.................................3
Iron Storage Disease..............................................2
Lead Toxicosis.......................................................1
Metastatic Neoplasm.............................................1
Mycobacteriosis—Mycobacterium sp....................3
Paratetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Toxicosis...........4
Proventricular Dilatation Disease—Bornavirus....8
Septicemia—Bacteria............................................7
Sudden death—Noninfectious..............................5
Systemic Amyloidosis...........................................2
Systemic Disease—Infectious Agent.....................2
Systemic Mycosis..................................................3
Systemic Protozoal Infection—Sarcocystis
falcatula..............................................................1
Systemic Viral Disease—Adenovirus....................2
Systemic Viral Disease—Avian Polyomavirus.......2
Systemic Viral Disease—West Nile Virus..............2
Unexplained Death.............................................17
Visceral Larval Migrans.........................................1
Nutritional Deficiency..........................................2
Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................5
Total....................................................................74
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Hemolymphatic disease—Undetermined.............2
Lymphoid Neoplasm.............................................3
Total......................................................................5
INTEGUMENTARY/SPECIAL SENSES
Dermatitis.............................................................3
Skin Disease—Knemidocoptes sp...........................1
Skin Neoplasm......................................................2
Otitis—Undetermined..........................................1
Total......................................................................7
NERVOUS/MUSCULOSKELETAL
Encephalitis—Undetermined...............................1
Encephalopathy—Parasite Migration...................1
Musculoskeletal Disease.......................................4
Nervous Disease—Vitamin E Deficiency..............1
Total......................................................................7
RESPIRATORY
Pneumonia—Bacteria...........................................2
Pulmonary Edema—Undetermined......................4
Respiratory Aspergillosis.......................................6
Respiratory Disease—Noninfectious....................2
Respiratory Disease—Undetermined..................10
Total....................................................................24
17
Exotic Avian—Cases of special interest
Avian Bornavirus: the cause of
Since the publication of Kistler et al. and Honkavuori
et al., numerous papers have been published on the
detection of ABV in PDD-positive birds, in birds
exposed to PDD, and also in birds showing no clinical
signs of PDD. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis
of numerous ABV isolates from psittacines, six distinct
genotypes, designated ABV1, ABV2, ABV3, ABV4,
ABV5 and ABV6, have been identified. A seventh ABV
genotype has been described from one non-psittacine
species – a canary (Serinus canaria) with typical PDD
pathology. While most of the recoveries of ABV so far
have been from clinically affected birds, birds with
asymptomatic infection and long-term virus shedding
have also been identified, and likely play an important
role in the epidemiology of PDD.
proventricular dilatation disease
in psittacines
P
roventricular dilatation disease (PDD) was first
recognized in psittacines in the late 1970s. PDD
has been called by various names, including
macaw wasting syndrome, proventricular dilation
syndrome, neuropathic gastric dilation, myenteric
ganglioneuritis, and infiltrative splanchnic neuropathy,
to name a few. PDD has been observed in more than 80
species of psittacines, but also in some non-psittacine
species such as canaries, Canada geese, toucans, finches,
peregrine falcon, red tailed hawk, honey-creepers,
long-wattled umbrella bird, bearded barbet, and roseate
spoon bill.
PDD can be diagnosed in birds based on clinical
signs and radiography of the bird, ELISA, and Western
blot analysis on serum and plasma, polymerase chain
reactions (PCR) on choanal secretion, feces and organs.
PDD can also be diagnosed through histopathology
of crop biopsy, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of
brain and other organs, and virus isolation on the
brain, proventriculus, and adrenal glands. Most of the
diagnostic tests have limited practical applications.
PDD is one of the most common and often fatal diseases
of psittacines. Clinical signs of PDD include anorexia,
regurgitation, passing of undigested seeds in the feces,
diarrhea, lethargy, loss of weight, neurological signs, as
well as sudden death. PDD is characterized by dilatation
of the proventriculus in most cases, with associated
microscopic changes, such as lymphoplasmacytic
ganglioneuritis involving the gastrointestinal tract,
nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, peripheral neuritis
and ganglionitis, myocarditis, adrenalitis, and lesions
in the eye and skin.
PDD has been reproduced in cockatiels and
Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus) using
cultured ABV4, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Another
study demonstrated unusual pathology of PDD,
suggesting hypersensitivity reaction not only in neural
tissues but also in non-neural tissues of cockatiels
challenged with ABV4 if they were already infected but
asymptomatic with a different strain of ABV4 prior to
challenge.
The cause of proventricular dilatation syndrome
remained unknown, in spite of extensive studies by
numerous workers, until 2008 when Kistler et al.
and Honkavuori et al. independently reported on the
recovery of a novel Bornavirus from birds with PDD.
The virus was named avian Bornavirus (ABV) because it
was quite distinct and shared only 65 percent nucleotide
sequence with the well-known Bornavirus disease virus
(BDV) of mammals. Borna disease caused by BDV has
been known since 1885, and is an encephalitic disease
of horses, sheep and, occasionally, other domesticated
mammals endemic in central Europe. Bornaviruses are
negative sense, enveloped, single-stranded spherical
medium-sized (70-130 nm in diameter) RNA viruses
that are members of the family Bornaviridae, order
Mononegavirales. BDV strains show a remarkable
sequence homogeneity and are all derived from
mammalian hosts.
The mode of transmission of ABV is not yet known,
but appears to be through fecal-oral route; however,
vertical route of transmission is also probable. The
incubation period for ABV is believed to be months or
even more than a year, but recent work suggests that it
could be as short as a few days, depending on the age
of the birds at exposure. While our understanding of
the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnoses, and control
of ABV is still in its beginnings, the studies published
to date provide convincing evidence, both direct and
indirect, that the causative agent of PDD appears to be
a novel Bornavirus.
18
distribution of ALL cattle submissions
19
dairy cattle Diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Congenital....................3
Cardiovascular Disease—Other............................2
Cardiovascular Disease—Toxicant........................3
Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined..............8
Exsanguination—Trauma.....................................6
Total....................................................................22
Liver Disease—Undetermined............................10
Rumen Acidosis—Grain Overload.......................6
Rumen Disease—Bacterial..................................10
Rumen Disease—Herpesvirus...............................2
Rumen Disease—Mycotic...................................13
Rumen Disease—Undetermined.........................12
Stomatitis/Esophagitis—Infectious.......................5
Total..................................................................952
DIGESTIVE
Abomasal Bloat.....................................................6
Abomasal Disease—Bacterial................................7
Abomasal Disease—Mycotic...............................21
Abomasal Disease—Undetermined.....................13
Abomasal Torsion/Rupture...................................7
Abomasal Ulcer...................................................11
Bovine Papular Stomatitis—Papular
Stomatitis Virus..................................................4
Cecal/colon infarction...........................................6
Coccidiosis..........................................................46
Dosing Injury—Trauma........................................2
Enteric Disease—Bacterial..................................25
Enteric Disease—Clostridium perfringens.............4
Enteric Disease—Coronavirus..........................121
Enteric Disease—Cryptosporidium parvum.......132
Enteric Disease—E. coli, AEEC...........................47
Enteric Disease—Infectious Agent.....................14
Enteric Disease—Rotavirus................................99
Enteric Disease—Salmonella Dublin...................37
Enteric Disease—Salmonella Newport.................54
Enteric Disease—Salmonella sp..........................45
Enteric Disease—Salmonella Typhimurium.........21
Enteric Disease—Salmonella Typhimurium var
Copenhagen.......................................................9
Enteric Disease—Salmonella Uganda....................7
Enteric Disease—Virus.........................................7
Enteric Disease—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus......3
Enteric Disease—E. coli, K99..............................27
Gastrointestinal Perforation..................................6
Hardware Disease—Foreign Body........................2
Hepatic Abscess—Bacteria....................................8
Hepatic Lipidosis..................................................9
Intestinal Displacement/Obstruction..................13
Jejunal Hematoma.................................................9
Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis................................................45
Liver Disease—Noninfectious..............................3
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Anemia—Undetermined.......................................1
Bovine Leukosis—Bovine Leukosis Virus...........14
Total....................................................................15
INTEGUMENTARY
Dermatophytosis—Trichophyton sp......................1
Mastitis—Bacterial..............................................26
Mastitis—Prototheca zopfii....................................1
Skin Disease—Bacterial......................................25
Skin Neoplasm—Papillomavirus..........................1
Total....................................................................54
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthritis—Bacteria..............................................20
Blackleg—Clostridium septicum............................4
Bone abscess—Bacteria.........................................7
Musculoskeletal Disease—Bacterial......................3
Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined............2
Skull/ Vertebra Fracture—Trauma........................2
Vertebral malformation—Congenital...................4
Total....................................................................42
NERVOUS
Encephalitis—Bacteria..........................................8
Neural Neoplasm..................................................1
Polioencephalomalacia.........................................6
Spinal Cord Injury—Trauma................................3
Total....................................................................18
RESPIRATORY
Aspiration Pneumonia........................................22
Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes.............30
Pneumonia—Bacteria.........................................57
Pneumonia—Bibersteinia trehalosi......................22
Pneumonia—Bovine Respiratory Syncytial
Virus.................................................................27
Pneumonia—Dictyocaulus filaria..........................1
Continued on next page
20
dairy cattle Diagnoses • CONTINUED
(Diagnoses continued from previous page)
Pneumonia—Histophilus somni...........................20
Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica...............32
Pneumonia—Mycoplasma bovis..........................73
Pneumonia—Mycoplasma spp............................22
Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.....................43
Pneumonia—Streptococcus suis...........................17
Pneumonia—Virus................................................5
Respiratory Disease—Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis Virus.........................................6
Total..................................................................393
Reproductive Neoplasm—Papillomavirus............1
Trichomoniasis—Tritrichomonas foetus.................3
Urogenital Disease—Noninfectious......................1
Uterine Disease—Bacteria...................................17
Uterine Disease—Bovine Herpesvirus 4...............1
Uterine Disease—Campylobacter fetus subsp.
venerealis............................................................1
Uterine Rupture/ Displacement............................4
Total..................................................................195
WHOLE BODY
Anaphylaxis—Vaccine reaction............................4
Calcium Deficiency.............................................12
Congenital Disorder..............................................7
Copper Deficiency..............................................22
Failure Of Passive Transfer.................................82
Hypophosphatemia...............................................9
Ionophore Toxicosis..............................................5
Ketosis...................................................................5
Malnutrition........................................................45
Navel Ill—Bacteria..............................................32
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis—Nitrate........................1
Nutritional Deficiency........................................10
Oleander Toxicosis................................................2
Selenium Deficiency..............................................9
Septicemia—Bacteria..........................................82
Septicemia—E. coli.............................................95
Septicemia—Salmonella Dublin...........................91
Septicemia—Salmonella sp.................................20
Systemic Disorder.................................................5
Systemic Viral Disease—Bovine Viral
Diarrhea Virus..................................................10
Systemic Viral Disease—Infectious Bovine
Toxicosis—Mineral...............................................4
Vitamin A or E Deficiency....................................3
Total..................................................................585
SPECIAL SENSES
Ocular Disorder—Bacterial...................................7
Ocular Disorder—Infectious Bovine
Otitis—Bacterial....................................................4
Otitis—Mycoplasma bovis.....................................8
Pinkeye—Moraxella bovis.....................................6
Pinkeye—Moraxella bovoculi................................8
Total....................................................................34
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Bacteria.............................................29
Abortion—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus................4
Abortion—Congenital..........................................1
Abortion—Mycotic...............................................3
Abortion—Infectious Agent..................................6
Abortion—Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Virus...................................................................2
Abortion—Neospora caninum.............................35
Abortion—Noninfectious.....................................9
Abortion—Undetermined...................................59
Renal Disease—Bacterial.......................................4
Renal Disease—Non-Steroidal
Anti-Inflammatory Drug....................................2
Renal Disease—Toxicant.......................................6
Renal Disease—Undetermined.............................7
21
Dairy Cattle—Cases of special interest
Bovine papular stomatitis virus
animal. This viral disease is important due to the
confusion it can create with other erosive and vesicular
viral diseases of the alimentary tract of cattle, such as
bovine viral diarrhea, vesicular stomatitis, infectious
rhinotracheitis (IBR), and foot and mouth disease. In
this case, the lesions were extensive and had progressed
to ulcers in affected animals. Normally, animals
infected with this virus may experience a short period
of decreased feed intake, weight loss, salivation, and
slight fevers. Generally, the lesions are found on the
lips, gums, hard palate, tongue, base of the molar teeth,
muzzle, and nostrils. In some animals that die from the
virus, lesions can also be identified in the esophagus,
rumen, reticulum, and omasum. The earliest lesions
often are noticed as small hyperemic foci, 2 to 4 mm in
diameter on the lower margins of the nostrils or on the
palate or inner surface of the lips. Over the period of
a day or two, the lesion may progress to round to oval
foci of proliferative white, rough plaques on the affected
oral and nasal mucosa. These may then ulcerate but
usually heal uneventfully in 7 to 10 days.
outbreak in calves
C
AHFS laboratory was contacted by a referring
veterinarian about a group of sick calves at a
calf-raising operation. Calves between 7 and
16 days of age were developing extensive painful oral
lesions on the hard palate, tongue, lips, and nasal planum
and were not eating. Of the 200 calves in the group,
approximately 50 animals were affected. A CAHFS
pathologist and a veterinarian from the California
Department of Food and Agriculture investigated
the incident. Samples were taken from live and dead
animals, and analyzed by the CAHFS laboratory and the
USDA Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.
Within 24 hours after visiting the calf-raising facility,
bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) virus was identified as
the agent responsible for the outbreak in these calves.
BPS is caused by a parapox virus that affects mostly
young calves. The virus is widespread and, under most
conditions, infection with the virus is subclinical or
causes only mild disease with minimal affect on the
A calf with bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) virus.
22
Beef CATTLE Diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Bacteria.........................2
Heart Disease—Undetermined.............................4
Total......................................................................6
NERVOUS
Nervous Disease—Infectious Agent.....................4
Nervous Disease—Noninfectious.........................2
Neuronal Storage Disease.....................................1
Polioencephalomalacia—Sodium toxicosis..........1
Polioencephalomalacia.........................................1
Tetanus—Clostridium tetani..................................1
Total....................................................................10
DIGESTIVE
Abomasal Bloat—Sarcina sp.................................1
Abomasal Disease—Ostertagia sp.........................2
Coccidiosis............................................................7
Colitis—Coronavirus............................................2
Diarrhea—Bacterial...............................................5
Diarrhea—Cryptosporidium sp..............................3
Diarrhea—Rotavirus.............................................3
Diarrhea—Salmonella Newport.............................4
Diarrhea—Trichostrongyle...................................3
Digestive disease—Other......................................3
Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens........................1
Enteritis—Undetermined.....................................3
Enteropathy—E. coli, K99....................................4
Hepatic Abscess—Bacteria....................................5
Intestinal disease—Noninfectious........................3
Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis................................................12
Liver Disease—Fasciola hepatica...........................1
Liver Disease—Toxicant.......................................1
Rumen Acidosis—Grain overload........................3
Rumen Bloat..........................................................9
Rumen Disease—Other.........................................3
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis...............................2
Total....................................................................83
RESPIRATORY
Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes...............3
Pneumonia—Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus....2
Pneumonia—Histophilus somni...........................10
Pneumonia—Infectious Agent..............................4
Pneumonia—Mycoplasma bovis............................9
Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.......................8
Pneumonia—Toxicant..........................................2
Respiratory Disease—Other..................................2
Upper Respiratory Disease—Bacteria...................3
Total....................................................................66
SPECIAL SENSES
Otitis—Bacteria.....................................................1
Pinkeye—Acholeplasma sp....................................1
Pinkeye—Moraxella bovoculi................................3
Total......................................................................5
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Bacteria...............................................3
Abortion—Infectious Agent..................................3
Abortion—Leptospira pomona...............................1
Abortion—Neospora sp.........................................3
Abortion—Vitamin A Deficiency..........................1
Abortion/Stillbirth—Noninfectious......................9
Epizootic Bovine Abortion—Deltaproteobacteria..12
Male Reproductive Disease—Tritrichomonas
foetus................................................................60
Renal Disease........................................................3
Uterine Torsion.....................................................1
Total..................................................................116
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Anaplasmosis—Anaplasma marginale...................3
INTEGUMENTARY
Dermatitis.............................................................2
Mastitis—Bacterial................................................2
Total......................................................................4
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthrogryposis—Undetermined...........................1
Bone Abscess—Aspergillus fumigatus....................1
Myopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency........................1
Total......................................................................6
Continued on next page
23
BEEF Cattle DIAGNOSES • CONTINUED
(Diagnoses continued from previous page)
WHOLE BODY
Anthrax—Bacillus anthracis..................................1
Bovine Viral Diarrhea—Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Virus......................................................................5
Hypomagnesemia..................................................2
Lead Toxicosis.......................................................1
Leptospirosis—Leptospira sp................................1
Management factor...............................................2
Mushroom Toxicosis—Amanita phalloides...........1
Neonatal Death.....................................................5
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis........................................3
Selenium Deficiency............................................48
Septicemia—Histophilus somni..............................4
Septicemia—Listeria monocytogenes.....................1
Systemic Hemorrhage—Undetermined................1
Vetch Toxicosis.....................................................1
Vitamin E deficiency.............................................3
Zinc Deficiency.....................................................1
Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................1
Total..................................................................140
Beef Cattle—Cases of special interest
Vitamin A deficiency resulting in
A follow-up telephone conversation with the rancher
in the spring of 2010 revealed that only about 36 percent
of the calves born to heifers in 2009 were normal and
healthy, while 100 percent of the calves born to cows
in 2009 were normal and survived. It is suspected that
because the heifers had only experienced drought years
with very little green grass during their lifetime, they
developed progressively severe vitamin A deficiency,
resulting in clinical signs in their calves. In contrast,
the cows had grazed higher altitude pastures with
slightly more green grass and had been alive during
years with better rainfall, so they had a greater vitamin
A body reserve before the drought years. Therefore, the
vitamin A deficiency in the cow herd was not as severe
and was not clinically apparent in that their calves were
not affected.
blindness and neurologic signs in
calves born to beef heifers on pasture
A
beef cattle ranch experienced a problem in
the first-calf heifer herd during spring calving.
The calves were born premature, stillborn or
small, and were often blind and unable to stand or had
difficulty standing. A few blind calves were submitted
and had dome-shaped skulls with the cerebellum
compressed and partially protruding through the
foramen magnum, suggesting vitamin A deficiency.
The area the heifers were grazing had a severe threeyear drought with poor grass, and the animals had most
recently been grazing on dry barley stubble. Blood
samples were collected from heifers and two separate
groups of cows during a field visit. In the heifer group,
14 of 15 had below-normal vitamin A levels, and 7 of 10
cows had below-normal levels, but the average serum
vitamin A level in the cows was about 30 percent higher
than in the heifers.
24
Distribution of Swine submissions
25
Swine Diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Other ...........................2
Cardiovascular Disease—Vitamin E Deficiency....2
Total......................................................................4
RESPIRATORY
Atrophic Rhinitis...................................................1
Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.......................4
Pneumonia—PRRS Virus......................................2
Pneumonia—Streptococcus suis.............................3
Total....................................................................13
DIGESTIVE
Abdominal Abscess—Trauma...............................1
Colitis—Clostridium difficile.................................1
Digestive Disease—Noninfectious........................5
Edema Disease—E. coli.........................................4
Endoparasitism—Trichuris suis.............................9
Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens Type C............1
Gastric Mycosis.....................................................1
Gastric Ulcer.........................................................8
Parasitism—Balantidium coli................................1
Proliferative enteritis—Lawsonia intracellularis...1
Swine Dysentery—Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.....1
Total....................................................................33
SPECIAL SENSES
Ocular Disorder—Infectious Agent......................1
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Streptococcus equisimilis......................6
Abortion—Undetermined.....................................5
Female Reproductive Disease—Undetermined....3
Lower Urinary Tract Disease—Urolith.................1
Renal Disease—Infectious Agent..........................2
Uterine Disease—Bacterial....................................4
Total....................................................................21
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Splenic Rupture—Undetermined..........................1
Total......................................................................4
WHOLE BODY
Anaphylaxis..........................................................1
Heat Stroke............................................................1
Hypoglycemia.......................................................1
Neonatal Death—Undetermined..........................1
Septicemia—Bacterial.........................................10
Septicemia—Salmonella Choleraesuis Var
Kunzendorf.........................................................2
Systemic Illness—Undetermined..........................2
Systemic Viral Disease—Porcine Circovirus
Type 2.................................................................7
Total....................................................................25
INTEGUMENTARY
Cellulitis/ Pododermatitis—Undetermined..........2
Exudative Epidermitis—Streptococcus porcinus....1
Parasitism—Sarcoptes scabiei................................1
Total......................................................................4
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Musculoskeletal Disease—Infectious...................4
Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/
Noninfectious....................................................4
Total......................................................................8
NERVOUS
Encephalitis—Infectious Agent............................4
Nervous Disease—Noninfectious/Undetermined....2
Nervous Disease—Sodium Chloride....................1
Total......................................................................7
26
SWINE—Cases of special interest
Porcine circovirus–2 infection in pigs
the heart, liver and brain in one pig each. One of the
three pigs had severe PCV-2 associated granulomatous
enterocolitis. One pig with bloody scours had Lawsonia
colitis. Stomach ulcers were present in all four pigs,
and PCV-2 infection may have contributed to their
development. One of the four pigs had Heliobacter-like
organisms, associated with the stomach ulcer. One of
the two pigs with neurologic signs had brain lesions
consistent with sodium toxicosis, and no PCV-2 virus
was found in the brain lesions.
P
orcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) continues to be an
important sole or co-infection in causing illness
and death in pigs post weaning. This virus is
most often associated with post-weaning multi-systemic
wasting syndrome. Often affected farms have sporadic
cases among pigs after weaning, but outbreaks have
been reported. In 2009, CAHFS identified PCV-2 on
five premises. Affected pigs ranged from 2 to 4 months
of age. Marked weight loss and unthrifty pigs was the
chief complaint on three farms. Scours was reported
on one farm. The fifth farm with multiple submissions
reported signs of scours, some bloody, and two of four
pigs submitted had neurologic signs.
The major finding in the four pigs from three farms
that were exhibiting marked weight loss was PCV-2
associated severe pneumonia and systemic lymph node
changes. The liver and kidneys were also affected in two
of the four pigs. In one pig, the lung had concurrent
infection with Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis
and Mycoplasma sp. The pig with a history of scours
and anorexia died of a bleeding gastric ulcer, but also
had lymph node and kidney lesions due to PCV-2.
In the herd with multiple submissions, one pig
had skin hemorrhages and subcutaneous edema with
multisystemic vasculitis, which was most severe in the
kidney but also affected vessels in the brain, stomach
and liver. The lesions were similar to those reported for
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS),
associated with PCV-2. The other three pigs had PCV-2
infection, causing pneumonia, tonsillitis, lymphadenitis,
nephritis, splenitis and milder less-consistent lesions in
PCV-2 contributes to disease caused by other agents
by interfering with the normal immune function of
the various organs, as well as being a significant sole
pathogen.
A pig with porcine circovirus–2 infection.
27
distribution of Sheep submissions
28
Sheep Diagnoses
DiagnosesNumber of Cases DiagnosesNumber of Cases
DIGESTIVE
Abomasal Disease—Undetermined.......................3
Digestive Disease—Bacterial.................................3
Digestive Disease—Undetermined/Other.............9
Endoparasitism—Coccidia...................................6
Endoparasitism—Parasite, other..........................6
Endoparasitism—Trichostrongyles.....................11
Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type D..3
Liver Disease.........................................................5
Rumen Disease—Noninfectious...........................3
Total....................................................................49
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Bacterial..............................................2
Abortion—Bluetongue Virus................................1
Abortion—Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni......2
Abortion—Chlamydophila sp................................7
Abortion—Coxiella burnetii..................................1
Abortion—Undetermined.....................................8
Pregnancy Toxemia...............................................2
Urinary System Disease—E. coli...........................1
Total....................................................................25
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Caseous Lymphadenitis—Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis...............................................4
Lymph Node Abscess—Bacterial..........................3
Total......................................................................9
RESPIRATORY
Aspiration Pneumonia..........................................2
Pneumonia—Bacterial..........................................7
Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica.................3
Pneumonia—Ovine Progressive
Pneumonia Virus...............................................1
Pneumonia—Undetermined.................................4
Total....................................................................17
INTEGUMENTARY
Contagious Ecthyma—Parapoxvirus....................1
Skin Abscess—Corynebacterium
Skin Disease—Other.............................................2
Total....................................................................11
WHOLE BODY
Bluetongue virus...................................................2
Copper Deficiency................................................7
Copper Toxicosis................................................12
Glycogen Storage Disease.....................................1
Neonatal Death—Trauma.....................................1
Nutritional Deficiency—Other.............................3
Toxic Plant Toxicosis............................................1
Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency............................3
Total....................................................................57
NERVOUS
Abscess/Meningitis—Bacterial..............................5
Nervous Disease—Other......................................2
Polioencephalomalacia—Thiamine responsive....2
Total......................................................................9
OTHER
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm...................................1
Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/Other...5
Total......................................................................6
29
Distribution of Goat submissions
30
Goat Diagnoses
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Bacteria.............................................10
Abortion—Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni......4
Abortion—Chlamydophila sp................................3
Abortion—Coxiella burnetii..................................2
Abortion—Selenium Deficiency...........................1
Abortion—Toxoplasma gondii...............................3
Pregnancy Toxemia...............................................3
Urogenital Disease—Other...................................2
Urolithiasis............................................................5
Uterine disease......................................................7
Total....................................................................79
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Toxic/Nutritional..........2
Cardiovascular Disease—Other............................5
Total......................................................................7
DIGESTIVE
Choke—Digesta....................................................1
Diarrhea—Rotavirus.............................................3
Diarrhea—E. coli, AEEC.......................................3
Digestive Disease—Undetermined/
Noninfectious....................................................4
Enteritis—Bacteria................................................8
Enteritis—Infectious Agent..................................8
Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens
Type D................................................................8
Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis.....................................13
Liver Disease—Undetermined/ Other...................7
Parasitism—Nematodes........................................7
Parasitism—Trichostrongyle...............................21
Parasitism—Trichuris sp.......................................5
Parasitism—Coccidia..........................................23
Parasitism—Cryptosporidium parvum...................4
Rumen Acidosis....................................................6
Total..................................................................121
RESPIRATORY
Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes...............5
Pneumonia—Bibersteinia trehalosi........................3
Pneumonia—Mycoplasma sp................................3
Pneumonia—Parasite Migration...........................3
Pneumonia—Respiratory Syncytial Virus.............1
Pneumonia—Undetermined/Other....................11
Pneumonia—Lungworm......................................8
Total....................................................................50
SPECIAL SENSES
Pinkeye—Chlamydia sp........................................1
INTEGUMENTARY
Mastitis—Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus....2
Mastitis—Mycoplasma sp......................................2
Mastitis—Staphylococcus aureus...........................6
Skin Abscess/Dermatitis—Corynebacterium
Skin Abscess/Dermatitis—Bacterial......................3
Skin Disease—Other.............................................5
Total....................................................................25
WHOLE BODY
Copper Toxicosis..................................................2
Neoplasm..............................................................5
Nutritional deficiency—Other..............................8
Septicemia—Mycoplasma sp.................................3
Systemic illness—Other........................................4
Taxus sp. Toxicosis................................................4
Toxic Plant Toxicosis............................................4
Total..................................................................120
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthritis—Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus...3
Arthritis—Mycoplasma sp.....................................4
Arthritis—Undetermined......................................2
Total......................................................................9
NERVOUS
Nervous Disease—Undetermined/Noninfectious....5
Polioencephalomalacia—Thiamine Responsive...8
Total....................................................................13
31
Goat—Cases of special interest
Clostridium
perfringens type
D
these lesions. Several species of Mycoplasma have been
identified in goats in California over the past decade,
including Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides large
colony (LC) type, M. putrefaciens, M. capricolum and a
low-pathogenic secondary invader in pneumonia, M. arginini. The latter is a common environmental organism
also found as a secondary invader in cattle pneumonia.
Since CAHFS does not have the capability to speciate
goat Mycoplasma, other than M. arginini, isolates are
sent out of state at an extra charge when requested by
the submitter.
enterotoxemia in goats
C
lostridium perfringens type D infection is a wellrecognized cause of death in sheep, and is often
associated with a sudden ration change to a
feed containing more fermentable carbohydrates. This
dietary change can permit proliferation of Clostridium
perfringens type D in the intestine with the production
of epsilon toxin, which is absorbed producing acute
systemic vascular effects. In goats, Clostridium
perfringens type D enterotoxemia is less frequently
diagnosed and can present with acute, subacute and
chronic forms. In 2009, CAHFS confirmed Clostridium
perfringens type D enterotoxemia in goats submitted
utilizing the Clostridium perfringens toxin ELISA assay
on intestinal contents in conjunction with compatible
pathology and clinical history. Four cases of acute death
due to type D enterotoxemia were identified in goat
kids less than 2 months old from herds experiencing
additional losses with similar symptoms. The lesions in
these acute cases ranged from brain edema similar to the
disease in lambs to several cases with enteritis. In adult
goats, both acute and subacute forms of the disease were
identified. Several goat dairies with a clinical history of
diarrhea and feed refusal had multiple deaths. In two
of the adult lactating does submitted with a history
of sudden death, one had lesions of brain edema and
fluid-filled intestines and the other had fibrinous
inflammation of the cecum. A slightly more prolonged
clinical course of several days duration was reported
in three other submitted adult does that had lesions
of necrotizing fibrinous enterocolitis. Information
concerning possible ration changes and vaccination
status was not provided in these cases, although two
of the adults had recently freshened.
Mycoplasma
M
In 2009, 13 cases involved 16 goats from which Mycoplasma was isolated. These goats originated from 12
premises. Polyarthritis with septicemia was found in six
goat kids, ranging from 4 to 12 weeks of age from four
premises. One of the kids also had pleuritis, peritonitis
and pericarditis, while another had a mild Mycoplasma
joint infection. Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides LC
type (Mmm-LC) was isolated and identified from one
case involving two kids. The other four kids had Mycoplasma growth from multiple sites, typical of Mmm-LC,
but those cases were not speciated. Mycoplasma was
isolated from milk or mammary gland tissue from four
does on two cases. Three of four does had moderate
to severe pneumonia, and two of three had pleuritis.
The isolate from the milk on one case was confirmed
as Mmm-LC. One adult Boer wether had severe swelling of the head and neck, with cellulitis and myositis
due to Mmm-LC. The goat also had pleuropneumonia
due to Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella sp. and
Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Of the remaining five goats
from five premises, three had pneumonia and two had
aspirated feed. Mycoplasma was isolated only from the
lung with other bacterial respiratory pathogens in three
goats. Two of three goats had severe copper deficiency
and the third had Johne’s disease. The lung isolates
were speciated in two goats, and both were M. arginini.
The presentations of these 13 cases is typical of goat
Mycoplasma infections with polyarthritis and septicemia
in young kids, pleuropneumonia and mastitis in adult
does, and environmental Mycoplasma in pneumonia
associated with Mannheimia, Bibersteinia and Arcanobacterium or from aspiration. Infections can spread among
lactating does by exposure to Mycoplasma-contaminated
milking equipment. Young animals become infected
by ingesting Mycoplasma-contaminated colostrum or
milk. Since some animals may become carriers for
Mycoplasma, exposure of naive animals to affected
animals may result in herd outbreaks.
infections in goats
ycoplasma infection can cause severe and
sometimes fatal infections in goats of all ages.
Several species of Mycoplasma have been
isolated from goats in California, but the most common one is Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides large
colony (Mmm-LC). This organism has been renamed
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp capricolum. Mycoplasma
infections in goats present as septicema, pneumonia,
mastitis, polyarthritis or conjunctivitis. The more severe
infections often have a combination of two or more of
32
distribution of equine submissions
33
Equine diagnoses
CARDIOVASCULAR
Cardiovascular Disease—Noninfectious...............5
Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined............13
Cardiovascular Disease—Infectious Agent...........2
Major Vessel Rupture............................................6
Total....................................................................26
INTEGUMENTARY
Dermatitis—Habronema sp...................................5
Hoof Disorder.......................................................5
Integumentary Disease—Infectious....................11
Integumentary Disease—Noninfectious...............8
Integumentary Disease—Undetermined.............19
Skin Abscess—Corynebacterium
Skin Neoplasm....................................................53
Total..................................................................110
DIGESTIVE
Colitis—Clostridium difficile.................................4
Colitis—Steroid....................................................1
Colon Impaction—Enterolith/ Sand...................15
Endoparasitism—Strongyle..................................1
Enteric Disease—Bacteria...................................16
Enteric Disease—Infectious Agent.......................5
Enteric Disease—Ischemia....................................2
Enteric Disease—Rotavirus..................................4
Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type B...1
Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type C..4
Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens..............4
Equine Serum Hepatitis........................................1
Gastrointestinal Neoplasm....................................9
Gastrointestinal Rupture/ Dilation—
Noninfectious..................................................21
Hepatitis—Infectious Agent..................................8
Intestinal Obstruction/Displacement..................33
Liver Disease—Toxic............................................4
Liver Disease—Undetermined..............................7
Oral Disease—Undetermined...............................5
Total..................................................................169
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthropathy—Undetermined................................3
Bone Disease.........................................................8
Carpal Fracture—Trauma...................................38
Femur Fracture.....................................................5
Humerus Fracture—Trauma...............................11
Joint Luxation—Trauma.....................................15
Laminitis.............................................................17
Ligament Rupture—Trauma.................................5
Metacarpus Fracture—Trauma...........................45
Metatarsus Fracture—Trauma............................10
Muscle Disease—Infectious..................................3
Muscle Disease—Noninfectious...........................8
Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined............3
P1 Fracture—Trauma..........................................17
P2 Fracture—Trauma............................................1
Pelvis Fracture—Trauma......................................9
Proximal Sesamoid Fracture—Trauma.............102
Radius Fracture—Trauma.....................................3
Rib Fracture—Trauma..........................................1
Scapula Fracture—Trauma...................................8
Skull Fracture—Trauma.......................................8
Suspensory Apparatus Failure—Trauma..............7
Tarsus Fracture—Trauma.....................................2
Tendon Injury—Trauma.......................................3
Tibia Fracture—Trauma........................................5
Vertebra Fracture—Trauma..................................8
White Muscle Disease—Selenium Deficiency......2
Total..................................................................351
ENDOCRINE
Cushing’s Disease..................................................3
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm...................................2
Total......................................................................5
HEMOLYMPHATIC
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis—
high seropositive..............................................57
Hemolymphatic Disease—Undetermined.............3
Hemolymphatic Neoplasm...................................9
Lymph Node Abscess—Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis.............................................26
Lymph Node Abscess—Bacterial..........................6
Total..................................................................101
continued
34
Equine DIAGNOSES • CONTINUED
NERVOUS
Encephalitis—Halicephalobus deletrix...................1
Equine Protozoal Myelitis—Sarcocystis neurona...7
Meningitis—Bacterial...........................................1
Nervous Disease—Equine Herpesvirus 1,
Neuropathogenic...............................................1
Nervous Disease—Undetermined.......................16
Nervous Disease—West Nile Virus.....................17
Peripheral Neuropathy..........................................3
Spinal Cord Injury................................................8
Wobbler Syndrome—Compression......................2
Total....................................................................56
WHOLE BODY
Anaphylaxis..........................................................2
Congenital Disorder..............................................2
Disseminated Mineralization—Undetermined.....1
Emaciation............................................................2
Leptospirosis—Leptospira sp................................3
Malignant Edema—Bacterial................................4
Metabolic Bone Disease........................................4
Metastatic Neoplasm.............................................6
Navel Ill—Bacteria................................................3
Nutritional Deficiency..........................................4
Oleander Toxicosis................................................9
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis...........................1
Shock....................................................................3
Strychnine Toxicosis.............................................1
Sudden Death—Trauma........................................6
Systemic Infection—Infectious Agent..................3
Systemic Protozoal Infection—Theileria equi.......1
Taxus sp. Toxicosis................................................1
Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................1
Total..................................................................132
RESPIRATORY
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome...................3
Arytenoid syndrome.............................................1
Equine Influenza—Equine Influenzavirus A2......3
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage...........3
Pneumonia—Parasitic..........................................2
Pneumonia—Noninfectious.................................2
Pneumonia—Rhodococcus equi.............................3
Pneumonia—Streptococcus equi subsp.
zooepidemicus...................................................18
Pulmonary Silicosis...............................................1
Respiratory Neoplasm...........................................4
Upper Respiratory Disease—Infectious................7
Total....................................................................86
SPECIAL SENSES
Equine Recurrent Uveitis—Leptospira sp.............8
Ocular Disorder—Infectious.................................2
Ocular Neoplasm..................................................3
Total....................................................................13
UROGENITAL
Abortion—Bacterial............................................10
Abortion—Equine Herpesvirus 1.........................1
Abortion—Leptospira sp.......................................1
Abortion—Noninfectious.....................................7
Renal Disease—Undetermined.............................3
Urogenital Disease—Undetermined.....................9
Urogenital Neoplasm............................................5
Urolithiasis—Urolith............................................2
Uterine Disease—Bacterial....................................4
Total....................................................................65
35
EQUINE—Cases of special interest
Clostridium perfringens type C
and Clostridium difficile combined
animals. C. difficile (typed as A-/B+ by PCR) was isolated
from the small intestine in four out of the six cases.
Clostridium perfringens type C is one of the most
important agents of enteritis in newborn foals. C.
difficile is now recognized as an important cause of
enterocolitis in horses of all ages. While infections by
C. perfringens type C or C. difficile are frequently seen
in foals, we are not aware of any report describing
combined infection by these two bacteria in foals.
enterotyphlocolitis in foals
S
ix foals, between 1 day and 1 week old, were
submitted for postmortem examination to CAHFS’
San Bernardino laboratory. All had clinical
histories of colic and diarrhea, followed by acute death.
None of these animals had received antimicrobials.
Postmortem examination revealed hemorrhagic and
necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis. Histologically, the
superficial mucosa of the small intestine and colon
had diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage and was covered
by a pseudomembrane. Thrombosis was observed in
mucosal vessels. C. perfringens beta toxin was detected
in small intestine and/or colon contents of five of the
animals, and C. difficile toxins A/B were detected in
the intestinal content of four of the foals by ELISA. C.
perfringens (identified as type C by PCR) was isolated
from the small intestine and/or colon of five of these
This report suggests a possible synergism of C.
perfringens type C and C. difficile in foal enterocolitis.
Because none of the foals had received antibiotic
therapy, the predisposing factor for the C. difficile
infection remains undetermined. It is possible that the
C. perfringens infection acted as a predisposing factor
for C. difficile, or vice versa. This report also stresses the
need to perform a complete diagnostic work up in all
cases of foal digestive disease, even when one causative
agent has already been identified.
36
Highlights
Development and application of a
test for the mushroom toxin,
alpha-amanitin
a species containing amanitin. A rapid LC-MS/MS/
MS method was developed by our laboratory for the
detection of alpha-amanitin in serum, urine, liver and
kidneys.5 The availability of a specific and sensitive
analytical test has resulted in our ability to confirm
amanitin intoxication in a number of animal cases.
H
uman and canine exposure to potentially
toxic mushrooms is relatively common. In
2007, the American Association of Poison
Control Centers (AAPCC) reported a total of ~ 7,700
calls related to mushroom exposure. The difficulty for
the clinician is that rapid and proper identification of
ingested mushrooms occurs infrequently. For example,
a specific mushroom was not identified in ~ 84 percent
of the calls to the AAPCC. Fortunately, in the majority
of human cases, adverse effects are uncommon. No
human fatalities were reported in 2007, and only 35
cases resulted in major adverse effects. Presumably, this
is also true for animal exposures, although good data are
lacking. While most mushroom ingestions are benign,
some mushrooms contain hepatotoxic cyclopeptides
that, when ingested, cause life-threatening effects due
to liver damage. Worldwide, most human fatalities
following mushroom ingestion are associated with those
containing hepatotoxic cyclopeptides.
Amanitin can be detected in urine before the onset of
clinical signs. Therefore, urine is the preferred specimen
for antemortem testing. Unfortunately, urine amanitin
concentrations do not correlate with the severity of
clinical signs and are not predictive of case outcome.
Kidney tissue is a preferred postmortem sample, since
amanitins are found at higher concentrations and
persist for longer periods in kidneys, compared to
liver. Interestingly, in one case involving the deaths
of a bitch and her 3-week-old puppy, amanitin was
detected in a deparaffinized kidney tissue sample. Thus,
retrospective assessment of exposure, in the absence of
urine or fresh tissue samples, is possible.
Since 2005, a total of 34 cases (35 individuals) positive
for alpha-amanitin were identified by CAHFS. All cases
except three involved dogs, two cases involved cats,
and a case in 2009 involved a calf. Twenty-seven of the
34 cases originated within California. California cases
were primarily from central coastal and Sierra foothill
counties where toxic Amanita spp. are commonly
found. The majority of cases occurred between May
and June, although fall and winter months were also
represented. The largest percentage of affected dogs
was less than 1 year of age (ranging from 3 weeks to 13
years). In many cases, there was no known mushroom
ingestion. In those cases in which a mushroom was
known to have been ingested, clinical signs occurred
as soon as 12 hours post-ingestion. The most common
presenting signs were non-specific and included acute
onset of lethargy, vomiting and diarrhea. Consistent
clinical pathologic changes included high ALT values
(ranging from 542 to 20,213 U/L, low glucose—as low
as 19 mg/dl) and prolonged prothrombin and partial
thromboplastin times. Fifteen of 21 dogs for which
information was available died or were euthanized; six
dogs recovered. Both cats and the calf died or were
euthanized. The most consistent postmortem lesion
in those animals for which a necropsy was performed
was panlobular hepatic necrosis, although significant
gastrointestinal and renal lesions were noted in a
number of cases, as well.
Hepatotoxic cyclopeptide-containing species include
the Amanita spp. (~ 9 species), Galerina spp. (~ 9
species) and Lepiota spp. (up to 24 species). In North
America, Amanita spp., especially A. phalloides (death
cap or death angel), are most commonly implicated
in causing significant disease in humans. In Eastern
Europe, Galerina sulpices is considered to be the species
most often associated with mortality. Data specific to
animals is lacking. However, based upon a series of
documented cases at CAHFS laboratory, Amanita spp.
(A. phalloides and A. ocreata) were the most commonly
involved in intoxications. Both species are common
in California and are associated with coast liveoak
(Quercus agrifolia), but are also found in other regions
of the United States.
A number of analytical procedures have been
developed to detect amanitins. ELISA assays hold
promise for rapid detection of the toxins, although
such tests are not widely available in clinical settings.
In veterinary medicine, the confirmation of amanitin
intoxication has historically been difficult in the absence
of a history of ingestion of a mushroom and subsequent
positive identification of the ingested mushroom as
37
Highlights • CONTINUED
signs included nasal discharge, wet cough, anorexia,
excess salivation, and lethargy. At the time of sampling,
the two remaining cheetahs in the facility had already
recovered from their respiratory illness and were not
sampled.
References
Bronstein A.C., Spyker D.., Cantilena, Jr., L.R. et al.
(2008). 2007 annual report of the American
Association of Poison Control Centers’ National
Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th annual report.
Clin Toxicol 46:927-1057.
Full genome sequencing of one of the isolates showed
that it did not have any unique differences from the
H1N1pdm viruses isolated from humans. This case
highlights the potential of H1N1pdm viruses to pass
from humans or other domestic species into exotic
species, resulting in severe consequences for zoological
parks and collections where animals have potential
exposure to a large number of human visitors. This
case also demonstrates the significant role the CAHFS
laboratory plays in surveillance for new and emerging
pathogens.
Goldfrank L.R. (2006). Mushrooms. In Goldfrank’s
Toxicologic Emergencies, Flomenbaum NE,
Howland, MA, Goldfrank LR, Lewin, NA,
Hoffman, RS, Nelson, LS (eds). McGraw-Hill,
New York, pp. 1564-1576.
Enjalbert F., Rapior S., Nouguier-Soule J., et al.
(2002). Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20year retrospective analysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol
40:715-757.
Puschner B. (2007). Mushroom toxins. In Veterinary
Toxicology Basic and Applied Principles, Gupta, RC
(ed). Elsevier, pp. 915-925.
FERN chemistry update
T
he CAHFS Toxicology Section has been a recipient
of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
United States Department of Agriculture’s Food
Emergency Response Network (FERN) Cooperative
Agreement grant for the past five years. The grant
provides funding for supplies, personnel and equipment
in exchange for participation as a center of expertise for
methods to analyze foods for potential contamination
with toxic substances. The CAHFS Toxicology Section
also serves as an emergency response laboratory,
expanding the government’s analytical capabilities and
capacity to respond to potential terrorist attacks on the
nation’s food supply.
During 2009, the CAHFS Toxicology Section
performed several dozen melamine analyses on
imported food samples from Asia, participated in a
proficiency trial for fluoroacetate in apple juice, and
assisted in verification of the FERN ICP-MS (metals
analysis) method in a variety of new food matrices.
CAHFS provided expertise with selected toxic chemicals
which expanded the list of analytes in the existing
FERN toxin screens, as well as providing the associated
validation support for several food matrices.
Filigenzi M.S., Poppenga R.H., Tiwary A.K., et al.
(2007). Determination of alpha-amanitin in
serum and liver by multistage linear ion trap mass
spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 55:2784-2790.
Novel H1N1 Influenza A virus
infection in a captive cheetah in
California
I
n November 2009, the California Animal Health
and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory detected
the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus (H1N1pdm)
in a privately owned cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).
Presumptive diagnosis was made using the real-time
PCR protocols provided by the National Animal Health
Laboratory Network (NAHLN) under the approved
protocol deviation for testing samples originating from
non-porcine species.
The positive PCR results were confirmed by virus
isolation, followed by complete genome sequence
analysis of the pandemic virus isolate performed
by collaborators at the St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital. The two nasal swab samples tested were
obtained under the guidance of a public health worker
two to three days after the onset of the clinical signs
from “cheetah A,” and four to six days after onset of
clinical signs from companion “cheetah B.” Clinical
The CAHFS Toxicology Section has the goal of using
a subset of basic analytical methods for a wide variety of
foods, ensuring detection of as many toxic compounds
as possible. This work is done under the direction
of FDA’s Forensic Chemistry Center in Cincinnati,
Ohio, and in coordination with 13 other Cooperative
38
Highlights • CONTINUED
identify new diseases and trends in disease incidence.
Following the transition to the University of California
management in 1987, an avian residency program
was established. Since then, the Fresno laboratory has
trained 11 avian medicine residents – eight of which
are now board certified by the American College of
Poultry Veterinarians. CAHFS-trained residents now
work in a variety of positions nationally, including
laboratory diagnosticians (2), USDA avian specialists
(3), commercial biologic/pharmaceutical industry
poultry specialists (2), and teachers (2).Two of the
resident trainees are currently pursuing advanced
degrees. In the 1990s an expanded avian virus isolation
capability was established at the Fresno laboratory to
serve as a reference site for the entire CAHFS system.
This capability and astute diagnosticians at Fresno
provided the rapid diagnosis of exotic Newcastle disease
in 1998 in a backyard flock in Fresno before it had time
to spread. In 2001 new techniques were introduced
at CAHFS to characterize infectious bronchitis virus
isolates, which resulted in identification of a new
strain in 2006. The Fresno virology unit was critical in
the isolation, characterization and association of the
disease impact of some low-pathogenic avian influenza
virus strains. From 2001 to 2009, some noteworthy
contributions were made, including:
Agreement Program (CAP) laboratories representing
state, local health and agricultural agencies. CAHFS is
actively assisting the California Department of Public
Health, which is a new CAP member, with FERN
instrumentation and methods training and support.
In 2009, FERN provided two new pieces of
equipment: a new Agilent Rapid Resolution Liquid
Chromatograph, which allows samples to be analyzed at
higher pressures and faster flow rates on the LC-MS/MS;
and a Programmable Temperature and Pressure (PTV)
inlet for the GC-MS that allows better manipulation
of sample injections. Since 2005, the FERN grant has
awarded CAHFS with more than $750,000 in critical
instrumentation.
lab closure
CAHFS Fresno laboratory closes
I
n July 2009, the California Animal Health and Food
Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) closed its Fresno
facility in order to meet a budget deficit while
maintaining the critical services required by regulatory
partners and California animal agriculture industries.
Services provided by the Fresno laboratory at the time
of closure were redirected to other laboratories in the
CAHFS system. Although CAHFS lost many long-time
and valued employees, the system was fortunate to retain
three Fresno faculty members. The Fresno laboratory
began operation under the California Department of
Food and Agriculture in 1951 and was transferred to
the University of California, Davis, in 1987 as part of
the California Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System.
• contributions to 75 publications and 13 book
chapters;
• contributions to the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle
disease outbreak taskforce by providing technical
expertise and support;
• key participation in the joint USDA-CDFA 20082009 bovine tuberculosis taskforce, providing
critical rapid turnaround of gamma interferon
testing with more than 18,000 tests performed;
• enhanced rapid detection and diagnosis of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine strains;
• identification of Muscovy duck parvovirus in the
United States for the first time; and
• initiation and partnership in the identification of
a novel bornavirus as the agent associated with
proventricular dilatation disease.
The Fresno laboratory personnel were devoted
to assisting the animal industries in California, and
sharing their knowledge and expertise throughout the
United States and internationally. They made significant
contributions to disease eradication, management and
control in California, and disseminated new knowledge.
The personnel and their efforts will be missed.
In the 1950s, the Fresno laboratory was heavily
involved in performing the high-volume serology for
the state/federal Brucellosis program in cattle, which
continued through 2009. In addition, it was the site
of high-volume serology testing aimed at eradication
of Salmonella pullorum and S. typhimurium in poultry.
Poultry Mycoplasma testing was added in the late 1950s.
During the 1960s, a virus isolation unit was added and
was critical in the diagnosis of many economically
important diseases in cattle before the advent of the
rapid test methods used today. In the mid 1960s, poultry
necropsy work began to increase and new capabilities
were added to identify Mycoplasma and recognize
other poultry pathogens. This was a time when the
working relationship of the laboratory with the poultry
industry was expanded to form a close partnership to
39
WILDLIFE
Pelican die-off
Deer die-off
even brown pelicans were submitted to the
California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory System in Davis for necropsy to
determine the cause of a die-off. More than 500 brown
pelicans died or were euthanized in extremis from
December 2008 to February of 2009 along the California
coast. Complete diagnostic work-ups were performed,
which included necropsy examinations, histopathology
and testing for: aerobic bacteria, Salmonella, botulinum
toxin, avian influenza and exotic Newcastle disease,
heavy metals, selenium, vitamin E, domoic acid,
saxitoxin, chlamydophila, viruses, organochlorine
pesticides, pentobarbital, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), cholinesterase inhibitor compounds and
anticoagulants. Tissues from six additional pelicans were
submitted for histopathology. Necropsy examination
revealed that six of seven birds had necrosis of the
pouches, distal digits, and interdigital web compatible
with frostbite. Three of seven birds had hypoperfusion
of the lungs, suggestive of anemia. One had fungal
pneumonia, and one had fungal invasion of necrotic
digits/webs. In early December, more than 3,000 brown
pelicans were noted to have stayed on islands near the
mouth of the Columbia River, at the northern extent
of their traditional range. The longest and most severe
cold weather event in the Pacific Northwest in 75 years
subjected them to more than a week of subfreezing
weather and periodic high winds. As a result, many
experienced hypothermia and sustained hypothermic
injuries that lead to exhaustion, secondary infections,
and malnutrition. Many of the pelicans examined died
or were euthanized as a result of injuries caused by
delayed and forced migration, and exposure to harsh
weather at the northern extreme of their range.
ore than 200 deer died between March and
June of 2009 in resident mule deer herds in
Tuolumne County near Yosemite National
Park. Ten deer were submitted to the California Animal
Health and Food Safety Laboratory System in Davis
for necropsy and/or histopathology. Deer were from
herds experiencing hair loss from which an exotic
louse, Bovicula tibialis, was identified. Diagnostic
work-up included: ELISA for clostridial alpha, beta and
epsilon toxin; culture for Salmonella, aerobic bacteria
and Mycoplasma; PCR for West Nile virus (WNV),
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic
Disease virus (EHDV); and immunochemistry for
adenovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and
coronavirus; serology for antibodies to EHD and BT
viruses; cholinesterase activity in the brain; nitrate
screen; heavy metal and selenium analysis; and direct
electron microscopy for enteric viruses.
S
M
In addition to pediculosis in some deer, the most
significant findings were selenium deficiency in nine
of 10 and copper deficiency in eight of 10. Other
findings included verminous pneumonia in nine of 10,
myocarditis in four of 10, mild encephalitis in two of 10,
and vasculitis in two of 10. Body hair and serum were
analyzed for copper and selenium from five live deer
that were captured from a herd experiencing mortality
and hair loss in the region. All five serum samples had
copper levels within the acceptable range for deer,
but copper levels in all hair samples were suboptimal.
All whole blood and hair samples had suboptimal
selenium levels. Copper and selenium deficiencies were
highly associated with hair loss and pediculosis in this
mortality event.
40
Statement of Funding and Workload/ Tests—2009
Tests Performed by Species Group
Calendar Year 2009
Statement of Funding and Workload
Fiscal Year 2008/2009
Funding
Avian........................................................ Number
Chicken...............................................158,736
Game Bird..................................................882
Other Avian...........................................24,295
Psittacine.................................................8,685
Ratite..........................................................180
Turkey....................................................49,024
General Fund....................................$12,348,859
Federal Brucella Contract......................$190,052
Fee-Generated Revenue......................$2,434,002
Milk and Dairy Contract........................$595,846
END/AHMSP..........................................$324,315
Homeland Security Equipment Grant....$609,400
Total Funding...................................$16,502,474
Subtotal....................................................241,802
NEW TESTS—2009
Mammalian
Bovine.................................................871,925
Caprine.................................................16,598
Equine...................................................35,153
Ovine....................................................11,246
Porcine....................................................8,574
Drugs of Abuse Screen by LC-MS/MS...........$150
Necropsy Exam—Small Animal....................$450
Histology of Field Necropsy—Small Animal...$325
Clostridium perfingens immunohistochemistry....$25
Mycoplasma bovis immunohistochemistry.........$25
Novel H1N1-Matrix PCR—Non-Porcine........$40
Novel H1N1-N1 PCR—Non-Procine..............$40
Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease
Virus—RNA-qRT PCR.................................$30
Realtime PCR for Salmonella Grp D...........$17.25
Salmonella PCR..........................................$13.28
Subtotal....................................................943,496
Other Mammalian
Camelid...................................................9,625
Canine....................................................3,092
Cervid.....................................................1,778
Feline.........................................................776
Lagamorph..............................................1,262
Other Mammalian....................................7,846
Tests Performed by Discipline
Calendar Year 2009
Bacteriology................................................50,791
Biotechnology..............................................26,012
Clinical Pathology...............................................91
Histology...................................................169,245
ImmunoHistoChemistry...................................5,723
Immunology...............................................933,883
Milk Quality.................................................54,308
Parasitology...................................................3,287
Pathology....................................................11,792
Toxicology...................................................14,028
TSE...............................................................6,011
Virology......................................................10,280
Total.......................................................1,285,451
Subtotal......................................................12,976
Other
Amphibian......................................................4
Fish............................................................241
Mixed.........................................................566
Reptile........................................................391
Subtotal........................................................1,202
Non-Animal...........................................65,588
Unknown.................................................8,984
Grand Total............................................1,285,451
41
2009 Professional recognition
Awards, Certifications, Degrees, Boards
Received by Faculty and Staff Members
CAHFS Rewards &
Recognition Awardees
25-Year UC Service Award
Abel Bermudez, Davis
Megan Yarbrough, Fresno
Jillian Van De Merghel, San Bernardino
Michelle Villanueva, Davis
John Tahara, Davis
Ashley Dunleavy, Davis
Jamie Deuel, Davis
Shannon Schemel, Davis
Michelle Davidson, Davis
Jamie Hall, Turlock
Ben Moeller, Davis
Annaliza Beltran, Davis
Kathryn Lancashire, Davis
Marites DeGuzman, CAHFS, San Bernardino
Michelle Villanueva, CAHFS, Davis
Terrence Wildman, CAHFS, Davis
Pamela Wyckoff, CAHFS, Turlock
Sally Channing-Santiago, CAHFS, Turlock
Julie Reeder, CAHFS, Turlock
Kristin Lomas, CAHFS, Davis
John Tahara, CAHFS, Davis
Nanette Ehrke, CAHFS, Davis
Muhummad Ilyas, Tulare
Thomson Reuters’ ScienceWatch® named highly
cited article as a featured Fast Breaking Paper:
Filigenzi, M.S., Puschner B., Aston, L.S., Poppenga,
R.H. Diagnostic determination of melamine and
related compounds in kidney tissue by liquid
chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
J Agric Food Chem, 56(17): 7593-9.
James Ray, CAHFS, Tulare
Laura Torchin, CAHFS, Davis
Dr. Motoko Mukai – American Board of Veterinary Toxicology / American Society for Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals Poison Control Center 2009 Graduate Student / Trainee Award to attend 2009 American
Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians annual meeting.
Dr. Hailu Kinde – 2009 Trek award for excellence in Diagnostic Veterinary Microbiology
Dr. Sharon Hietala – 2009 EP Pope Award from the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians
American College of Veterinary Pathology board certification:
Dr. Asli Mete
Dr. Joaquin Ortega
Dr. Birgit Puschner – 2009 Pfizer Animal Health Distinguished Teaching Award, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of California, Davis
Dr. Birgit Puschner – 2009 Favorite Faculty Award, Veterinary Students – Class of 2009; School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of California, Davis
Dr. Lucy Anthenill – received her Ph.D.
Dr. Simone Stoute – American College of Poultry Veterinarians board certification
42
Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members
Diagnosticians Conference (AAVLD)-52nd
Annual, October, San Diego, CA
Woods, L., Higgins, R., Joseph, V., Filigenzi,
M., Puschner, B. Ronidiazole toxicosis in three
Society Finches (Lonchura striata).
Shahriar, F. Escherichia fergusoni enteritis in a goat.
Tor, E., Puschner, B., Filigenzi, M., Aston, L.,
and Poppenga, R. Detection of tetrodotoxin in
GI and kidney samples by LC-MS/MS.
Poppenga, R., Puschner, B., Tiwary, A., Mukai,
M., Chhetri, B., and Filigenzi, M. Amanitin
intoxication in dogs: 2005 – 2009.
Crossley, B.; Jackwood, D., Woods, L., Kinde,
H., and Hietala, S. Bench validation of a high
throughput realtime RT PCR assay to detect very
virulent Infectious Bursal Disease virus.
Mayo, C., Crossley, B., Hietala, S., Breitmeyer,
R., Palmer, C., Gardner, I. and MacLachlan, J.
Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus and infection
among ruminants in California.
Brito, B., Crossley, B. and Hietala, S. Bluetongue
Virus control in California sheep using PCR
based detection of the virus in Culicoides spp.
Holser, I., Melton, L., Aston, L. and Poppenga,
R. Overview of lead isotope ratios in lead sources
and exposed raptors.
Mukai, M., Russell, N., Boyd, R., Doescher,
B. and Poppenga, R. Unusual cases of Nerium
oleander toxicosis: A dog and a sea lion
Poppenga, R. (AAVLD/NAHLN Laboratory
Directors Committee Meeting) A sustainable
formula for delivering quality diagnostic
toxicology services.
American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics-16th Biennial Symposium,
June, Rockville, Maryland
Knych, H., McKemie, D. and Stanley,
S. Development of an in vitro system for
characterization of CYP450 mediated drug
metabolism in the horse liver.
American Association of Avian Pathologists
(AAAP) Conference/AVMA-146th Annual, July,
Seattle Washington
Stoute, S. Determination of the prevalence of
Pigeon Circovirus in California squab.
Franca, M.S., Crespo, R., Chin, R., PantinJackwood, M., Day, M., Woolcock, P. and
Shivaprasad, H.L. Nonsuppurative myocarditis
in turkeys in California: A retrospective study of
forty five cases.
Woolcock, P., Cardona, C., Yu, M., Chin, R.,
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Charlton, B.
and Kinde, H. Investigations into the genotype
of the S1 gene and the tissue distribution of a
unique IBV strain present in the United States.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Yu, M. and
Woolcock, P. Unusual lesions of nephritis
associated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus in
game chickens.
Hietala, S.K. NAHLN Panel: Disease outbreak
response diagnostic laboratory lessons learned.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Pantin-Jackwood, M.,
Woolcock, P., Zsak, L., Briese, T., Honkavuori, K.
and Lipkin, I. Turkey viral hepatitis: A search for
the elusive cause.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Chin, R. and
Crespo, R. Amyloid arthropathy associated with
various bacteria in Brown Leghorn chickens.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Yu, M. and
Woolcock, P. Unusual lesions of nephritis
associated with infectious Bronchitis virus
chickens.
Ramirez-Nieto, G.C., Kim, Ch., Lillehoj, H., Song,
H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Gomez-Osorio, I.G. and
Perez, D.R. Increased pathogenicity and altered
host responses after adaptation of a Mallard
H5N2 LPAI in IBDV pre-exposed chickens.
Shivaprasad H.L. (Histopathology
interest group) Unusual lesions of avian
encephalomyelitis in chicks; Blastocystosis
in Poultry; Otitis media associated with
Cryptosporidium baileyi in a Saker Falcon
and Cutaneous mucinosis in Brown Leghorn
chickens.
American Association of Equine Practitioners
Annual Conference-56th, December, Las Vegas,
NV
Anthenill, L.A. Palmar lesions and trabecular
bone compaction likely precede proximal
sesamoid bone midbody fractures in
Thoroughbred racehorses.
American Dairy Science Association and American
Society of Animal Science, Joint meeting, July,
Montreal, Canada
( Presentations continued)
43
(Presentations continued)
Kenyon, A.G., Resende D.F., Moeller, R.B.,
Bruno, R.G.S. An outbreak investigation of
protothecal mastitis in lactating Jersey cows.
Aquatic Medicine Seminar, Shark Reef Aquarium,
February, Las Vegas, NV
Puschner, B. What’s going on in a veterinary
toxicology laboratory?
Association of Avian Vets (AAV) Conference,
August, Milwaukee, WI
Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Honkahuori,
K., Briese, T. and Lipkin, W.I. Proventricular
dilatation disease associated with Bornavirus in
Psittacines.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Polyomavirus infection in
canaries.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Unusual cases of chlamydiosis
in psittacines.
Shivaprasad, H.L. and Bonda, M. Diabetes
mellitus in an adult Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara
Ararauna).
Shivaprasad, H.L. (Masters Class) Avian
integument: Anatomy and diseases.
Shivaprasad, H.L. (Pathology Forum) Otitis
media associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi in
a Saker Falcon.
Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities
Conference, February, Memphis, TN
Moeller, B. Practical aspects of quantitation using
triple quadrupole mass spectrometers.
Avian and Exotic Medicine Symposium, 24th
Annual, March, Davis, CA
Woods, L. Toxicology of companion avian
species
Shivaprasad, H. L. Association between
proventricular dilatation disease and Bornavirus
in psittacines
Avian Comparative Pathology Continuing
Education Course sponsored by ANECA,
December, Puebla, Mexico
Senties-Cue, G.C. Main toxic diseases of birds.
Senties-Cue, G.C. and Charlton, B.R.
Mycoplasma and gram negative bacterial diseases
of birds.
Senties-Cue, G.C. Eradication of exotic
Newcastle disease in Southern California.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Nutritional disease of poultry.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Metabolic diseases of poultry.
Shivaprasad, H.L. A brief overview of Hepatitis
E virus, Infectious Bronchitis virus and Infectious
Laryngotracheitis virus infections in poultry.
Brazilian Conference on Veterinary Pathology
and CL Davis Foundation Brazilian Chapter
Meeting, October, Águas de Lindoia, Brazil
Woods, L. History of discovery of newly
emerging disease: Adenovirus hemorrhagic
disease.
Woods, L. Emerging diseases in wildlife.
Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: Avian wildlife
diseases.
Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: mammalian
wildlife diseases.
Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: Zoonotic
diseases associated with wildlife.
California Cattlemen’s Association (CCA) Cattle
Health Committee
Kinde, H. CAHFS update, annual meeting,
November, Sparks, NV
Blanchard, P. Brief CAHFS laboratory update,
CCA mid-year meeting, June, Coalinga, CA
Gross Pathology Workshop for Meat and
Poultry Inspectors, October, Tulare, CA
Moeller, R. Diseases of sheep and goats.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Diseases of poultry.
Adaska, J. Diseases of cattle.
Blanchard, P. Diseases of pigs.
Animal Health Branch Statewide Meeting,
September, Sacramento, CA
Crossley, B.M. Bench validation of a realtime PCR assay for surveillance and diagnostic
detection of very virulent Infectious Bursal
Disease virus.
Kinde, H. CAHFS Update
Poppenga, R. The state of diagnostic veterinary
toxicology in the U.S.: Are we prepared?
California Hawking Club, 38th Annual Field
Meeting, January, Bakersfield, CA
Shivaprasad, H.L. CAHFS and the services it
offers and Selected disease of raptors with special
reference to West Nile Virus.
CAHFS Industry Board Annual Meeting, Davis, CA
Crossley, B. Bench validation of a real-time PCR
assay for surveillance and diagnostic detection of
Bluetongue virus.
Crossley, B. Bench validation of a real-time PCR
44
assay for surveillance and diagnostic detection of
very virulent Infectious bursal disease virus.
California Horse Racing Board Annual Meeting,
August, Delmar, CA
Kinde, H. Annual report on postmortem findings
of horses with catastrophic fatalities.
California Milk Advisory Board – Research
Committee, August, Davis, CA
Kinde, H. Proposal for a residency at CAHFS in
food safety.
Crossley, B. Preliminary bench validation for
detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins in milk.
California Polytechnic State University Dairy
Science Class, May, San Luis Obispo, CA
Moeller, R. Selected diseases of dairy cattle.
California Veterinary Medical Association,
Agriculture subcommittee, March, Sacramento,
CA
Kinde, H. CAHFS Update.
California Wool Growers Association Annual
Meeting, September, Bakersfield, CA
Barr, B. Scrapie and Nor 98-like update.
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal and facultat
de Veterinaria, Univeristat Autonoma de
Barcelona, May, Barcelona, Spain
Shivaprasad, H.L. Principles of disease diagnosis
in a laboratory and Proventricular dilatation
disease associated with Bornavirus in psittacines.
CL Davis Gross Morbid Anatomy Course, March,
Bethesda, Maryland
Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy of wildlife
species.
College of the Sequoias Anatomy and Physiology
Class, September, Visalia, CA
Moeller, R. Cattle diseases as they apply to
anatomy and physiology.
Moeller, R. Diseases commonly seen at the
diagnostic laboratory.
Dairy Herdsmen Short course, (joint UCCE, CSU
Fresno and UCD Veterinary school) April, Tulare,
CA
Moeller, R. Selected diseases of dairy cattle.
Moeller, R. Necropsy procedures on a calf.
Ecole Nationale Veterinaire D’Alfort, Maisons
Alfort, May, Paris, France
Shivaprasad, H.L. Avian histopathology: In a
course on avian pathology.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for
Veterinary Medicine, August, Rockville, MD
Poppenga, R. The multi-faceted role of CAHFS
in the 2007 pet food recall.
Federation of Analytical Chemistry and
Spectroscopy Societies, 36th Annual Meeting,
October, Louisville, KY
Filigenzi, M., Tor, E., Poppenga, R. and
Puschner, B. Food analysis in the veterinary
toxicology laboratory.
Food Emergency Response Network (FERN)
Annual Meeting, June, Dallas, TX
Filigenzi, M.S., Tor, E.R., Puschner, B. and
Poppenga, R.H. Analyzing four melamine
analogs in one shot – a method evaluation in
food.
Food Emergency Response Network (FERN)
Technical Meeting, August, New Haven, CT
Filigenzi, M., Poppenga, R.H. and Puschner, B.
More melamine adventures.
Stump, S., Puschner, B. and Poppenga, R.H.
Experiences with T025.
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
(FADDL), Foreign Animal Disease Course,
November, Plum Island, New York
Moeller, R. Screwworms.
H1N1 Influenza Special Symposium, UC Davis
School of Veterinary Medicine, May, Davis, CA
Hietala, S.K. Veterinary diagnostic laboratory
perspective of the novel H1N1 Influenza virus.
Harper Junior High School Career Day, March,
Davis, CA
Crossley, B. Investigations on the molecular
level.
Holmes Junior High School Career Day, March,
Davis, CA
Current Research on Avian Diseases Conference,
Western University of Health Sciences,
September, Pomona, CA
Shivaprasad, H.L. West Nile virus infection in
psittacines and canaries.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Middle ear and respiratory
cryptosporidiosis in a Saker falcon.
Shivaprasad, H.L. Is Bornavirus the cause of
proventricular dilatation disease in psittacines?
Dairy Challenge Committee, February, Tulare, CA
( Presentations continued)
45
(Presentations continued)
Crossley, B. Examples of diagnostic
investigations in the veterinary field.
International Congress of the European
Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and
Therapeutics (EAVPT), July, Leipzig, Germany
Knych, H.K., Destefano Shields C.E. and Stanley,
S.D. Characterization of CYP3A mediated
metabolism in the equine liver.
Knych, H.K., Johnson, E.P., Tell, L.A. and
Stanley, S.D. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously
administered diclofenac to horses.
International Dairy Short Course, California
Polytechnic State University (SLO), Tulare, CA
Adaska, J. The role of the Animal health and
food safety laboratory in California agriculture,
March.
Blanchard, P. The role of the Animal health and
food safety laboratory in California agriculture,
June and September.
International Symposium on Avian Influenza
in Poultry and Wild Birds, 7th annual, April,
Athens, GA
Woolcock, P., Li, J., Cardona, C.J. Immunity
against avian influenza viruses emerging during
an outbreak.
Ramirez-Nieto, G., Kim, Ch., Lillehoj, H., Song,
H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Gomez-Osorio, G.,
Perez, D.R. Pathobiology and host response to a
Mallard H5N2 LPAI adapted in IBDV pre-exposed
chickens.
International Veterinary Emergency and Critical
Care Annual Meeting, September, Chicago, IL
Schildt, J., Jutkowitz, L.A., Beal, M.W.,
Poppenga, R.H., Koenigshof, A. and Hauptman,
J.G. Effect of activated charcoal alone versus
emesis and activated charcoal on carprofen
absorption following experimental overdose in
dogs.
Israel Dairy Delegation, May, Tulare, County
Moeller, R. Dairy disease problems encountered
in Tulare county.
Northern San Joaquin Valley Veterinary Medical
Association, April, Merced, CA
Moeller, R. Neonatal diseases of cattle.
Merck-Merial NIH National Veterinary Scholars
Symposium, August, Raleigh, NC
Roegner, A.R., Puschner, B., Dokmeci, M.
Khademhosseini, A. The evaluation of the novel
application of microscale co-culture as a rapid
screening in vitro assay for hepatocellular toxicity
of microcystin congeners.
Midwest Poultry Federation, March, St. Paul, MN
Charlton, B.R. A decade of experience with
Salmonella Enteritidis in California layer industry.
Mississippi State University Veterinary Medical
Association Meeting, February, Starkville, MS
Danny, M.L., Senties, G.C., Wilson, F., Hubbard,
S.A., Cummings, T., Stayer, P., Burleson, M.
and Putnam, M. Unique neurological cases in
Mississippi chickens.
(NAHLN) Methods meeting, December,
Chicago, IL
Crossley, B. EDC network
National Livestock Producers Association, August,
Davis, CA
Adaska, J. Johne’s disease with thoughts on the
potential impact on marketing.
National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP)
Conference Committee, January, Atlanta, GA
Charlton, B.R., Effinger, L., Kinde, H. PCR
detection of Group D Salmonella sp. and
Salmonella Enteritidis
Orange Belt Veterinary Medical Association, April,
Riverside, CA
Poultry Health Symposium, University of
California- Davis Extension, April, Ontario, CA
Stoute, S. Update on the prevalence of vvIBDV
status in California poultry.
Riverside County Department of Animal Services,
Animal Cruelty Task Force Meeting, October,
Moreno Valley, CA
Anthenill, L.A. California Animal Health and
Food Safety Laboratory System and animal
cruelty necropsy services.
Spanish Society of Veterinary Anatomic Pathology,
XXI Congress (Reunion del a Sociedad
Espanola de Anatomia Pathologia Veterinaria),
June, Lugo, Spain.
Martinez, J. Moeller, R., Marco, A. and
Blanchard, P. Terneros Hiena: Un Ejemplo De
intoxicacion por vitamin A (Hyena calves: An
example of vitamin A toxicity).
Symposium Miloxan sobre Enterotoxemias
(Miloxan Symposium on Enterotoxemia),
46
March, Madrid, Spain
Ortega, J. Revisi n de enfermedades nerviosas de
ovinos y caprinos (Review of nervous disease of
sheep and goats).
Trichomonas laboratory training and certification
for veterinarians and clinics, May, Tulare, CA
Blanchard P. Lecture and wet lab training on
trichomonas culture methods.
United States Animal Health Association (USAHA)
Annual Meeting, 113th, October, San Diego, CA
Barr, B. Nor 98-like Scrapie discussion and
diagnostic differences (USAHA Committee on
Scrapie).
Senties, G. Very virulent infectious bursal disease
in California: Laboratory diagnosis. (USAHA
Committee on Transmissible Disease of Poultry
and other Avian Species).
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine House
Officers Seminar Day, March, Davis, CA
Franca, M., Crespo, R., Chin, R., Woolcock.
P., Shivaprasad, H.L. Retrospective study of
nonsuppurative myocarditis in turkeys.
Stoute, S., Cardona, C., Bauer, C.R., Cooper,
G.A. and Charlton, B.R. Pigeon circovirus in
Northern California commercial squab.
UC Davis Council of Deans and Vice Chancellors,
April, Davis, CA
UC Davis Farm Club, Food Animal Symposium,
October, Davis, CA
Puschner, B. Current trends and cases in
livestock toxicology.
UC Provost’s Agricultural and Natural Resources
Review Committee, February, Davis, CA
Poppenga, R. The melamine and cyanuric acid
story: The role of CAHFS.
UC Toxic Substances Research & Training
Program, 2nd Annual Symposium, May,
Berkeley, CA
Tiwary, A.K., Puschner, B., Pessah, I.N.
Effects of the green tea compound – EGCG
(epigallacatechin gallate) on heart preparations.
University of Liege, Department of Infectious
and Parasitic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, May, Liege, Belgium
Shivaprasad, H.L. Common diseases of pigeons.
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at UCD
Residents training, May, Davis, CA
Poppenga, R. Veterinary toxicology potpourri.
Western Conference of Veterinary Diagnostic
Pathologists, October, Minneapolis, MN
Shahriar, F. Escherichia coli O78 polyarthritis
and septicemia in goats.
Western Poultry Disease Conference, 58th annual,
March, Sacramento, CA
Charlton, B.R., Cooper, G.L., Stoute, S.,
Bickford, A.A., and Senties-Cue, C.G.
Enterococcus cecorum osteomyelitis.
Stoute, S. Very virulent infectious bursal disease
in California pullets.
Stoute, S. Case report of respiratory tract
trichomoniasis in commercial pigeons.
Franca, M., Crespo, R., Chin, P., Woolcock,
P., Senties-Cue, C.G. and Shivaprasad, H.L.
Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis in turkey poults in
California.
Stoute, S., Woolcock, P., Jackwood, D., SommerWagner, S. E., Cooper, G.L., Senties,-Cue, G.C
Bickford, A.A., Anderson, M.L. and Charlton,
B.R. Case report documenting an outbreak
of very virulent infectious bursal disease in
Northern California pullets.
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L. and Woolcock,
P. Isolation and distribution of West Nile virus in
embryonated eggs.
Western University of Health Sciences, Student
Chapter of the American Veterinary Medical
Association (SCAVMA), September, Pomona, CA
Moeller, R. Cattle diseases seen at the diagnostic
laboratory.
Wildlife Disease Association Annual Meeting,
August, Blaine, WA
Ruder, M.G., Bryan J.A., Keel, K., Fischer,
J.R., Poppenga, R.H., Bain, M. and Pitman,
J. Intoxication of non-target wildlife with
rodenticides in Northwestern Kansas.
Women Dairy Veterinarians Meeting, August,
Turlock, CA
Blanchard P. Discussion of selected diseases
in dairy cattle, testing options and test
interpretation.
47
Publications and Collaborations
Archer, G.S., Shivaprasad, H.L., Mench, J.A. Effect
of providing light during incubation on the
health, production, and behavior of broiler
chickens. Poultry Science, 88: 29-37.
Aly, S.S., Anderson, R.J., Whitlock, R.H., Fyock,
T.L., McAdams, S., Adaska, J.M., Jiang, J.,
Gardner, I.A. Reliability of environmental
sampling to quantify Mycobacterium avium ssp.
paratuberculosis on California freestall dairies.
Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 3634-3642.
Blatchford, R.A., Klasing, K.C., Shivaprasad, H.L.,
Wakenell, P.S., Archer, G.S., Menchy, J.A. The
effect of light intensity on the behavior and
health of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88:2028.
Blumenshine, .K.M., Kinde, H., Patton, S. Biometric
and disease surveillance of an insular population
of feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island, California. Proceedings of the 7th California Islands Symposium.
Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, CA.
Brosnan, R.J., Pypendop, B.H., Siao, K.T., Stanley,
S.D. Dose-effects of Remifentanil on measures
of anesthetic immobility and analgesia in cats.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(9):
1065-1071.
Cattáneo, M., Bermudez, J., Baison, M., Meriño,
I., Carvalho Filho, M.B., Nascimento, R.A.P.,
Lobato, F.C.F., Uzal, F.A., Assis, R.A. Botulismo
por Clostridium botulinum tipo C en patos en
Uruguay (Botulism by Clostridium botulinum type
C in ducks in Uruguay). Analecta Veterinaria, 29:
25-27.
Charlton, B., Crossley, B., Hietala, S. Conventional
and future diagnostics for avian influenza.
Comparative Immunology Microbiology &
Infectious Diseases, 32: 341-50.
Chin, R.P., Garcia, M., Corsiglia, C., Riblet, S.,
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Rodriguez-Avila,
A., Woolcock, P.R., Franca, M. Intervention
strategies for laryngotracheitis: Impact of
extended downtime. Avian Diseases, 53: 574-577.
Crawford, G.C., Puschner B., Dierenfield E.S.,
Dunker F. Survey of minerals and fat soluble
vitamins in captive black and white ruffed lemurs
(Varecia variegata). Journal of Zoological and
Wildlife Medicine, 40(4): 632-638.
Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M.,
Woolcook, P.R. Isolation and distribution of West
Nile virus in embryonated eggs. Avian Diseases,
53: 600-612.
Deem, S.L., Norton, T.M., Mitchell, M., Segars, A.,
Alleman, A.R., Cray, C., Poppenga, R.H., Dodd,
M., Karesh, W.B. Comparison of blood values in
foraging, nesting, and stranded loggerhead turtles
(Caretta caretta) along the coast of Georgia, USA.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 45(1): 41-56.
DiMaio Knych, H.K., DeStefano Shields, C.,
Buckpitt, A.R., Stanley, S.D. Equine cytochrome
P450 2C92: cDNA cloning, expression and initial
characterization. Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, 485(1): 49-55.
DiMaio Knych, H.K., Steffey, E.P., Mama, K.R.,
Stanley, S.D. The effects of high plasma Fentanyl
concentrations on the minimum alveolar
concentration of isoflurane in horses. American
Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(10): 1193-1200.
Ecco, R., Preis, I.S., Martins, N.R., Vilela, D.A.,
Shivaprasad, H.L. An outbreak of chlamydiosis
in psittacines. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary
Pathology, 2: 85-90.
Franca, M., Walker, R.L., Kokka, R., Shivaprasad,
H.L. Aeromonas species associated with
necrotizing enteritis and septicemia in an adult
male ostrich (Struthio camelus). Avian Diseases,
(53) 310-16.
Goldstein, J., Morris, W.E., Loidl, C.F., TironiFarinatti, C., McClane, B.A., Uzal, F.A.,
Fernandez Miyakawa, M.E. Clostridium
perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small
intestinal permeability in mice and rats. PLoS
One, 4(9): e7065.
Gonzalez, J., Puschner, B., Perez, V., Ferreras, M.C.,
Delgado, L., Munoz, M., Perez, C., Reyes, L.E.,
Velasco, J., Fernandez, V., Garcia-Marin, J.F.
Nephrotoxicosis in Iberian piglets subsequent
to exposure to melamine and derivatives in
Spain between 2003 and 2006. Journal Veterinary
Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 558-63.
Grimsrud, K.N., Mama, K.R., Thomasy, S.M.,
Stanley, S.D. Pharmacokinetics of detomidine
and its metabolites following intravenous and
intramuscular administration in horses. Equine
Veterinary Journal, 41(4): 361-365.
( Publications continued)
48
Publications and Collaborations • CONTINUED
( Publications continued)
Haggett, E., Magdesian, K.G., Mass, J., Fielding, C.L.,
Puschner, B., Higgins, J., Fiack, C. Whole blood
selenium concentrations in endurance horses.
Veterinary Journal 2009, Aug 18.
Jackwood, D.J., Sommer-Wagner, S.E., Stoute, S.T.,
Woolcock, P.R., Crossley, B.M., Hietala, S.K.,
Charlton, B.R. Characteristics of a very virulent
Infectious Bursal disease virus from California.
Avian Diseases, 53: 592-600.
Kozikowski, T.A., Magdesian, K.G., Puschner, B.
Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12
cases (1995-2006). Journal of American Veterinary
Medical Association, 235(3): 305-10.
Loiacono, C.M., Thomsen, B.V., Hall, S.M., Kiupel,
M., Sutton, D., O’Rourke, K., Barr, B.C.,
Anthenill, L., Keane, D. Nor98 scrapie identified
in the United States. Journal of Veterinary
Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 454-63
Mama, K., Whitley, K., Snell, T., Stanley, S.D.
Plasma concentrations and selected behavioral
and physiological effects of intravenous and
intramuscular detomidine in horses. Equine
Veterinary Journal, 41(8).
Miller, M.A., Barr, B.C., Nordhausen, R., James,
E.R., Magargal, S.L., Murray, M., Conrad, P.A.,
Toy-Choutka, S., Jessup, D.A., Grigg, M.E.
Ultrastructural and molecular confirmation of the
development of Sarcocystis neurona tissue cysts in
the central nervous system of southern sea otters
(Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal of
Parasitology, 39(12): 1363-72.
Moeller, R.B., Puschner, B., Walker, R.L., Rocke,
T.E., Smith, S.R., Cullor, J.S., Ardans A.A.
Short communication: Attempts to identify
Clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three
experimentally intoxicated Holstein cows. Journal
of Dairy Science, 92(6): 2529-33.
Odani, J.S., Blanchard, P.C., Adaska, J.M., Moeller,
R.B., Uzal, F.A. Malignant edema in postpartum
dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
Investigation, 21: 920-924.
Ortega, J., Uzal, F., Walker, R., Kinde, H., Diab, S.,
Shahriar, F., Eigenheer, A., Pamma, R., Read,
D. Zygomycotic lymphadenitis in slaughtered
feedlot cattle. Veterinary Patholology, 4413-21.
Puschner, B., Poppenga, R.H. Lead and zinc
intoxication in companion birds. Compendium
Continuing Education Vet, 31(1): E1-E12.
Qiang, S., Ying, S., Ning, S, Guiju, Z., Zhi, C.,
Jiangen, F., Liqun, J., Hongzhan, X., Xuran, L.,
Puscher, B. Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
of 25 patients with melamine-induced kidney
stones complicated by acute obstructive renal
failure in Beijing Children’s Hospital. European
Journal of Pediatrics, Oct 21.
Senties-Cue, G., Chin, R.P., Shivaprasad, H.L.
Systemic histomoniasis associated with high
mortality and unusual lesions in the bursa of
Fabricius, kidneys, and lungs in commercial
turkeys. Avian Diseases, 53: 231-38.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Kim, T., Tripathy, D., Woolcock,
P.R., Uzal, F. Unusual pathology of canary
poxvirus infection associated with high mortality
in young and adult breeder canaries (Serinus
canaria). Avian Pathology, 38(4): 311-16.
Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Woolcock, P.R.,
Nordhausen, R., Day, M.J., Pantin-Jackwood, M.
Myocarditis associated with reovirus in turkey
poults. Avian Diseases, 53: 523-532.
Soberano, G., Carpenter, T.E., Cardona, C., Charlton,
B. Spatial distribution of free-of-charge pathology
submissions to the California Animal Health
and Food Safety Laboratories during the exotic
Newcastle outbreak. Avian Diseases, 53(1): 2-6.
Stanley, S.D. Legal and ethical veterinary
compounding. Clinical Theriogenology, 1(1): 2931.
Steffey, E.P., Mama, K.R., Brosnan, R.J., Imai, A.,
Maxwell, L.K., Cole, C., Stanley, S.D. Recovery
profile of horses following 4 hours of Desflurane
anesthesia with and without recovery period
co-administration of Propofol and Xylazine.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(8):
956-963.
Stoute, S.T., Jackwood, D.J., Sommer-Wagner, S.E.,
Cooper, G.L., Anderson, M.L., Woolcock, P.R.,
Bickford, A.A., Sentíes-Cué, C.G., Charlton,
B.R. The diagnosis of very virulent infectious
bursal disease in California pullets. Avian
Diseases, 53(2): 321-6.
Stoute, S.T., Bickford, A.A., Walker, R.L.,
Charlton, B.R. Mycotic pododermatitis and
mycotic pneumonia in commercial turkey poults
in northern California. Journal of Veterinary
Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 554-7.
49
Publications and Collaborations • CONTINUED
Other Publications
Stoute, S.T., Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Bland,
M.C. Respiratory tract trichomoniasis in breeder
squab candidates in Northern California. Avian
Diseases, 53(1): 139-42.
Tiwary, A.K., Puschner, B., Poppenga, R.H. Using
roquefortine C as a biomarker for penitrem A
intoxication. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
Investigation, 21(2): 237-9.
Tiwary, A.K., Poppenga, R.H., Puschner, B. In vitro
study of the effectiveness of three commercial
adsorbents for binding oleander toxins. Clinical
Toxicology, 47(3): 213-8.
Wainwright, K.E., Lagunas-Solar, M., Miller, M.A.,
Barr, B.C., Melli, A.C., Packham, A.E., Zeng, N.,
Truong, T., Conrad, P.A. Radiofrequency-induced
thermal inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
in water. Zoonoses Public Health, 1363-72.
Wünschmann, A., Rejmanek, D., Cruz-Martinez,
L., Barr, B.C. Sarcocystis falcatula-associated
encephalitis in a free-ranging great horned owl
(Bubo virginianus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic
Investigation, 21(2): 283-7.
Xing, Z., Cardona, C.J. Adams, S., Yang, Z., Li, J.,
Perez, D., Woolcock, P.R. Differential regulation
of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines
and suppression of Fas-mediated apoptosis by
NS1 of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chicken
macrophages. Journal of General Virology, 90:
1109-1118.
Yhee, J.Y., Brown, C.A., Yu, C.H., Kim, J.H.,
Poppenga, R., Sur, J.H. Retrospective study of
melamine/cyanuric acid-induced renal failure in
dogs in Korea between 2003 and 2004. Veterinary
Pathology, 46(2): 348-54.
Crespo, R., Puschner B. Interaction of ionophore
and vitamin E in knockdown syndrome of
turkeys. Feed Info News Service, February 25,
2009
Moeller, R.B. Bacterial abortions of sheep and goats.
Tricounty Goat News, January 2009, 1-3.
Moeller, R.B. Bacterial abortions of sheep and goats.
Western Region Dairy Goat News, May 2009, 3-5.
Moeller, R.B. Botulism: rare, but deadly. Hoard’s
Dairyman, 154(20): 750.
Moeller, R.B. Nitrate poisoning: Watch your water
and feed content. Western Region Dairy Goat
News, May 2009, 2.
Moeller, R.B., Adaska, J.M., Blanchard, P.C.
Keeping on top of salmonellosis. Hoard’s
Dairyman, 154(6): 207.
Book Chapters
Poppenga, R.H., Spoo, W: Veterinary Toxicology,
Wexler, P., Hakkinen, P.J., Mohapatra, A., Gilbert,
S.G., (ed). Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th
ed, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 515-522.
50
Funded Projects
Title of Project
Johne’s Disease demonstration project
in infected herds in California
Principal Investigator(s)
Funding Agency
John Adaska
USDA/APHIS/VS
Jim Case
USDA/APHIS/VS
Characterization and identification of a
novel coronavirus in alpacas
Beate Crossley
Alpaca Research Foundation
National Animal Health Laboratory
Network
Sharon Hietala
USDA/CSREES
Network Classical Swine Fever
Surveillance
Sharon Hietala
USDA/APHIS/VS
Surveillance activity of federal/state
cooperative brucellosis eradication
Sharon Hietala
USDA/APHIS/VS
Classical swine fever/pseudorabies
surveillance and negative cohort study
for foot and mouth disease
Hailu Kinde
USDA/APHIS/VS
vvIBDV testing and surveillance
activities
Hailu Kinde
USDA/APHIS/VS
Robert Poppenga
Food and Drug Administration
Scott Stanley
Pfizer
The mechanism of action of
C. perfringens enterotoxin
Francisco Uzal
University of Pittsburgh/NIH
Small molecular inhibitors of
C. perfringens epsilon-toxin
Francsico Uzal
Innovative Biologics/NIH
Monoclonal immunoprotectants for
select agents toxins (Mab-SAT)
Francsico Uzal
MAPP Biopharmaceutical/NIH
Network IT Infrastructure
Use of LC/MS, GC/MS and ICP/
MS analysis for the screening and
identification of toxic substances in
food
Pharmacokinetics of a new antibiotic in
horses
USDA/APHIS/VS: U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service/
Veterinary Services
USDA/CSREES: U.S. Department of Agriculture/Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service
NIH: National Institutes of Health
51
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
California Animal Health &
Food Safety Laboratory System
University of California
P.O. Box 1770
Davis, CA 95617
http://cahfs.ucdavis.edu/

2004 2013 2005 2006

Transcription

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