NOROXIN TABLETS (NORFLOXACIN)

TABLETS
NOROXIN®
(NORFLOXACIN)
WARNING:
Fluoroquinolones, including NOROXIN, are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and
tendon rupture in all ages. This risk is further increased in older patients usually over 60 years of
age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants
(see WARNINGS).
Fluoroquinolones, including NOROXIN, may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with
myasthenia gravis. Avoid NOROXIN in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis (see
WARNINGS).
®
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of NOROXIN
and other antibacterial drugs, NOROXIN should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven
or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
DESCRIPTION
NOROXIN (Norfloxacin) is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for oral administration.
Norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic
acid. Its empirical formula is C16H18FN3O3 and the structural formula is:
Norfloxacin is a white to pale yellow crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 319.34 and a melting
point of about 221°C. It is freely soluble in glacial acetic acid, and very slightly soluble in ethanol, methanol
and water.
NOROXIN is available in 400-mg tablets. Each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients:
cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium
stearate, and titanium dioxide.
Norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, differs from non-fluorinated quinolones by having a fluorine atom at the
6 position and a piperazine moiety at the 7 position.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
In fasting healthy volunteers, at least 30-40% of an oral dose of NOROXIN is absorbed. Absorption is
rapid following single doses of 200 mg, 400 mg and 800 mg. At the respective doses, mean peak serum
and plasma concentrations of 0.8, 1.5 and 2.4 µg/mL are attained approximately one hour after dosing.
The presence of food and/or dairy products may decrease absorption. The effective half-life of norfloxacin
in serum and plasma is 3-4 hours. Steady-state concentrations of norfloxacin will be attained within two
days of dosing.
In healthy elderly volunteers (65-75 years of age with normal renal function for their age), norfloxacin is
eliminated more slowly because of their slightly decreased renal function. Following a single 400-mg dose
of norfloxacin, the mean (± SD) AUC and Cmax of 9.8 (2.83) µg•hr/mL and 2.02 (0.77) µg/mL, respectively,
were observed in healthy elderly volunteers. The extent of systemic exposure was slightly higher than that
seen in younger adults (AUC 6.4 µg•hr/mL and Cmax 1.5 µg/mL). Drug absorption appears unaffected.
However, the effective half-life of norfloxacin in these elderly subjects is 4 hours.
There is no information on accumulation of norfloxacin with repeated administration in elderly patients.
However, no dosage adjustment is required based on age alone. In elderly patients with reduced renal
function, the dosage should be adjusted as for other patients with renal impairment (see DOSAGE AND
ADMINISTRATION, Renal Impairment).
The disposition of norfloxacin in patients with creatinine clearance rates greater than
30 mL/min/1.73 m2 is similar to that in healthy volunteers. In patients with creatinine clearance rates equal
to or less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, the renal elimination of norfloxacin decreases so that the effective
serum half-life is 6.5 hours. In these patients, alteration of dosage is necessary (see DOSAGE AND
ADMINISTRATION). Drug absorption appears unaffected by decreasing renal function.
Norfloxacin is eliminated through metabolism, biliary excretion, and renal excretion. After a single
400-mg dose of NOROXIN, mean antimicrobial activities equivalent to 278, 773, and 82 µg of
norfloxacin/g of feces were obtained at 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. Renal excretion occurs by both
glomerular filtration and tubular secretion as evidenced by the high rate of renal clearance (approximately
275 mL/min). Within 24 hours of drug administration, 26 to 32% of the administered dose is recovered in
the urine as norfloxacin with an additional 5-8% being recovered in the urine as six active metabolites of
lesser antimicrobial potency. Only a small percentage (less than 1%) of the dose is recovered thereafter.
Fecal recovery accounts for another 30% of the administered dose. In elderly subjects (average creatinine
clearance 91 mL/min/1.73 m2) approximately 22% of the administered dose was recovered in urine and
renal clearance averaged 154 mL/min.
Two to three hours after a single 400-mg dose, urinary concentrations of 200 µg/mL or more are
attained in the urine. In healthy volunteers, mean urinary concentrations of norfloxacin remain above
30 µg/mL for at least 12 hours following a 400-mg dose. The urinary pH may affect the solubility of
norfloxacin. Norfloxacin is least soluble at urinary pH of 7.5 with greater solubility occurring at pHs above
and below this value. The serum protein binding of norfloxacin is between 10 and 15%.
The following are mean concentrations of norfloxacin in various fluids and tissues measured 1 to 4
hours post-dose after two 400-mg doses, unless otherwise indicated:
Renal Parenchyma
Prostate
Seminal Fluid
Testicle
Uterus/Cervix
Vagina
Fallopian Tube
Bile
7.3 µg/g
2.5 µg/g
2.7 µg/mL
1.6 µg/g
3.0 µg/g
4.3 µg/g
1.9 µg/g
6.9 µg/mL (after two
200-mg doses)
Microbiology
Mechanism of Action
Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and is bactericidal. At the molecular level,
three specific events are attributed to norfloxacin in E. coli cells:
1) inhibition of the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling reaction catalyzed by DNA gyrase,
2) inhibition of the relaxation of supercoiled DNA,
3) promotion of double-stranded DNA breakage.
The fluorine atom at the 6 position provides increased potency against gram-negative organisms, and
the piperazine moiety at the 7 position is responsible for antipseudomonal activity.
Drug Resistance
Resistance to norfloxacin due to spontaneous mutation in vitro is a rare occurrence (range: 10-9 to
10-12 cells). Resistant organisms have emerged during therapy with norfloxacin in less than 1% of patients
treated. Organisms in which development of resistance is greatest are the following:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter spp.
Enterococcus spp.
For this reason, when there is a lack of satisfactory clinical response, repeat culture and susceptibility
testing should be done. Nalidixic acid-resistant organisms are generally susceptible to norfloxacin in vitro;
2
however, these organisms may have higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to norfloxacin than
nalidixic acid-susceptible strains. There is generally no cross-resistance between norfloxacin and other
classes of antibacterial agents. Therefore, norfloxacin may demonstrate activity against indicated
organisms resistant to some other antimicrobial agents including the aminoglycosides, penicillins,
cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides, including combinations of sulfamethoxazole
and trimethoprim. Antagonism has been demonstrated in vitro between norfloxacin and nitrofurantoin.
Activity in vitro and in vivo
Norfloxacin has in vitro activity against a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic
bacteria.
Norfloxacin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in
vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Gram-positive aerobes:
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Gram-negative aerobes:
Citrobacter freundii
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter cloacae
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia marcescens
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown.
Norfloxacin exhibits in vitro MICs of ≤4 µg/mL against most (≥90%) strains of the following
microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of norfloxacin in treating clinical infections due to
these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Gram-negative aerobes:
Citrobacter diversus
Edwardsiella tarda
Enterobacter agglomerans
Haemophilus ducreyi
Klebsiella oxytoca
Morganella morganii
Providencia alcalifaciens
Providencia rettgeri
Providencia stuartii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Other:
Ureaplasma urealyticum
NOROXIN is not generally active against obligate anaerobes.
Norfloxacin has not been shown to be active against Treponema pallidum (see WARNINGS).
Susceptibility Tests
Dilution Techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial MICs. These MICs provide estimates of the
susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a
standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method{1} (broth, agar, or
microdilution) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of
norfloxacin powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 1.
3
Diffusion Techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates
of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure{2} requires
the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with
10-µg norfloxacin to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to norfloxacin. Reports from the laboratory
providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 10-µg norfloxacin disk should be
interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 1. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter
obtained in the disk test with the MIC for norfloxacin.
Table 1: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Norfloxacin
Zone Diameter (mm)
MIC (µg/mL)
S
I
R
S
I
R
≤4
8
≥16
≥17
13-16
≤12
These interpretative criteria apply only to isolates from urinary tract infections. There are no established norfloxacin
interpretive criteria for Neisseria gonorrhoeae or organisms isolated from other infection sites.
S=Susceptible, I=Intermediate, and R=Resistant
A report of "Susceptible" indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial
compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of "Intermediate" indicates
that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to
alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical
applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage
of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled
technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of "Resistant" indicates that
the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the
concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.
Quality Control
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to
control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard norfloxacin powder should provide
the MIC values outlined in Table 2. For the diffusion techniques, the 10-µg norfloxacin disk should provide
the zone diameters outlined in Table 2.
Strains
Enterococcus faecalis
(ATCC 29212)
Escherichia coli
(ATCC 25922)
P. aeruginosa
(ATCC 27853)
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 29213)
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 25923)
Table 2: Quality Control for Susceptibility Testing
MIC Range
(µg/mL)
Zone Diameter
(mm)
2–8
Not applicable
0.03 – 0.12
28 – 35
1–4
22 – 29
0.5 – 2
Not applicable
Not applicable
17 – 28
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
NOROXIN is indicated for the treatment of adults with the following infections caused by susceptible
strains of the designated microorganisms:
Urinary tract infections
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (including cystitis) due to Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Citrobacter freundii 1, Enterobacter aerogenes1, Enterobacter cloacae1,
Proteus vulgaris1, Staphylococcus aureus1, or Streptococcus agalactiae1.
1 Efficacy for this organism in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.
4
Complicated urinary tract infections due to Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Serratia marcescens1.
Sexually transmitted diseases (see WARNINGS)
Uncomplicated urethral and cervical gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Prostatitis
Prostatitis due to Escherichia coli.
(See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for appropriate dosing instructions.)
Penicillinase production should have no effect on norfloxacin activity.
Appropriate culture and susceptibility tests should be performed before treatment in order to isolate
and identify organisms causing the infection and to determine their susceptibility to norfloxacin. Therapy
with norfloxacin may be initiated before results of these tests are known; once results become available,
appropriate therapy should be given. Repeat culture and susceptibility testing performed periodically
during therapy will provide information not only on the therapeutic effect of the antimicrobial agents but
also on the possible emergence of bacterial resistance.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of NOROXIN and
other antibacterial drugs, NOROXIN should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or
strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are
available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such
data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NOROXIN (norfloxacin) is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity, tendinitis, or
tendon rupture associated with the use of norfloxacin or any member of the quinolone group of
antimicrobial agents.
WARNINGS
Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture: Fluoroquinolones, including NOROXIN, are associated with an
increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This adverse reaction most frequently involves
the Achilles tendon, and rupture of the Achilles tendon may require surgical repair. Tendinitis and tendon
rupture in the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendon sites have also
been reported. The risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is further
increased in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in
patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Factors, in addition to age and corticosteroid use, that may
independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and
previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred
in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors. Tendon rupture can occur
during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after completion of therapy
have been reported. NOROXIN should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, swelling,
inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be advised to rest at the first sign of tendinitis or
tendon rupture, and to contact their healthcare provider regarding changing to a non-quinolone
antimicrobial drug.
Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis: Fluoroquinolones, including NOROXIN, have neuromuscular
blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Postmarketing serious adverse events, including deaths and requirement for ventilatory support, have been
associated with fluoroquinolone use in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid NOROXIN in patients with
known history of myasthenia gravis. (See PRECAUTIONS, Information for Patients and ADVERSE
REACTIONS, Post-Marketing, Musculoskeletal.)
Safety in Children, Adolescents, Nursing mothers, and during Pregnancy: THE SAFETY AND
EFFICACY OF ORAL NORFLOXACIN IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS, ADOLESCENTS (UNDER THE AGE
OF 18), PREGNANT WOMEN, AND NURSING MOTHERS HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. (See
PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use, Pregnancy, and Nursing Mothers subsections.) The oral
administration of single doses of norfloxacin, 6 times 2 the recommended human clinical dose (on a mg/kg
basis), caused lameness in immature dogs. Histologic examination of the weight-bearing joints of these
2 Based on a patient weight of 50 kg.
5
dogs revealed permanent lesions of the cartilage. Other quinolones also produced erosions of the
cartilage in weight-bearing joints and other signs of arthropathy in immature animals of various species
(see ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY).
Central Nervous System Effects/Disorders: Convulsions have been reported in patients receiving
norfloxacin. Convulsions, increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), and toxic
psychoses have been reported in patients receiving drugs in this class. Quinolones may also cause
central nervous system (CNS) stimulation which may lead to tremors, restlessness, lightheadedness,
confusion, and hallucinations. If these reactions occur in patients receiving norfloxacin, the drug should be
discontinued and appropriate measures instituted.
The effects of norfloxacin on brain function or on the electrical activity of the brain have not been
tested. Therefore, until more information becomes available, norfloxacin, like all other quinolones, should
be used with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders, such as severe cerebral
arteriosclerosis, epilepsy, and other factors which predispose to seizures (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions,
some following the first dose, have been reported in patients receiving quinolone therapy, including
NOROXIN. Some reactions were accompanied by cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness,
tingling, pharyngeal or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria and itching. Only a few patients had a history of
hypersensitivity reactions. If an allergic reaction to norfloxacin occurs, discontinue the drug. Serious acute
hypersensitivity reactions require immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine. Oxygen, intravenous
fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids, pressor amines, and airway management, including intubation,
should be administered as indicated.
Other serious and sometimes fatal events, some due to hypersensitivity, and some due to uncertain
etiology, have been reported rarely in patients receiving therapy with quinolones, including NOROXIN.
These events may be severe and generally occur following the administration of multiple doses. Clinical
manifestations may include one or more of the following:
• fever, rash or severe dermatologic reactions (e.g., toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome);
• vasculitis; arthralgia; myalgia; serum sickness;
• allergic pneumonitis;
• interstitial nephritis; acute renal insufficiency or failure;
• hepatitis; jaundice; acute hepatic necrosis or failure;
• anemia, including hemolytic and aplastic; thrombocytopenia, including thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura; leukopenia; agranulocytosis; pancytopenia; and/or other hematologic
abnormalities.
The drug should be discontinued immediately at the first appearance of a skin rash, jaundice, or any
other sign of hypersensitivity, and supportive measures should be instituted (see PRECAUTIONS,
Information for Patients and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been
reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including NOROXIN and may range in severity from
mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading
to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD.
Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections
can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all
patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since
CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to
be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic
treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Peripheral Neuropathy: Cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or
large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias and weakness have been reported in
patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including norfloxacin. Symptoms may occur soon after initiation of
norfloxacin and may be irreversible. Norfloxacin should be discontinued immediately if the patient
experiences symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or
weakness, or other alterations in sensations including light touch, pain, temperature, position sense and
vibratory sensation.
6
Syphilis Treatment: Norfloxacin has not been shown to be effective in the treatment of syphilis.
Antimicrobial agents used in high doses for short periods of time to treat gonorrhea may mask or delay the
symptoms of incubating syphilis. All patients with gonorrhea should have a serologic test for syphilis at the
time of diagnosis. Patients treated with norfloxacin should have a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after
three months.
PRECAUTIONS
General
Needle-shaped crystals were found in the urine of some volunteers who received either placebo,
800 mg norfloxacin, or 1600 mg norfloxacin (at or twice the recommended daily dose, respectively) while
participating in a double-blind, crossover study comparing single doses of norfloxacin with placebo. While
crystalluria is not expected to occur under usual conditions with a dosage regimen of 400 mg b.i.d., as a
precaution, the daily recommended dosage should not be exceeded and the patient should drink sufficient
fluids to ensure a proper state of hydration and adequate urinary output.
Alteration in dosage regimen is necessary for patients with impaired renal function (see DOSAGE AND
ADMINISTRATION).
Moderate to severe photosensitivity/phototoxicity reactions, the latter of which may manifest as
exaggerated sunburn reactions (e.g., burning, erythema, exudation, vesicles, blistering, edema) involving
areas exposed to light (typically the face, "V" area of the neck, extensor surfaces of the forearms, dorsa of
the hands), can be associated with the use of quinolone antibiotics after sun or UV light exposure.
Therefore, excessive exposure to these sources of light should be avoided. Drug therapy should be
discontinued if phototoxicity occurs (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Post-Marketing).
Rarely, hemolytic reactions have been reported in patients with latent or actual defects in glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase activity who take quinolone antibacterial agents, including norfloxacin (see
ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Prescribing NOROXIN in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a
prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the
development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Information for Patients
Patients should be advised:
— to contact their healthcare provider if they experience pain, swelling, or inflammation of a tendon, or
weakness or inability to use one of their joints; rest and refrain from exercise; and discontinue NOROXIN
treatment. The risk of severe tendon disorders with fluoroquinolones is higher in older patients usually
over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung
transplants.
— that fluoroquinolones like NOROXIN may cause worsening of myasthenia gravis symptoms, including
muscle weakness and breathing problems. Patients should call their healthcare provider right away if they
have any worsening muscle weakness or breathing problems.
— that norfloxacin may cause changes in the electrocardiogram (QTc interval prolongation).
— that norfloxacin should be avoided in patients receiving class IA (e.g., quinidine, procainamide) or class
III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents.
— that norfloxacin should be used with caution in subjects receiving drugs that affect the QTc interval
such as cisapride, erythromycin, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants.
— to inform their physicians of any personal or family history of QTc prolongation or proarrhythmic
conditions such as hypokalemia, bradycardia or recent myocardial ischemia.
— that peripheral neuropathies have been associated with the use of norfloxacin, that symptoms may
occur soon after initiation of therapy and may be irreversible. If symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness develop, patients should immediately
discontinue norfloxacin and contact their physicians.
— to drink fluids liberally.
— that norfloxacin should be taken at least one hour before or at least two hours after a meal or ingestion
of milk and/or other dairy products.
7
®
— that multivitamins or other products containing iron or zinc, antacids or Videx 3 (Didanosine),
chewable/buffered tablets or the pediatric powder for oral solution, should not be taken within the two-hour
period before or within the two-hour period after taking norfloxacin (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug
Interactions).
— that norfloxacin can cause dizziness and lightheadedness and, therefore, patients should know how
they react to norfloxacin before they operate an automobile or machinery or engage in activities requiring
mental alertness and coordination.
— that norfloxacin may be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, even following the first dose, and to
discontinue the drug at the first sign of a skin rash or other allergic reaction.
— that photosensitivity/phototoxicity has been reported in patients receiving quinolones. Patients should
minimize or avoid exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (tanning beds or UVA/B treatment) while taking
quinolones. If patients need to be outdoors while using quinolones, they should wear loose-fitting clothes
that protect skin from sun exposure and discuss other sun protection measures with their physician. If a
sunburn-like reaction or skin eruption occurs, patients should contact their physician.
— that some quinolones may increase the effects of theophylline and/or caffeine (see PRECAUTIONS,
Drug Interactions).
— that convulsions have been reported in patients taking quinolones, including norfloxacin, and to notify
their physician before taking this drug if there is a history of this condition.
— that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics, which usually ends when the antibiotic is
discontinued. Sometimes after starting the treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and
bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having
taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as
possible.
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including NOROXIN should only be used to treat
bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When NOROXIN is
prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better
early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not
completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and
(2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by NOROXIN or
other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Laboratory Tests
As with any potent antibacterial agent, periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal,
hepatic, and hematopoietic, is advisable during prolonged therapy.
Drug Interactions
Quinolones, including norfloxacin, have been shown in vitro to inhibit CYP1A2. Concomitant use with
drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 (e.g., caffeine, clozapine, ropinirole, tacrine, theophylline, tizanidine) may
result in increased substrate drug concentrations when given in usual doses. Patients taking any of these
drugs concomitantly with norfloxacin should be carefully monitored.
Elevated plasma levels of theophylline have been reported with concomitant quinolone use. There have
been reports of theophylline-related side effects in patients on concomitant therapy with norfloxacin and
theophylline. Therefore, monitoring of theophylline plasma levels should be considered and dosage of
theophylline adjusted as required.
Elevated serum levels of cyclosporine have been reported with concomitant use of cyclosporine with
norfloxacin. Therefore, cyclosporine serum levels should be monitored and appropriate cyclosporine
dosage adjustments made when these drugs are used concomitantly.
Quinolones, including norfloxacin, may enhance the effects of oral anticoagulants, including warfarin or
its derivatives or similar agents. When these products are administered concomitantly, prothrombin time
or other suitable coagulation tests should be closely monitored.
The concomitant administration of quinolones including norfloxacin with glyburide (a sulfonylurea
agent) has, on rare occasions, resulted in severe hypoglycemia. Therefore, monitoring of blood glucose is
recommended when these agents are co-administered.
Diminished urinary excretion of norfloxacin has been reported during the concomitant administration of
probenecid and norfloxacin.
3 Registered trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
8
The concomitant use of nitrofurantoin is not recommended since nitrofurantoin may antagonize the
antibacterial effect of NOROXIN in the urinary tract.
Multivitamins, or other products containing iron or zinc, antacids or sucralfate, should not be
administered concomitantly with, or within 2 hours of, the administration of norfloxacin, because they may
interfere with absorption resulting in lower serum and urine levels of norfloxacin.
®
Videx (Didanosine) chewable/buffered tablets or the pediatric powder for oral solution should not be
administered concomitantly with, or within 2 hours of, the administration of norfloxacin, because these
products may interfere with absorption resulting in lower serum and urine levels of norfloxacin.
Some quinolones have also been shown to interfere with the metabolism of caffeine. This may lead to
reduced clearance of caffeine and a prolongation of the plasma half-life that may lead to accumulation of
caffeine in plasma when products containing caffeine are consumed while taking norfloxacin.
The concomitant administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a quinolone,
including norfloxacin, may increase the risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. Therefore,
NOROXIN should be used with caution in individuals receiving NSAIDS concomitantly.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No increase in neoplastic changes was observed with norfloxacin as compared to controls in a study in
rats, lasting up to 96 weeks at doses 8-9 times2 the usual human dose (on a mg/kg basis).
Norfloxacin was tested for mutagenic activity in a number of in vivo and in vitro tests. Norfloxacin had
no mutagenic effect in the dominant lethal test in mice and did not cause chromosomal aberrations in
hamsters or rats at doses 30-60 times2 the usual human dose (on a mg/kg basis). Norfloxacin had no
mutagenic activity in vitro in the Ames microbial mutagen test, Chinese hamster fibroblasts and V-79
mammalian cell assay. Although norfloxacin was weakly positive in the Rec-assay for DNA repair, all other
mutagenic assays were negative including a more sensitive test (V-79).
Norfloxacin did not adversely affect the fertility of male and female mice at oral doses up to 30 times2
the usual human dose (on a mg/kg basis).
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C. Norfloxacin has been shown to produce embryonic loss in
monkeys when given in doses 10 times2 the maximum daily total human dose (on a mg/kg basis). At this
dose, peak plasma levels obtained in monkeys were approximately 2 times those obtained in humans.
There has been no evidence of a teratogenic effect in any of the animal species tested (rat, rabbit, mouse,
monkey) at 6-50 times2 the maximum daily human dose (on a mg/kg basis). There are, however, no
adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Norfloxacin should be used during pregnancy
only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether norfloxacin is excreted in human milk.
When a 200-mg dose of NOROXIN was administered to nursing mothers, norfloxacin was not detected
in human milk. However, because the dose studied was low, because other drugs in this class are
secreted in human milk, and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from norfloxacin in
nursing infants, a decision should be made to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into
account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of oral norfloxacin in pediatric patients and adolescents below the age of
18 years have not been established. Norfloxacin causes arthropathy in juvenile animals of several animal
species. (See WARNINGS and ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY.)
Geriatric Use
Geriatric patients are at increased risk for developing severe tendon disorders including tendon rupture
when being treated with a fluoroquinolone such as NOROXIN. This risk is further increased in patients
receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can involve the Achilles, hand,
shoulder, or other tendon sites and can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to
several months after fluoroquinolone treatment have been reported. Caution should be used when
prescribing NOROXIN to elderly patients, especially those on corticosteroids. Patients should be informed
of this potential side effect and advised to discontinue NOROXIN and contact their healthcare provider if
any symptoms of tendinitis or tendon rupture occur (see Boxed Warning; WARNINGS; and ADVERSE
REACTIONS, Post-Marketing).
Of the 340 subjects in one large clinical study of NOROXIN for treatment of urinary tract infections, 103
patients were 65 and older, 77 of whom were 70 and older; no overall differences in safety and
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effectiveness were evident between these subjects and younger subjects. In clinical practice, no
difference in the type of reported adverse experiences have been observed between the elderly and
younger patients except for a possible increased risk of tendon rupture in elderly patients receiving
concomitant corticosteroids (see WARNINGS). In addition, increased risk for other adverse experiences
in some older individuals cannot be ruled out (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug
may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have
decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal
function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
A pharmacokinetic study of NOROXIN in elderly volunteers (65 to 75 years of age with normal renal
function for their age) was carried out (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).
In general, elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects of the QTc interval.
Therefore, precaution should be taken when using NOROXIN concomitantly with drugs that can result in
prolongation of the QTc interval (e.g., class IA or class III antiarrhythmics) or in patients with risk factors
for torsades de pointes (e.g., known QTc prolongation, uncorrected hypokalemia).
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Single-Dose Studies
In clinical trials involving 82 healthy subjects and 228 patients with gonorrhea, treated with a single
dose of norfloxacin, 6.5% reported drug-related adverse experiences. However, the following incidence
figures were calculated without reference to drug relationship.
The most common adverse experiences (>1.0%) were: dizziness (2.6%), nausea (2.6%), headache
(2.0%), and abdominal cramping (1.6%).
Additional reactions (0.3%-1.0%) were: anorexia, diarrhea, hyperhidrosis, asthenia, anal/rectal pain,
constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence, tingling of the fingers, and vomiting.
Laboratory adverse changes considered drug-related were reported in 4.5% of patients/subjects.
These laboratory changes were: increased AST (SGOT) (1.6%), decreased WBC (1.3%), decreased
platelet count (1.0%), increased urine protein (1.0%), decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin (0.6%), and
increased eosinophils (0.6%).
Multiple-Dose Studies
In clinical trials involving 52 healthy subjects and 1980 patients with urinary tract infections or prostatitis
treated with multiple doses of norfloxacin, 3.6% reported drug-related adverse experiences. However, the
incidence figures below were calculated without reference to drug relationship.
The most common adverse experiences (>1.0%) were: nausea (4.2%), headache (2.8%), dizziness
(1.7%), and asthenia (1.3%).
Additional reactions (0.3%-1.0%) were: abdominal pain, back pain, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth,
dyspepsia/heartburn, fever, flatulence, hyperhidrosis, loose stools, pruritus, rash, somnolence, and
vomiting.
Less frequent reactions (0.1%-0.2%) included: abdominal swelling, allergies, anorexia, anxiety, bitter
taste, blurred vision, bursitis, chest pain, chills, depression, dysmenorrhea, edema, erythema, foot or hand
swelling, insomnia, mouth ulcer, myocardial infarction, palpitation, pruritus ani, renal colic, sleep
disturbances, and urticaria.
Abnormal laboratory values observed in these patients/subjects were: eosinophilia (1.5%), elevation of
ALT (SGPT) (1.4%), decreased WBC and/or neutrophil count (1.4%), elevation of AST (SGOT) (1.4%),
and increased alkaline phosphatase (1.1%). Those occurring less frequently included increased BUN,
increased LDH, increased serum creatinine, decreased hematocrit, and glycosuria.
Post-Marketing
The most frequently reported adverse reaction in post-marketing experience is rash.
CNS effects characterized as generalized seizures, myoclonus and tremors have been reported with
NOROXIN (see WARNINGS). Visual disturbances have been reported with drugs in this class.
The following additional adverse reactions have been reported since the drug was marketed:
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported including anaphylactoid reactions, angioedema,
dyspnea, vasculitis, urticaria, arthritis, arthralgia and myalgia (see WARNINGS).
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Skin
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis,
photosensitivity/phototoxicity reactions (see PRECAUTIONS), leukocytoclastic vasculitis, drug rash with
eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome).
Gastrointestinal
Pseudomembranous colitis, hepatitis, jaundice including cholestatic jaundice and elevated liver
function tests, pancreatitis (rare), stomatitis. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may
occur during or after antibacterial treatment (see WARNINGS).
Hepatic
Hepatic failure, including fatal cases.
Cardiovascular
On rare occasions, prolonged QTc interval and ventricular arrhythmia including torsades de pointes.
Renal
Interstitial nephritis, renal failure.
Nervous System/Psychiatric
Peripheral neuropathy that may be irreversible, Guillain-Barré syndrome, ataxia, paresthesia,
hypoesthesia, psychic disturbances including psychotic reactions and confusion.
Musculoskeletal
Tendinitis, tendon rupture; exacerbation of myasthenia gravis (see WARNINGS, Exacerbation of
myasthenia gravis); elevated creatine kinase (CK), muscle spasms.
Hematologic
Neutropenia; leukopenia; agranulocytosis; hemolytic anemia, sometimes associated with glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; thrombocytopenia.
Special Senses
Hearing loss, tinnitus, diplopia, dysgeusia.
Other adverse events reported with quinolones include: agranulocytosis, albuminuria, candiduria,
crystalluria, cylindruria, dysphagia, elevation of blood glucose, elevation of serum cholesterol, elevation of
serum potassium, elevation of serum triglycerides, hematuria, hepatic necrosis, symptomatic
hypoglycemia, nystagmus, postural hypotension, prolongation of prothrombin time, and vaginal
candidiasis.
OVERDOSAGE
No significant lethality was observed in male and female mice and rats at single oral doses up to
4 g/kg.
In the event of acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied by inducing vomiting or by gastric
lavage, and the patient carefully observed and given symptomatic and supportive treatment. Adequate
hydration must be maintained.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Tablets NOROXIN should be taken at least one hour before or at least two hours after a meal or
ingestion of milk and/or other dairy products. Multivitamins, other products containing iron or zinc, antacids
®
containing magnesium and aluminum, sucralfate, or Videx (Didanosine), chewable/buffered tablets or the
pediatric powder for oral solution, should not be taken within 2 hours of administration of norfloxacin.
Tablets NOROXIN should be taken with a glass of water. Patients receiving NOROXIN should be well
hydrated (see PRECAUTIONS).
Normal Renal Function
The recommended daily dose of NOROXIN is as described in the following chart:
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Unit
Dose
Frequency
Duration
Daily
Dose
Uncomplicated UTI's
(cystitis) due to E. coli,
K. pneumoniae, or P.
mirabilis
400 mg
q12h
3 days
800 mg
Uncomplicated UTI's due
to other indicated
organisms
400 mg
q12h
7-10
days
800 mg
Complicated UTI's
400 mg
q12h
10-21
days
800 mg
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
Uncomplicated
Gonorrhea
800 mg
single
dose
1 day
800 mg
Prostatitis
Acute or
Chronic
400 mg
q12h
28 days
800 mg
Infection
Urinary Tract
Description
Renal Impairment
NOROXIN may be used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in patients with renal insufficiency.
In patients with a creatinine clearance rate of 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less, the recommended dosage is one
400-mg tablet once daily for the duration given above. At this dosage, the urinary concentration exceeds
the MICs for most urinary pathogens susceptible to norfloxacin, even when the creatinine clearance is less
than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2.
When only the serum creatinine level is available, the following formula (based on sex, weight, and age
of the patient) may be used to convert this value into creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should
represent a steady state of renal function.
Males:
(weight in kg) × (140 – age)
(72) × serum creatinine (mg/100 mL)
Females:
(0.85) × (above value)
Elderly
Elderly patients being treated for urinary tract infections who have a creatinine clearance of greater
than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 should receive the dosages recommended under Normal Renal Function.
Elderly patients being treated for urinary tract infections who have a creatinine clearance of
30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less should receive 400 mg once daily as recommended under Renal Impairment.
HOW SUPPLIED
No. 8338 — Tablets NOROXIN 400 mg are white to off-white, oval shaped, film-coated tablets, coded
705 on one side and plain on the other. They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-0705-20 unit of use bottles of 20.
Storage
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room
Temperature]. Keep container tightly closed.
ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY
Norfloxacin and related drugs have been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals of most
species tested (see WARNINGS).
Crystalluria has occurred in laboratory animals tested with norfloxacin. In dogs, needle-shaped drug
crystals were seen in the urine at doses of 50 mg/kg/day. In rats, crystals were reported following doses of
200 mg/kg/day.
Embryo lethality and slight maternotoxicity (vomiting and anorexia) were observed in cynomolgus
monkeys at doses of 150 mg/kg/day or higher.
Ocular toxicity, seen with some related drugs, was not observed in any norfloxacin-treated animals.
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REFERENCES
1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow
aerobically - Eighth edition, Approved Standard CLSI Document M7-A8, Vol. 29, No. 2, CLSI, Wayne, PA, 2009.
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests - Tenth edition,
Approved Standard CLSI Document M2-A10, Vol. 29, No. 1, CLSI, Wayne, PA, 2009.
Manufactured by:
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Italia) S.p.A.
Via Emilia, 21
27100 Pavia, Italy
Copyright © 1986, 1989, 1999, 2001 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.
All rights reserved.
Revised: 08/2013
uspi-mk0366-t-1308R011
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