Golden Herbs used in Piles Treatment: A Concise Report Rajani Chauhan

Transcription

International Journal of Drug Development & Research
| October-December 2012 | Vol. 4 | Issue 4 | ISSN 0975-9344 |
Available online http://www.ijddr.in
Covered in Official Product of Elsevier, The Netherlands
SJR Impact Value 0.03 & H index 2
©2012 IJDDR
Golden Herbs used in Piles Treatment: A Concise Report
Rajani Chauhan2, Km. Ruby1*, Jaya Dwivedi1
1
Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
2
Review Paper
Covered in Index Copernicus with IC Value 4.68 for 2010
Abstract
Copyright © 2012 IJDDR, Km.
Herbal medicine is also called phytomedicine. It is
is an open access paper distributed under the
refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots,
copyright agreement with Serials Publication, which
leaves,
disease
permits
golden
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
bark,
or
treatment.Herbs
flowers
have
for
many
phytochemicals or secondary metabolites to treat
unrestricted
use,
Ruby et al. This
distribution,
and
work is properly cited.
disease. They have a long tradition of use outside
of conventional medicine. Hemorrhoids or Piles
Article History:------------------------
treatment through Herbs has been effective and a
Date of Submission: 08-10-2012
golden treatment without any side-effects. There
Date of Acceptance: 09-11-2012
are some herbs which is useful in piles treatment
Conflict of Interest: NIL
such as Aesculus hippocastanum, Allium cepa,
Source of Support: NONE
Bergenia ligulata, Bergenia ciliata, Bergenia
stracheyi,
Hamamelis
aculeatus, Terminalia
virginiana
chebula
Ruscus
Vaccinium
myrtillus, Verbascum thapus etc.
INTRODUCTION
Piles or a hemorrhoid is a varicose and often
inflamed condition of the veins, inside or just outside
the rectum or hemorrhoids are swollen dilated or
bulging inflamed veins that develop in the lower
*Corresponding author, Mailing address:
Km. Ruby
E-Mail: rubysainiresearch@gmail.com
rectum caused by increased pressure in the rectal
veins. There are two types of hemorrhoids external
hemorrhoids and internal hemorrhoids. There are
many natural treatments for hemorrhoids or piles,
Key words:
herbs are one of them. 1, 2
Herbs, Golden treatment, Piles, Phytomedicine
Phytochemicals
Golden herb used in Piles treatment
1. Aesculus hippocastanum
How to Cite this Paper:
Rajani Chauhan2, Km. Ruby1*, Jaya Dwivedi1
“Golden Herbs used in Piles Treatment: A Concise
Report” Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., October-December
2012, 4(4): 50-68
PREFACE
Aesculus hippocastanum is commonly known as
horse chestnut. It is large deciduous, rapidly-growing
trees have height of 36 meters. It is native to the
Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., October-December 2012, 4 (4): 50-68
Covered in Scopus & Embase, Elsevier
50
Km. Ruby et al: Golden Herbs used in Piles Treatment: A Concise Report
Review Paper
countries of the Balkan Peninsula, but because of its
2. Allium cepa
large, showy flower clusters the tree is cultivated
PREFACE
worldwide for its beauty. Flowers are white or pink
The Allium cepa resembles the greens of a leek and
with a small red spot. Leaves are large, consisting of
produces soft, white flowers. The onion itself grows
either five or seven leaflets and the fruit is round
as a bulb under the soil with the plant's roots
with a thick, green, spiny husk containing a glossy
extending from its base. Allium cepa is an evergreen
brown seed (chestnut or conker). While the common
Bulb
name for the tree is horse chestnut, it is also known
hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)
as buckeye, and like other buckeyes, is a member of
and are pollinated by Bees, insects. The plant prefers
the Hippocastanaceae family, rather than the
light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires
chestnut
horse
well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and
chestnut, is believed to be derived from the brown
basic (alkaline) soils. and can grow in very alkaline
conkers that look similar to chestnuts and because a
soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist
horseshoe shaped
with spots
soil. Bulb - raw or cooked. A very versatile food, the
resembling horseshoe nails) is left on the twig when
bulb can be 10cm or more in diameter and is widely
autumn.3-5
used in most countries of the world. Eaten raw, it can
family
(Castanea).
the leaves drop off in
mark
The
name,
(complete
growing
to
0.6
m.
The
flowers
are
be sliced up and used in salads, sandwich fillings etc,
it can be baked or boiled as a vegetable in its own
right and is also commonly used as a flavouring in
soups, stews and many other cooked dishes. Some
cultivars have been selected for their smaller and
often hotter bulbs and these are used for making
Fig 1: Aesculus hippocastanum
pickles. Leaves - raw or cooked. There are some
Secondary metabolites
cultivars, the spring onions, that have been selected
Aaescin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Proanthocyanidin,
for their leaves and are used in salads whilst still
Coumarins, Fraxin and
Aesculin.5-8
young and actively growing - the bulb is much
smaller than in other cultivars and is usually eaten
Therapeutic use in piles
with the leaves. By successional sowing, they can be
Piles can also be healed completely using horse
available at any time of the year. The flowers are
chestnut which is found to be one of the excellent
somewhat dry and are less pleasant than many other
herbal cures for the problem of same. The extract of
species.12
this particular herb is found to contain an excellent
The seeds are sprouted and eaten. They have a
enzyme, namely aescin is known to show anti
delicious onion, flavour.12
inflammatory properties which can be used in curing
the problem of piles. Taking small quantity of horse
chestnut extract can be beneficial in keeping the vein
walls healthier and hence preventing the problem of
piles. Being a toxic herb, it should not be consumed
in large quantities.9-11
Fig 2: Allium cepa
51
glutamyl-L-valine
(+)L-S-Prop-1-enyl-cysteine-s-oxide.,1(F)-beta-
carboxy-N-propyl)cysteine Gamma-L-glutamyl-S-(2-
fructosyl-sucrose
.,
2-Methyl-but-2-en-1-al
Methyl-butyr-2-aldehyde
zymostenol
.,2-
.,Gamma-L-glutamyl-S-(2-
carboxy-propyl)-L-cysteinyl
glycine
ethyl
ester
4-Alpha-methyl-
.,Gamma-L-glutamyl-S-propenyl cysteine sulfoxide
.,4-S-Oxide(trans)dec-2-ene,5-ethyl-
.,Glucofructan (Allium cepa) .,Glucose .,Glutamic
Review Paper
4,6,7-Trithia (diastereomer) .,4-S-Oxide(trans)dec-2-
acid
ene,5-ethyl-4,6,7-trithia .,4-S-Oxide(trans/cis)deca-
.,Gramisterol .,Iso-quercitrin
2,8-diene,5-ethyl-4,6,7-thithia(diastereomer).,4-
beta-D-glucoside
SOxide (trans/ trans)deca-2,8-diene,5-ethyl-4,6,7-
.,Kaempferol-3,4’-di-O-beta-D-glucoside
thithia(diastereomer).,4-S
.,Kaempferol-4’,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside
Oxide(trans/trans)deca-
.,Glutathione
.,Glycine
.,Iso-rhamnetin
.,Kaempferol-4’-0-beta-D-glucoside
sucrose2,3-Dimethylbicyclo(2,2,1)hexan
cysteine
sulfoxide
acid
Iso-rhamnetin 4’-O-
2,8-diene,5-ethyl-4,6,7-thithia.,6(G)-Beta-fructosyle-5-oxide-
.,Glycolic
.,Kaempferol
.,L-2-Propenyl-
.,L-Gamma-glutamyl-
5,6-dithia(1,2,3,4-alpha-5-beta).,2,3-Dimethyl-
phenylalanine
thiophene.,2,4-Dimethylthioph
phenylalanine .,Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-arginine .,L-
ene.,24-
ethyl
ester
.,L-Gamma-glutamyl-
Methylenecycloartanol28-Iso-fucosterol.,31-Nor-
Methyl-cysteine sulfoxide .,Lophenol .,Leutein.,Malic
cycloartenol.,31-Nor-lanoste
acid .,Melatonin.,Methionine methylsulfonium salt
nol.,9,10,13-
Trihydroxy-octadec-11-enoicacid.,9,12,13Trihydroxy-octadec-10-enoic
acid
.,Methionine
.,Abscisic
acid
sulfone
.,Methionine
(methyl-sulfinyl).,propyl-disulfide
.,Methyl,
1-
.,Mevalonic
Acetal .,Acetic acid .,Adenosine .,Allicin .,Alliin
acid.,N-Propyl
gamma-glutamyl-peptide
cepa
.,Oleanolic acid .,Oleic acid: .,Onion coat colorant
polysaccharide .,Allyl-propyl-disulfide .,Alpha amyrin
.,Oxalic acid .,Palmitic acid .,Para-coumaric acid
.,Alpha linolenic acid
.,Para-hydroxybenzoic
.,Ascorbic
acid
.,Alliin
Allium
Alpha-sitosterol .,Arabinose
.,Benzyl-iso-thiocyanate
.,Beta
mercaptan
monoglycoside
.,Nonadecanoic
acid
acid
.,Pelargonidin
Phloroglucinol
carboxylic
carotene Beta-sitosterol .,Butane-cis-1-cis-4-dithial-
acid.,Phloroglucinol.,Prop-cis-enyl-disulfide
S-S-dioxide,2,3-dimethyl.,Caffeic
(trans)-enyl propyl-trisulfide .,Propan-1-ol .,Propane-
oxalate
.,Catechol
.,Cepaene
acid
1
.,Calcium
.,Cepaene
2-A
.,Prop-
1-thiol .,Propional .,Propionaldehyde .,Prostaglandin
.,Cepaene 2-B .,Cepaene 3 .,Cepaene 4-A .,Cepaene 4-
A
B
.,Prostaglandin E-1 .,Prostaglandin F .,Protocatechuic
.,Cholest-7-en-3-beta-ol.,Cholesterol
.,Choline
.,Prostaglandin
A-1
.,Prostaglandin
.,Cis-Propanethial-s-oxide .,Cis-zweibelane .,Citric
acid:.,Pyrocatechol
acid.,Cyanidin
Quercetin-3,4’-di-O-Beta-D-glucoside.,Quercetin-
.,Cyanidin
bioside
.,Cyanidin
monoglycoside
diglycoside
.,Pyruvic
B
acid.,Quercetin:
.,Cyanidin-3-O-
4’,7-di-O-Beta-D-glucoside.,Quercetin -4-di-O-Beta-
laminariobioside .,Cyclo-(2,1,1)-heptane-5-oxide,cis-
Dglucoside .,Raffinose .,Rhamnose .,Ribose .,Rutin
2,3-dimethyl-5,6-dithia.,Cyclo-(2,1,1)-heptane-5-
.,S-(2-Carboxy-propyl) glutathione.,S-(beta-carboxy-
oxide,trans-2,3-dimethyl-5,6-
beta-methyl-L-ethyl)cysteine .,S-1-cis-propenyl ester
dithia.,Cycloalliin.,Cycloartanol.,
methyl sulfinothioic acid .,S-1-Cis-propenyl ester
Cycloartenol.,Cycloeucalenol .,Cysteine Di-n-propyl-
propyl sulfinothioic acid S-1-Propenyl ester n-propyl
disulfide .,Dimethyl-trisulfide .,Diphenylamine .,
sulfinothioic acid(cis) .,S-1-Propenyl ester n-propyl
Ferulic acid., Fructose .,Gamma-gultamyl leucine
sulfinothioic acid(trans) .,S-1-Trans-propenyl ester
.,Gamma-glutamyl-S-(Beta-carboxy-Beta-methyl-
methyl sulfinothioic acid .,S-1-Trans-propenyl ester
ethyl)-cysteinyl glycine .,Gamma-L-glutamyl cysteine
propyl sulfinothioic acid.,S-Allyl-cysteine.,S-Methyl-
.,Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-iso-leucine
cysteine sulfoxide
Gamma-L-
S-N-Propyl ester N-propyl
52
sulphinothioic
sulfinothioic
acid
acid
.,S-Propyl
ester
S-Propyl-cysteine
propyl
sulfoxide
.,Satiomem .,Sinapic acid .,Sodium prop-(cis)-1-enylthiosulfate .,Sodium prop-(trans)-1-enyl-thiosulfate
.,Sodium
propyl-thiosulfate
.,Spiraeoside.,Stearic
acid.,Stigmasterol .,Succinic acid .,Sucrose .,Sugars
Review Paper
.,Thiopropanal-S-oxide
Fig. 3: Bergenia ciliate
.,Thiopropional-S-oxide
.,Valine .,Xylitol .,Xylose .,Zeaxanthin 13
Tannic acid, Gallic acid, Glucose, Mucilage, Wax,
Metarbin, Albumen, Mineral Salts, Bergenin, (+)-
Onions are valuable in bleeding piles. About thirty
Catechin, Gallicin. 14-16
grams of this vegetable should be finely rubbed in
water and sixty grams of sugar added to it. It should
be taken twice daily by the Patient. Onion is also
Bergenia ciliata used in piles treatment in the form
useful in the treatment of dry piles. A crushed onion,
of tinctures and powder. 14-16
skinned and roasted in aches, may be applied with
4. Bergenia ligulata
beneficial results.9-13
PREFACE
3. Bergenia ciliata
Bergenia ligulata syn. Saxifraga ligulata is being
PREFACE
widely accepted under this name. the use of various
Bergenia ciliata is the source of Pashanbheda after
names attributed to it, viz., Pashanbheda, Pashana,
Bergenia ligulata. Bergenia ciliata leaves are
Zakhmehayat,
suborbicular or broadly obovate, rounded at base and
Ashmabhed, Nagabhid, Upalbhedak, Parwatbhed
apex, margin finely denticulate and densely ciliata,
and Shilabhed (dissolving or piercing stones or slabs)
leaves otherwise glaborous. Flowers green, lobes
etc. It belongs to family saxifragaceae. Its medicinally
acute, denticulate near apex; petals obovate, white
used part is rhizome. The plant Bergenia ligulata is
tinged pink. Flowering time of Bergenia ciliata is
chief botanical source of pashanbheda drug used in
February to April and fruiting time is March to
indigenous system of medicine and incorporated in
July.It is found in Afghanistan, South Tibet, Bhutan
medical texts and material media. It is a perennial,
(Phuntsoling district, Deothang district, Ha district
climbing plant that grows well in moist and shady
and Mongar district.
in
areas, especially in the foothills of the Himalayas and
Himalayas (Kumaon), Meghalaya, Lushai hills West
the Khasi hills Assam. The stems show thick, ovate
Bengal
and bright red leaves seasonally. The flowers are
(Darjeeling,
In India it is found
Labha,
Takdah,
Rimbick(
Kalimpong), Arunachal Pradesh (Nyam Jang Chu),
Kyongnosla,
Changu,
Karponanag,
Lachen
Asmaribheda,
white, pink or purple.14, 16, 17
to
Thongu, Nathang, Prekchu-Tsokha, PangolakhaSubaney Dara, Gangtok (domesticated) in sikkim.14-16
Fig.4: Bergenia ligulata
53
Ashmabhid,
PREFACE
Bergenin, Catechin
Brassica rapa commonly known as turnip is one of
Gallic acid, Starch, Minerals, Vitamins, Albumin,
the most commonly grown and widely adapted root
Glucose, Mucilage, Coumarin, Tannic acid, Steroids,
crops, as general farm crop, truck crop, or home-
Flavonoids,
Glycosides,
garden crop. Roots eaten raw or cooked as a
β-Sitosterol,
vegetable, and tops as potherb like spinach. Roots
Paashaanolactone, Arbutin,
Terpenoids,
Carbohydrates
and
Tannins,
Saponins
,
Review Paper
Stigmesterol. 14, 16, 17
also grown for feeding to livestock during fall and
winter. Biennial herb with swollen tuberous white-
fleshed taproot, lacking a neck; leaves light to
Bergenia ligulata root, rhizome and leaf powder and
extract in water is used by local
tribes. 14, 16, 17
medium green, hairy or bristly, stalked, lyratepinnatifid, 30–50 cm long, stem-leaves sometimes
glaucous with clasping base; flowers bright yellow,
5. Bergenia stracheyi
sepals spreading: petals 6–10 mm long, those in
PREFECE
anthesis close together and commonly overtopping
Bergenia stracheyi (HK.) is a rhizometic herb species
the unopened buds; outer 2 stamens curved
found in Afghanistan to Uttarakhand, between 3300-
outwards at base and much shorter than inner
4500 m in alpine slopes. W. Himalayas from 2700-
stamens; fruit 4–6.5 cm long, with long tapering
4700 m, Afghanistan, Tadzhikistan. Commonly
beak, on divaricate-ascending pedicels 3.2–6.5 cm
growing on moist rocky slopes in Kashmir, Baltistan,
long; seeds blackish or reddish-brown, 1.5–2 mm in
Gilgit, Chitral and Upper Kaghan areas on much
diameter. Fl. and fr. second spring. Cultivated in
higher and colder altitudes. The plant, rather small in
Europe for over 4000 years, probably native to
stature, is very attractive in autumn when the leaf
central and southern Europe, now spread throughout
colour changes to
red.14,16,18
Fig. 5: Bergenia stracheyi
Free anthraquinone, Ascorbic acid, Carbohydrates,
Phenolics, Saponins, Steroids, Bergecins A, Bergecins
B, Bergenin. 14,16,18
Bergenia stracheyi used in piles as a form of powder
and tincture by the local tribes of Pithoragarh. 14,16,18
world, including most parts of the tropics.19
Fig 6: Brassica rapa
Protein, Fat, Total carbohydrate, Fiber, Ash, Ca, Fe,
Na, K, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Ascorbic acid ,
Erucic, Linoleic, and Linolenic acids.20,21
The leaves of turnip have been found useful in this
disease. The juice of these leaves should be extracted
and 150 ml given to the patient. It is, however,
6. Brassica rapa
necessary to take a proper diet of raw fruits and
54
vegetables while taking this juice. For better results,
setosterols,
50 ml of the juice should be mixed with equal
Hentriacontanol, , Stigmasterol, Euphorbol and its
quantities of juices of watercress, spinach, and
Hexacosanate, Iingenol Taraxerone, Bergaptene,
carrots.
Stigmasterol,
9-13
Xanthotoxol,
Sitosterol
Campesterol,
Tyrosine.
Ficusin,
Taraxasterol, Rutin, Sapogenin, Calotropenyl acetate,
Review Paper
7. Ficus carica
Lepeolacetate,
PREFACE
Albumin,
Ficus constituted one of the largest genera of
Proteolytic enzymes, Diastase, Esterase, Lipase,
medicinal plants with about 750 species of woody
Catalase, Peroxidase. 33-36
Oleanolic
Cerin,
Sugar,
Caoutchouc,
Malic
acid,
Resin,
Rennin,
plants, trees, and shrubs primarily occurring in
subtropical and tropical regions through out the
world. The genus is remarkable for the large
Three of four figs should be soaked overnight in
In India, the
water after being cleaned thoroughly in hot water.
most important species of Ficus are F. bengalensis, F.
They should be taken first thing in the morning along
carica, Ficus racemosa and F. elastica. Ficus carica
with the water in which they were soaked. They
is commonly referred as “ Fig". Various parts of the
should also be taken in evening in the similar
plant like bark, leaves, tender shoots, fruits, seeds,
manner.2, 9-11
variation in the habits of its
species.22
and latex are medicinally important. The fig is a very
nourishing food and used in industrial products. The
8. Hamamelis virginiana
fig is a deciduous tree, to 50 ft tall,
PREFACE
but
more
typically to a height of 10 - 30 ft. The large,
Hamamelis virginiana is commonly known as
wavy-margined leaves are usually 5 lobed but may
Witch-Hazel grows best in sun or partial shade and in
have only 4 or 3 lobes. The leaves are conspicuously
light, moist soil. The plant tolerates some drought
palmately veined. Their branches are muscular and
and grows slowly. It grows 20 to 30 feet tall and
twisting, spreading wider than they are tall. Fig wood
spreads 15 to 25 feet forming a multistemmed,
is weak and decays rapidly. The trunk often bears
shrubby,
large nodal tumors, where branches have been shed
Removing the lower branches helps produce a more
or removed. The twigs are terete and pithy rather
tree-form multistemmed specimen but regular minor
latex.23-
pruning will be required to maintain it in this form
than woody. The sap contains copious milky
round,
somewhat
asymmetrical
ball.
since the plant suckers freely from the base of the
32
trunk. The fragrant flowers are produced in late fall
to mearly winter and have straplike, yellow petals
and is the last shrub to flower during the year. The
flowers are more interesting than ornamental,
however, there are selections with more showy
flowers. The fall color is yellow and often is at its
Fig 7: Ficus carica
peak when the flowers are out. Plants are found along
stream banks in the shade in its native range where
Fiber, Copper, Manganese, Magnesium, Potassium,
they appear open and poorly branched. However,
Calcium,
Polyphenols,
under cultivation in full or partial sun they develop a
Arabinose, β-amyrins, β-carotines, Glycosides, β-
fuller, rounded crown. Probably not for clay soils.
55
Vitamin
K,
Flavonoids,
Although galls are frequently found on the leaves,
they are usually not serious pests on the
plant.37
tropics and subtropics. Much of the spread and
naturalization has occurred in conjunction with the
spread of human populations, and as such, the
mango plays an important part in the diet and
cuisine of many diverse cultures. There are over 1000
named mango varieties throughout the world, which
Review Paper
is a testament to their value to humankind. Mango is
a common garden tree throughout the tropics. When
ripe, this delicious dessert fruit is particularly high in
Fig 8: Hamamelis virginiana
vitamin A. The fruit is also eaten green, processed
into pickles, pulps, jams, and chutneys, and is frozen
Tannin, Gallic acid, Catechins, Proanthocyanins,
Kaempferol, Quercetin,
Carvacro
leugenol,
Hexenol, Choline, and Saponins.38
or dried. The fruit is also an important source of
sustenance for birds, bats, insects, and mammals.
Although grown widely, mangos prefer a warm, frostfree climate with a well defined winter dry season.
Witch hazel gel can also be used in curing
hemorrhoids or bleeding piles entirely. Applying a
little of witch hazel around the rectum can be
advantageous in reducing the inflammation as well as
hemorrhage. Witch hazel is proved to be efficient in
curing the pain, burning sensation, swelling and
discomfort caused due to piles. This herb is known to
be one of the best astringents which can also be used
Rain and high humidity during flowering and fruit
development reduces fruit yields. The tree generally
flowers in mid- to late winter, with fruit maturing in
the early to mid-summer months. Mango trees are
usually between 3 and 10 m (10–33 ft) tall but can
reach up to 30 m (100 ft) in some forest situations.
The canopy is evergreen with a generally spreading
habit. The heavy canopy of the mango is a source of
shelter and shade for both animals and human.39-41
in curing several other ailments like piles.2, 49
9. Mangifera indica
PREFACE
The genus Mangifera originates in tropical Asia, with
the greatest number of species found in Borneo, Java,
Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula. The mostcultivated Mangifera
Fig 9: Mangifera indica
species, M. indica (mango),
has its origins in India and Myanmar. Mangos belong
to the genus Mangifera of the family Anacardiaceae.
The genus Mangifera contains several species that
bear edible fruit. Most of the fruit trees that are
Alkaloids, Saponins, Amino acids, Carbohydrates,
Glycosides,
Sterols,
Flavonoids,
Phenolic
and
Tannins.42
commonly known as mangos belong to the species
Mangifera
indica. The other edible Mangifera
species generally have lower quality fruit and are
commonly referred to as wild mangos. Mango has
become naturalized and adapted throughout the
Mango seeds are an effective remedy for bleeding
piles. The seeds should be collected during the
mango season, dried in the shade, powdered, and
kept stored for use as medicine. This powder should
56
be given in doses of about one and a half to two
grams with or without honey, twice
daily.2
scales at base, stamens usually 3, inserted toward
base of hypanthium,
filaments distinct, broad,
anthers distinct or coherent, 2 of them dithecal, the
Review Paper
10. Momordica charantia
other monothecal, cells curved or flexuous; pistillate
PREFACE
flowers usually solitary on a bracteate
Momordica Charantia (Bitter melon or Bitter guard)
hypanthium ovoid to spindle shaped, perianth
is a flowering vine in the family Cucurbitaceae.
usually
Leaves: simple, usually palmately 5-7 lobed, tendrils
staminodes absent or 3, ovules numerous, horizontal,
unbranched or 2 branched. The
herbaceous,
stigmas 3, 2 lobed. Seeds few to numerous, ovate,
tendrilbearing vine grows to 5 m. It bears simple,
usually sculptured. Each plant bears separate yellow
alternate leaves 4–12 cm across, with 3–7 deeply
male and female flowers. Though it has been claimed
separated lobes.
that bitter melon’s bitterness comes from quinine,
Fruit: ovoid, ellipsoid, or spindle shaped, usually
no evidence could be located
ridged or warty, dehiscent irregularly as a 3 valved
claim.2,43
smaller
than
in
staminate
scape,
flowers,
supporting this
fleshy capsule or indehiscent. The fruit has a distinct
warty looking exterior and an oblong shape. It is
hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of
flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with
large flat seeds and pith. Seeds and pith appear white
in unripe fruits, ripening to red; the flesh is crunchy
and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote
Fig 10: Momordica charantia
or green bell pepper. The skin is tender and edible.
The fully ripe fruit turns orange and mushy. Bitter
melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The
typical Chinese phenotype is 20–30 cm long, oblong
Glycosides, Saponins, Alkaloids,
with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in color,
Resins, Phenolic constituents, Fixed oil , Free acids,
with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter
Charantin,
melon more typical of India has a narrower shape
Cucurbitacins,
with pointed ends, and a surface covered with jagged,
Diosgenin,
triangular "teeth" and ridges. Coloration is green or
Galacturonic acids, Gentisic acid, Goyaglycosides,
white. Between these two extremes is any number of
Goyasaponins,
intermediate forms. Some bear miniature fruit of
Gypsogenin,
only 6–10 cm in length, which may be served
Lanosterol, Lauric acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid,
individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature
Momorcharasides,
fruit are popular in Southeast Asia as well as India. In
Momordicilin,
Panama bitter melon is known as Balsamino. The
Momordicosides,
pods are smaller and bright orange when ripe with
Multiflorenol,
very sweet red seeds.
acid, Oleic acid, Oxalic acid, Pentadecans, Peptides,
Flowers: Staminate flowers usually solitary on a
Petroselinic acid, Polypeptides, Proteins, Ribosome-
bracteate scape, hypanthium shallow, calyx 5 lobed,
inactivating proteins, Rosmarinic acid, Rubixanthin,
petals 5, usually yellow, distinct, 1-3 with incurved
Spinasterol, Steroidal glycosides, Stigmastadiols,
57
Reducing sugars,
Charine, Cryptoxanthin, Cucurbitins,
Cucurbitanes,
Elaeostearic
Guanylate
acids,
Cycloartenols,
Erythrodiol,
cyclase
inhibitors,
Hydroxytryptamines,
Karounidiols,
Momorcharins,
Momordicins,
Momordin,
Momordenol,
Momordicinin,
Momordolo,
Myristic acid, Nerolidol, Oleanolic
Stigmasterol,
Taraxerol,
Trehalose,
Trypsin
inhibitors, Uracil, Vacine, V-insulin, Verbascoside,
Vicine,
Zeatin,
Zeatin
riboside,
Zeaxanthin,
Zeinoxanthin, Amino acids, Aspartic acid, Serine,
Glutamic acid, Thscinne, Alanine, Pipecolic acid,
Ascorbigen, Beta-sitosterol-d-glucoside, Citrulline,
Review Paper
Fig 11: Oryza sativa
Elasterol, Flavochrome, Lutein, Lycopene, Pipecolic
acid.
44,45
Orizaterpenol,
The juice of the fresh leaves of bitter gourd is also
benzoate,
Orizaterpenoid,
Orizanor-diterpenyl
Orizaditerpenyl benzoate
Orizaterpenyl
benzoate,
47-48
valuable in piles. Three teaspoons of the leaf juice,
mixed with a glass of buttermilk, should be taken
every morning for treating this condition. A paste of
the roots of the bitter gourd plant can also be applied
over piles with beneficial results.2,9-11
Rice has a very low fiber content and is, therefore,
extremely soothing to the digestive system. A thick
gruel of rice, mixed with a glass of buttermilk and a
ripe banana, given twice a day, is a very nutritious
11. Oryza sativa
diet for a patient with piles. 2,9-11
PREFACE
An annual grass with erect culms 0.6-2 m tall usually
with four to five tillers. Inflorescence a loose terminal
panicle of perfect flowers; each panicle branch
bearing a number of spikelets, each with a single
floret. Each flower is surrounded by a lemma and
palea at the base of which are two small glumes. The
lemmas may be awnless or variously awned. The rice
grain enclosed by the lemma and palea (hull) varies
in size, texture and colour. Each panicle holds 100150 seeds. Practically all the paddy straw from rice
crops in the tropics is conserved as hay for animal
feeding and is usually stacked around poles in the
house compound. Medling, (1972) under high rainfall
12. Ruscus aculeatus
PREFACE
Ruscus aculeatus (butcher’s broom) is a member of
the Liliaceae family and is native to Mediterranean
Europe and Africa. It has tough, green, erect, striated
stems that send out numerous short branches and
very rigid leaves that are actually extensions of the
stem and terminate in a single sharp spine. The small
greenish-white flowers grow from the center of the
leaves and bloom in the early spring. The thick root,
typically collected in autumn, is used medicinally.
The root has no odor, but has an initially sweetish
taste that then turns slightly acrid.2
conditions (3 997 mm) at Gualaca, Panama, found
that baling the straw with large roller balers was
effective and that the straw bales would stay in the
field without major deterioration, while grass hay
(Hyparrhenia rufa and other grasses) suffered
serious deterioration.46
Fig 12: Ruscus aculeatus
58
months. Each flower is replaced by a silique that
Steroidal sapogenins, Saponins, Sterols, Triterpenes,
contains 2-3 seeds. This silique is rather short and
Flavonoids,
spongy, but it has a long beak. There is very little
Glycolic acid.
Coumarins,
Sparteine,
Tyramine,
constriction between the seeds, if any. The seeds are
49-54
oval-shaped, slightly flattened, and reddish brown.
Review Paper
The root system consists of a stout taproot that is
Butcher’s broom is proved to be one of the commonly
somewhat fleshy. It is often reddish, but other color
used herbs in the case
of piles. Steroids like
forms occur. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.
ruscogenins are found to be present in this herb,
The preference is full sun and moist to mesic soil that
namely butcher’s broom. Studies have revealed that
is fertile and loamy. The Garden Radish also does
these steroids can very effectively help in reducing
well in slightly sandy soil if it is sufficiently moist and
the tenderness as well as bleeding due to the problem
fertile. It develops rapidly from seed during the
of piles. Taking small quantities of its extract
spring and bolts during hot summer weather. The
everyday can be helpful in strengthening the blood
leaves often have holes from various insect pests.56
vessels as well as preventing the problem to an
extent.55
13. Raphanus sativus
PREFACE
Raphanus sativus introduced annual or biennial
Fig 13: Raphanus sativus
plant consists of a rosette of leaves; somewhat later,
it bolts and produces flowering stems up to 2½' tall.
The basal leaves are up to 7" long and 2½" across;
Raphanin, Glucosilinates, Vitamin C, Volatile oil.57
they are oblanceolate, coarsely crenate, and pinnately
lobed. These lobes may be shallow or deep; the
terminal lobe is always the largest. The surface of the
White radish is considered highly valuable in piles;
basal leaves is usually rough from stiff hairs. The
100 mg of grated radish mixed with a teaspoon of
central stem is often reddish at the base, but light
honey may be taken twice daily. This vegetable can
green elsewhere; it is either glabrous or covered with
also be taken in the form of juice mixed with a pinch
scattered stiff hairs. The upper side stems are very
of salt. White radish, well ground into a paste in milk
similar, except that there is often a red ring where
can also be applied over inflamed pile masses to
they branch from the central stem. The alternate
relieve pain and swelling. 57
leaves on the stems are similar in appearance to the
basal leaves, except that they are smaller, less likely
14. Sesamum indicum
to be deeply lobed, and narrowly ovate in shape. The
PREFACE
central and upper stems terminate in racemes of
Sesamum indicum Linn. (Pedaliaceae) is an annual
flowers. Each flower is about 1/3" across, consisting
shrub with white bell-shaped flowers with a hint of
of 4 pink or light purple petals, 4 light green sepals
blue,red or yellow with branches or without
that are linear-oblong, a central pistil, and several
branches.It is grown for the production of seeds
stamens with yellow anthers. The blooming period
which is rich in oil content. It comes in a variety of
occurs during the summer and lasts about 1–1½
colors, cream-white to charcoal-black. In general, the
59
Review Paper
paler varieties ofsesame seem to be more valued in
West and Middle East, while the black varieties are
Sesame seeds are also valuable in piles. They can be
prized in the Far East. It is commonly known as Til
taken in the form of a decoction by boiling twenty
(Hindi), hu ma (Chinese), sésame (French), goma
grams of seeds in 500 ml of water till it is reduced by
(Japanese), gergelim (Portuguese)
ajonjolí
one-third, or as sweetmeats. Ground to paste with
(Spanish). Sesame is found in tropical, subtropical,
water, they can be given with butter for bleeding
and
piles.2,9-11
southern
temperate
areas
and
of
the
world,
particularly in India,China, SouthAmerica and Africa.
It has utmost economical importance and is
15. Syzygium cumini
primarily grown by small farmers in developing
PREFACE
countries. The plant grows best in tropical climates
The genus Syzygium is one of the genera of the
(spring to fall). Sesame grows best in sandy
myrtle family Myrtaceae which is native to the
welldrained soil with hot climate and moderate
tropics,
rainfall. It is propagated by seed sown in spring and
Australia. It has a worldwide, although highly
it takes about four months for the seeds to ripen fully.
uneven, distribution in tropical and subtropical
Depending on conditions, varieties grow from about
regions. The genus comprises about 1 100 species,
0.5 to 2.5 m tall. The leaves are ovate, opposite, grow
and has a native range that extends from Africa and
alternately up the stem and are deeply veined. The
Madagascar through southern Asia east through the
flowers are white, shaped like a trumpet, on short
Pacific. Its highest levels of diversity occur from
peduncles in axils of leaves. The fruit, is about 2.5 cm
Malaysia to northeastern Australia, where many
(l) is an oblong capsule with small seeds. Each plant
species are very poorly known and many more have
may grow 15-20 fruits, which contain 70-100 seeds.
not been described taxonomically. Plants of this
Plants and fruits mature in 80-100 days after sowing.
family are known to be rich in volatile oils which are
In threshing, capsule bursts open and seeds are
reported for their uses in medicine65 and many fruits
scattered. Finally the seeds are cleaned, dried and
of the family have a rich history of uses both as
packed in gunny
bags.58
particularly
to
tropical
America
and
edibles and as traditional medicines in divergent
ethnobotanical practices throughout the tropical and
subtropical world.66 Some of the edible species of
Syzygium
are
planted
throughout
the
tropics
worldwide. Jambolan is a large evergreen and
densely foliaceous mtree with greyish-brown thick
bark, exfoliating in woody scales. The wood is
Fig 14: Sesamum indicum
whitish, close grained and durable; affords brown
dyes and a kind of a gum Kino. The leaves are
Sesamin
,
Sesamolin,
Chlorosesamone
Sesaminol,
leathery, oblong-ovate to elliptic or obovate-elliptic
8-dihydroxy-3-
with 6 to 12 centimeters long (extremely variable in
Sesamol,
(2-chloro-
5,
3methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone),
shape, smooth and shining with numerous nerves
Phenylethanoid
uniting within the margin), the tip being broad and
glycosides,
Sugarsequence,
Sesamolinol, Anthrasesamones A, B and C 59-64
less acuminate. The panicles are borne mostly from
the branchlets below the leaves, often being axillary
or terminal, and are 4 to 6 centimeters long. Flowers
60
are scented, greenish-white, in clusters of just a few
every morning for two or three months during its
or 10 to 40 and are round or oblong in shape and
season.2
found in dichotomous paniculate cymes. The calyx is
funnel-shaped, about 4
millimeters
long,
and
16. Triticum aestivum
Review Paper
toothed. The petals cohere and fall all together as a
PREFACE
small disk. The stamens are numerous and about as
T. aestivum known only under cultivation; its
long as the calyx. Several types, which differ in colour
nativity has been lost. Wheat evolved from wild
and size of fruits, including some improved races
grasses, probably somewhere in the Near East. A very
bearing purple to violet or white coloured flesh and
likely place of origin is the area known in early
seedless fruits have been developed. The fruits are
historical times as the Fertile Crescent, a region with
berries and are often obviously oblong, 1.5 to 3.5
rich soils in the upper reaches of the Tigris-
centimeters long, dark-purple or nearly black,
Euphrates
luscious, fleshy, and edible; it contains a single large
simple, erect, hollow or pithy, glabrous, up to 1.2 m
The plant produces small purple plums,
tall; leaves flat, narrow, 20–38 cm long, about 1.3 cm
which have a very sweet flavor, turning slightly
broad; spikes long, slender, dorsally compressed,
astringent on the edges of the pulp as the fruit
somewhat flattened; rachis tough, not separating
becomes mature. The dark violet colored ripe fruits
from spikelet at maturity; spikelets 2–5-flowered,
give the impression the fruit of the olive tree both in
relatively far apart on stem, slightly overlapping,
weight and shape and have an astringent taste. The
nearly erect, pressed close to rachis; glumes keeled in
fruit has a combination of sweet, mildly sour and
upper half, firm, glabrous, shorter than the lemmas;
astringent flavour and tends to colour the tongue
lemmas awned or awnless, less than 1.3 cm long;
purple. 69
palea as long as the lemma, remaining entire at
seed67,68
drainage
basin.Annual
grass;
culms
maturity; caryopsis free-threshing, soft or hard, red
or white. Hexaploid.74
Fig 15: Syzygium cumini
Anthocyanins, Glucoside, Ellagic acid, Isoquercetin,
Kaemferol myrecetin, Alkaloid, Jambosine, Glycoside
jambolin or Antimellin Protein Calcium. Sugar,
Mineral salts, Vitamins C, Vitamin C, Anthocyanins,
Flavonoids.67, 70-73
Fig 16: Triticum aestivum
Tocopherols (vit. E), Essential fatty acids, Sitosterol,
Ergosterol,
Campesterol,
Phospatidic,
Glyceroinositophosphatidic acids, Phytoglycolipid,
Serine 74,75
The jambul fruit is another effective remedy for
bleeding piles. The fruit should be taken with salt
Wheat grass juice used as an enema helps detoxify
the walls of the piles. The general procedure is to give
61
an enema with lukewarm or neem water. After
spreading branched found throughout the greater
waiting for twenty minutes, 90 to 120 ml of the wheat
parts of India. Bark dark brown often longitudinally
grass juice enema is given. This should be retained
cracked, exfoliating in woody scales, Leaves ovate or
for fifteen
elliptic with a pair of large gland at the tip of the
minutes.2,9-11
pedicel Flowers yellowish white; in terminal spikes,
Review Paper
17. Terminalia chebula
drupes ellipsoidal, obovoid or ovoid, yellow to orange
PREFACE
brown, sometimes tinged with red or black and hard
Terminalia Chebula is called the "king of medicines"
when ripe. 3-5cm long becomes 5 ribbed on
in Tibet and is always listed first in the Ayurvedic
drying. Fruits the ovoid, yellow to orange brown
meteria medica because of its extraordinary powers
fruits are 2.5 to 4.0cms long. Usually 5- angled when
of healing. In Ayurveda it is considered to destroy all
dry, stone very think, bony, obsurely angled, rough,
diseases and eliminate all waste from the body. At the
grooved, having gum vessels on the wall.76
same time, it is known to promote tissue growth and
health. Modern science has found that Terminalia
Chebula has a strong effect against the herpes
simplex virus HSV, has antibacterial activity, and
exhibits strong cardio tonic properties. Terminalia
Chebula also has antioxidant components, which
indicates it can increase the life of tissues. Yet
Fig 17: Terminalia chebula
another study shows the anti-tumor activity of
Terminalia Chebula and another study shows that it
has considerable effect in inhibiting the HIV virus
Tannic
which ultimately results in AIDS Thus, Terminalia
Anthraquinone, Sennoside, Ellagic acid, Chebulic
Chebula can be seen to be a valuable addition to
acid, Gallotannins such as 1,6 di-O-galloyl-β-D-
anyone's herbal collection. With its rejuvenating and
glucose,
cleansing properties, Terminalia Chebula is excellent
tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6 penta-Ogalloyl-
for
β-D-glucose. Ellagitannin such
the
digestive
system.
As
a
preventative
acid,
Chebulinic
acid,
Gallic
acid,
3,4,6 tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3,4,6
as Punacalagin,
supplement it has great anti viral attributes, as
Casurarinin, Corilagin and Terchebulin Chebulanin,
shown by its anti tumor and HIV action. It is also
Neochebulinic acid, Chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid.
effective for alleviating constipation in general, and is
77-83
helpful for vata persons because it works in the
Triphala formula which is a well balanced digestive
and rejuvenating aid. Terminalia chebula is found in
The herb chebulic myroblan is a popular remedy for
the sub Himalayan tracks form Ravi eastwards to
piles. The fruit should be roasted to a brown color in
west Bengal and Assam, ascending up to at altitude of
cluster oil, and then powdered and stored. Half a
1500m in the Himalayas, In the This tree is wild in
teaspoon of this powder at bedtime will bring about
the forests of Northern India, central provinces And
normal bowel movements in the morning. A
Bengal, common in madras, Mysore and in the
decoction of the herb prepared by boiling six 10 seven
southern
presidency.
dry fruits in half a litre of water should be used for
A tree 15.24m in height & 1.5-2.4m in girth with a
washing bleeding piles. The paste of the fruit mixed
cylindrical bole of 4-9m, a rounded crown and
in bland oil is good as an external application.2,50
Parts
of
the
Bombay
62
18. Vaccinium myrtillus
PREFACE
Bilberry can also be used in the treatment of piles
Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) is a member of the
which is a unanimously used herbal remedy for the
Ericaceae family, and is also known as European
problem of same. The presence of bioflavonoid
blueberry, huckleberry, whortleberry, or blueberry. It
makes the herb useful in curing bleeding piles by
is a shrubby perennial plant one to two feet in height
improving the blood flow very efficiently.2
Review Paper
and can be found in the mountains and forests of
Europe and the northern United States. Its branches
19. Verbascum thapus L.
contain alternating, elliptical, bright green leaves,
PREFACE
and its flowers, which appear from April to June, are
Verbascum thapsus is an herbaceous plant native to
reddish or pink, and bell-shaped. The fruit of the
Europe that
bilberry plant is blue-black or purple and differs from
temperate areas of the world, including North
the American blueberry in that the meat of the fruit is
America, Hawai'i, Reunion, Australia, and New
purple, rather than cream or white. Fruit is harvested
Zealand. The plant can become invasive by quickly
July through September, and time of ripeness is
colonizing disturbed areas. V. thapsus plants produce
somewhat dependent on plant elevation. Plants
numerous seeds that may remain dormant in the soil
growing at higher elevations generally ripen later
for over 100 years. V. thapsus is a state noxious weed
than those at lower elevations. Bilberry has been used
in Colorado and Hawai'I.
as food for centuries due to its high nutritive value,
In Hawai'i, V. thapsus is known from the Island of
and today represents a precious wild delicacy.
Hawai'i, where it infests roadsides at elevations from
Bilberry’s history of medicinal use dates back to the
5,000-10,000 ft (1,524-3,048 m) and is particularly
Middle Ages, but it did not become widely known to
dense around 6,562 ft (2,000 m) forming a
herbalists until the 16th century when its use was
monotypic cover that can out-compete native
documented for treating bladder stones, biliary
vegetation. It is feared that V. thapsus could do the
disorders, scurvy, coughs, and lung tuberculosis.
same in similar native alpine ecosystems on Maui. In
More recently, bilberry fruit extracts have been used
the 1980's, two plants were detected and eradicated
for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and mouth
in Haleakala National Park. In addition, plants were
and throat inflammations. Bilberry leaf decoctions
being cultivated by a plant grower in Kula. All plants
have been used to lower blood sugar in
diabetes.84
is
cultivated and naturalized
in
have been destroyed. Recently, V. thapsus was again
observed being cultivated in Kula. Early detection
and control in natural areas as well as public
education on noxious weed species are both needed
to help keep V. thapsus from invading on Maui.
"Stout biennial herbs 3-20 dm tall in the second year,
densely yellowish wooly tomentose throughout, the
hairs stellate or dendritic. Basal leaves obovate to
Fig 18: Vaccinium myrtillus
Anthocyanins, Vitamins, Sugars, Pectins, Quercetin,
Catechins, Tannins, Iridoids. 85-90
63
oblanceolate, 8-50 cm long, 2.5-14 cm wide, densely
yellowish or whitish wooly tomentose, margins entire
to shallowly crenate; cauline leaves becoming
progressively smaller toward the inflorescence,
oblanceolate, sessile and decurrent on stem. Flowers
Review Paper
in compact, spikelike panicles, pedicels partly adnate
commercial crop for the ginger root in Latin America
to the stem; calyx (5-)8-12 mm long, the lobes
and Africa as well as South East Asia. Fifty percent of
lanceolate; corolla yellow, rarely white, 8-15 mm
worldwide ginger production is in India. The best
long, scurfy pubescent externally, sometimes also
quality ginger comes from Jamaica. The common
ciliate, the hairs stellate; upper 3 staminal filaments
cooking ginger is an herbaceous perennial with
villous with yellow hairs, the lower 2 glabrous to
upright stems and narrow medium green leaves
sparsely villous. Capsules broadly ovoid to elliptic-
arranged in two ranks on each stem. The plant gets
ovoid, 0.7-1 cm long, densely tomentose with stellate
about 4 ft (1.2 m) tall with leaves about 3/4 in (1.9
or branched hairs.
cm) wide and 7 (17.8 cm) long. Ginger grows from an
91,92
aromatic tuber like rhizome (underground stem)
which is warty and branched. The inflorescence
grows on a separate stem from the foliage stem, and
forms a dense spike, to 3 in (7.6 cm) tall. The bracts
are green with translucent margins and the small
flowers are yellow green with purple lips and cream
colored blotches. Most gingers in cultivation are
Fig 19: Verbascum thapus L.
sterile cultivars grown for the edible rhizome, and the
Saponins,
Iridoid,
Monoterpene
flower is rarely seen.There is a cultivar of Zingiber
Phenylethanoid
glucoside,
Neolignan
glycosides,
glucosides,
Flavonoids, Steroids, Spermine, alkaloids. Phenolic
acids
and
rhamnoside,
fatty
acids
Luteolin,
such
as
Apigenin-4’-
Verbacoside,
dihydroxyflavon-4-rhamnoside,
7,4’-
5-hydroxy-6,7-
dimeth oxyflavone-3-ol 93
officinale known as 'Sunti', which comes from Java
and is similar to the common cooking ginger, but
forms smaller rhizomes. It is used in the same way as
common ginger but is said to have better medicinal
qualities. Ginger root is widely used around the world
as a spice or food additive. Ginger is fried and eaten
plain, and used in curry pastes and other sauces in
India; it is grilled and used to flavor fish and meats or
Mullein flower extract is considered as an effective
alleviating substance which can be used in treating
the problem of piles and other ailments. Mullein leaf
extract can also be utilized in curing piles very
effectively. The anti inflammatory properties of
mullein extract is found to be beneficial in reducing
the dilation of veins and hence relieving from the
for making ginger tea in Indonesia; it is boiled or
fried in Chinese cookery; used to baste chicken or
eaten as pickled ginger (beni shoga) and served with
sushi in Japan; and used in Jamaica to make
Jamaican
jerk
paste.
A
ginger
extracts
with
carbonated water makes the popular drink we call
ginger ale. Ginger was used in the middle ages in
Europe to flavor beer. 94-99
discomfort caused due to the same. This is one of the
widely used herbal tonics for curing hemorrhoids.2, 911
20. Zingiber officinale
PREFACE
Zingiber officinale or common cooking ginger
originated in tropical Asia, but is now grown as a
Fig 20: Zingiber officinale
64
9)
al/mgmh/c/chehor58.html
Zingerone, Shogaolsand gingerols, Volatile oils, [6]gingerol(1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy
of
ginger.
10) CR
Review Paper
Bisabolene, Arnesene
,
11)
β-phelladrene, Cineol,
13)
of
honey,
constitutes
an
effective
14)
15)
http://www.permanente.net/homepage/kaiser/pdf
Modern Medicinal
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R Chauhan, Km. Ruby, J Dwivedi. Bergenia ciliata
Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. .2012; 15(2):4: 20-23.
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Km. Ruby, R Chauhan, J Dwivedi. Cure of
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Using
Indian
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Lambert Academic Publishing Germany.
Aesculus
hippocastanum
http://
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L.
(horse
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Chauhan R, Km. Ruby, Dwivedi J. Natural Product
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Hemorrhoids Cure With The Help Of Herbs.2012.
Chauhan R, Km. Ruby, Dwivedi J. Pashanbheda a
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18) R Chauhan, Km. Ruby, J Dwivedi. Himalayan
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hippocastanum
(Horse
Bombardelli
E,
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y/brassica_rapa.html
20) BK Watt AL Merrill. Composition of foods. USDA,
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W Leung, W Tsuen, RR Butrum, FH Chang. Part I.
hippocastanum L. Fitoterapia 1996:67;483-511.
Proximate
D Lorenz, ML Marek. The active therapeutic
contents of east Asian foods. In: Food composition
principle
table for use in east Asia. FAO & U.S. Dept.
of
horse
chestnut
(Aesculus
hippocastanum). Part 1. Classification of the active
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Arzneimittelforschung 1960;10:263-
composition
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HEW.1972
22) EA Jander, KC Machado. Evolutionary ecology of
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68

Golden Herbs used in Piles Treatment: A Concise Report Rajani Chauhan

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